Chapter XVIII: Preface (17)

"Two males measure, 120 in length; wing, 107; tail, 46; culmen, 6; tarsus, 7; middle toe with claw, 9. Two females: Wing, 116; tail, 48; culmen, 6; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 7. Bill, feet, and nails black, legs light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

316. COLLOCALIA GERMANI Oustalet.

OUSTALET'S SWIFTLET.

Collocalia germani Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (1876), 1-3.
Collocalia francica Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 503
(part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 90 (part); Oates and Reid,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 76 (part).
Salangana francica McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58.
Collocalia francica inexpectata Mearns,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 90.
Collocalia francica germani Oberholser,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 201.

Ca-li-pat'-pat, Cuyo; sa-lin-ba-bá-tang, Cagayancillo.

Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor, Mearns);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Steere
Exp.); Cuyo (McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.); Panay (Bourns &
Worcester). Mergui Archipelago; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula;
Siam; Candore Island; Cochin China.

Adult.--Similar to Collocalia whiteheadi but easily recognized by the whitish or smoky gray band across rump; shafts of rump-feathers darker; tarsi unfeathered.

Young.--Probably the young bird is much like the adult, as with other species of the genus.

"Four males from Culion measure, 112 in length; wing, 115; tail, 50; culmen, 5; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 9. Iris dark brown; legs and feet light brown; bill and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

317. COLLOCALIA TROGLODYTES Gray.

PYGMY SWIFTLET.

Collocalia troglodytes Gray, Gen. Birds (1845), 1, 55, pl. 19;
Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 507; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 90; Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906),
58, 202.
Salangana troglodytes McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Bú-ta bú-ta and sai-aó, Bohol, also used for Salvadori's swiftlet.

Banton (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte
(Whitehead); Luzon (Jagor, Bourns & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere
Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino);
Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester,
White); Panay (Steere, Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns
& Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Above glossy black, bases of feathers smoky brown; across the rump a white band 5 mm. wide, the shaft of each feather dusky; chin and sides of face and neck dusky brown; feathers in front of eye white with dusky tips; feathers of throat, breast, and abdomen with white tips and dusky bases and shaft-lines, producing a mottled appearance, the white predominating on the abdomen; under tail-coverts glossy black.

"Very common throughout the Islands. Builds edible nests. Nests always in caves, and composed chiefly or entirely of secretion from the mouths of the birds. When the birds are persistently robbed, however, they seem to become discouraged, and mix in grass, stems of small plants, moss, etc. Two or three white eggs are deposited. They measure: 15.2 to 17.7 by 10.1 to 10.9. Fourteen males from Siquijor average, 92 in length; wing, 92; tail, 41; culmen, 4; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 9. Bill, legs, and feet black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

318. COLLOCALIA MARGINATA Salvadori.

SALVADORI'S SWIFTLET.

Collocalia marginata Salvadori, Atti. R. Acad. Sci. Torino
(1882), 17, 448; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892),
16, 508; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 90; Oberholser,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 203.
Collocalia cebuensis Kutter, Jour. für Orn. (1882), 171.
Salangana marginata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Ni-do and sa-lum-pi-ping-ao, Calayan.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor);
Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Koch, McGregor);
Luzon (Othberg, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro
(McGregor); Polillo (Ickis [42]); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas
(Celestino).

Adult.--Above very dark glossy green, short upper tail-coverts margined with pure white; feathers in front of eye white with dusky tips; sides of head, neck, and chin mouse-gray; feathers of throat with narrow white edges, posteriorly the white edges gradually increase in width so that the abdomen is almost entirely white; under tail-coverts dark glossy green with narrow white margins; under wing-coverts narrowly edged with white. Iris, bill, toes, and nails black; tarsi dark flesh. Length, about 96. Five specimens of each sex from Calayan measure: Males, wing, 102 to 107; tail, 40 to 46; females, wing, 102 to 105; tail, 41 to 42.

Young.--Two nestlings from Sibuyan are like the adult in plumage except that the white edges to the upper tail-coverts are but just indicated. Bill and nails black; legs pale flesh.

Nest.--Nests in small colonies, fastening the nests to the face of a rock. The nest is composed of blackish brown hair-moss and held together by the characteristic glutenous saliva. The eggs do not differ from others of this genus being two in number and pure white in color. The eggs of a set collected in Sibuyan, June 11, 1904, measure 18.2 by 10.9 and 17 by 11.6 mm.

This species has been very rare in collections; the only specimen in the British Museum in 1892 was a skin of doubtful locality collected by von Othberg. We have met with it on several islands; in Sibuyan and Calayan it was extremely abundant.

319. COLLOCALIA ISONOTA (Oberholser).

OBERHOLSER'S SWIFTLET.

Collocalia linchi Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 90 (part); Oates
and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 77 (part).
Salangana linchi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.
Collocalia linchi isonota Oberholser,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 208.

Pi-ping-aú, Benguet.

Bongao (Everett); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Koch &
Schadenberg); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter).

Adult.--About the size of and very much like Collocalia marginata but without white margins to tail-coverts, and with more white on the abdomen.

Young.--The young bird resembles the adult in plumage but the tarsi are flesh-color.

Nest.--Composed of moss or lichens and placed on the ground in the protection of grass or ferns. Two eggs measure 22.3 by 13.9 and 21.5 by 13.9.

Genus CHÆTURA Stephens, 1826.

Size large, length 100 to 200 mm. or even more; shafts of tail-feathers very stiff and extending a short distance beyond the webs; claws strong and curved. Birds of this genus are very strong and steady in flight and usually feed high in the air.

Species.

a1. Much larger; length, over 200 mm.; chin and throat black.

b1. No white spot on side of forehead. ... gigantea (p. 357)
b2. A large white spot on each side of forehead.

c1. Under wing-coverts uniform dark brown. ... celebensis (p. 358)
c2. Under wing-coverts edged with white. ... dubia (p. 359)

a2. Much smaller; length, less than 120 mm.; chin and throat white. ... picina (p. 359)

320. CHÆTURA GIGANTEA (Temminck).

GIANT SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Cypselus giganteus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1825), 364.
Chætura gigantea Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 475;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 91; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 59.

Calamianes (Worcester, Celestino); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Sumatra,
Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo.

Adult.--Forehead, crown, nape, sides of head and neck, wings and tail black with very dark steel-blue gloss; lores deep black; remainder of plumage deep smoky brown, except under tail-coverts and a patch on lower flank which are white; shafts of under tail-coverts dark brown. A male from Palawan measures: Length, 239; wing, 203; tail, 67; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17. A female from Culion measures: Length, 229; wing, 200; tail, 68; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 16.

Worcester and Celestino collected a large series of giant swifts in Culion and Palawan. I have seen large swifts in Benguet Province and in Calayan, and Worcester observed a large flock in northern Luzon which may have been either C. gigantea or C. dubia.

321. CHÆTURA CELEBENSIS (Sclater).

CELEBES SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Chætura gigantea var. celebensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1865),
608.
Chætura celebensis Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16,
467; Meyer and Wiglesworth, Bds. Celebes (1898), 1, 329, pl. 12;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 91; Clarke, Ibis (1894), 533; Mearns,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 185; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 59.

Basilan (Mearns); Negros (Keay). Celebes.

Adult.--"Deep steel-blue, back and rump with purple gloss; two white spots on the sides of the forehead; sides of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white. In size similar to C. gigantea." (Hartert.)

Clarke gives the following notes on a specimen obtained in Negros: "The back is an admixture of dark brown, or brownish black, and deep steel-blue, each feather having a broad subterminal band of blue with an edging of dark brown, which conceals the blue to a considerable extent, so that the brown predominates. The tail and secondaries are glossed with green and blue in about equal proportions. Length, 241; wing, 216; tail, 73; tarsus, 18."

"Female.--A specimen in the Sarasin Collection marked '[female] juv.' (but we can not see any signs of immaturity) answers to Mr. Hartert's description of the species, except that the lores are reddish brown not white. Wing, 208; tail, 63; tarsus, 16; bill from nostril, 6." (Meyer and Wiglesworth.)

Mearns gives the following measurements of two males from Basilan: "Length, 240, 255; wing, 215; tail, 75; bill from frontal feathers (chord), 8.5, 9.6; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 6.1, 7.1; tarsus, 19, 20; middle toe with claw, 22.5."

But six specimens of this large swift are known, three from Celebes, one from Negros, and two from Basilan.

322. CHÆTURA DUBIA McGregor.

PHILIPPINE SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Chætura dubia McGregor, Bur. Govt. Lab. Manila (1905), 34, 15,
pl. 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Mindoro (McGregor).

Adult.--General color blackish brown; back and rump noticeably lighter, being light seal-brown, each feather with a subterminal, more or less concealed area or band of bluish violet; head and body shot with bluish violet gloss, strongest on chin, throat, breast, and sides of head and neck; a large white patch on each side between nostril and lores; crissum white, each feather blackish brown at its base, the long tail-coverts with edges also blackish brown except near tip; extending diagonally upward and forward on each flank, a wide white stripe connected with the white crissum behind as in Chætura gigantea; exposed edges of wing-feathers black, inner webs of primaries largely light brown; inner webs of alula, primary- and secondary-coverts shot with greenish blue gloss; tertiaries greenish blue; lining of wing brown, each feather bordered with dirty white which has its greatest extent on innermost feather; axillars dark brown, shot with bluish violet gloss, exposed portion of tail blackish, the concealed basal portion glossed with green and blue. Bill black; iris brown; legs and feet reddish flesh; nails light brown.

Male: Length, 229; wing, 220; tail, 64; bill from frontal feathers, 10; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 7; tarsus, 18. Female: Length, 234; wing, 218; tail, 64; bill from frontal feathers, 10; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 7; tarsus, 18.

This fine species is known from the type specimens, a pair taken on the Baco River, Mindoro. It requires comparison with Chætura celebensis. The following notes probably refer to Chætura dubia:

"We think it probable that C. gigantea will eventually be found in Mindoro. We repeatedly saw a very large swift in that island, but it always kept well out of range. We thought it to be C. gigantea but could not, of course, be at all sure. On our first trip we found C. gigantea flying low over the mangrove swamps in Palawan and had no special difficulty in securing specimens. On our second trip, however, we were less fortunate, as the few individuals that we saw kept out of range." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

323. CHÆTURA PICINA Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Chætura picina Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 944, pl. 59;
Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 487; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 92; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett).

Adult.--"Black with a blue gloss, greenish in some lights; chin, throat, and larger under wing-coverts pure white. Wing, 161; tail, 32." (Tweeddale.) "Iris dark brown; bill black; legs lead-gray." (Whitehead.)

This species is known only from the type, a female collected near Zamboanga, Mindanao, and from three specimens taken in Leyte by Whitehead.

Subfamily MICROPODINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Smaller; toes all directed forward, but in pairs, two toes on each side of the median tarsal line; plumage nearly uniform brown. ... Tachornis (p. 360) a2. Larger; toes all directed forward and at equal intervals; chin, throat, and rump white. ... Micropus (p. 361)

Genus TACHORNIS Gosse, 1847.

Toes all directed forward, in pairs, two toes on each side of the median tarsal line, none of them reversible; tail deeply forked, its feathers narrow; plumage nearly uniform in color without white markings.

324. TACHORNIS PALLIDIOR McGregor.

PALER PALM SWIFT.

Tachornis infumatus McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 5.
Tachornis pallidior McGregor, Bur. Govt. Lab. (1904), 25, 27;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Bohol (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor); Mindanao
(Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Upper parts dark brown; nearly black on head, neck, and back which have a faint green gloss; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts lighter brown and narrowly fringed with gray in unworn plumage, the tail-coverts with dark shafts; wing-feathers blackish brown, glossy on outer webs; short primaries narrowly edged with white on inner webs; tail of the same color as wings; sides of head brown; chin and throat light drab-gray, merging gradually into the dark drab-gray of the lower breast and abdomen where the feathers are narrowly edged with whitish; stiff feathers in front of eye white with brown tips. Length in flesh, 114; wing, 119; lateral rectrices, 50; central rectrices, 31.

This species is easily recognized by the deeply-forked tail and peculiar paired toes; it is a near relative of Tachornis infumata from which it differs chiefly in having a paler chin and throat. It has been found in small numbers in the islands from which it is recorded.

Genus MICROPUS Meyer and Wolfe, 1810. [43]

Tarsus well feathered in front; outer toes more or less reversible; claws strong; tail decidedly forked; rectrices pointed but not stiff; nostril opening oval with a median septum which is not plainly seen in the dry specimen.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, more than 160 mm.; feathers of breast tipped with white. ... pacificus (p. 361) a2. Smaller; wing, less than 150 mm.; feathers of breast uniform blackish. ... subfurcatus (p. 362)

325. MICROPUS PACIFICUS (Latham).

WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT.

Hirundo pacifica Latham, Index Orn. Suppl. (1801), 58.
Micropus pacificus Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 448.
Cypselus pacificus Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 96; McGregor,
Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 339 and 346, pls. 4 & 5,
fig. 1; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 81.

Batan (McGregor, Mearns); Camiguin N. (McGregor). Eastern Siberia,
China, Japan, Formosa, Burmese provinces, Assam, Manipur; in
winter to Australia.

Adult.--General color blackish brown; a broad rump-band white, its feathers with brown shafts; upper parts with a slight oil-green gloss; loral feathers white with black tips; chin and throat white with narrow dusky shaft-lines; sides of head and neck light dingy brown; under parts and under wing-coverts brown, each feather with a wide white fringe and a deep brown subterminal band; under tail-coverts narrowly fringed with white. Iris brown; bill and nails black; feet blackish brown. Length, 184 to 190. A male measures: Wing, 182; tail, 77; depth of fork, 29; bill from frontal feathers, 7. A female measures: Wing, 178; tail, 77; depth of fork, 29; bill from frontal feathers, 8.

This handsome swift was observed in large numbers on Batan Island and all of our specimens were killed within the town of Santo Domingo de Basco. Near the summit of Mount Araya (1,160 meters) numbers of these birds were seen in their graceful and powerful flight.

326. MICROPUS SUBFURCATUS (Blyth).

LESSER WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT.

Cypselus subfurcatus Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. (1849), 18, 807;
Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 169; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 96; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 82;
McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 346, pls. 4 & 5,
fig. 2.
Micropus subfurcatus Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892),
16, 456.

Camiguin N. (McGregor). Northeastern Bengal, Indo-Chinese
provinces, southern China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult.--Very similar to Cypselus pacificus but much smaller; under parts darker, more blackish brown and the feathers without white fringes.

"Bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet varying from deep purplish black to flesh-color. Length, about 146; tail, 51; wing, 140; tarsus, 10; outer rectrices, 7, longer than middle pair." (Blanford.)

A female from Camiguin, north of Luzon, measures: Wing, 136; tail, 52; depth of fork, 8; bill from frontal feathers, 7.

The only known Philippine specimen was shot from a flock of Micropus pacificus on Camiguin Island, north of Luzon.

Order TROGONES.

TROGONS.

First and second toes reversed; the other two toes united for two-thirds of their length.

Family TROGONIDÆ.

Bill short, strong, and wide; culmen curved; a notch at tip of upper mandible; nostrils covered by well-developed bristles; face partly naked; wings short and curved to the body; first primary about one-half of fifth which is longest; tail long and broad, square at the end; two outer pairs of rectrices short; legs short, tarsus partly feathered; plumage full and soft; skin very thin and tender.

Genus PYROTROGON Bonaparte, 1854.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

327. PYROTROGON ARDENS (Temminck).

PHILIPPINE TROGON.

Trogon ardens Temminck, Pl. Col. (1826), 404.
Harpactes ardens Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 487.
Pyrotrogon ardens Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 150; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 60.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon
(Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Peale, Murray,
Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Goodfellow, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead).

Adult male.--Above orange-brown, lighter on rump and tail-coverts; lores and forehead black, shading gradually into deep reddish purple on top of head, occiput, nape, and ear-coverts; chin and throat black, shading into pink on the chest; upper breast deep scarlet, shading into lighter scarlet on rest of under parts; wings black; primaries edged with white; secondaries and secondary-coverts barred with narrow lines of white; three outer pairs of tail-feathers white with black bases; next two pairs black; middle pair light coffee-brown with black tips. Bill dark green at base; terminal half bright yellow. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 145; tail, 181; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 15. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 143; tail, 173; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 150; tail, 187; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 17.

Adult female.--Above similar to the male but head, nape, and ear-coverts olive with no trace of vinaceous color; scapulars and back olive-brown; rump and tail-coverts orange-brown as in the male; chin and throat black; rest of under parts light rusty buff, a little paler on abdomen and darker on under tail-coverts; wings similar to those of the male but the fine cross-bars light brown instead of white; tail similar to that of the male but with less white on the outer feathers. A female from Bohol measures: Wing, 135; tail, 176; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16.

Young.--The young male resembles the adult female but the brown bars on the secondaries are much wider and the black terminal bar of the middle rectrices is lacking. As the bird becomes older the vinaceous of head, and pink and scarlet of under parts, gradually appear.

"Abundant from Luzon to Basilan. Usually found in dark places in the forest. Makes a loud whirr with its wings when it flies. A stupid bird, easily shot. Five males measure, 327 in length; wing, 132; tail, 167; culmen, 21; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown to black; legs and feet olive; nails black; base of bill green, tip yellow; flesh round eye purple." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Order COCCYGES.

CUCKOOS.

Bill stout, culmen curved, neither cered nor hooked; tail-feathers ten in number, usually long, broad, and not noticeably stiffened; outermost pair of rectrices much shorter than the others; first and fourth toes directed backward; front toes free. Nesting habits variable, some species are parasitic, while others build bulky nests and raise their young in the normal manner.

Suborder CUCULI.

Family CUCULIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Subfamilies.

a1. Wing longer and flatter, less curved to the body; distance from tip of wing to tip of secondaries greater than culmen or tarsus. ... Cuculinæ (p. 364) a2. Wing shorter, more rounded and curved to the body; distance from tip of wing to tip of secondaries less than either culmen or tarsus.

b1. Hind claw long and straight, lark-like. ... Centropodinæ (p. 380)
b2. Hind claw short and curved. ... Phoenicophainæ (p. 387)

Subfamily CUCULINÆ.

Genera. [44]

a1. With a long crest; tarsus almost naked. ... Clamator (p. 364) a2. Without a crest; tarsus more or less feathered at base.

b1. Secondaries shorter, in closed wing, scarcely exceeding half
the length of primaries. ... Cuculus (p. 370)
b2. Secondaries longer, in closed wing, equaling two-thirds the
length of primaries or more.

c1. Plumage never entirely black; bill at nostril wider than deep,
or at least not deeper than wide.

d1. Larger, length 300 mm. or more; plumage banded or barred,
hawk-like in both sexes. ... Hierococcyx (p. 368)
d2. Smaller, length 250 mm. or less.

e1. Tail slightly forked, outer feather short; plumage black
with a white bar on inner webs of primaries. ... Surniculus
(p. 365)
e2. Tail rounded; plumage never black.

f1. Larger; tail, about 120 mm.; plumage rather dull,
never metallic bronze nor violet.

g1. Young and adult differently colored; bill compressed;
tail-feathers of the same length throughout. ... Cacomantis
(p. 374)
g2. Young and adult similar; bill stout, not compressed;
tail-feathers narrower near their tips. ... Penthoceryx
(p. 373)

f2. Smaller; tail, about 75 mm.; plumage bright
metallic bronze or violet; abdomen strongly barred with
white. ... Chalcococcyx (p. 375)

c2. Plumage entirely black in the male, barred in the female,
with ten or more buff bars on the tail; length, 250 mm. or more;
bill at nostril decidedly deeper than wide. ... Eudynamys (p. 377)

Genus CLAMATOR Kaup, 1829.

A pointed occipital crest; wing short and rounded, primaries extending but little beyond the secondaries; tail much longer than wing; tail-feathers graduated; sexes similar in color.

328. CLAMATOR COROMANDUS (Linnæus).

CRESTED CUCKOO.

Cuculus coromandus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, (1766), 1, 171.
Coccystes coromandus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
214; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 155; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 103, pl. 2, fig. 4; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 60.

Mindanao (Everett); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns
& Worcester). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese countries,
southern and central China, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes.

"Adult male.--Entire upper half of head black, strongly glossed with blue on the crest; across the back of the neck a clear white collar; back black, strongly glossed with greenish blue, and passing into glossy olive-green on the scapulars and inner portion of wings; remainder of wings chestnut, with brown ends to the quills; tail glossy violet-black, most of the feathers, especially the outer ones, partially tipped with white; throat chestnut-buff; chest buffy white; flanks, abdomen, and thighs grayish ash, passing into violet-black on under tail-coverts; under surface of wings chestnut, fading into buff towards the least coverts, and into brown at the ends of the quills. 'Iris dark brown; bill black, with the pale basal portion of lower mandible light gray; legs, feet, and claws slaty blue.' (Darling.) Length, 406; culmen, 28; wing, 173; tail, 254; tarsus, 25.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to the male, but smaller. Length, 381; culmen, 30; wing, 155; tail, 229; tarsus, 25. Colonel Legge states that the female bird is larger than the male, but this is not borne out by the series in the [British] museum.

"Nestling.--Differs from the adult in having most of the feathers of the upper parts tipped with rufous, the collar being shaded with rufous; the tail-feathers broadly tipped with pale sandy buff; the throat buffy white like the chest, and the under tail-coverts rufous-buff. Length, 350; wing, 160." (Shelley.)

"Apparently a stranger in the Philippines. A single specimen was obtained by Everett in Mindanao. We obtained one specimen in Siquijor, and another in Palawan. No other example was met with on our trip. The Palawan specimen, a female, measures, 375 in length; wing, 153; tail, 219; culmen, 30; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails slaty blue; bill black, pale at base of lower mandible." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus SURNICULUS Lesson, 1831.

Length, about 215 mm; plumage almost entirely black; tail nearly square, tips of the feathers turned outward giving the tail a forked appearance like that of a drongo (Dicrurus); outer pair of feathers much shorter than the rest.

Species.

a1. Tail longer, about 120 mm.; head, neck, and back with a light oil-green gloss. ... lugubris (p. 366) a2. Tail shorter, about 100 mm.; head, neck, and back blue-black without gloss. ... velutinus (p. 367)

329. SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS (Horsfield).

GLOSSY DRONGO CUCKOO.

Cuculus lugubris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13,
pt. 1, 179.
Surniculus lugubris Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
227; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 156; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 104; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 60.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Southern China,
Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese provinces, Ceylon, Java,
Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult male.--Black; wings, upper and under tail-coverts, and tail glossed with dark green; head, neck, back, and under parts glossed with blue; a few hidden white feathers on occiput; a patch of white feathers on each thigh; under tail-coverts narrowly barred and tipped with white; a large white spot on inner web of first primary; a diagonal white bar across inner webs of inner primaries; outermost tail-feathers incompletely barred and tipped with white; outer webs of three or four outer tail-feathers narrowly edged with white near base. "Bill, legs, and claws black; gape and inside of mouth orange-red; iris brown." (Shelley.) Length, 240; wing, 130; tail, 122; culmen from base, 24.

Adult female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 120; tail, 112; culmen from base, 21.

"Immature.--Slightly less glossy, of a more violet shade, and with clear white terminal spots to many of the feathers irregularly dispersed over the plumage; under wing-coverts irregularly barred with white, and the white bar across the quills broader than in the adult; the tail rather more barred with white, the white bars being much more distinct on the outer feathers, and the penultimate ones partially barred near their quills, and all the feathers with white spots at their tips.

"This species varies considerably in the shape of the tail which is sometimes very much forked, with the long feathers curved outwards towards their ends, but is sometimes square, the outer feather on each side being always short. The white of the nape is often absent, and the amount of the white spotting of the upper tail-coverts varies greatly. The most constant characters are the white spot and bar on the under surface of the quills, the bars on the under tail-coverts, and the bars on the outer tail-feathers, the latter varying in amount according to age. The immature bird, Cuculus albopunctatus Drap. has white spots which vary in number and size, the last to disappear with age being those at the ends of the tail-feathers. * * *." (Shelley.)

"A single male from Palawan measures, 229 in length; wing, 119; tail, 120; culmen, 23; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

330. SURNICULUS VELUTINUS Sharpe.

PHILIPPINE DRONGO CUCKOO.

Surniculus velutinus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (1877),
1, 320; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 230; Bourns
and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1,
49; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 156; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 60.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Luzon (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Mindanao
(Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor);
Negros (Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sulu
(Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult.--Very closely allied to S. lugubris; tail always square, with the exception of the outer pair of feathers, which are much shorter; it differs in having the head, back, throat, and breast velvety black, with absolutely no trace of white on any of the tail-coverts, and a distinct narrow white basal edging to the tail-feathers. 'Iris dark chocolate-brown; bill and claws black; feet bluish gray.' (Everett.) Length, 203; culmen, 23; wing, 119; tail, 109; tarsus, 14. The sexes are similar in plumage." (Shelley.)

"Immature.--A young bird from Basilan, two-thirds grown, is light rusty brown in color, lightest on under surface; crown and nape show metallic blue-black feathers; one of the scapulars, many feathers of rump, and all of tail same color, mostly tipped with rusty brown; wing-coverts rusty brown with faint dark shaft-markings appearing; upper surface of wing black, faintly metallic, all the feathers edged with rusty brown; under surface of body uniform light brown; wing-coverts white strongly washed with brown at tips; white spot on inner webs of primaries appearing; under surface of tail dull metallic blue, each feather with several spots of white.

"A bird nearly grown shows numerous brown feathers on head and back. Primaries washed with rusty brown, primary-coverts uniform brown. Throat, chin, and upper breast nearly black. A third has general color of adult but some feathers of head, nape, primary-coverts, breast and abdomen as well as tips of some of the secondaries are washed with rusty brown." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Abundant in Basilan; not uncommon in Tawi Tawi and Sulu. Found in the forest, or in second growth. Five males average, 215 in length; wing, 116; tail, 110; culmen, 23; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 21. Five females, length, 212; wing, 115; tail, 106; culmen, 23; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 20. Bill and nails black; iris black to leaden; food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus HIEROCOCCYX S. Müller, 1839-44.

Superficially this genus resembles Cuculus but differs by its comparatively shorter primaries and longer secondaries. In plumage and flight these cuckoos mimic the smaller Accipitrine hawks, and this probably protects them from the attacks of the larger hawks and owls.

Species.

a1. Breast with distinct blackish brown bars, tip of tail white; wing, 200 mm. or more. ... sparverioides (p. 368) a2. Breast without bars; tip of tail rufous; wing, 180 mm. or less. ... fugax (p. 369)

331. HIEROCOCCYX SPARVERIOIDES (Vigors).

ASIATIC HAWK CUCKOO.

Cuculus sparverioides Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 173.
Hierococcyx sparverioides Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
19, 232.
Hierococcyx sparveroides Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 157;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (McGregor); Negros
(Whitehead); Palawan (Platen). Malay and Indian Peninsulas,
Burmese provinces, eastern Siberia, Japan, China, Borneo.

"Adult.--Above brown with a bronzy gloss, changing gradually into gray on the back of the neck and crown; the outer tail-coverts barred with white, and the longest ones often with darker ends and narrow pale edges; tail with about five distinct dark bars and narrow pale tips to the feathers, seldom much shaded with rufous; sides of the head and chin gray, with a broad white band from the front of the eye to the white on the throat, separating the gray of the head from the chin; upper throat white, changing on the lower throat and front of the chest into rufous, and the whole mottled with pale gray; remainder of the under parts white, with the breast down to the thighs broadly barred with dusky brown, and partially washed with rufous; under wing-coverts white, shaded with rufous; quills dusky brown with numerous white or buff partial bars on their inner webs. 'Bill black, with the base of the lower mandible pale green; iris, eyelids, legs, and claws bright gamboge-yellow.' (Davison.) Length, 394; culmen, 28; wing, 206; tail, 190; tarsus, 25.

"Immature.--Differs from the adult in the gray of the upper parts being confined to the crown, the back of the neck being mottled with rufous, the feathers of the back and wings more or less edged or barred with rufous. Under surface white washed with buff; chin generally darker, often black; throat and front of the chest broadly striped, the breast with broad short bars to the feathers." (Shelley.)

"One adult female was obtained in the Island of Busuanga. Upper mandible black, lower greenish; eyelids yellow; eyes orange; legs, feet, and nails bright lemon-yellow. Length, 400; culmen, 32; wing, 223; tail, 211; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 37." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

332. HIEROCOCCYX FUGAX (Horsfield).

HORSFIELD'S HAWK CUCKOO.

Cuculus fugax Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 178.
Hierococcyx fugax Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 236;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 157; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 104; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor);
Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Heriot);
Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Sulu
(Bourns & Worcester). Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult.--Above uniform slate-gray; end of tail bright rufous otherwise very similar to that of H. sparverioides; below white, with a variable amount of rufous on the breast; in some specimens the whole chest rufous, in others only the edges of the feathers rufous; chin gray; throat white slightly tinged with gray, and occasionally streaked with brown or rufous; no bars on breast thus distinguishing it from H. sparverioides. Length of male from Cagayancillo, 280; wing, 170; tail, 151; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 18. Length of female from Mindoro, 285; wing, 170; tail, 157; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 19.

"Immature.--Top of head gray; upper parts including wings, dark gray barred with rufous, tail barred as in the adult with light brown, blackish brown, and rufous, the rufous bars narrowest; under parts white with broad, pointed, mesial stripes of blackish; edges of feathers washed with rusty-brown; under tail-coverts white.

"Nestling.--Similar in plumage to the immature bird, with the back brown and the markings on the breast rather larger. Length, 208 mm." (Shelley.)

"Rare and shy. Found skulking in thick bushes or under-brush, often near water. A male measures, 286 in length; wing, 167; tail, 153; culmen, 25; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 27. A female, length, 305; wing, 173; tail, 139; culmen, 25; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails bright yellow. Bill with upper mandible olive-green at base, black at tip; lower mandible olive-green. Food beetles and other insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CUCULUS Linnæus, 1758.

Secondaries about half the length of primaries; wing long and flat; tail shorter than wing; in adults the upper parts are nearly uniform brown or gray, chin and throat gray; abdomen white barred with black.

Species.

a1. Tail with a subterminal black band; crown and throat grayish contrasting with mantle and back. ... micropterus (p. 370) a2. Tail without a subterminal black band; crown and throat gray like the back.

b1. Larger; wing, 200 to 230 mm.; bars on breast more dusky; edge
of wing white and brown. ... canorus (p. 371)
b2. Smaller; wing, less than 200 mm.; bars on breast jet-black,
broader and more complete; edge of wing white. ... saturatus (p. 372)

333. CUCULUS MICROPTERUS Gould.

SHORT-WINGED CUCKOO.

Cuculus micropterus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837), 137; Shelley,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 241; Grant, Ibis (1896), 560;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 158; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1900), 61.

Negros (Whitehead). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Andaman Islands,
Burmese Provinces, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Ternate, Ceylon,
China, Japan.

"Adult.--Above dark brown, shading into slaty gray on the back of the neck and head; tail rather paler brown, with a broad subterminal black bar and a white tip, all the feathers having about five or six white spots on their quills, increasing in size toward the outer feathers, and most of them having white notches on their inner webs; throat gray, sometimes shaded with dusky on the sides of the crop; sides of the head and neck rather darker gray, more like the crown; remainder of the under parts buff or white, rather broadly barred with black, the under tail-coverts being less regularly marked and with fewer bars; under surface of the wings as in C. canorus. 'Iris brown; bill horny, below lighter and tinted with yellow toward the base; gape and eyelids bright yellow; feet and legs duller yellow; two front claws horny, two hind ones yellow.' (Bingham.) Length, 305; culmen, 25; wing, 20; tail, 160; tarsus, 20.

"Immature.--Above brown, darker on the head; the crown and neck thickly mottled with broad fulvous ends to the feathers; feathers on the back and wings broadly tipped with rufous or buff; tail very similar to that of the adult, but with the pale portion more rufous; beneath buff, barred with black, and mottled with gray on the throat in older specimens." (Shelley.)

334. CUCULUS CANORUS Linnæus.

EUROPEAN CUCKOO.

Cuculus canorus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 110;
Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 245; Blanford, Fauna
Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 205, fig. 60 (head); Sharpe, Hand-List
(1900), 2, 158; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 105;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Palawan
(Platen); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester). Europe and northern
Asia; in winter to Africa, Indian Peninsula, Malayan subregion
to Australia.

"Adult male.--General color above leaden gray, slightly shaded with olive on the mantle and wings; quills dark brown, more or less notched with white on the inner webs; lateral upper tail-coverts narrowly edged and partially barred with white; tail slaty black, with white ends to all the feathers and with about seven double white spots along their shafts and white notches on their inner webs never forming bars across the feathers; sides of the head and neck, chin, and throat gray, slightly paler than the crown; remainder of the under parts white, shaded with buff on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, and very regularly barred with dusky black; axillars and under wing-coverts barred like the breast, with a portion near the bend of the wing and most of the greater series leaden gray; quills beneath dusky brown, with white bars on their inner webs, broadest and most strongly marked toward the base of the feathers. Bill black, yellowish at the base and edges; iris and legs yellow. Length, 356; culmen, 229; wing, 226; tail, 178; tarsus, 20.

"Adult female.--Differs only in plumage from the male in having the base of the throat shaded with rufous. Length, 320; culmen, 22; wing, 211; tail, 173; tarsus, 19.

"Nestling.--General plumage above dark brown, partially barred with rufous, with a narrow white terminal margin to each of the feathers, broadest on the wings and tail; crown and nape much mottled with white; sides of the head, chin, and throat blackish brown and white in broad bars of nearly even breadth; remainder of the under surface of the body white, with blackish brown bars not half the width of the intervening white spaces. Length, 170; wing, 127.

"Young nearly full-grown.--Above gray, passing into brownish black on the head, wings, and tail; crown and nape mottled with white feathers; feathers of the head, neck, wings, and tail strongly barred with rufous; remainder of the back much less distinctly barred, each feather being tipped with white next to a subterminal dark bar; tail with waved rufous bars passing into white near the shafts of the feathers and with white ends; general color of the under parts buffish white, with blackish brown bars, slightly broader on the chin and throat than on the breast. Length, 297; wing, 184.

"Hepatic phase.--General color of the upper parts cinnamon, barred on the head, mantle, and wings with dusky black; lower back and upper tail-coverts with a few black spots next to their shafts; outer tail-coverts with partial traces of dark bars; tail partially barred with black and marked with white near the shafts, the tips, and some of the edges of the feathers, and with a broad subterminal black band; under parts buffish white, rather darker on the throat, and all the feathers barred with dusky black. Length, 297; culmen, 22; wing, 216; tail, 170; tarsus, 19." (Shelley.)

"We secured a single specimen in Siquijor in February, 1891; a second specimen was seen but not secured. The specimen in question, a male, measures, 311 in length; wing, 201; tail, 161; culmen, 27; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris brownish yellow, with inner ring of dull brown; feet bright yellow; nails yellowish, except that of middle toe, which is black; upper mandible black, lower light yellowish." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

335. CUCULUS SATURATUS Hodgson.

HIMALAYAN CUCKOO.

Cuculus saturatus Hodgson, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1843), 12, 942;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 158; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1903), 3, 114; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.
Cuculus intermedius Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 252.
Cuculus canoroides Blasius, Ornis (1888), 6 (of reprint); Jour. für
Ornith. (1890), 145.

Mindanao (Platen); Palawan (Platen). Eastern Siberia, Indian
Peninsula, Andaman Islands, Malay Archipelago, Burmese provinces,
northeastern Australia, Japan, China, New Guinea, New Britain.

"Adult male.--Very similar to C. canorus, but smaller, with the bill shorter and stouter. The plumage differs in the upper parts being of a deeper and more blue-gray, the breast and under tail-coverts more washed with buff, and the bars on the body black, broader and more sharply defined than in C. canorus. 'Bill above blackish, below greenish; gape and mouth inside deep orange; eyelids bright yellow; iris stone-color; legs dull yellow; claws pale.' (Cripps.) Length, 325; culmen, 23; wing, 188; tail, 160; tarsus, 18.

"Adult female.--Differs only in plumage from the male in having the base of the throat shaded with buffish rufous, as is the case in C. canorus. Length, 292; culmen, 18; wing, 188; tail, 152; tarsus, 18.

"Nestling.--General plumage above blackish brown, with narrow terminal white margins to the feathers, which margins are broadest on the wings and tail; the white nuchal patch so characteristic of C. canorus is indicated by three white feathers; a few rufous partial bars on the wings and tail; chin and throat blackish brown, the feathers of the latter with very narrow whitish terminal edges; remainder of the under surface of the body blackish brown and white in broad bars of even width. Length, 127; wing, 94.

"Young nearly full-grown.--Differs from C. canorus at this stage in being much blacker, in generally having no white feathers on the nape, and in the greater breadth of the black bars on the throat and breast, which are seldom narrower than the white space between them.

"Rufous phase.--Compared with the rufous phase of C. canorus, it is darker, the dark bars being broader and blacker; lower back and upper tail-coverts barred with black like the crown; tail with very distinct black bars forming angles at the shafts of the feathers; under surface of the body similarly colored, but much more broadly barred with black than in C. canorus. Length, 282; culmen, 22; wing, 178; tail, 155; tarsus, 18." (Shelley.)

Genus PENTHOCERYX Cabanis, 1862.

"This genus resembles Cacomantis in structure and size, the only structural distinctions being that the bill is much stouter and broader up to the tip, which is blunt when seen from above, and that the tail-feathers become narrower behind instead of remaining of the same breadth. The wing is shaped as in Cacomantis, the primaries only exceeding the secondaries by one-third the length." (Blanford.)

336. PENTHOCERYX SONNERATI (Latham).

BANDED BAY CUCKOO.

Cuculus sonnerati Latham, Ind. Orn. (1790), 1, 215; Shelley,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 262.
Penthoceryx sonnerati Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3,
219, fig. 63 (head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 159; Oates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 115, pl. 2, fig. 2; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns
& Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester). Malay and Indian
Peninsulas, Burmese provinces, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo,
Timor.

"Adult.--Above alternately barred with rufous and dusky bronze, with a slight olive gloss; forehead more or less spotted with white; a white patch on the carpal joint faintly barred with dusky; tail with rufous-shaded white ends; center feathers blackish, with a number of rufous notches on both webs; remaining feathers bright rufous, with a broad subterminal dark bar and a variable number of other bands; sides of the head and under parts white, evenly marked with narrow wavy bars of blackish brown, the lower breast and under tail-coverts slightly tinted with rufous; under wing-coverts pale rufous-buff, barred like the breast; under surface of the quills dark brown, with a large basal portion of their inner webs rufous-buff, more or less barred with dark brown. Bill black, with base of lower mandible gray; legs greenish gray. Length, 234; culmen, 19; wing, 122; tail, 122; tarsus, 18.

"Immature.--Above rufous; the upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts barred with olive-shaded black; a band of this color runs down the centers of some of the tail-feathers, and most of these feathers have bold black spots near their ends and occasionally white tips; sides of the head and sides of the neck rufous like the crown; remainder of the under parts white, with the blackish bars on the throat and chest broader than in the adult." (Shelley.)

"An adult male from the Calamianes Islands measures, 216 in length; wing, 104; tail, 98; culmen, 24; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris dark brown; legs and feet drab; upper mandible black, lower dark gray. Our Tablas specimens are immature, but there seems little room for doubt as to their identity." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CACOMANTIS S. Müller, 1843.

Size small; wing short and pointed; third primary longest; primaries exceeding secondaries by one-third of length of wing; tail strongly graduated, longer than wing. In this genus the young have a barred plumage which disappears in the adult; Penthoceryx has no change of pattern but retains the barred livery in the adult state.

337. CACOMANTIS MERULINUS (Scopoli).

RUFOUS-BELLIED CUCKOO.

Cuculus merulinus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786),
2, 89.
Cacomantis merulinus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
268; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 159; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 62.

Ma-sa-kit', Manila.

Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere, Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett,
McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes
(Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead);
Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Steere
Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Gevers, Everett, Heriot,
Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate
(Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter);
Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan
(Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
White); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere, Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere
Exp.); Semirara (Porter); Sibay (Porter); Siquijor (Celestino);
Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Ticao (McGregor). Malay
Peninsula, Burmese Provinces, eastern Himalayas, northeastern
Bengal, central India, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Ternate.

"Adult male.--Upper half of the head and back of the neck leaden gray, passing gradually into brown, with an olive gloss on the back and wings; feathers of the pinion-joint white, forming a patch; upper tail-coverts gray like the crown; tail slaty black with white ends, the outer webs of the feathers notched with white, the inner webs regularly barred with white, most strongly so on the outer feathers; sides of the head, chin, throat, and front of chest uniform gray, slightly paler than the crown; remainder of the body and under tail-coverts and the under wing-coverts uniform rufous-buff; under surface of the quills dusky brown, with a diagonal bar of white formed by the white on the inner webs near the base of the quills. 'Bill black, base of lower mandible reddish. Iris light red; feet and legs waxy naples-yellow, nails black.' (Everett.) Length, 208; culmen, 16; wing, 109; tail, 109; tarsus, 16.

"Immature.--Above rufous, nearly equally barred throughout with olive, shaded black; primaries alone more uniform brown; under parts buff, narrowly barred throughout with dusky black; under wing-coverts like the chest; pale portion of the quills more rufous than in the adult and indicating partial bars. 'Bill dusky black, yellowish at the gape and base of lower mandible; iris yellowish white, legs and feet dingy grayish yellow.' (Hume.) Length, 231; culmen, 18; wing, 109; tail, 127; tarsus, 18." (Shelley.)

Nestling.--Upper parts including wings and tail dark brown, the feathers barred and edged with cinnamon-rufous; tip of tail and edge of wing white; below white, barred, more regularly than above, with blackish brown.

"Very common. It is quite a sweet singer. Legs and feet dirty yellow; nails black; upper mandible black, lower light brown. Four males measure, 241 in length; wing, 118; tail, 132; culmen, 21; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 21." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CHALCOCOCCYX Cabanis, 1862.

Length, about 165 mm.; tail short and rounded; wings long and pointed, when folded reaching nearly to tip of tail; plumage metallic bronze or violet; breast, abdomen, and sides barred with white.

Species.

a1. Bill bright yellow; upper parts deep metallic violet. ... xanthorhynchus (p. 376) a2. Bill not yellow; upper parts metallic bronze, green, and purple. ... malayanus (p. 377)

338. CHALCOCOCCYX XANTHORHYNCHUS (Horsfield).

VIOLET CUCKOO.

Cuculus xanthorhynchus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13,
pt. 1, 179.
Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891),
19, 289; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 161; McGregor,
Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 905; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 62.
Lampromorpha amethystina Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 98.

Basilan (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Lindsay);
Mindoro (Steere Exp., McGregor, Porter); Palawan (Whitehead,
Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Whitehead). Nicobars,
Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Indo-Chinese Provinces, Assam, Java,
Sumatra, Borneo.

Male.--Entire head, neck, wings, tail, chin, throat, and fore breast beautiful metallic violet; three outer pairs of rectrices tipped with white; outermost pair with three white spots on outer webs; under parts, wing-lining, and axillars white, barred with metallic green. A male from Mindoro had inner ring of iris dark red, outer ring yellow; eyelids scarlet; bill bright yellow, its basal third orange-red; legs and nails black. Length, 165; wing, 103; tail, 68; culmen from base, 19. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 91; tail, 65; culmen from base, 17.

"Adult female.--Above coppery bronze shaded with green, and with somewhat obscure rufous edges to most of the feathers of the wing; sides of the head and eyebrows white, barred with black; forehead partially mottled with these colors; remainder of the crown and back of the neck nearly uniform dark brown; center pair of tail-feathers nearly uniform fiery bronze, passing into green toward their ends; remainder of the feathers rufous, barred with black, and the outer web and tip of the exterior pair blotched with white; under parts, including the under wing-coverts, white, regularly barred with bronzy brown, passing into black on the under tail-coverts; under surface of the quills brown, with broad inner margins of buff, passing into white near the base of the feathers. Length, 168; culmen, 16; wing, 99; tail, 71; tarsus, 14.

"Young.--Above rufous; back of the neck, back, and wing-coverts barred with metallic green; quills greenish brown, edged with rufous; two center tail-feathers metallic green, tipped with rufous, remainder rufous, barred with black and tipped with white and with some white bars on the outer feathers; beneath white, barred with bronze. Bill yellowish brown. Length, 142. Males on first assuming the metallic plumage are irregularly blotched with both metallic green and violet." (Shelley.)

"A very rare bird. Iris red; legs and feet dark olive; nails black; bill orange-yellow, red at base; eye-wattles red. Food, in one case, caterpillars. A male measures, 203 in length; wing, 96; tail, 66; culmen, 18; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

It is not improbable that Vigors's name will have to be used for the violet cuckoo inhabiting the Philippine Islands, outside the Palawan group; at the present time, however, sufficient material to warrant the separation is not available.

339. CHALCOCOCCYX MALAYANUS (Raffles).

EMERALD CUCKOO.

Cuculus malayanus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822), 13, pt. 2,
286.
Chalcococcyx malayanus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19,
298; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 162; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 62.

Basilan (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Mindanao (Everett,
Celestino); Negros (Steere); Tawi Tawi (Everett). Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Timor, Flores, Celebes, New Guinea,
Solomon Islands, northern Australia.

Adult female.--Above including wing and tail dark metallic bronze-green, mixed with dark purple, the latter color more pronounced on head and neck; some small white spots on lores and above and below eyes; below white, barred with coppery bronze; throat, fore breast, and sides of neck heavily washed with rich rusty brown which nearly obliterates the white and bronze bars; under wing-coverts and axillars barred with white and bronze; under surface of wing ashy brown; on inner web near the base of each quill a white patch, followed by a larger rufous patch forming a diagonal double band; rectrices rufous, outermost pair barred with black and white and with white tips; next two pairs barred with black and with white tips; fourth pair ashy brown, barred with rufous on outer webs and with tips subterminally blackish; middle pair ashy brown with obsolete subterminal bars. Iris red; bill black, dark red at base; feet dark green. Length, 160; wing, 99; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12. The specimen described above was taken in Basilan. Male similar?

"Bill blackish; iris burnt sienna color; orbital ring fine vermilion; feet very dark lead-gray." (Everett.)