Chapter XXVI: Preface (25)

b1. Throat and breast white, edges of the feathers ocherous buff
or brown. ... striaticeps (p. 535)
b2. Throat and breast washed with ocherous brown or sparrow-brown.

c1. Slightly larger; lighter in color and with lighter
markings. ... mindanensis (p. 535)
c2. Slightly smaller; much darker and with heavier markings
throughout. ... montanus (p. 536)

a2. Entire top of head brown with a few narrow shaft-stripes of white. ... kettlewelli (p. 537)

515. MACRONOUS STRIATICEPS Sharpe.

BASILAN TIT BABBLER.

Macronus striaticeps Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 331; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 584; Hand-List (1903), 4, 53; Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 50; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 82.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (male and female).--Entire top and sides of head and neck black, streaked with white; lores white; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing- and tail-feathers, rusty tan-brown; feathers of mantle and back with lighter shafts; chin and throat white; feathers of breast and abdomen white with gray or brown edges, slightly olivaceous on fore breast; flanks and tail-coverts ocherous buff with lighter shafts; thighs ocherous buff; wing-lining and inner edges of quills dark buff. Length, 140 to 144. A male measures: Wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 21.

"The sexes are alike in size and color. Young birds are rather more rufescent below and have the streaks on the head tinged with rufous. Both specimens collected by Doctor Steere had the iris hazel, but Mr. Everett gives the iris as white in all those obtained by him." (Sharpe.)

"This species seems to be confined to the Island of Basilan, where it is extremely common in the forest and second growth. It works about the dense tangle of vines, and usually keeps within five to ten meters of the ground. Thirteen males average: Length, 134; wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. Eight females, length, 130; wing, 58; tail, 53.5; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Iris very dark brown; upper mandible black, lower drab; legs and feet drab." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

516. MACRONOUS MINDANENSIS Steere.

MINDANAO TIT BABBLER.

Macronus mindanensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 17; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240 (eggs);
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 223 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903),
4, 54; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp.,
Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino, Clemens); Samar
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult.--Similar to Macronous striaticeps, but throat, breast, and sides of head washed with ocherous buff or fulvous giving these parts a soiled appearance. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 60; tail, 53; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20. A female from Bohol, wing, 59; tail, 53; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 19.

"Common in Mindanao and Samar. Habits exactly like those of M. striaticeps. Four males average: Length, 144; wing, 60; tail, 56; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 19. Four females, length, 135; wing, 55; tail, 54; culmen, 14.7; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18.5. Iris light yellow-white; legs, feet, and nails drab; bill nearly black, the lower mandible slightly lighter than upper.

"It is remarkable that the differences between M. striaticeps and M. mindanensis should have escaped the notice of naturalists until they were pointed out by Doctor Steere. The two species are quite distinct, and can be distinguished with absolute certainty." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"Mr. Whitehead found a nest of this species [near Paranas, Samar, June 15, 1896] containing three eggs. These were in such an advanced stage of incubation that the young birds hatched out a few hours after the eggs were placed in his room. Eggs pure white, thickly speckled towards the larger end with dark red. The nest, a large ball of bamboo leaves and loosely constructed, was placed close to the ground in old forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

517. MACRONOUS MONTANUS (Mearns).

MOUNTAIN TIT BABBLER.

Macronous mindanensis montanus Mearns,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 4.
Macronus montanus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Tah-gó-saa or tah-go-say'-ahn, Bagobo; tar-man'-op, Moros of
Pantar and Lake Lanao.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Adult male and female.--Similar to Macronous mindanensis mindanensis, but very much darker with heavier markings throughout; the dark shaft-streaks are increased in area and intensity; the blackish feathering of the upper side of the head occupies more of the nape; and the back and rump are prout's brown instead of raw umber; the under parts are dark from the throat backward, the flanks being dark isabella instead of clay-color. This mountain form (from Pantar at 610 meters and Mount Apo at 1,220 meters) is slightly smaller than the subspecies mindanensis. It is still farther removed from Macronous striaticeps Sharpe from the Island of Basilan." (Mearns.)

518. MACRONOUS KETTLEWELLI Guillemard.

KETTLEWELL'S TIT BABBLER.

Macronus kettlewelli Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 262,
pl. 18, fig. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 54; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi
(Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Differs from the other Philippine species in having the upper parts nearly uniform brown; shafts whitish; forehead blackish with narrow white shaft-lines; tail and upper tail-coverts pale chestnut; under parts nearly uniform pale fawn; sides of throat and body faintly lined with white; webs of the long dorsal feathers partly white next to the white shafts. Length, about 140; wing, 63; tail, 70; bill, 15; tarsus, 24. [72]

"Rare in Sulu, very common in Tawi Tawi. Found in the forest working in tangled herbage, like the other Philippine members of the genus. Fifteen males average: Length, 150; wing, 64; tail, 61; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Eight females, length, 155; wing, 62; tail, 59; culmen, 18; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris green; legs and feet light brown, washed with yellow; nails light brown; upper mandible black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus LEONARDINA Mearns, 1905.

"Bill somewhat depressed, broader than high at base, higher than broad at anterior border of nostrils, equal in height and breadth at posterior edge of nostrils; culmen strongly ridged, curved from base; maxilla with a subterminal notch; nostrils apparently elongate-oval; distance between anterior angle of nostril and tip of bill equal to the length of the hind toe without claw; rictal bristles strongly developed; length of skull equal to that of tarsus; length of tarsus contained two and one-third times in that of wing; tarsus booted; hind toe with claw less than half the length of tarsus; wing and tail about equal; wing rounded, the first primary half as long as the third; tail moderate, graduated, with feathers somewhat pointed, and webs not decomposed; plumage full and soft." (Mearns.)

519. LEONARDINA WOODI Mearns.

WOOD'S BAGOBO BIRD.

Leonardia woodi Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 2.
Leonardina woodi Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 88;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Doo-roogh-bah-long, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Type (adult male).--Third primary equal to ninth; fifth, sixth, and seventh subequal and longest. Upper parts bistre, washed with burnt umber on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; tail blackish seal-brown; the feathers of the rump, which are very long and soft, have concealed white spots; sides of head and neck (including lores and ear-coverts), breast, and abdomen slate-gray, the latter washed with white; sides gray washed with burnt umber, particularly on the flanks, some of the feathers with concealed white spots; thighs gray washed with burnt umber; under tail-coverts tawny olive, the longest ochraceous; chin and throat white. Iris reddish brown; bill black; feet and claws plumbeous. Length, 205; alar expanse, 280; wing, 90; tail, 87; bill, measured from nostril, 10; culmen, 16; tarsus, 38; middle toe and claw, 27." (Mearns.)

The type and only known specimen was taken on Mount Apo, Mindanao, at 1,220 meters altitude.

Subfamily BRACHYPTERYGINÆ.

Tarsus slender; plumage normal, the feathers of back not lengthened; sexes unlike in colors.

Genus BRACHYPTERYX Horsfield, 1821.

Bill small and slender; rictal bristles weak; wing and tail moderate; tarsus long and slender, equal to more than one-half the tail and to about three times the bill from nostril. Sexes very unlike in colors; male with a concealed eyebrow-patch; female with head and neck brown.

Species.

a1. Head, neck, and throat slate-blue like the rest of the plumage (males).

b1. Smaller; throat and top of head dark slate. ... poliogyna
(p. 539)
b2. Larger; throat and top of head black.

c1. Smaller. ... brunneiceps (p. 539)
c2. Larger; no grayish white on abdomen.

d1. White spot above the eye larger and not entirely
concealed. ... mindanensis (p. 540)
d2. White spot above the eye minute and wholly
concealed. ... malindangensis (p. 540)

a2. Head, neck, and throat rusty brown, contrasting with the rest of the plumage (females).

b1. Crown lighter; chin and throat lighter. ... poliogyna (p. 539)
b2. Crown darker; chin and throat deeper in color; belly not paler
than breast.

c1. Smaller, tail shorter. ... brunneiceps (p. 539)
c2. Larger, tail longer; abdomen washed with brownish gray.

d1. Color much lighter. ... mindanensis (p. 540)
d2. Color much darker; russet of front of head intensified
to almost a burnt umber and not extending backward beyond the
eyes. ... malindangensis (p. 540)

520. BRACHYPTERYX POLIOGYNA Grant.

GRANT'S SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx poliogyna Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4,
40; Ibis (1895), 446, pl. 12, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 216
(habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 56; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 83.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

Male.--Most of the plumage dark slate-blue; middle of abdomen washed with gray; forehead, lores, ring around eye, jaw, and chin black; above each eye a concealed patch of soft silky white feathers; wings and tail black, the feathers edged with slate-blue; bend of wing white. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 140; wing, 67; tail, 49; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 22.

Female.--Entire head, neck, chin, and throat umber or rusty brown, much darker on crown, lighter on chin and throat; remainder of plumage slaty blue, similar to the male, but lighter on the under parts and much grayer on abdomen. Length, 127; wing, 63; tail, 42; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 21.

521. BRACHYPTERYX BRUNNEICEPS Grant.

NEGROS SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx brunneiceps Grant, Ibis (1896), 457; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 217 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 56; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Negros (Whitehead).

Diagnosis.--"The Negros shortwing is closely allied to B. poliogyna, which Mr. Whitehead discovered in the highlands of Lepanto, Luzon. The males in fact, are, as one would expect, very much alike, but the Negros bird has the top of the head and throat washed with black instead of dark slate. Between the females the differences are much more marked; the crown of the head in B. brunneiceps is much darker brown, much less strongly washed with sienna on the forehead; the chin and middle of the throat are much deeper in color, very little paler than the sides; and the general tone of the under parts is darker slate-blue, the belly being in no way paler than the breast. Adult male: Length, 127; wing, 67; tail, 48; tarsus, 29. Adult female: Length, 132; wing, 67; tail, 48; tarsus, 29." (Grant.)

522. BRACHYPTERYX MINDANENSIS Mearns.

MINDANAO SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905),
18, 3; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Boor-roo-win'g, Bagobos of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).

"Adult male.--Similar to the male of B. brunneiceps, but larger and apparently less heavily washed with black on the top of the head and throat. Belly without a trace of grayish wash present in B. poliogyna from the Island of Luzon. Measurements of No. 192,256, U. S. National Museum, from Mount Apo at 1,920 meters, July 4, 1904. Total length, 158; alar expanse, 220; wing, 70; tail, 62; bill from base of culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and claws gray-black, darker than plumage.

"Adult female.--Similar to the female of B. brunneiceps, but differs in addition to its larger size and relatively longer tail, in having the abdomen washed with brownish gray. The wing-quills and spurious wing are brown. Measurements of type: Length, 158; alar expanse, 212; wing, 70; tail, 56; bill from base of culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and claws dark gray.

"Young male in first plumage.--Slate-colored feathers of the adult plumage are present in the greater wing-coverts and pectoral region of the specimen (No. 192,257, U. S. National Museum, from Todava, at 1,220 meters, on Mount Apo, July 11, 1904). General color clove-brown, the feathers slaty at base, all but the quills with russet shaft-spots, which are small and triangular on the back, and so extended as to give a general russet tone to the abdomen. Iris brown; bill and feet gray-black. Length, 155; alar expanse, 218; wing, 70; tail, 50; bill from base of culmen, 13; bill from nostril, 8.6; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 22.

"The name 'boor-roo-wi'ng,' used by the native Bagobos, is in imitation of the lisping notes of this bird, which suggest sounds of the winds." (Mearns.)

523. BRACHYPTERYX MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.

MALINDANG SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909),
36, 441.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--Most closely related to Brachypteryx brunneiceps Grant and B. mindanensis Mearns. Smaller than brunneiceps, about equaling mindanensis; coloration very dark; russet of front of head intensified to almost a burnt umber, and not extending backward beyond the eyes; edge and lining of wings, slate-color, instead of rusty.

"Adult male * * *.--Uniformly slate-black, becoming practically black on the whole head, except a minute and wholly concealed supraorbital white spot. Iris dark reddish brown; bill all jet-black; feet and claws plumbeous-black (from fresh specimen).

"Adult female (type).--Front of the head back to the eyes rusty burnt umber, with eye-ring of same color; hind half of head, neck all round, and all of body except abdomen, blackish slate; abdomen washed with brownish gray; wings and tail brownish black, washed with slate-color; edge and lining of wings slate-color, not russet. The colors of the iris, bill, and feet were noted as exactly like those of the male topotype.

"Measurements.--Adult male * * *: Total length, 160; alar expanse, 222; wing, 70; tail, 60; culmen (chord), 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 24. Adult female (type): Total length, 148; alar expanse, 213; wing, 66; tail, 53; culmen (chord), 13; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 24.5." (Mearns.)

Family TURDIDÆ.

Bill slender; moderate to small in size; culmen curved near the tip; a slight notch in the cutting edge of bill; bristles about the bill usually reduced; wing flat and pointed; first primary not more than one-half of second, and often much less; tarsi and feet moderate to large, the former entire in front except for the lower part; young in first plumage spotted. [73]

Subfamilies.

a1. Much larger; wing, 100 mm. or more; tail square or slightly rounded. ... Turdinæ (p. 541) a2. Much smaller; wing, 95 mm. or less, usually much less; tail rounded, or rectrices slightly graduated.

b1. Upper tail-coverts black, brown, or gray. ... Ruticillinæ
(p. 556)
b2. Upper tail-coverts white. ... Saxicolinæ (p. 564)

Subfamily TURDINÆ.

Birds of this subfamily are nearly all much larger than any of the Ruticillinæ or Saxicolinæ. The wing is long, pointed, and flat, the first primary very short; tail nearly square; plumage uniform, spotted, or bicolored; habits either arboreal or terrestrial.

Genera.

a1. Without blue anywhere in the plumage.

b1. Axillars and wing-lining uniform in color; bill more slender.

c1. Plumage black and dark brown; four primaries with outer webs
emarginate. ... Planesticus (p. 542)
c2. Plumage of under parts white, and chestnut or gray, never
black; three primaries with outer webs emarginate. ... Turdus
(p. 547)

b2. Axillars and under wing-coverts of two colors, the arrangement
of colors on one reversed on the other; bill stouter.

c1. Bill moderate in length; rictal bristles not greatly developed,
few and lateral.

d1. Under parts marked with crescent-shaped black
bands. ... Oreocincla (p. 553)
d2. Under parts marked with fan-shaped spots. ... Geokichla
(p. 550)

c2. Bill long and strongly curved near the tip; rictal bristles
numerous and long, the anterior ones extending over the nostrils
as in the flycatchers; throat, breast, and flanks with fan-shaped
spots. ... Zoothera (p. 552)

a2. With more or less blue in the plumage; axillars and wing-lining nearly uniform chestnut, or else ocherous barred with black; feathers of under parts usually fringed with gray or black. ... Petrophila (p. 554)

Genus PLANESTICUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Four primaries, third to sixth, with the outer webs emarginate; bill somewhat stouter than in Turdus; otherwise the two genera are very similar in structure. The Philippine members of Planesticus are resident, mountain species, and may be easily recognized by the colors, smoky brown and blackish slate, with no white on the breast and abdomen.

Species. [74]

KEY BASED ON ADULT MALES.

a1. Wing less than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks chestnut. ... mindorensis (p. 543) a2. Wing more than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks not chestnut.

b1. Chest, head and neck all round nearly uniform broccoli-brown
(slightly darkest on crown).

c1. Wing, about 120 mm.; body uniform blackish; under tail-coverts
longitudinally striped with white.

d1. Larger; length, 225; wing, 121; bill from nostril, 14.7;
body dark brown. ... thomassoni (p. 544)
d2. Smaller; length, 215; wing, 120; bill from nostril, 13;
body practically black. ... mayonensis (p. 544)

c2. Wing less than 120 mm.; body, including tail-coverts and
crissum, uniform clove-brown. ... kelleri (p. 545)

b2. Chest paler, contrasting strongly with the dark color of crown.

c1. Smaller; wing, 124.5 mm.; tail, 96.5; chin, throat, and
chest pale sooty brown, rather lighter on breast, flanks, and
belly; median area of under surface dark, except at vent; under
tail-coverts dark brown with pale, whitish brown tips. ... nigrorum
(p. 545)
c2. Larger; wing, 127 mm.; tail, 115; chin, throat, and chest
pale drab-gray; flanks and breast similar in color to the upper
surface of body; median area of under surface spotted with white
anteriorly, all white posteriorly; under tail-coverts sooty-brown,
with broad, longitudinal white stripes. ... malindangensis (p. 546)

524. PLANESTICUS MINDORENSIS (Grant).

MINDORO BLACK THRUSH. [75]

Turdus mindorensis Grant, Ibis (1896), 465; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 213 (habits).
Merula mindorensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 125; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Mindoro (Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Top and sides of the head and nape grayish brown, shading into brownish black on the rest of the upper parts and tail; chin whitish; throat and upper breast brownish gray, but considerably paler than the crown; sides of the lower breast and flanks rich chestnut; middle of the breast and belly pure white; under tail-coverts dark gray, tinged with rufous and with wide white middles, widest toward the extremity. Length, 229; wing, 108; tail, 88; tarsus, 30.

"Adult female.--Only differs from the male in having the brownish black upper parts washed with dark olive, most conspicuous on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Length, 221; wing, 108; tail, 82.5; tarsus, 30.

"In the immature male the upper parts resemble those of the female, but most or many of the feathers on the top of the head are brownish black and similar in color to the back of the adult male.

"In a slightly older example the head is mixed with the brownish gray feathers of the adult plumage; in a younger bird the crown is uniform brownish black, and the feathers of the mantle have rufous shaft-stripes. Both these birds have the chest and upper breast mixed with rust-colored feathers spotted with black at the extremity, and perfectly similar to those found in the young of the common blackbird (T. merula).

"An immature female has the top of the head and nape warm dark brown, and the rest of the upper parts dark brown washed with olive, as in the adult female, but few of the feathers of the mantle and wing-coverts have narrow rufous shaft-stripes, and the throat and chest are mostly clad in the rust and black-spotted immature plumage. The nearly adult female differs only from the adult in having the crown blackish brown." (Grant).

525. PLANESTICUS THOMASSONI (Seebohm).

LUZON BLACK THRUSH.

Merula thomassoni Seebohm, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 41;
Grant, Ibis (1894), 508; (1895), 445; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903),
4, 120; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.
Turdus thomassoni Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212.

Bul-it, Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns).

Adult.--Entire head, neck all round, chin, throat, and chest light smoky brown, darker on forehead and crown; remainder of plumage black; some of the feathers at sides of abdomen tipped with white; under tail-coverts with white shaft-streaks and narrow rusty brown tips. Bill, legs, and nails yellow. Length of a male, plumage somewhat worn, 240; wing, 116; tail, 92; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 31. A female, wing, 118; tail, 93; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 33. Even in adult birds there is some variation in the amount of white on the under tail-coverts, and rusty brown fringes on the feathers of the abdomen seem to indicate immaturity. A young male has the head and neck black instead of chocolate-brown and the feathers of lower breast and abdomen are liberally marked with rusty brown, this coloring the shafts of some feathers.

526. PLANESTICUS MAYONENSIS (Mearns).

MAYON BLACK THRUSH.

Merula mayonensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 358.

Luzon (Mearns).

"Characters.--Pattern of coloration similar to that of Merula thomassoni Grant, but darker, with less contrast between the coloration of the head and that of the body. Smaller, with relatively stouter bill; preanal feathers not tipped with white.

"Description of type (adult male).--Upper surface except head and neck all black; under surface of body black perceptibly washed with brown on feather edges; head and neck very dark brown, almost black on crown; entire under surface of wings and tail dull black; under tail-coverts black with narrow median white stripes involving the shafts. Iris very dark brown; eyelids, bill, feet, and claws all yellow. Female exactly like the male. A younger male than the type differs only in having the feathers of the under side of the body edged with yellowish brown. Length, 215; wing, 120; tail, 101; culmen (chord measured from true base), 22; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 13; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 32.5.

"Female.--Length, 210; wing, 117; tail, 99; culmen, 20.5; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 32." (Mearns.)

527. PLANESTICUS KELLERI (Mearns).

KELLER'S BLACK THRUSH.

Merula kelleri Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 6;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Pó-lo, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).

Adult.--This species is almost exactly like P. thomassoni in colors, but is considerably smaller in size. A male collected by Mearns measures: Length, 246; wing, 110; tail, 94; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 31.

A female, wing, 110; tail, 89; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 30.

528. PLANESTICUS NIGRORUM (Grant).

NEGROS BLACK THRUSH.

Turdus nigrorum Grant, Ibis (1896), 544; Grant and Whitehead,
Ibis (1898), 238, pl. 5, figs. 8 and 9 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 213 (nest).
Merula nigrorum Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 119; Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, pl. 5, fig. 18; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 83.

Negros (Whitehead).

"Adult male and female.--Above rich dark umber, darkest on the top of the head; wings and tail brownish black; chin, throat, and chest pale sooty brown, rather lighter on the breast, flanks, and belly; a band of white feathers across the vent; under tail-coverts dark brown, with pale whitish-brown tips. Bill and feet yellow. Male: Length, 241; wing, 124; tail, 96.5; tarsus, 34. Female: Length, 223.5; wing, 119; tail, 91; tarsus, 31.5.

"An immature male has the upper parts much like those of the adult, but the feathers of the back have indistinct margins of darker color, the chin and middle of the throat are buff, and the breast and under parts spotted with black and washed with rufous, shading into tawny buff on the middle of the belly.

"The Negros blackbird is resident on the volcano of Canloon at an altitude of from 1,600 to 2,000 meters, and both young birds and eggs were obtained." (Grant.)

A nest containing two "much incubated" eggs was taken by Whitehead on April 12, 1896, and another nest with two young birds was found on the 21st of the same month. The eggs are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale green; one egg very thickly mottled with brick-red, almost hiding the ground-color; the second blotched toward the larger end and more thinly marked over the rest of the shell showing the very pale red-lilac clouded under-markings. As compared with eggs of the common blackbird, the above are very much redder, and closely resemble those of Turdus simillimus." (Grant and Whitehead.)

529. PLANESTICUS MALINDANGENSIS (Mearns).

MALINDANG BLACK THRUSH.

Merula malindangensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 357.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--Largest of the Philippine species of Merula. Breast and under side of neck light drab-gray, a darker shade of this color extending to the throat and chin and forming an indistinct collar around the hind neck; middle of abdomen and crissum nearly white; mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light sooty-brown; wings and tail dark sooty-brown.

"Adult male.--Upper side of head, mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light sooty-brown; flanks slightly paler and browner; wings and tail dark sooty-brown, more fuliginous on under surface; chest and under side of neck light drab-gray, a darker shade of this color encircling the neck and extending to the chin and throat, where the feathers have dark shaft-streaks; sides of head pale sooty-brown; feathers of the median area from chest to crissum, with broad, white edges and a dark central area inclosing a sagittate white spot, giving a spotted appearance to the middle of the under surface of the body; crissum with this light area expanded and practically all white; under tail-coverts sooty-brown, longitudinally striped with white or pale buff.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male but slightly smaller and dingier in color with a slight rufescence on sides of lower breast and flanks.

"Immature male.--Sides of lower chest and flanks more strongly washed with raw-umber than in adult females; chest and throat darker.

"First plumage (male).--Upper surface dusky, washed with raw-umber, especially on the head, neck, upper back, and wing-coverts; scapulars with pale rusty shaft-streaks, and some of the lesser wing-coverts edged with the same; under surface sepia-brown strongly mixed with reddish brown and spotted with brownish black, the rufescence covering the middle of the throat and much of the chest, the blackish cordate spots being confined to the tips and the rusty bands crossing the middle of the feathers; whitish median stripe distinct but with pale rufescent edging to the feathers except on lower abdomen; under tail-coverts sepia-brown with rusty edging and broad, white, median stripes.

"In other specimens taken at the same season, the molt was nearly finished, leaving a few feathers with rusty bands and black spots and with a stronger rusty washing to the flanks than in adults." (Mearns.)

Genus TURDUS Linnæus, 1758.

Rictal bristles weak, less than bill from nostril; wing strong, flat, and pointed; third, fourth, and fifth primaries emarginate on outer webs; first primary very short, less than primary-coverts; tail nearly square; tarsus slightly less than one-third of tail and about equal to middle toe with claw. Upper parts olive-brown, russet-brown, or gray; chin and throat light with dusky streaks; chest, sides, and flanks dull chestnut or gray; crissum and middle of breast and abdomen white. This color pattern is characteristic of the three migratory species which have been found in the Philippine Islands.

Species.

a1. Without a white superciliary stripe.

b1. Chest, sides, and flanks gray or drab-gray ... pallidus (p. 547)
b2. Chest, sides, and flanks chestnut ... chrysolaus (p. 548)

a2. With a well-marked, white, superciliary stripe extending from above lores to above ear-coverts ... obscurus (p. 549)

530. TURDUS PALLIDUS Gmelin.

PALE THRUSH.

Turdus pallidus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 815; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1903), 4, 128; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1905), 4, 118, pl. 6, fig. 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 84.
Merula pallida Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 273.

Calayan (McGregor). Japan and eastern Siberia; Formosa and Southern
China in winter.

"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is rich russet-brown, tinged with gray on the head; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts brown; no trace of eye-stripe; wings brown, the primaries, primary-coverts, and alula wing-feathers with the outer webs slate-gray, the secondaries, greater, median, and lesser wing-coverts with the outer webs russet-brown; tail dark brown, the outer webs of each feather margined with olive-brown; inner web of outside tail-feathers white for half an inch [13 mm.] at the tip; inner web of second outside tail-feather on each side with rather less white at the tip; more or less white at the tip of the third outside tail-feather on each side; throat and cheeks, breast and flanks slate-gray, shading into white on the belly and the center of the breast, and more or less irregularly shaded with brown on the lower throat, sides of breast, and flanks; under tail-coverts white, with the basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts pale slate-gray obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale slaty brown. Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of the under mandible. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 19 to 12.7 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 129.5 to 119; tail, 99 to 84; culmen, 29 to 23; tarsus, 30 to 29.

"The female differs from the male in having the parts which are slate-gray replaced by russet-brown, and in having the center of the throat grayish white, and the cheeks and sides of the throat with brown fan-shaped terminal spots. Males of the year have the plumage of the female, and the greater wing-coverts with more or less conspicuous pale tips. Young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)

A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 122; tail, 87; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 30.

531. TURDUS CHRYSOLAUS Temminck.

JAPANESE BROWN THRUSH.

Turdus chrysolaus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1831), 2, 537; Whitehead,
Ibis (1899), 213; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 139; Oates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 119, pl. 6, figs. 15 and 18;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.
Merula chrysolaus Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 5, 275.

Pir-pi-rú-ca, Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead). Japan, Hainan, and Eastern
Siberia; in winter to Formosa and China.

"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is russet-brown, tinged with gray on the head; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts brown; scarcely a trace of eye-stripe; wings brown, the primaries, primary-coverts, and alula feathers with the outer webs slaty brown; the secondaries, greater, median, and lesser wing-coverts with outer webs russet-brown; tail brown, the outer web of each feather margined with olive-brown; inner web of the outside tail-feathers narrowly margined with white; throat and cheeks sooty brown, shading into chestnut-brown on the breast, and into deep rich chestnut on the flanks, leaving the belly white; under tail-coverts white, with the basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts edged with pale slate-gray, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale slaty brown. Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of the under mandible. Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, or fifth and sixth, bastard primary 18 to 16.5 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 127 to 117; tail, 91 to 79; culmen, 22.6 to 19; tarsus, 33 to 29.

"The female has no gray on the head or wings, the upper throat is nearly white, and the feathers of the cheeks and the center of the throat are white, with dark brown, fan-shaped terminal spots. Males of the year resemble females. Young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)

532. TURDUS OBSCURUS Gmelin.

DARK THRUSH.

Turdus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 816;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212 (migration); Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 119; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 84.
Merula obscura Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 5, 273.

Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.);
Luzon (Cuming, Othberg, Whitehead); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Negros
(Whitehead). Eastern Siberia, Japan, Eastern Himalayas and Malay
Peninsula; in winter to China, Borneo, and Burma.

"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is olive-brown, tinged with gray on the crown and nape; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts slaty brown; eye-stripe white, extending nearly to the nape; wings, wing-coverts, and tail brown, the outer web of each feather olive-brown, grayer on the margins of the primaries and primary-coverts; outside tail-feathers obscurely tipped with white on the inner web; throat and cheeks slaty brown, shading into olive-brown on the breast and into pale chestnut-brown on the flanks, leaving the belly white; under tail-coverts white, with basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts pale slate-gray, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill with upper mandible dark brown; under mandible pale yellow, darker toward the tip. Wing with the third primary longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, bastard primary, 15 to 13 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 127 to 112; tail, 91 to 76; culmen, 22 to 20; tarsus, 32 to 28.

"The female differs from the male in not having the slaty tint on the crown, nape, and sides of the head; the throat is white, obscurely streaked with brown, and the flanks are very slightly suffused with pale chestnut-brown. In spring the general color of the upper parts has faded from russet-brown into a grayer brown, which becomes still more gray during summer.

"Birds of the year do not entirely lose the marks of immaturity until their second autumn molt; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries frequently retain the pale tips, though these are white rather than ochraceous; the throat and eye-stripe of the female are much suffused with ochraceous, and the throat of the male resembles that of the adult female.

"Young in first plumage have most of the feathers of the upper parts with pale ochraceous shafts, the feathers of the back have traces of dark-brown terminal bars, and the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries have pale ochraceous tips to the outside webs; on the under parts the feathers of the cheeks and breast have dark-brown tips, which become less conspicuous on the flanks; the throat and eye-stripe are suffused with ochraceous." (Seebohm.)

A male from Apo Island, near Mindoro, measures: Wing, 126; tail, 97; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 30.

Genus GEOKICHLA "Boie" S. Müller, 1835.

Bill short and stout; bristles about bill short and weak; first primary a little shorter than primary-coverts; third to sixth primaries with outer webs emarginate; inner webs of quills light colored at base; axillars bicolored, the colors reversed on the under wing-coverts; tail short, about twice the tarsus. Under parts white, spotted with black.

Species.

a1. Head brownish chestnut; chin, throat, and chest black ... interpres (p. 550) a2. Head ashy gray; chin and throat white, spotted or barred with black.

b1. Median and greater wing-coverts with white tips forming two
bars. ... cinerea (p. 551)
b2. No white spots on any of the upper wing-coverts ... mindanensis
(p. 552)

533. GEOKICHLA INTERPRES (Temminck).

KUHL'S GROUND THRUSH.

Turdus interpres "Kuhl MS," Temminck, Pl. Col. (1828), 2, no. 458.
Geocichla interpres Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5,
166; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 132; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 84.

Basilan (Steere Exp.); Sulu (Platen); Tawi Tawi (Bourns &
Worcester). Malay Peninsula, northwestern Borneo, Java, Sumatra,
Lombok, Sumbawa.

"In the adult male in spring plumage the head is brownish chestnut, shading into orange-chestnut on the nape; the rest of the upper parts slate-gray; lores grayish white; no trace of eye-stripe; ear-coverts and cheeks black, the feathers of the former with white bases; innermost secondaries and quills dark brown; wing-coverts nearly black; median wing-coverts white; greater wing-coverts tipped with white; unemarginated portion of outside web of primaries pale slate-gray; tail brown, the outside feather on each side broadly tipped with white, and the next narrowly so; chin, throat, and upper breast black; rest of the under parts white, suffused with ochraceous on the flanks; the feathers of the lower breast with conspicuous fan-shaped black terminal spots, which become obscure on the flanks; axillars, basal portion white, terminal portion dark slate-gray; lower under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal portion white; basal portion of inner web of the secondaries and many of the primaries white. Bill dark brown above and below. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary, 24 to 21.5 mm. Legs, feet, and claws flesh-color. Wing, 108 to 102; tail, 61 to 53; culmen, 19.5 to 18; tarsus, 29 to 28. The adult plumage of the sexes appears to be alike, nor is it known that any important change takes place by abrasion.

"Young in first plumage appear to have the whole of the upper parts dull chestnut, each feather having a pale shaft and obscure pale center; the white bars on the wings are suffused with chestnut, and the black on the under parts is confined to two moustachial lines on the cheeks, the rest being dull chestnut. This plumage is immediately molted to the adult plumage in the first autumn, except that certain birds, which I take to be females, have the slate-gray of the upper parts replaced by dark olive-brown." (Seebohm.)

534. GEOKICHLA CINEREA Bourns and Worcester.

MINDORO GROUND THRUSH.

Geocichla cinerea Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 23; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1903), 4, 133; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.

Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Above black; feathers of head, neck, back, rump, and scapulars edged with ashy gray; lores white, the hair-like tips of the shafts black; eye-circle white, broken above and below center of eye by a black spot; feathers of jaw and ear-coverts white with black tips, between these areas the cheeks are black; chin feathers white, their shafts with black hair-like tips; remainder of under parts white, the feathers of throat, chest, and sides of body and abdomen with large fan-shaped black tips, forming an almost solid black pectoral patch, but posteriorly becoming gradually smaller; crissum and middle of abdomen without spots and washed with ocherous buff, most heavily on the longer tail-coverts; a dusky wash on flanks; wing-feathers blackish; outer webs of primaries edged with gray; inner webs of quills, except first two, with a diagonal band of light buff or white; alula and primary- and secondary-coverts black; greater and median coverts tipped with white forming two bars; edge of wing white; axillars white, tipped with blackish, these colors reversed on under wing-coverts; tail blackish, outermost rectrices each with a terminal white spot on inner web. Length, about 200 mm. A male measures: Wing, 115; tail, 70; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 29.

Female.--The only female examined is very similar to the male, but the ocherous wash of the under parts is lighter and the outer webs of the primary-coverts are marked with white forming a short band. Bill black, base of lower mandible whitish; iris very dark brown; legs and nails white. Wing, 112; tail, 63; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 30.

535. GEOKICHLA MINDANENSIS Mearns.

MINDANAO GROUND THRUSH.

Geocichla mindanensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 359.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Description of type (and only specimen).--Upper surface, including head, dark ashen gray closely resembling the shade of the same parts in Geocichla cinerea Bourns and Worcester; feathers of the back edged with black; scapulars with black spots occupying the tip of the web on the upper side; wing and tail-feathers shaded with brown and crossed by obsolete, wavy bars of darker; lores, eyelids, ear-coverts, and cheeks cinereous finely mixed with pale fawn-color, the malar region being cross-banded with black and fawn and the ear-coverts longitudinally striped with white; chin and throat white, narrowly cross-banded with black and bordered by black stripes; pectoral region plain cinereous-ash with pale shafts to the feathers; lower chest and flanks black and white, each feather heavily margined with jet-black inclosing a sharply pointed white spot; middle of abdomen white; crissum white, faintly washed with buff which is strongest on the lower tail-coverts; under side of wing-quills broadly white on inner border at base; edge of wing white; axillars white at base, broadly black at tip; under wing-coverts black, tipped with white and pale cream-color; upper wing-coverts without white spots. Length, 230; wing, 125; tail, 78; culmen (chord), 35; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 30.

"This species was occasionally seen as it darted through the mossy forest or alighted upon the ground; but it was so shy that only a single specimen was shot, although its loud, sweet song was frequently heard at morning and evening." (Mearns.)

Genus ZOOTHERA Vigors, 1831.

"In the genus Zoothera the sexes are alike, the under wing-coverts and axillars of two colors, the colors in the one part transposed or reversed in the other, the lower plumage squamated, not distinctly barred nor spotted, and the rictal bristles very long and numerous. The anterior or supplementary bristles extend over the nostrils as in the flycatchers, and Zoothera is the only genus of thrushes in which this feature is present. The bill is very long and strongly curved near the tip, and the edges of the mandible are frequently serrated by wear and tear, but never originally so." (Oates.)

536. ZOOTHERA ANDROMEDÆ (Temminck).

JAVAN GROUND THRUSH.

Myiothera andromedæ "Kuhl MS," Temminck, Pl. Col. (1826), 2,
no. 392.
Geocichla andromedæ Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 163.
Zoothera andromeda Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 138.
Geocichla andromeda Grant, Ibis (1906), 477.

Mindanao (Goodfellow). Java, Sumatra, Lombok.

"In the adult male in spring plumage the general color of the upper parts is dark brown, approaching black on the head and on the margins of the feathers of the back; feathers of lores and ear-coverts with pale centers; no trace of eye-stripe; wings and tail not quite so black as the back; chin and upper throat white, with narrow transverse terminal black bands; cheeks pale slate-gray with broad terminal black bands; lower throat and breast pale slate-gray; center of belly and under tail-coverts buffish white; flanks black with large diamond-shaped white centers; axillars, basal half white, terminal half black; lower under wing-coverts, basal half black, terminal half white; basal portions of the inner webs of the secondaries and many of the primaries white. Bill abnormally long, dark brown above and below; wing with the fourth primary slightly the longest, second primary about equal to the sixth; bastard primary, 32 to 28 mm. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Wing, 124 to 122; tail, 77 to 71; culmen, 29 to 28; tarsus, 34 to 33.

"It is not known that there is any difference of plumage attributable to either sex or season. Young in first plumage have pale ochraceous shafts to most of the feathers of the upper parts and fan-shaped, ochraceous terminal spots to the wing-coverts. The under parts are also much suffused with ochraceous and the breast and flanks barred with black, the diamond-shaped pale centers being irregular in shape." (Seebohm.)

Genus OREOCINCLA Gould, 1838.

"In the genus Oreocincla the sexes are alike, the under wing-coverts and axillars are each of two colors, those on the axillars being transposed or reversed in order on the under wing-coverts, the lower plumage is distinctly barred or spotted, never squamated, and the rictal bristles are few and confined to the gape. The tail is typically short and the upper tail-coverts very ample. There is a distinct pattern on the under side of the wing." (Oates.)

537. OREOCINCLA VARIA (Pallas).

VARIED THRUSH.

Turdus varius Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. (1811), 1, 449.
Geocichla varia Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 151;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212.
Oreocichla varia Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 136; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.

Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (Porter). Japan and Siberia, accidental
in Europe; China and Burma in winter.

"In the adult male in spring plumage the general color of the upper parts is ochraceous brown, each feather having a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band; most of the feathers have pale shafts and a more or less distinct ochraceous transverse subterminal band, very conspicuous on the head and neck; lores grayish white; no trace of eye-stripe; wing-coverts and innermost secondaries shading from dark olive-brown on the inside webs to ochraceous brown on the outside webs, but, with the exception of the primary-coverts, wanting the black terminal bands; quills brown, the outside webs ochraceous brown; four central and terminal portion on two outside tail-feathers on each side ochraceous brown, the remaining three on each side very dark olive-brown; five outside tail-feathers on each side more or less distinctly tipped with white, and all more or less obscurely barred; under parts white, with a more or less distinct tinge of ochraceous on the breast, each feather with a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band, nearly obsolete on the chin, center of belly, and under tail-coverts; axillars, basal half white, terminal half black; under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal portion white; basal half of inner web of secondaries and basal portion of many of the primaries pale buff. Bill dark brown above, basal half of under mandible pale yellowish brown. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth; bastard primary, 26.6 to 23 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellowish brown. Length of wing, 162.5 to 150; tail, 114 to 105; culmen, 33 to 28; tarsus, 35.5 to 33.

"It is not known that there is any difference in the color of the plumage of the sexes, or in consequence of the autumn molt. Birds of the year and young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)

Genus PETROPHILA Swainson, 1837.

Rictal bristles weak, less than bill from nostril; first primary slender, equal to primary-coverts; outer webs of third, fourth, and fifth primaries sinuate; tarsus little longer than middle toe with claw; tail three times the tarsus. Males largely blue and chestnut; females dull gray or brown, barred with blackish brown; under parts washed with ocherous buff.

538. PETROPHILA MANILLENSIS (J. R. Forster).

EASTERN ROCK THRUSH.

Turdus manillensis J. R. Forster, Ind. Zool. (1781), 41. [76]
Turdus manilla Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 39.
Monticola cyanus solitaria Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881),
5, 318.
Petrophila solitaria Oates, Fauna Brit. India (1890), 2, 145.
Monticola solitarius Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 214 (winter
migration).
Petrophila manilla Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 144; Oates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 130; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 85.

Sol-i-tá-ri-o, in general use; yu-ta-yú-ta, Siquijor.

Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Basilan
(Steere Exp.); Batan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor);
Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett,
Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Schmacker,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch);
Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.,
Goodfellow); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Negros (Layard, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Palawan
(Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon
(Everett); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor);
Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan
(Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi
(Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor); Y'Ami
(McGregor). Japan and eastern Siberia; in winter to southern China,
Burmese Provinces, and Malay Archipelago.

Male.--Upper parts, sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and chest blue, this color much obscured by gray, brown, and blackish tips to the feathers; lower breast, abdomen, crissum, and thighs deep chestnut, obscured by whitish tips and blackish subterminal bars; axillars and wing-lining chestnut; wings and tail black, the feathers edged with blue and tipped with white. Length, about 215; wing, 125; tail, 81; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 27.5. This plumage is the one usually found in winter birds in the Philippines. "At the end of winter the white fringes and subterminal black bars on the blue parts of the plumage are entirely lost, and the marks on the chestnut parts are also removed by abrasion in great measure, but never entirely." (Oates.)

"The female much resembles the autumn plumage of the male, except that the blue of the upper parts is much duller and the whole of the under parts are pale whitish brown, suffused with pale buffish brown on the axillaries and under wing- and tail-coverts; each feather on the under parts has a dark brown subterminal transverse band, which on the throat is continued on the margins of the feathers; the axillars and the under tail-coverts have several transverse dark bars. After the autumn molt the only perceptible difference in the female is that the pale brown margins of the feathers are somewhat longer. Males of the year scarcely differ from adult females, excepting in having the ground-color of the under parts, especially on the breast and belly, tinged with blue. Females of the year have the ground-color of the upper parts brown, only slightly tinged with blue on the wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts. Young in first plumage differ very slightly from the females of the year, but have scarcely a trace of blue." (Seebohm.)

A young female from Calayan is brown, slightly washed with dull blue on mantle and back; feathers of mantle, back, and tail-coverts with subterminal blackish bars and gray tips; under parts ocherous buff the feathers with subterminal blackish bars; wings black, the feathers tipped with white and edged with gray, tail similar; wing-lining, axillars, and crissum richer ocherous barred with black.

"Curiously enough this bird is called 'solitaria' by the natives of Negros on account of its habits. Always seen singly or in pairs. Common in the villages, especially about old churches. Also abundant on the rocks along the seashore and in open country in general; never found in the forest. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black; food, insects.

"Six males average, 210 in length; wing, 111; tail, 85; culmen, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Four females, length, 210; wing, 111; tail, 84; culmen, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 27." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, appears to be much nearer Petrophila cyanus (Linnæus) than P. manillensis; the under parts are blue with the chestnut restricted to the axillars, wing-lining, crissum, and a few feathers in the middle of abdomen.

Subfamily RUTICILLINÆ.

Nearly all the members of this subfamily are considerably smaller than any of the Turdinæ. There is much diversity in the color pattern as well as in the length and shape of the tail. The species are mostly terrestrial.

Genera.

a1. Tail rounded and decidedly shorter than wing.

b1. Without a white eyebrow; plumage dark blue and
chestnut. ... Chaimarrornis (p. 557)
b2. With a distinct white eyebrow; chin and throat bright red in the
male, white in the female, forming a conspicuous patch ... Calliope
(p. 558)

a2. Tail-feathers strongly graduated, the longest equal to or longer than the wing; plumage mostly black, or black and white.

b1. Lesser and median wing-coverts mostly white, forming a large
patch; abdomen and crissum white ... Copsychus (p. 558)
b2. Lesser and median wing-coverts black; outer tail-feathers tipped
with white, or else entire plumage black ... Kittacincla (p. 560)

Genus CHAIMARRORNIS Hodgson, 1844.

Bill small and slender; culmen from base about equal to hind toe with claw; first primary about one-half of second and a little shorter than tarsus; tail rounded, about two-thirds as long as wing, and scarcely exceeding the outstretched legs and feet. Colors dark blue and chestnut.

539. CHAIMARRORNIS BICOLOR Grant.

BICOLORED REDSTART.

Chimarrhornis bicolor Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3,
44; Ibis (1894), 509, pl. 15, fig. 2; (1895), 446; Whitehead,
Ibis (1899), 217 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 150;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 85.

U-li-si-u, Irisan, Benguet Province.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--General color slate-blue, throat darker; chin, jaw, and lores black; abdomen, crissum, flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich chestnut; thighs slate-gray, tail chestnut; wing-feathers dark brown, their edges slate-blue. Bill and nails black; legs and feet very dark brown. Length, 152; wing, 77; tail, 58; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 21.

Female.--Similar to the male but duller in color; rump, tail-coverts, and tail brown, very slightly chestnut. Length, 152; wing, 75; tail, 55; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 21.