Chapter XXX: Preface (29)

Dicæum luzoniense Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 1; Ibis
(1897), 238; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 96.

Cu-si-ti, Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult male.--Upper parts, including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices, glossy steel-green; lores black; sides of head and of neck black slightly glossed with green; chin very pale yellow; throat and chest scarlet-vermilion; breast and abdomen white, washed with pale yellow and with a slaty black line down the middle; sides and flanks olivaceous; thighs black mixed with white; crissum saffron-yellow; rectrices and wing-feathers black; wing-lining white. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 95; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 12.

"The female resembles the female of D. ignipectus, but the top of the head and back are very distinctly glossed with metallic green as in the male, though the gloss is much less pronounced. In some females of D. ignipectus the head is slightly glossed, but the back is always olive-green. Length, 86; wing, 46.5; tail, 28; tarsus, 12; culmen, 11.4." (Grant.)

Young.--Above mouse-gray washed with olive-green; under parts gray washed with dull olivaceous; abdomen, crissum, and middle of breast washed with light yellow. The first indication of the adult plumage consists of a few red feathers on the throat.

The Luzon flowerpecker is abundant in the mountains of Benguet Province and appears not to occur in the lowlands.

627. DICÆUM APO Hartert.

MOUNT APO FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum apo Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 79; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Mindanao (Waterstradt).

Diagnosis.--"Differs from D. luzoniense Grant in having the sides of the head glossy greenish black, instead of slaty, the vent and under tail-coverts brighter yellow, and the sides of abdomen darker olive-green." (Hartert.)

This species is known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao.

628. DICÆUM BONGA Hartert.

SAMAR FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum luzoniense Grant, Ibis (1897), 238 (Samar).
Dicæum bonga Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 80;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Samar (Whitehead).

Diagnosis.--"Differs from D. luzoniense and D. apo in being smaller (wing only 47 mm. instead of 53 to 55 mm.). The sides of the head as dark or even darker than those of D. apo, while the upper surface seems to have a more steel-blue gloss." (Hartert.)

629. DICÆUM DORSALE Sharpe.

SHARPE'S FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum dorsale Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298;
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 340; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay
(Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above dark plumbeous or slate-blue; wing-feathers and rectrices black, edged with slate-blue; a patch of feathers in the middle of upper back orpiment-orange; sides of head and neck slate-blue; lores black; under parts bright lemon-yellow, becoming cadmium-yellow on abdomen and orpiment-orange on breast; inner webs of quills white; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with yellow. Iris light brown; bill and nails black; legs dark slate-blue. A male from Masbate measures: Wing, 50; tail, 23; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.

"Female.--Different from the male; above olive-green, the rump more yellowish; sides of the face uniform with the head; under surface of body bright yellowish; breast and under wing-coverts richer in color. Length, 94; culmen, 12.7; wing, 48; tail, 22.8; tarsus, 14." (Sharpe.)

"True D. dorsale is confined to Panay, Negros, and Masbate, where it is abundant both about flowering and fruiting trees in the forest, and in coconut groves. Five males average: Length, 89; wing, 49; tail, 24; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 13. Six females, wing, 48; tail, 24; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12.4; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

630. DICÆUM PALLIDIUS Bourns and Worcester.

PALER FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum pallidior Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 96.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Similar to D. dorsale, but the upper parts and sides of head and of neck lighter, nearly indigo-blue; feathers of occiput and neck fringed with olivaceous; under parts more uniform in color and the orange of breast less rich. Males with the appearance of maturity have the base of the bill dull yellow. Length, about 90; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above olive-green; below tea-green; chin, middle of breast and of abdomen, and crissum bright lemon-yellow. Wing, 48; tail, 22; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.

"Measurements of eleven males: Length, 89; culmen, 14; wing, 49; tail, 26; tarsus, 13. Of four females: Length, 84; wing, 48; tail, 25; tarsus, 12." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black. Breeding in July." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

631. DICÆUM XANTHOPYGIUM Tweeddale.

YELLOW-RUMPED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum xanthopygium Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877),
20, 95; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 698, pl. 73, fig. 1; Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Grant, Ibis (1895), 454
(critical notes); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Luzon (Everett, Whitehead); Marinduque (Steere Exp.?) [85] Mindoro
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Polillo (McGregor).

Male.--Rump bright lemon-yellow, otherwise scarcely different from the male of D. dorsale. A male from Mindoro measures: Wing, 47; tail, 19; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 11.

Female.--Rump pale lemon-yellow, otherwise similar to the female of D. dorsale. A female from Mindoro, wing, 46; tail, 20; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 11.

"Two males average: Length, 82; wing, 47; tail, 21; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

632. DICÆUM INTERMEDIUM Bourns and Worcester.

INTERMEDIATE FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum intermedium Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 19; McGregor,
Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 775; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 96.

Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino).

Male.--Upper parts, including sides of head and of neck, and exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices slate-blue, or dark indigo-blue; patch on center of back orpiment-orange; rump faintly washed with olive-green; lores black; chin and throat light ashy gray faintly and uniformly washed with pale yellow; remainder of under parts bright yellow inclining to orange on middle of breast. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 51; tail, 25; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above mouse-gray faintly washed with dull olive-green; below tea-green, becoming pale yellow on middle of breast and abdomen and on crissum. Base of bill whitish. Wing, 51; tail, 24; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 14.

"Four males average: Length, 94; wing, 52; tail, 26.5; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females, length, 92; wing, 49; tail, 26; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill brown to black, yellowish at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

633. DICÆUM SIBUYANICUM Bourns and Worcester.

SIBUYAN FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum sibuyanicum Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18; McGregor,
Bur. Govt. Laboratories (1905), 25, 18; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 96.

Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Similar to the male of D. intermedium, but the rump more heavily washed with olive-green; chin and throat clear ashy gray without the yellow wash. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails dark steel-blue. Wing, 56; tail, 26; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of D. intermedium. Wing, 52; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

"Average measurements from nine males: Length, 99; culmen, 15; wing, 53; tail, 26; tarsus, 13. From two females: Length, 97; culmen, 15; wing, 50; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 14." (Bourns and Worcester.)

634. DICÆUM ASSIMILE Bourns and Worcester.

SULU FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum assimilis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 19; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 96.

Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Above exactly like D. sibutense, but chin, throat, and fore breast very much lighter than sides of face, being clear ashy gray, as in D. trigonostigma. As Dr. Sharpe expressly states that this is not the case in S. sibutense, but that the latter species has the throat like the sides of the face and head, it is evident that the Sulu and Tawi Tawi (?) birds belong to a distinct species having the back of D. sibutense and the under surface of D. trigonostigma.

"Adult female like that of D. sibutense, but with the throat, upper breast, and sides of face light ashy gray, uniformly washed with yellow. The plate in Ibis seems to show a faint orange mark on the back of the female of D. sibutense, though no such marking is described in the text. If this is the case, the female of D. sibutense differs from that of every other Philippine representative of the genus.

"A male from Sulu measures 89 in length; culmen, 13; wing, 52; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 13.4. Two females from the same locality measure 84 in length; culmen, 12.7; wing, 50; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 12. We have only females from Tawi Tawi and can not be quite sure of the identification." (Bourns and Worcester.)

635. DICÆUM SIBUTUENSE Sharpe.

SIBUTU FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum sibutuense Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 3, no. 12,
10; Ibis (1894), 251, pl. 7, figs. 1 and 2; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 97.

Sibutu (Everett).

"This is an interesting species, new to science. Like D. trigonostigma, it has a slate-colored throat, but the latter is blackish slate-color, like the sides of the face and head, and not lighter gray as in D. trigonostigma. The Sibutu bird, moreover, resembles D. dorsale in having an orange patch in the center of the back, the lower back and rump being slaty gray, slightly washed with olive, and not orange-yellow as in D. trigonostigma. The female, as might be expected, closely resembles that of D. trigonostigma, but is tinted with olive-green on the rump, and has not the orange shade of the hen of the last-named species." (Sharpe.) [86]

The figure of the female of D. sibutuense in The Ibis has a pale yellow patch on the back, a character which is found in no other Philippine species of the genus.

636. DICÆUM CINEREIGULARE Tweeddale.

ASHY-CHINNED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum cinereigulare Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 829;
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Grant and Whitehead,
Ibis (1898), 243 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (nest);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao
(Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Somewhat similar to D. intermedium, the rump slate-blue like the back; chin lemon-yellow; throat lightly washed with yellow; entire breast orpiment-orange. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 89; wing, 48; tail, 23; culmen from base, 11.5; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 12.5.

Female.--Above mouse-gray; rump washed with olive-green; lores blackish; cheeks, line around eye, and a narrow frontal band washed with yellow; chin light yellow; under parts ashy gray, washed with yellow on sides and flanks, and with a band of yellow down middle of breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts yellow. A female from Bohol, wing, 47; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 12.

"Five males average: Length, 86; wing, 49; tail, 23.6; culmen, 12; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12. Two females, length, 82.5; wing, 45; tail, 20.5; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Samar in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Three sets of eggs of this flowerpecker were collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, in July, 1896. These eggs are described as rather long, ovate in shape, pure white, and measuring 15 mm. by 12 mm.

"Nest round, pocket-shaped, with the entrance at the side, suspended from slender boughs or to the stem of a large leaf. The outside of the nest is made of green moss bound together with spider's webs, the inside lined with the dark brown down stripped from the young fern-fronds. A favorite site is a neglected native clearing some distance from the forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

637. DICÆUM BESTI Steere.

BEST'S FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum besti Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890),
22; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Pis-pis, Siquijor.

Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Similar to the male of D. cinereigulare, but the throat clear ashy gray, not washed with yellow; rump with a slightly yellow wash. Wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Plumbeous above; rump, tail-coverts, and center of back greenish yellow; chin pale yellow; throat and chest ashy gray; middle of breast and of abdomen and tail-coverts rich lemon-yellow; sides and flanks ashy gray, washed with tea-green; primaries edged with cinereous. Wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.

"Eighteen males average: Length, 142; wing, 52; tail, 26; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Fifteen females, length, 140; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13. Legs, feet, nails, and bill black. Breeding in February." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

638. DICÆUM FLAVIVENTER Meyer.

YELLOW-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum flaviventer Meyer, Jour. für Ornith. (1894), 91; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Cebu (Burger).

Description.--Head, upper back, and wing-coverts greenish black, with somewhat of a luster; wing-quills blackish brown; secondaries with glossy greenish borders to the outer webs; lower back and tail-coverts dark slate-color; tail black; front and sides of throat white, lower throat and chest as well as sides of lower body light ash-gray; at the middle of the latter a beautiful cadmium-yellow stripe, up to 6 mm. wide (Ridgway-cadmium-yellow, pl. VI, 6), becoming white toward vent; under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts white, outer ones with a blackish spot in the middle; thighs externally white, blackish behind; feet brown; bill black, strong. [87]

639. DICÆUM PYGMÆUM (Kittlitz).

PYGMY FLOWERPECKER.

Nectarinia pygmæum Kittlitz, Mem. pres. Acad. St. Petersb. (1833),
2, pts. 1, 2, pl. 2.
Dicæum pygmæum Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 43;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (distribution, nest); McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Pi-pít dá-po, Manila.

Balabac (Everett); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor);
Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer); Leyte (Everett, Whitehead);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead,
McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns
& Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett,
McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead,
Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, [88] White);
Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester);
Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester);
Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Above glossy steel-green heavily washed with yellow on lower back, rump, and tail-coverts; lores blackish; sides of head, of throat, and of breast dark cinereous; middle of chin, throat, and chest white faintly washed with yellow and interrupted in the middle of breast by a cinereous patch; middle of abdomen and tail-coverts light buff; sides and flanks olive-green; rectrices black, edged with metallic green; wings black; secondaries and greater coverts edged with olive-yellow; alula, lesser coverts, and median coverts edged with glossy green. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 46; tail, 23; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; tarsus, 11.

Female.--Above somewhat similar to the male, but lighter and greener and with less metallic gloss; wing-feathers edged with olive-yellow; all the under parts lighter and paler than in the male. A female from Cebu, wing, 43; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 11.

"The pygmy flowerpecker is the smallest and most widely distributed of Philippine Dicæidæ. Invariably found by us in the deep woods. A very fearless bird. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown to coal-black; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellowish to gray. Breeding in Palawan in December and in Samar in July. Four males average: Length, 92; wing, 46; tail, 25; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12. Three females, length, 83.5; wing, 45; tail, 24.6; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

640. DICÆUM DAVAO Mearns.

DAVAO FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum davao Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 87;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Mindanao (Mearns, Celestino).

Male.--Above, including the edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices, glossy steel-green; lores, sides of head and of neck black; chin and middle of throat white faintly washed with yellow and interrupted by a black patch on breast; sides of breast black; sides of abdomen and flanks olive-yellow; under tail-coverts and middle of lower abdomen light buff-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white; edge of wing black. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 44; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 10. The female is unknown.

641. DICÆUM HYPOLEUCUM Sharpe.

WHITE-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum hypoleucum Sharpe, Nature (1876), 24, 298; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 97.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Siasi (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard).

Male.--Upper parts, including sides of head and of neck deep black; under parts white; wing-lining and axillars white. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 53; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 13.

Female.--Above mouse-gray faintly washed with olive-green except on tail-coverts where the green is heavier; secondaries and greater coverts edged with olive-green; under parts white. Wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 13.

"Found by us in the deep woods. Stated by Guillemard to frequent coconut groves. Three males average: Length, 89; wing, 53; tail, 27; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12.7. Iris reddish brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

642. DICÆUM MINDANENSE Tweeddale.

MINDANAO FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum mindanense Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 547;
Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 5, fig. 1; Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 37; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 97.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray); Sulu (Bourns &
Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male (type of species).--General color above sooty brown, washed with olive, grayer on the rump, the head washed with a little yellower olive; lesser wing-coverts like the back; remainder of wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally edged with olive; upper tail-coverts washed with light olive; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive, with a narrow white fringe at the end of the inner web of the three outermost feathers; lores, feathers round the eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks sooty black; throat and under surface of body white, washed with ashy on the fore neck, breast, and flanks; under tail-coverts white, with an olive-yellow tinge; under wing-coverts and axillars white, with a slight tinge of yellow; edge of wing sooty brown; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web. Length, 81; culmen, 14; wing, 48.2; tail, 25.4; tarsus, 12.7." (Sharpe.)

"So far as we can judge from the figure in The Ibis, Dr. Sharpe has confused D. mindanense with D. hypoleucum. The two species occur together in Basilan and Sulu, and probably also in Tawi Tawi. Seven males average: Length, 90; wing, 52; tail, 26.6; culmen, 14, tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Eight females, length, 87.6; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 14.4; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Basilan in the month of September." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

643. DICÆUM EVERETTI Tweeddale.

EVERETT'S FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 537;
Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 47; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (nest);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.
Dicæum modestum Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 380.

Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Panaon
(Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male (type of D. modestum).--General color above dark olive-brown, the head uniform with the back; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown; greater wing-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with yellowish olive, more distinct on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts brown, washed with olive; tail black; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dusky olive-brown, the cheeks lighter olive-ashy; throat and fore neck ashy gray, olive-yellow on the chin, a tinge of the latter color also pervading the throat; breast and abdomen pale whitish tinged with yellow; sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts pale olive-greenish; under wing-coverts and axillars white, with a faint tinge of yellow; quills dusky brown below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Length, 80; culmen, 11.4; wing, 48; tail, 24; tarsus, 12.7 (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

"Observation.--I have compared the types of D. modestum and D. everetti in Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection, and can not find any specific difference between them." (Sharpe.)

"Quite common in Samar, and so far as our observation goes, a strictly deep woods bird. A male measures: Length, 89; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 11; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Two females, length, 84; wing, 46; tail, 22.6; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 11.6; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

644. DICÆUM OBSCURUM Grant.

DUSKY FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum obscurum Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 50;
Ibis (1894), 515; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (feeding habits);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male and female.--Above olive-brown, with a wash of green on rump and tail-coverts; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of quills edged with white; under parts gray, washed with sage-green and with a light streak on middle of breast and of abdomen. Iris light brown; upper mandible dark brown; lower mandible light brown; legs and nails about the same color as lower mandible. Length, 88 to 96. A male measures: Wing, 54; tail, 27; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 51; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.

This neutral-colored flowerpecker, which appears to be confined to the mountains of Luzon, is difficult to describe, but it may be easily recognized by its dull coloration.

645. DICÆUM NIGRILORE Hartert.

BLACK-LORED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum nigrilore Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 15, 8;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Mindanao (Waterstradt, Mearns).

Male and female.--Head, nape, and ear-coverts greenish yellow; lores and a line under eye and ear-coverts blackish; mantle and sides of neck sepia-brown; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts greenish yellow; chin, fore part of throat, abdomen, and middle of breast white; throat and breast ash-gray; flanks and crissum bright yellow; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries edged with white; the other feathers edged with greenish yellow. A female measures: Wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 14.

This is a very distinct species which is found only in the mountains of Mindanao.

Genus PRIONOCHILUS Strickland, 1841.

Bill short and stout, very wide at base; gonys decidedly convex; first primary less than one-half the second or wanting. The Philippine species that are usually placed in this genus are not uniform in generic characters. P. johannæ has a short first primary and a moderately stout bill; it resembles P. ignicapillus and is probably a typical Prionochilus. P. olivaceous has a short first primary and the bill somewhat stouter than P. johannæ. Prionochilus quadricolor, P. bicolor, and P. inexpectatus resemble one another in having the bill short and very stout and the true first primary absent.

Species.

a1. Under parts red and yellow ... johannæ (p. 638) a2. Under parts white, or white and gray.

b1. Mantle bright red ... quadricolor (p. 638)
b2. Mantle not red.

c1. Entire upper parts glossy blue-black.

d1. Under parts entirely white ... bicolor (p. 640)
d2. Under parts mostly light gray; chin, throat, and middle of
breast and of abdomen white ... inexpectatus (p. 640)

c2. Entire upper parts olive-yellow ... olivaceus (p. 639)

646. PRIONOCHILUS JOHANNÆ Sharpe.

PALAWAN FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus johannæ Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 201, pl. 4, fig. 1;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan
(Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).

Male.--Upper parts slate-blue; center of crown scarlet; rump lemon-yellow; wing-feathers and rectrices black, edged with slate-blue; lores black; sides of head, of neck, and of breast slate-blue; a white included line on jaw; under parts rich lemon-yellow, fading to white on thighs and crissum; a scarlet patch on center of chest; axillars, wing-lining, edge of wing, and inner webs of quills white. A male measures: Wing, 52; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; greatest width of upper mandible, 6; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Upper parts including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices olivaceous; band on tail-coverts lemon-yellow; center of crown with a dull yellow patch; sides of head and neck gray, washed with olivaceous; jaw with an obscure cinereous streak; chin and throat white, washed with yellow; breast and abdomen lemon-yellow, lighter posteriorly; sides and flanks gray, washed with greenish yellow; crissum white. Wing, 48; tail, 24; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 14.

"Abundant both in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. Found about fruit trees in or near the woods. Eleven males average: Length, 93; wing, 53; tail, 28; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 13.7; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Ten females, length, 92; wing, 50; tail, 26; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 14; culmen, 13. Specimens from the Calamianes average very slightly smaller. Legs, feet, and nails black; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is yellow or gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

647. PRIONOCHILUS QUADRICOLOR Tweeddale.

FOUR-COLORED FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus quadricolor Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877),
762, pl. 77, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10,
70; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers
(1894), 1, 57 (description of female and young); McGregor,
Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 308.
Prionochilus quidricolor McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
97 (error).

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--A large triangular mantle-patch scarlet-vermilion, the black bases of the feathers showing somewhat; lower back ochraceous tinged with green; remainder of upper parts, including sides of head and neck, wings, and tail, glossy blue-black; under parts cinereous; chin, a narrow line on middle of breast, center of abdomen, crissum, thighs, axillars, wing-lining, and inner webs of quills white; flanks washed with light olive. Length, 90; wing, 53; tail, 25; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 7; tarsus, 14.

"Adult female.--Above brown, head faintly washed with olive; back, wing-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries heavily washed with olive-yellow, rump almost entirely of the latter color; entire under surface grayish white faintly tinged with olive-yellow, lighter along center of breast and abdomen; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills pure white.

"Young male.--Like female but lacks yellow wash on outer webs of secondaries, the wing and tail being black as in adult male." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"The locality Panaon, assigned to this species in the Catalogue of Birds, is a manifest error. The type specimen, an unsexed bird which was rightly supposed to be a male, was obtained in Cebu by Everett. No additional specimen seems to have been secured until 1892, when we again found it in Cebu. Ten males average as follows: Length, 90; wing, 52; tail, 26; culmen, 11.4; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Six females, length, 89; wing, 52; tail, 25; culmen, 11.6; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris chocolate-brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in June. Food fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

648. PRIONOCHILUS OLIVACEUS Tweeddale.

OLIVACEOUS FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus olivaceus Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877),
20, 536; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 3; Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 75; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol
(McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao
(Platen); Samar (Whitehead).

Male.--Above bright olive-green; wing-feathers and rectrices olive-brown, edged with olive-green; lores white; under parts smoke-gray; chin, a broad median line on throat, breast, and abdomen white, sides of abdomen and flanks streaked with white; thighs smoke-gray mixed with white; crissum white faintly washed with yellow; axillars and wing-lining white. Length, about 100. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 56; tail, 26; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; greatest width of bill, 6.5; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Similar to the male, but with the gray of under parts more ashy. A female from Basilan, wing, 54; tail, 25; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; tarsus, 13.

"Found in the forest and second growth. Never seen about open fields. Feeds on seeds and fruits. Breeding in Basilan in August. Four males from Basilan average: Length, 97; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 12.9; middle toe with claw, 14.7. Iris brownish red; legs, feet, and nails brown to black; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is ashy gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

649. PRIONOCHILUS BICOLOR Bourns and Worcester.

BICOLORED FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus bicolor Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 20; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 97.

Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Entire upper surface deep black, with faint metallic blue gloss; entire under surface, including under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills, white; bases of feathers of breast, flanks, and abdomen slaty black. Bill, legs, and feet black; iris red. Length, 82.5; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 10.6; tarsus, 14. Found in the hills of Ayala, near Zamboanga." (Bourns and Worcester.)

650. PRIONOCHILUS INEXPECTATUS Hartert.

HARTERT'S FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus inexpectatus Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1895), 2, 64 and
486; Grant, Ibis (1896), 533; (1897), 240; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 97.
Prionochilus bicolor Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead,
McGregor); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Negros
(Whitehead); Samar (Whitehead).

Male.--Above glossy blue-black; breast, sides, and flanks cinereous; chin, throat, median line of breast and abdomen, crissum, wing-lining, axillars, and inner webs of quills white. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 90; wing, 49; tail, 23; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 6; tarsus, 10.

Female.--Above brown, washed with olive-green, brightest on rump, tail-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries; below similar to the male, but with a faint olivaceous wash. Wing, 51; tail, 25; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 5.5; tarsus, 13.

"This recently-described species has now been met with in Samar and Leyte. It seems more than probable that it is not really distinct from P. bicolor Bourns and Worcester; but having no typical specimens of the latter form from Mindanao, I can not be certain." (Grant.)

Genus PIPRISOMA Blyth, 1844.

Bill very short and stout, its greatest width considerably more than bill from nostril; gonys strongly convex; wing long and pointed; first (outermost) primary wanting; second, third, and fourth primaries subequal and longest; tail extending beyond the end of middle toe. Upper parts light brown; breast and abdomen white, streaked with brown.

651. PIPRISOMA ÆRUGINOSUM (Bourns and Worcester).

RUSTY FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus æruginosus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 20.
Piprisoma æruginosum Grant, Ibis (1895), 454; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead,
McGregor); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Everett);
Romblon (McGregor); Sibuyan (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above dark hair-brown, faintly washed with olive; rump and tail-coverts olivaceous; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olivaceous; two outer pairs of rectrices tipped with white on inner webs; lores whitish; white malar line separated from throat by a hair-brown line; under parts white; breast, sides of throat and of abdomen, and flanks boldly streaked with hair-brown; under tail-coverts white with median, basal, brown markings. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 66; tail, 37; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 6; tarsus, 14. A female from Luzon, wing, 60; tail, 33; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 13.

Young.--Similar to the adult but the upper parts darker and clearer brown; stripes on under parts indefinite and almost obsolete; the whole plumage is gray rather than brown.

"Found in the forest only. Iris brick-red; legs, feet, and nails nearly black; upper mandible brown, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family NECTARINIIDÆ.

Bill slender, usually strongly decurved and tapering to the sharply pointed tip; bill as long as head or much longer, without notch or hook, but the cutting edges minutely serrated for their distal thirds; rictal bristles inconspicuous or lacking; each nostril opening covered by a large opercle; first primary less than one-half the second, the latter decidedly shorter than third which nearly equals the fourth and fifth; tail square, rounded, or strongly graduated.

Subfamilies.

a1. Bill and head about equal in length; sexes different in colors; plumage of male more or less metallic ... Nectariniinæ (p. 642) a2. Bill at least twice as long as the head; sexes alike in colors and without metallic plumage ... Arachnotherinæ (p. 662)

Subfamily NECTARINIINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Nasal opercles covered with short feathers; rectrices long and graduated. ... Chalcostetha (p. 642) a2. Nasal opercles naked; or, if feathered, the tail moderate in length and nearly square.

b1. Rump bright yellow, or else the throat greenish or pale yellow.

c1. Tail of males usually long and strongly graduate; central
rectrices often slender and somewhat pointed and always extending
beyond the feet. ... Æthopyga (p. 643)
c2. Tail short and nearly square, never extending beyond the
toes. ... Eudrepanis (p. 649)

b2. Rump dull green, or some metallic color nearly uniform with
the back; tail square, none of the rectrices narrow.

c1. Much smaller; wing about 60 mm.; bill more slender and more
strongly curved. ... Cinnyris (p. 651)
c2. Much larger; wing about 70 mm.; bill stouter and but slightly
curved. ... Anthreptes (p. 658)

Genus CHALCOSTETHA Cabanis, 1850.

Back, rump, and tail-coverts metallic green and purple; top of head bright metallic green; rectrices graduated; nasal opercles covered with short feathers. The last character mentioned distinguishes Chalcostetha from all nearly related genera.

652. CHALCOSTETHA CALCOSTETHA (Jardine).

COPPER-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Nectarinia calcostetha Jardine, Monogr. Sun-Birds (1842), 263.
Nectarinia insignis Jardine, Monogr. Sun-Birds (1842), 274.
Chalcostetha insignis Shelley, Monogr. Nect. pt. 4, (1877), 87;
pl. 30; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 12; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, White). Tenasserim, Cochin China, Sunda
Islands, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

Male.--Forehead, crown, and nape metallic green; mantle dull black; median and lesser wing-coverts, back, and tail-coverts metallic purple when held away from the light, changing to dark green when held toward the light; tail black, some of its feathers edged with violet; wings blackish brown, the greater secondary-coverts edged with violet; middle of throat and breast with a large metallic copper-colored patch; chin, a line down each side of the copper-colored patch, and lower breast metallic violet; abdomen and under tail-coverts black; pectoral tufts bright lemon-yellow. Length, about 140; wing, 61; tail, 52; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 14. Description and measurements from a specimen taken by C. B. Kloss in Singapore.

"Female.--Crown and nape ashy brown; rest of upper parts yellowish olive; tail black, largely tipped with white; under parts whitish, strongly washed with pale yellow. Wing, 51." (Gadow.)

"Iris, bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ÆTHOPYGA Cabanis, 1850.

Bill as long as head, strongly curved, the tip very sharp; nasal opercles unfeathered; males with the rectrices narrow and graduated, the middle pair usually much produced and often acuminate. Males brightly colored, largely red or yellow or both; females greenish.

Species.

a1. Much larger; wing more than 50 mm.; bill from nostril more than 15.

b1. Central rectrices lengthened, their tips rounded (males).

c1. Chin, throat, breast, head, and mantle bright red ... magnifica
(p. 644)
c2. Chin and throat with a narrow median stripe of citron-yellow
changing to orange on breast; mantle dark green ... boltoni
(p. 645)

b2. Central rectrices not lengthened (females).

c1. Tail-feathers edged with dull crimson; under parts dull
green. ... magnifica (p. 644)
c2. Tail-feathers edged with green; chest gray; abdomen
yellow. ... boltoni (p. 645)

a2. Much smaller; wing less than 50 mm.; bill from nostril less than 15.

b1. Mantle and sides of neck dark red; chin, throat, and breast
yellow (males).

c1. Breast streaked with vermilion.

d1. Chin, throat, and breast paler, sulphur-yellow.

e1. Metallic frontal band extending backward to the occiput;
occiput dark red like the back ... shelleyi (p. 646)
e2. Metallic frontal band extending backward to the hinder
border of eye; occiput green ... arolasi (p. 648)

d2. Chin, throat, and breast darker, more gamboge-yellow.

e1. Smaller; wing, about 40 mm.; bill from nostril, 11
... bella (p. 647)
e2. Larger; wing, about 44 mm.; bill from nostril, 14
... bonita (p. 648)

c2. Breast pure yellow, or very faintly streaked with vermilion.

d1. Breast gamboge-yellow and slightly darker than
chin. ... flavipectus (p. 649)
d2. Breast, throat, and chin more nearly uniform and lighter
yellow. ... rubrinota (p. 649)

b2. Upper parts bright olive-green; under parts whitish, more or
less washed with pale yellowish green (females).

c1. Rump olive-green like the back ... shelleyi (p. 646); arolasi
(p. 648)
c2. Rump lemon-yellow ... bella (p. 647); bonita (p. 648);
flavipectus (p. 649); rubrinota (p. 649)

653. ÆTHOPYGA MAGNIFICA Sharpe.

MAGNIFICENT SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga magnifica Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297;
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; Shelley,
Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 51, pl. 17; Gadow, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 24; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241,
pl. 5, figs. 5 & 6 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere,
Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino);
Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Forehead and malar stripe metallic, dark royal purple; remainder of head, entire neck, and mantle bright poppy-red; chin, throat, and breast scarlet-vermilion, the basal and central parts of the feathers pale yellow; back and rump black with a median more or less concealed patch of gamboge-yellow; tail and coverts metallic royal purple; wings, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dead black; axillars and wing-lining black; lesser and median wing-coverts red, and some of the greater coverts narrowly edged with red. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 59; tail, 49; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 16. Upper mandible brown, lower mandible reddish flesh; legs and nails dark brown.

Female.--Dull green with a slight reddish wash across the back; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, the latter edged with dark crimson; wing-feathers and rump more faintly washed with crimson. A female from Cebu, wing, 56; tail, 43; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 15.

Young birds resemble the adult female, but the young males early show indications of the red throat and breast and of the black abdomen.

"Eight males from Negros average: Length, 133; wing, 57.6; tail, 47.4; culmen, 25; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females from Cebu measure: Length, 125; wing, 55; tail, 41; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Nine males from Sibuyan average: Length, 137; wing, 61; tail, 51; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16.

"It will be seen that the Sibuyan birds belong to a larger race, but we do not think they can be specifically separated. Breeding in the month of June in Cebu. Native name in Negros 'a-na-nag-bac.' Shot in Sibuyan 1,100 meters above sea-level." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Two eggs of the magnificent sunbird collected by Steere in Negros, February, 1888, and three eggs collected at the base of Canlaon Volcano by Whitehead, March 23, 1896, are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pale terra-cotta red, very thickly mottled all over with a darker tint of the same color, the mottlings heaviest at the larger end, a few fine hair-like scribblings crossing the shell transversely. Measurements 17 mm. by 12 mm."

Another set of two eggs, collected by Whitehead in Negros, April 15, 1896, are described as having the "Ground-color as in the above, but the shell heavily clouded with rich dark terra-cotta and darker scribblings and specks of the same color. Measurements 16 mm. by 12 mm."

"This sunbird nests in old forest. The nest is generally found suspended among forest débris in the vicinity of some huge tree-trunks only a few feet from the ground. It is well hidden by the undergrowth.

"The nest is a well-woven bag-shaped structure, with a roofed entrance at the side. It is principally constructed of fine grass, rootlets, palm fiber, and fragments of dead leaves woven together with spiders' webs and lined with fine dead grass tops and seeds. The nest found by Professor Steere was suspended from a root under the overhanging bank of a river, and looked like a tuft of rubbish left by high water." (Grant and Whitehead.)

654. ÆTHOPYGA BOLTONI Mearns.

BOLTON'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga boltoni Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18,
4; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98; Grant, Ibis
(1906), 472.

Kah-poi-yah-poi-yuh, or kah-pue-yoo-ahn, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).

"Adult male.--Entire head and neck all round, except middle of chin and throat, slate-gray, faintly washed with french-green, the feathers of the forehead narrowly edged with metallic french-green; upper back gray, strongly washed with oil-green; lower back olive-green; rump citron-yellow; wings brownish black with wing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries olive-green; under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of primaries and secondaries white; tail with longest feather 12 mm. longer than the next, 25 mm. longer than the outer rectrix; middle pair of tail-feathers entirely metallic french-green, the remaining rectrices being green-black, broadly tipped with gray on the outer and white on the inner webs; under parts with a median stripe of citron-yellow extending from bill to chest, broadening posteriorly and minutely mixed with orpiment-orange at upper margin of chest; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellow; chest orange; pectoral tufts chinese-orange. Iris red; bill black faintly tipped with horn-color; feet and claws black, except the under side of toes which are yellowish. Length, 130; alar expanse, 180; wing, 57; tail, 55; culmen (chord), 21; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 14.

"Adult female.--Head, neck all round, and chest slate-gray; upper parts, including upper wing-coverts and exposed outer webs of wing-quills, olive-yellow; tail similar to that of male, but shorter and duller, with feathers rounded at tip; under parts, including under tail-coverts, yellow, whitish on middle of abdomen. Size considerably smaller than male. Culmen, 18; wing, 48.

"Young male in first plumage.--Head, sides of throat, and upper parts smoke-gray, washed on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with green; upper wing-coverts and exposed portion of outer webs of quills olive-green; under parts, including stripe on middle of chin and throat, smoke-gray washed with greenish yellow; lining of wings white; tail-feathers pointed, similar to the adult but shorter and duller. Iris brown; bill black, orange at base, yellow and orange inside; metatarsus black; toes orange, dusky above. Older males soon grow to resemble adults, the orange first showing in the middle of the breast, the flanks and belly becoming yellow at the same time, the pectoral tufts and richest coloring probably not appearing before the second year." (Mearns.)

655. ÆTHOPYGA SHELLEYI Sharpe.

SHELLEY'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga shelleyi Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297;
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; Shelley,
Monogr. Nectarin. (1877), pt. 3, 75; (1880), pts. 11 & 12,
pls. 24 & 25, fig. 1; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9,
29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester);
Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Everett, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).

Male.--Forehead, crown, long moustachial stripe, upper tail-coverts, middle rectrices, and outer webs of remaining rectrices dark metallic green when held away from the light, changing to dark blue when held toward the light; occiput, mantle, and sides of head and neck maroon-red; chin and a narrow line bordering the throat maroon-red; throat and breast sulphur-yellow, the latter streaked with vermilion; abdomen pale gray or white, washed in the middle with pale yellow; under tail-coverts pale yellow; back olive-green; rump sulphur-yellow; wing-feathers blackish brown edged with olive-green. Length, about 110; wing, 47; tail, 44; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above olive-green; wing-feathers and rectrices dark brown edged with olive-green; bases of the rectrices with a wash of reddish brown; below white, washed with light olive on the breast and with pale yellow on the abdomen and under tail-coverts. Length, 89; wing, 42; tail, 25; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 13.

"Ten males average: Length, 111; wing, 46; tail, 46; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 12. Ten females, length, 87; wing, 43; tail, 29; culmen, 16; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Calamianes birds are very slightly smaller, but are otherwise identical. Shot at a height of 760 meters on Mount Pulgar in Palawan, where it was abundant." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

656. ÆTHOPYGA BELLA Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga bella Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20,
537: Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. (1879), pts. 9 & 10, 77, pl. 25;
Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 29; Grant, Ibis (1897),
236; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 242 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 229 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Male.--Chin, throat, breast, and uropygium bright sulphur-yellow; forehead, vertex, minor carpal coverts, upper tail-coverts, and upper surface of rectrices dark metallic green; occiput, nape, and wing-coverts dark olive; cheeks, lores, behind the eye, sides of head and neck, interscapulars, and back deep blood-red; quills almost black, margined with dark olive; abdomen, flanks, vent, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts silky white, more or less tinged with pale yellow, especially on the mesial line, under tail-coverts, and carpal edge; a few blood-red feathers on the upper breast; a metallic violet spot on side of head; a narrow line of deep blood-red runs along the rami of the mandible; a bold metallic moustache springs from the base of the mandible, and descends the sides of the neck; the upper half violet, the lower half green. Wing, 42.6; tail, 36.5; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13.

"Female.--Above, wing-coverts, and edgings to quills olive-green; uropygium bright sulphur-yellow as in the male; space before the eye, cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast gray, tinged with yellowish olive-green; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white tinged with yellow; under wing-coverts white faintly tinged with yellow; quills and rectrices dark brown margined with olive; lateral rectrices tipped with albescent olive. Wing, 41; tail, 28; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13." (Tweeddale.)

Three fresh eggs of this sunbird collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, July 19, 1895, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pale pinkish white, a heavily, marked irregular zone of dull red toward the larger end, and some scattered spots and blotches of the same color over the rest of the shell, with here and there underlying brown markings. Measurements 14 mm. by 10 mm.

"The nest built by this sunbird differs considerably from that made by Æ. magnifica, being a long bag-shaped pocket, with a loose dangling tail of dead leaves. The entrance is at the side and roofed over, in fact very much like that constructed by the different species of Cinnyris. This nest was found dangling to a bramble in an old native clearing some distance from the forest. The female was obtained after much difficulty." (Grant and Whitehead.)

657. ÆTHOPYGA AROLASI Bourns and Worcester.

AROLAS'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga arolasi Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 17; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 98.

Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Slightly larger than Æthopyga bella. Upper surface as in that species; fore breast much more broadly streaked with orange; abdomen and under tail-coverts light lemon-yellow, not white.

"Adult female.--Above uniform olive-green. Does not show the bright yellow rump of Æthopyga bella. Under surface inclining to white, but breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts washed with light lemon-yellow.

"Average measurements from ten males: Length, 87; culmen, 18; wing, 40; tail, 33; tarsus, 12. From four females: Length, 83; culmen, 16; wing, 40; tail, 25; tarsus, 12." (Bourns and Worcester.)

658. ÆTHOPYGA BONITA Bourns and Worcester.

VISAYAN SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga bonita Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 17; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 98.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Negros (Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. arolasi, but the yellow of throat, breast, and rump gamboge or dark lemon-yellow instead of lemon-yellow and the red streaks on breast more conspicuous. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 44; tail, 32.5; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. arolasi, but the rump pale yellow and the under parts washed with light yellowish green very much as in the female of Æ. shelleyi. A female from Cebu, wing, 42; tail, 23; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 13.

"Four males average: Length, 94; wing, 43; tail, 32; culmen, 18; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Three females, length, 89; wing, 40; tail, 24; culmen, 17; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Cebu in the month of June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

659. ÆTHOPYGA FLAVIPECTUS Grant.

GRANT'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga flavipectus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3,
49; Ibis (1895); 111, pl. 5, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229
(habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.
Æthopyga minuta Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Polillo (McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. bella and of Æ. bonita, but with very little or no red on the breast. Length, about 100; wing, 42; tail, 34; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12.5; tarsus, 12.

Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. bonita, but the head somewhat darker and the bill shorter. Wing, 41; tail, 21.5; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 11.5.

660. ÆTHOPYGA RUBRINOTA McGregor.

RED-SPOTTED SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga rubrinota McGregor, Bur. Govt. laboratories (1905), 25,
30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Pi-rit, Lubang.

Lubang (McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. flavipectus, but the breast paler yellow. Length, about 96; wing, 42; tail, 39; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 13.5.

Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. flavipectus. Wing, 41.5; tail, 20; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 12.5.

Genus EUDREPANIS Sharpe, 1877.

This genus is very similar to Æthopyga, but the tail is short in both sexes; from Cinnyris it differs in having no metallic colors on the chin and throat.

Species.

a1. Chin, throat, and breast bright yellow (males).

b1. Chin, throat, and breast bright lemon-yellow; more red on
the breast.

c1. Secondaries edged with metallic green ... jefferyi (p. 651)
c2. Secondaries edged with dull olive-green ... pulcherrima
(p. 650)

b2. Chin, throat, and breast pale sulphur-yellow; less red on the
breast. ... decorosa (p. 651)

a2. Chin and throat gray; breast washed with greenish yellow; no red on the breast (females).

b1. Rump bright lemon-yellow ... jefferyi (p. 651); pulcherrima
(p. 650)
b2. Rump pale sulphur-yellow ... decorosa (p. 651)

661. EUDREPANIS PULCHERRIMA (Sharpe).

MINDANAO SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga pulcherrima Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Gadow,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 31.
Eudrepanis pulcherrima Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 341; Shelley,
Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 83, pl. 28; Grant and Whitehead,
Ibis (1898), 242 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Æthopyga dubia Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 112.

Basilan (Steere, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett);
Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Forehead and crown to opposite center of eye metallic french-blue; hind crown, sides of neck, and back olive-green; lower back and rump lemon-yellow; a patch above ear-coverts metallic greenish blue; lores, cheeks, and jaw dull black; under parts rich lemon-yellow becoming much paler on lower abdomen, flanks, and crissum; a large scarlet patch on chest partly broken up by the yellow tips of the feathers; wing-quills blackish brown, externally edged with olive-green and on inner webs with white; secondary-coverts black, broadly tipped with rich metallic green; alula and primary-coverts black, narrowly edged or tipped with metallic green; upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices rich metallic green, the other rectrices black, edged with metallic green; lining of wing white. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 89; wing, 45; tail, 23.5; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 14.