Chapter XXXI: Preface (30)

"Female.--Without any metallic colors; upper parts olive, inclining to ashy brown on the crown and sides of the head; tail dark brown, washed with olive, tipped with white; under wing-coverts and inner edge of quills white; rest of under parts dingy yellowish. Wing, 46; tail, 25; tarsus, 14." (Gadow.)

"Three male birds average: Length, 95; wing, 48; tail, 23; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Two females, length, 85; wing, 43; tail, 23; culmen, 21; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris brownish red; legs, feet, and nails black; bill black. Birds from Basilan, however, have legs and feet brown. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Whitehead collected three slightly incubated eggs of this short-tailed sunbird near Paranas, Samar, on July 26, 1896. They are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color dull pink, rather thickly mottled all over with pinkish gray, especially towards the larger end, the markings forming a rather distinct zone round the pole. The over-markings are small rounded spots and dots of deep vandyke-brown. Measurements 15 mm. by 12 mm. Nest attached to the under side of a climbing fern about 8 feet [2.4 meters] from the ground." (Grant and Whitehead.)

662. EUDREPANIS JEFFERYI Grant.

LUZON SUNBIRD.

Eudrepanis jefferyi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club (1894), 3, 1;
Ibis (1895), 111, pl. 5, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest,
feeding habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--Differs from the male of E. pulcherrima in having the outer webs of secondaries metallic green instead of olive-green and entire outer webs of primaries blackish brown with traces of metallic green. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 95; wing, 50; tail, 27; culmen from base, 20.5; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above olive-green, darker and browner on the crown; rump lemon-yellow; under parts pale yellowish; grayer on chin and throat; wing-feathers blackish brown, edged with olive-green; rectrices blackish brown, tipped with dirty white, and narrowly edged with metallic green. Wing, 46; tail, 27; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

663. EUDREPANIS DECOROSA McGregor.

BOHOL SUNBIRD.

Eudrepanis decorosa McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 330.

Bohol (McGregor).

Male.--Similar to the male of E. jefferyi, but metallic color on secondaries and wing-coverts steel-blue instead of green; rump-patch and under parts pale sulphur-yellow; red on chest reduced to a few small spots. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 89; wing, 45; tail, 24; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of E. jefferyi, but the rump-patch sulphur-yellow. Wing, 44; tail, 22; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14.5; tarsus, 13.

Genus CINNYRIS Cuvier, 1817.

Bill and head about equal in length; tail moderately long, nearly square, and extending beyond the folded wings; nasal opercles covered with short feathers. Males with chin, throat, and fore breast usually metallic colored, or at least of a different color from the lower breast and abdomen; females with no metallic colors and the under parts light yellow or green.

Species.

a1. Chin, throat, and fore breast black or metallic colored, very distinct from the color of lower breast and abdomen (males).

b1. Breast bright red.

c1. Mantle maroon-red ... sperata (p. 652)
c2. Mantle velvety black ... henkei (p. 653)

b2. Breast and abdomen yellow, or orange and yellow.

c1. Metallic color on under surface confined to chin and middle
of fore throat.

d1. Forehead metallic steel-green; crown and nape yellowish
olive-green. ... flagrans (p. 654)
d2. Forehead dark metallic purple; crown and nape dull
red. ... guimarasensis (p. 655)

c2. Metallic color of under surface covering entire chin, throat,
and fore breast.

d1. Tail not tipped with white; forehead and crown metallic
green; mantle maroon-red; entire chin and throat metallic purple
... juliæ (p. 654)
d2. Tail with a broad white tip; forehead and all the upper parts
dull green; chin, throat, and fore breast metallic bluish black.

e1. Posterior under parts yellow with no orange next the
black fore breast ... jugularis (p. 656)
e2. Posterior under parts yellow with a large bright orange
patch next the black fore breast ... aurora (p. 658)

a2. Chin, throat, and breast yellow or greenish, never metallic, and not very different in color from the abdomen (females). [89]

b1. Light tip of tail gray, about 6 mm. in length on outermost pair
of rectrices; general color of under parts apple-green.

c1. Primaries and secondaries edged with dull
orange-rufous. ... sperata (p. 652)
henkei (p. 653)
c2. Primaries, secondaries, and greater coverts edged with
light claret-brown, this color extending faintly across the back
... juliæ (p. 654)

b2. Light tip of tail white, about 10 mm. in length on
outermost pair of rectrices; general color of under parts
gamboge-yellow. ... jugularis (p. 656)
aurora (p. 658)

664. CINNYRIS SPERATA (Linnæus).

RED-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Certhia sperata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 186.
Cinnyris speratus Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 4 (1877), 131,
pl. 43.
Cinnyris sperata Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 63;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 99.

Siete colores, Spanish name in general use.

Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns
& Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Dinagat
(Everett); Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Steere Exp.,
Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Celestino);
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor);
Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay);
Nipa (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Polillo
(McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Bartsch); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Held away from the light top of head and hind neck reddish bronze, lower back, rump, and tail-coverts metallic green and amethystine; held toward the light, head and neck change to bronze-green; back, rump, and tail-coverts change to steel-green; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts dull black; mantle, sides of neck, and wing-coverts dark maroon-red; chin, throat, and chest metallic violet away from the light, changing to purple when held toward the light; breast poppy-red; abdomen, thighs, flanks, and crissum olive-green; the last washed with red in some specimens; wing-feathers blackish, edged with maroon, a small metallic colored patch at carpal joint; rectrices blackish, edged with metallic violet and green. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Masbate measures: Length, 102; wing, 50; tail, 29; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 12.

Female.--Above light olive-green; feathers of head edged with gray; below greenish yellow, brighter on abdomen, flanks, and crissum; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries and secondaries edged with dull orange-rufous on outer webs and with white on inner webs; rectrices tipped with light gray. A female from Luzon, wing, 50; tail, 30; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 12.

"Ten males from Palawan average: Length, 104; wing, 50; tail, 31; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13; culmen, 20. Ten females, culmen, 19; wing, 47; tail, 28; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and feet black. Called by natives of Palawan 'sopra daraga.' Breeding in Palawan in December; in Siquijor in February; in Negros in January; and in Samar in April." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

665. CINNYRIS HENKEI Meyer.

HENKE'S SUNBIRD.

Cinnyris henkei Meyer, Zeitschr. für Ges. Orn. (1884), 207, pl. 7.
Cinnyris whiteheadi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 2, 1;
Ibis (1894), 514, pl. 14, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230
(distribution); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Leptocoma henkei Dubois, Syn. Av. (1902), 699.

Sa-uit sa-uit, Calayan.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin
N. (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--Similar to C. sperata, but mantle, hind neck, and sides of neck dull black; quills and wing-coverts entirely black, except the metallic green lesser coverts; abdomen, thighs, and crissum black, washed with olive-green. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 535; tail, 32; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Similar to the female of C. sperata. A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 52; tail, 31; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 14.5.

666. CINNYRIS JULIÆ (Tweeddale).

JULIA'S SUNBIRD.

Nectarophila juliæ Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 535;
Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, figs. 2 & 3.
Cinnyris juliæ Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 7 & 8 (1878), 135,
pl. 44; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 64; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Malanipa
(Murray); Mindanao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard); Tawi Tawi
(Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

Male.--Above similar to the male of C. sperata; chin, throat, and chest metallic amethystine; breast bright lemon-yellow to cadmium-yellow, lighter posteriorly and old birds with a patch of scarlet-vermilion in the center of the breast; abdomen and remainder of under parts dark olive-green mixed with yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 50; tail, 31; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 13.5.

Female.--Similar to the female of C. sperata, but wing-feathers edged with light claret-brown, this color extending faintly across the back; general color of under parts bright apple-green shading into yellow on middle of breast and abdomen. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 45; tail, 27; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 13.5.

"Nine males average: Length, 98; wing, 49; tail, 30; culmen, 19; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. A female measures, length, 98; wing, 47; tail, 28; culmen, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Green caterpillars were found in the stomach of one specimen." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

667. CINNYRIS FLAGRANS (Oustalet).

FLAMING SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga flagrans Oustalet, Jour. de l'Institut (1876), 108.
Cinnyris flagrans Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 5 (1877),
147; pts. 11 & 12 (1880), pl. 47, fig. 2; Gadow, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 88; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230 (habits);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Cinnyris excellens Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895). 4, 18;
Ibis (1895), 255, 275.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Laglaise, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Forehead and chin metallic violet; upper tail-coverts metallic green; tail black, edged with metallic green and violet; the mantle, back, and outer edges of the dark brown wings olive-yellow; chin, sides of head, sides of neck, and fore neck black, this color extending likewise over the sides of the upper breast; no pectoral tufts; center of fore neck and chest bright orange-red, which color passes gradually into the pale yellow of the rest of the under parts. Culmen, 18; wing, 51; tail, 33; tarsus, 13." (Gadow.)

"Adult male.--The metallic patch of feathers on the forehead-is steel-green, and does not extend so far back; the rest of the crown and nape yellowish olive-green, shading into orange on the back; and the sides of the belly and flanks are olive-gray, pale yellowish in the middle, with a brilliant orange-red patch above. As in C. guimarasensis, the present species has the chin and upper part of the throat metallic purplish blue, and the chest and breast velvety black, divided up the middle by a brilliant orange-red band. Length, 102; wing, 48; tail, 30; tarsus, 14.

"A bird which appears to be a nearly adult female, though the sex was not ascertained, differs from the female of C. guimarasensis as described by Bourns and Worcester, Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), I, no. 1, 55, in the following points: The head and nape are dull olive-green, shading into brighter olive-green (instead of brownish) on the rest of the upper parts; the sides of the face are dull olive (not dark ashy gray); the throat and chest gray slightly washed with yellow, rather more marked on the chin, and the rest of the under parts are pale yellowish olive, with no trace of the orange-yellow on the breast as described in the female of C. guimarasensis." (Grant.)

Specimens of the flaming sunbird collected by Whitehead were inadvertently described by Grant as new under the name Cinnyris excellens. Grant's descriptions are included here to supplement that by Gadow. I have not seen the species.

668. CINNYRIS GUIMARASENSIS Steere.

GUIMARAS SUNBIRD.

Cinnyris guimarasensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 22; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 55 (female); McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Negros (Keay, Celestino); Panay (Bourns
& Worcester).

"Adult male.--Forehead and crown metallic green with violet reflections; hind head, neck, and upper part of mantle dark blood-red; back olive-yellow; chin violet; cheeks, sides of neck, and throat velvety black; breast rich orange separated from the black of the throat by a sulphur-yellow band; a central stripe on the throat, partly concealed, of rich vermilion; flanks and abdomen pale yellow. Length, 89; wing, 48." (Steere.)

"Adult female.--Head and nape light olive-green, becoming browner on back, wing-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries; upper tail-coverts like back; tail black, webs of central pair of feathers washed with same color as back; sides of face dark ashy gray, edges of feathers darker than centers; chin light yellow; entire throat gray, faintly washed with yellow; entire breast bright orange-yellow paler on flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; axillars, under wing-coverts, and inner webs of quills pure white." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"The length of our specimens was not taken in the flesh. Average from six males: Wing, 48; tail, 31; culmen, 20; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Six females, wing, 44; tail, 28; culmen, 18; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Bill, iris, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

669. CINNYRIS JUGULARIS (Linnæus).

YELLOW-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Certhia jugularis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 185.
Cinnyris jugularis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 151,
pt. 6 (1878), pl. 48; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9,
84; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 243 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 230 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.
Cinnyris obscurior Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 1;
(1895), 451.
Cyrtostomus dinagatensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905),
18, 5.
Cyrtostomus jugularis mindanensis Mearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 443. [90]
Cyrtostomus jugularis woodi Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909),
36, 444. [91]

Tam-si, Bohol; pú-si-u, Ticao and Masbate; pi-pít pú-go, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Basilan
(Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol
(Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin
S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras
(Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Steere
Exp., Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de
Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Steere, Everett,
Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino,
Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Keay); Panay (Steere, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester);
Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Male.--Above olive-green, brightest on the rump; chin, throat, and chest glossy blue-black washed with dark aster-purple; remainder of under parts gamboge-yellow, darkest next to the black chest-patch; wing-feathers dark brown, outer webs edged with olive-green, inner webs edged with white; rectrices black, two or three outer pairs tipped with white. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 55; tail, 38; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Above similar to the male; below gamboge- or lemon-yellow, whitish on the chin, and with obscure dusky mottlings on the throat, brightest yellow on middle of breast and abdomen. A female from Siquijor measures: Wing, 50; tail, 33; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

The young male resembles the female and from this plumage gradually acquires the black throat and chest. In many specimens (very old males?) there is more or less orange next to the black chest, while the forehead and a small area above the eye often develop a few metallic blue feathers.

"This sunbird shows great variability in the color of the breast, some specimens having an amount of orange approximating, but never quite equaling, that displayed by C. aurora. Ten males average: Length, 119; wing, 56; tail, 40; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14. Ten females, length, 114; wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen, 20; middle toe with claw, 14; tarsus, 14. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black; iris very dark brown. Breeds in February and March." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Three eggs of the yellow-breasted sunbird from Marinduque, May 17, 1888, collected by Steere, are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color whitish partially obscured by the mottled gray under markings, which cover the greater part of the shell; over markings pale brown, with a few spots and irregular marks of a deep brown. Measurements 16 mm. by 12 mm.

"The nest is a neatly woven pocket-shaped structure, with a roofed entrance at the side. It is composed of fiber, dead grasses, and other forest débris bound together with spiders' webs and lined with cotton and fine grass." (Grant and Whitehead.)

670. CINNYRIS AURORA (Tweeddale).

ORANGE-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Cyrtostomus aurora Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 620.
Cinnyris aurora Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879),
149, pts. 11 & 12 (1880), pl.; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884),
9, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

A-ru-ma-sít, Cuyo; da-gu-man', Cagayancillo.

Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Steere Exp.); Cagayancillo (McGregor);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor);
Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Very similar to the male of C. jugularis, but distinguished by a patch or broad band of orpiment-orange next to the black chest. A male from Cuyo measures: Wing, 55; tail, 37; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the female of C. jugularis. A female from Siquijor measures: Wing, 50; tail, 34; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

The young male gradually acquires the black chin and throat in the manner of C. jugularis and develops the orange patch at the same time.

"Ten males average: Length, 120; wing, 55; tail, 39; culmen, 22; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females, length, 109; wing, 51; tail, 36; culmen, 22; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in December in Palawan and in February in Culion. Called by natives of Palawan 'chee-wit'." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ANTHREPTES Swainson, 1831.

Bill as long as head, slightly curved, and stouter than in the other Philippine genera of this family; nasal opercles without feathers; tail nearly square. Male with upper parts, sides of neck, and a line along each side of throat metallic colored; under parts without metallic feathers; female with shorter bill than the male and without metallic colors.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat liver-brown.

b1. Larger; wing, 71 mm.; culmen from base, 20 ... chlorigaster
(p. 659)
b2. Smaller; wing, about 68 mm.; culmen from base, 18.

c1. Breast brighter yellow and general coloration brighter.

d1. Larger.

e1. Bill larger; under parts greener; sides of head less
reddish. ... wiglesworthi (p. 660)
e2. Bill smaller; under parts yellower; sides of head more
reddish. ... cagayanensis (p. 660)

d2. Smaller ... malaccensis (p. 659)

c2. Breast more greenish yellow; general coloration duller;
pectoral tufts bright yellow ... rhodolæma (p. 661)

a2. Chin and throat light gray ... griseigularis (p. 661)

671. ANTHREPTES CHLORIGASTER Sharpe.

GREEN-BELLIED SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes chlorigaster Sharpe,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.
Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884),
9, 122 (part).

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Lubang (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Negros (Steere,
Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns &
Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Crown, mantle, and sides of neck metallic green changing to amethystine; back, rump, tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts metallic violet-blue; chin and throat liver-brown, bordered on each side by a narrow line of metallic green and violet-blue; remainder of under parts greenish yellow brightest in the middle of breast and abdomen; pectoral tufts lemon-yellow; wings blackish; primaries and secondaries edged with olive-green; alula and greater and median coverts burnt sienna; rectrices black, edged with metallic green which changes to amethystine. A male from Lubang measures: Wing, 71; tail, 46; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 18. A male from Sibuyan, wing, 71; tail, 50; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 19.

Female.--Above tea-green; below apple-green; center of breast and abdomen yellower; wings and tail dark brown, the feathers edged with dull golden olive. Bill shorter than in the male. A female from Basilan, wing, 66; tail, 42; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 18.

"Ten males from Basilan average: Length, 129; wing, 69; tail, 45; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 26. Nine females, length, 127; wing, 66; tail, 42; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris brownish red; legs and feet brownish to yellowish olive; nails black; bill dark brown to black. Food, in three cases, seeds." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

672. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS (Scopoli).

BROWN-THROATED SUNBIRD.

Certhia malaccensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786),
2, 91.
Anthreptes malaccensis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 6 (1878),
315, pl. 101, fig. 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
100.
Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9,
122 (part); Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 344, fig. 98
(bill enlarged).

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (McGregor & Worcester); Palawan
(Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns
& Worcester, Celestino, White); Sibutu (Everett); Sitanki
(Bartsch). Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Java, Sumatra,
Borneo, Flores.

Male.--Very similar to the male of A. chlorigaster, but smaller and with the breast and abdomen bright yellow. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 68; tail, 48; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the female of A. chlorigaster but smaller. A female from Palawan, wing, 62; tail, 42; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 15.

"Ten males from Palawan average: Length, 131; wing, 66; tail, 47; culmen, 21; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Ten females, length, 123; wing, 61; tail, 42; culmen, 20; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

673. ANTHREPTES WIGLESWORTHI (Hartert).

WIGLESWORTH'S SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes malaccensis wiglesworthi Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1902),
9, 209. [92]
Anthreptes wiglesworthi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 100.

Bongao (Everett); Pangamian (Bartsch); Sulu (Guillemard, Platen,
Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tawi Tawi (Everett).

Hartert does not give a full description of this bird, but states that the sides of the head are almost as red as with A. rhodolæma and that the under side is like A. chlorigaster. I have not seen specimens of Anthreptes from any of the Sulu group of islands.

674. ANTHREPTES CAGAYANENSIS Mearns.

CAGAYAN SULU SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes cagayanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18,
6; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 445; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 100.

Tal-lu-gus-lú-gus, Moros of Cagayan Sulu.

Cagayan Sulu (Mearns).

"This is a slight insular form, most closely related to Anthreptes wiglesworthi (Hartert), from Sulu, P. I., from which it differs in being decidedly yellower below; the sides of the head are more reddish; the greater wing-coverts are narrowly edged with olive instead of broadly with ferruginous; and the bill is smaller. Iris hazel; bill all black; feet greenish olive, with under side of toes yellow." (Mearns.)

"Characters of adult female * * *. Differs from females of Anthreptes griseigularis in the absence of the grayish white chin and throat; from A. chlorogaster in the yellower coloration of the middle under parts and greener upper parts; and from A. malaccensis only in the greater contrast of the canary-yellow of the middle under parts with the green color of the flanks, which in A. cagayanensis are pale oil-green, and in A. malaccensis olive-yellow. I have no female of A. wiglesworthi for comparison. Wing, 65; tail, 47; culmen (chord), 15.5; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 15.8." (Mearns.)

675. ANTHREPTES RHODOLÆMA Shelley.

RUFOUS-THROATED SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes rhodolæma Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 6 (1878), 313,
pts. 7 & 8, pl. 101, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 100.
Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884),
9, 122 (part).

Palawan (Everett). Borneo.

"Two males from Borneo have the whole breast olive-yellow like the abdomen and flanks; the pectoral tufts are bright yellow, and therefore very conspicuous; under wing-coverts pale buff, edged with yellow; median wing-coverts, scapulars, sides of head, and ear-coverts very deep maroon-red." (Gadow.)

676. ANTHREPTES GRISEIGULARIS Tweeddale.

GRAY-THROATED SUNBIRD.

Anthothreptus griseigularis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877),
830.
Anthreptes griseigularis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 &
10 (1879), 323, pl. 104; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 100.
Anthothreptes griseigularis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884),
9, 126; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 231.

Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett,
Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Sakuijok (Everett); Samar (Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Similar to the male of A. chlorigaster, but chin and throat light gray (gray 6 to gray 10 of Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors); breast and abdomen much paler than in A. chlorigaster; pectoral tufts pale lemon-yellow. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 127; wing, 68; tail, 41; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 17. A male from Mindanao, wing, 63; tail, 38; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 16.5.

Female.--Green like the female of A. chlorigaster but paler. A female from Luzon, wing, 59; tail, 35; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

Subfamily ARACHNOTHERINÆ.

Genus ARACHNOTHERA Temminck, 1826.

Bill twice as long as head and much curved; nasal opercles unfeathered; wing moderate in length; first primary equal to about one-half the second; tail nearly square. Colors olive-green, gray, and yellow, no metallic feathers. Members of this genus are easily recognized by their very long bills.

Species.

a1. Forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, and gape-region feathered.

b1. Smaller; exposed culmen, about 30 mm.; crissum
lemon-yellow. ... flammifera (p. 662)
b2. Larger; exposed culmen, about 35 mm.; crissum pale
gray. ... dilutior (p. 663)

a2. Forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, and gape-region naked. ... philippinensis (p. 663)

677. ARACHNOTHERA FLAMMIFERA Tweeddale.

FLAME-TUFTED SPIDER HUNTER.

Arachnothera flammifera Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 343;
Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879), 361, pl. 115;
Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 104; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 230; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Bohol
(McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao
(Platen, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead).

Male.--Above olive-green, the bases of the crown-feathers dark brown; chin, throat, and breast light gray, washed with pale olive-green; abdomen, flanks, and crissum bright lemon-yellow; thighs gray, washed with yellow; a small tuft of feathers on each side of breast cadmium-yellow; wing-feathers blackish brown edged with olive-green; rectrices blackish, edged with olive-green and, except the middle pair, tipped with white and gray; axillars and wing-lining slightly washed with pale yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 152; wing, 64; tail, 43; culmen from base, 35; bill from nostril, 28; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Slightly smaller than the male and without the yellow pectoral tufts. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 59; tail, 38; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 26; tarsus, 15.

"Four males average: Length, 141; wing, 62; tail, 45; culmen, 34; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 16. A female, length, 148; wing, 62; tail, 41; culmen, 41; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet slate-blue; upper mandible black, lower black at tip, gray at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

678. ARACHNOTHERA DILUTIOR Sharpe.

PALE SPIDER HUNTER.

Arachnothera dilutior Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298; Shelley,
Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 363, pl. 116; Gadow, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 105; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 100.

Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Crown olive-brown; ear-coverts leaden gray; remainder of upper parts olive-green; chin, throat, and chest light gray; lower breast, sides, and abdomen pale green; crissum very pale gray; pectoral tufts chrome-yellow; wings and tail blackish brown, the feathers edged with olive-green. A male measures: Wing, 70; tail, 48; culmen from base, 37; bill from nostril, 31; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 63; tail, 44; culmen from base, 33; bill from nostril, 28; tarsus, 17.

In this species the yellow pectoral tufts are present in both sexes and are of a lighter yellow than in the male of A. flammifera.

"Ten males average: Length, 165; wing, 69; tail, 48; culmen 40; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23. Ten females, length, 144; wing, 61; tail, 42; culmen, 35; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris brown, legs, feet, and nails slaty blue; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is gray. Food spiders and insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

679. ARACHNOTHERA PHILIPPINENSIS (Steere).

NAKED-FACED SPIDER HUNTER.

Philemon philippinensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere
Exped. (1890), 21.
Arachnothera claræ Platen, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 148.
Arachnothera philippinensis Grant, Ibis (1897), 237; Whitehead,
Ibis (1899), 231; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Platen); Samar (Steere Exp.,
Whitehead).

"Adult female.--Above olive-green; wings brown, edged with olive-yellow; under surface ashy olive, washed with olive-green; forehead, space about gape, in front of eye, and ear-coverts bare. Length, 168; wing, 81; tail, 46; culmen, 39." (Steere.) "Iris and bill black; feet pinkish brown; gape brilliant white; bare skin on face pinkish yellow." (Whitehead.)

Grant states that the plumage is identical in the two sexes of this species.

Family MOTACILLIDÆ.

Bill slender and nearly straight, a small notch near the subacute tip; nostrils oval and exposed; rictal bristles inconspicuous with but two or three of moderate length; true first (outermost) primary wanting; first, second, and third primaries nearly equal and longest; inner secondaries (tertials) very long, not much shorter than primaries. Tail variable in length, but nearly square at the tip.

Genera.

a1. Plumage not streaked; under parts white with, or without, black on throat and chest; tail longer and extending far beyond the toes.

b1. Claw of hind toe not longer than the toe itself.

c1. Tail longer than wing; upper parts ashy gray ... Motacilla
(p. 664)
c2. Tail a little shorter than wing; upper parts with an olivaceous
wash. ... Dendronanthus (p. 668)

b2. Claw of hind toe much longer than the toe itself; tail nearly
as long as wing; under parts mostly yellow ... Budytes (p. 666)

a2. Plumage streaked with blackish brown both above and below; tail much shorter than the longest secondaries ... Anthus (p. 669)

Genus MOTACILLA Linnæus, 1758.

Tail decidedly longer than wing; rectrices slender, two outermost pairs nearly all white; claw of hind toe not longer than the toe itself. Plumage of upper parts largely gray; under parts black and white, or black and yellow, never streaked.

Species.

a1. Under parts nearly all white; chest and throat more or less black. ... ocularis (p. 664) a2. Under parts nearly all yellow; chin and throat black in summer. ... melanope (p. 665)

680. MOTACILLA OCULARIS Swinhoe.

STREAK-EYED WAGTAIL.

Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 55; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 471, pl. 4, figs. 5 & 6; Oates, Fauna
Brit. India Birds (1890), 2, 289; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237
(migration in northern Luzon); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 100.

Balabac (Everett); Calayan (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor);
Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, Bartsch); Palawan (Everett, Bourns
& Worcester, White). Aleutian Islands?, northeastern Siberia,
Kamchatka, China; Burma in winter; accidental in Lower California.

Adult summer plumage.--"In normal full summer plumage the forehead, anterior part of crown, a broad supercilium, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck white; remainder of crown and nape, a streak from the lores through the eye and over the ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast black; remainder of lower plumage white, shaded with gray on the flanks; upper plumage gray, turning to black on the upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts gray; median coverts dark brown, broadly tipped with white; greater coverts with the outer webs and a considerable portion of the inner white; quills dark brown, edged with white, the later secondaries very broadly so; the two outer pairs of tail-feathers nearly entirely white, the others black." (Oates.)

Winter plumage.--A female, taken in Calayan Island in October, 1903, resembles the adult in summer as described above, but the chin and middle of throat are white, the black patch of the chest being crescentic in shape with its horns extending up the sides of the throat. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 200; wing, 90; tail, 92; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22.

Young.-- A female from Lubang Island, taken in November, 1902, differs from the preceding specimen in having the entire top of head and back drab-gray instead of black and ashy gray; the dark line through eye drab-gray like the crown; the white forehead and supercilium but faintly indicated by the white bases of the feathers.

The streak-eyed wagtail is of somewhat rare occurrence in the Philippine Islands; it is easily distinguished by its black and white under parts.

"A small flock of M. ocularis was observed in Palawan in December, 1891, and two specimens were obtained. They are both young birds in first winter plumage. A male measures: Length, 178; wing, 90; tail, 97; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 20. A female, length, 159; wing, 77; tail, 72; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 20." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

681. MOTACILLA MELANOPE Pallas.

GRAY WAGTAIL.

Motacilla melanope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 696;
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 497; Hume, Oates
ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 207; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101.

Tam-ba-yuc-yuc, Ticao, used for Anthus rufulus also; a-na-noc-yod,
Siquijor; ba-ti-cu-lo, Manila.

Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Bohol (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calamianes (McGregor);
Calayan (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett,
McGregor), Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor,
Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque
(Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray,
Steere Exp., Mearns); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Keay); Palawan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White);
Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor);
Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibay (McGregor
& Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino);
Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi
(Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Europe
and Siberia; in winter to India, Burmese countries, Malay Peninsula
and Indo-Malay islands.

Male (Mindoro, May, 1905).--Above ashy gray, with a slight olivaceous wash on back; rump and tail-coverts bright greenish yellow; lores black; line from nostril over lores, eye, and ear-coverts to nape white; side of head ashy gray; a line from base of lower mandible along side of throat white; chin and throat black, the feathers fringed with white; remainder of under parts canary-yellow, paler on sides and flanks; wing-feathers blackish brown; secondaries with a white spot on outer web, partly concealed by the greater coverts; tertials blacker than primaries and with inner webs largely white and outer webs margined with white or pale yellow; outermost pair of rectrices entirely pure white, next two pairs white with part of the outer web black, remaining rectrices black with a fringe of greenish yellow on outer webs. Length, 190; wing, 80; tail, 87; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 20.

In winter plumage the chin and throat are white, more or less spotted with black; or else, the entire under parts are white mixed with yellow, except the tail-coverts which seem to remain entirely white. The latter plumage appears to be that of the young. The sexes are similar in colors, but the breeding plumage of the female is said to be paler than that of the male with less black on the throat.

"The gray wagtail is common and a source of constant irritation when one is hunting the little forest kingfishers along small fresh-water streams. M. melanope feeds among the pebbles and is always flying up when least wanted, alarming the more valuable birds. Three males average: Length, 185; wing, 80; tail, 92; culmen, 17; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 15. Two females, length, 189; wing, 81; tail, 96; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown to black; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus BUDYTES Cuvier, 1817.

This genus differs from Motacilla in having the tail shorter than the wing and the claw of hind toe much longer than the toe itself. The under parts are yellow in summer plumage, white in winter, and rarely without traces of yellow.

682. BUDYTES LEUCOSTRIATUS Homeyer. [93]

SIBERIAN YELLOW WAGTAIL.

Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer, Jour. für Orn. (1878), 128;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101.
Motacilia flava Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10,
516, pl. 6, figs. 3 to 6 (part); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237
(migration).

Du-uad, Batan.

Balabac (Everett); Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol
(Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin
N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (McGregor); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Negros (Bourns
& Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Everett, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White); Polillo (McGregor); Sulu
(Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Eastern
Siberia and Kamchatka; eastern China and the Moluccas in winter.

Male in spring plumage (Manila, April, 1904).--Above olive-yellow; tail-coverts brown edged with olive-yellow; top of head and nape cinereous, the ear-coverts a little darker; lores and space under eye blackish; a wide line from nostril over eye to nape white; sides of neck and of chest olive-yellow; chin white; remainder of under parts canary-yellow, or light lemon-yellow, with some obscure dusky spots on chest, crissum palest; thighs ashy gray; wings dark seal-brown, many of the feathers edged with yellowish or buffy white; tips of greater and median coverts forming bars; two outermost pairs of rectrices nearly all white, the others seal-brown with narrow olivaceous edges. Length, 165; wing, 81; tail, 72; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 25.

The female is duller in color; the upper parts browner and the under parts paler yellow. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 74; tail, 70; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 25.

Winter plumage.--Most of the specimens taken in the Philippines have the crown, sides of head, and upper parts dull brown, sepia to hair-brown, at times with traces of olive-yellow on the back; the long white supercilium is always present; the under parts are mostly white, chest more or less dusky and with spots or irregular patches of yellow.

"Much less common than M. melanope. Three males average: Length, 169; wing, 80; tail, 76; culmen, 17; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 20.5. A female measures, length, 165; wing, 77; tail, 73; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 21.5. Legs, feet, and nails dark brown to black; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

At times I have found large flocks of this yellow wagtail in the vicinity of Manila, but it is usually less abundant than the gray wagtail.

Genus DENDRONANTHUS Blyth, 1844. [94]

The only member of this genus is not greatly different from the Motacillæ, but the tail is slightly shorter than the wing, being intermediate in length between the tertials and primaries; the claw of hind-toe is short as in Motacilla; under parts white with a black band across the chest; upper parts with an olivaceous wash; wing-feathers blackish brown; median and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two conspicuous wing-bars; primaries and secondaries with white spots on outer webs, forming two more bars. Of this genus Oates says: "The structure of the tail in this genus is peculiar, inasmuch as the middle pair of feathers is very markedly shorter than the others and of a different color."

683. DENDRONANTHUS INDICUS (Gmelin).

FOREST WAGTAIL.

Motacilla indica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 962.
Limonidromus indicus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10,
532; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 300, fig. 82 (head).
Limondromus indicus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
101 (error).

Balabac (Everett); Calayan (McGregor). Eastern Siberia, northern
China, Indian Peninsula; in winter to Ceylon, Andaman Islands,
Burmese countries, Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, and Java.

Adult (sexes similar).--Above olive-brown; tail-coverts blackish brown; line from base of bill over eyes to nape whitish; line through eye brown; cheeks and ear-coverts whitish; under parts white, breast tinged with yellow; a broad crescentic band across chest black; behind this indications of another band which is broken in the middle; sides, flanks, and thighs washed with drab-gray; wing-feathers mostly blackish brown, their tips olive-gray; lesser and median coverts with wide yellowish white tips, forming two bars; outer webs of primaries and secondaries with yellowish white spots, forming two shorter bars; two outer pairs of rectrices extensively white; next pair tipped with white; central pair olive-gray; the others blackish brown.

The measurements of the male, as given by Sharpe and changed to millimeters, follow: Length, 168; wing, 79; tail, 72; culmen, 14; tarsus, 22. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 78; tail, 71; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22.

The forest wagtail is the rarest representative of its family in the Philippines, only two specimens having been taken here. It may be recognized at once by the two white wing-bars.

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein, 1807.

Tail shorter than the tertials; hind-toe usually shorter than its claw. Plumage various shades of brown, streaked and spotted with black and dark brown, never extensively yellow, black, nor pure white.

Species.

a1. Hind toe and its claw about equal in length; upper plumage washed with olivaceous, the dark shaft-streaks poorly defined; breast and sides heavily spotted and streaked with blackish brown. ... hodgsoni (p. 669) a2. Hind toe decidedly shorter than its claw; upper parts with heavy streaks of blackish brown, the margins of the feathers various shades of buff, ocherous, and rusty brown, but not washed with olivaceous.

b1. Dark streaks of under parts few and narrow; sides of body
uniform in color or with obsolete dusky streaks.

c1. Tail much longer, about 85 mm.; wing, 90 or more; tarsus,
30 to 33. ... richardi [95] (p. 670)
c2. Tail much shorter, about 65 mm.; wing, about 75; tarsus,
28. ... rufulus (p. 671)

b2. Dark streaks of under parts numerous and heavy on breast,
and extending over sides of abdomen and breast.

c1. Dark streaks on breast broader and more numerous; some of the
interscapulars with whitish margins forming a conspicuous light
streak on each side of back. ... gustavi (p. 672)
c2. Dark streaks on breast, in the adult at least, narrower and
less numerous; upper parts less boldly streaked, and the light
edges of interscapulars less conspicuous; chin and throat buff
in the young, vinaceous-cinnamon or dark ochraceous in the adult
... cervinus (p. 673)

684. ANTHUS HODGSONI Richmond.

SPOTTED TREE PIPIT.

Anthus maculatus (not Motacilla maculata Gmelin) Hodgson, in Gray's
Zool. Miscl. (1844), 83; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885),
10, 547; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 209; Whitehead,
Ibis (1899), 237 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 101.
Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. (1907),
no. 54, 493.

Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Everett,
Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Palawan
(Everett). Eastern Siberia, China, Japan, Indo-Burmese countries,
Liu Kiu Islands, and the Indian Peninsula.

Adult in fresh plumage.--Above dark olive-green; top of head streaked with blackish brown; feathers of back with blackish shaft-lines, much less conspicuous than in A. gustavi or A. rufulus; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts uniform olive-green; side of forehead and supercilium buff, forming a line which becomes white over ear-coverts; lores blackish; subocular region and ear-coverts buff, mottled with dark brown; chin, throat, and chest pale buff, separated from the buff jaw by a blackish malar line; lower breast, abdomen, and crissum white; flanks and thighs dark buff; breast, sides, and flanks marked with large black spots, which are triangular on chest, and elongate on sides and flanks; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive; tips of median and greater coverts buffy, forming two bars; rectrices blackish, two or three outer pairs tipped with white. In summer the plumage has become much worn and the dark markings are more conspicuous. A male taken in Luzon in November measures: Length, 152; wing, 84; tail, 60; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 15. A female in worn plumage from Benguet Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 80; tail, 57; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 17. The diagnostic characters of this species are the olivaceous upper parts, the large triangular spots on the breast, and the short claw of the hind toe.

685. ANTHUS RICHARDI Vieillot.

RICHARD'S PIPIT.

Anthus richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (1818), 26, 491;
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 564 (figure of foot);
Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 307, fig. 85 (foot);
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.

Balabac (Everett). Central and eastern Asia and India; in winter
to southern China, Burmese countries, Ceylon, western and southern
Europe; occasional in the British Islands.

Adult.--"Upper plumage fulvous-brown, the feathers centered with blackish, the rump more uniform; wings dark brown margined with fulvous; tail dark brown with pale margins, the outermost feather almost entirely white, the penultimate with an oblique portion of the inner web, about an inch and a half [38 mm.] in length, also white; supercilium and lower plumage pale fulvous, the sides of the throat and fore neck and the whole breast streaked with dark brown; sides of the body darker fulvous, with a few indistinct streaks. Bill brown, yellowish at base of lower mandible; mouth yellow; iris brown, legs flesh-color, the claws darker. Length, about 190; tail, 86; wing, 94; tarsus, 30; bill from gape, 22; hind claw, about 20." (Oates.)

686. ANTHUS RUFULUS Vieillot.

INDIAN PIPIT.

Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (1818), 26,
494; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 574; Hume, Oates
ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 213; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
238; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.
Corydalla lugubris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 547.

Tam-ba-yuc-yuc, Ticao, used for Motacilla melanope also;
a-la-lac-sing, Siquijor.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere
Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett,
Bourns & Worcester); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead,
McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester);
Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett,
Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker,
Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino); Palawan (Everett, Celestino, White); Panaon
(Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Ticao (McGregor). Africa, Malay Peninsula, Burmese countries,
India, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult in fresh plumage.--Above sandy buff, nearly uniform on rump and tail-coverts; upper back and top of head with dark brown shaft-lines producing, on the head at least, a decidedly streaked appearance; lores blackish; supercilium, from bill to nape, light buff; subocular space buff, bounded below by a line of dark brown; malar line dark brown; ear-coverts sandy buff; under parts cream-buff; sides and flanks sandy buff; an ill-defined band across chest sandy buff, the feathers with narrow, mesial, blackish streaks; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, more or less widely edged and tipped with various shades of buff; two outer pairs of rectrices largely white. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 80; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 28; hind toe with claw, 24. A female from Lubang measures: Wing, 79; tail, 62; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 27; hind toe with claw, 22.

As the plumage becomes worn the supercilium, subocular region, and under parts fade to white, and the pectoral band fades to light buff.

This species is said to resemble A. richardi except in being smaller; it is easily distinguished from any of the other pipits found in the Philippines by the scantily streaked chest and by the uniformly colored sides and flanks. Furthermore it is the most common species, outnumbering, in individuals, all the other species combined.

"Enormously abundant in the open fields; it is resident throughout the year and breeds. Four males average: Length, 167; wing, 80; tail, 65; culmen, 18; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown; legs and feet dirty yellow, nails darker; upper mandible dark brown to black, under mandible light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

687. ANTHUS GUSTAVI Swinhoe.

PETCHORA PIPIT.

Anthus gustavi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 90; Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 613; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor);
Cebu (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Steere Exp.);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Othberg, Heriot, Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate
(Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro
(McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns
& Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester);
Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu (Bourns &
Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Siberia, Kamtchatka,
Commander Islands, Celebes; in winter to Borneo and the Molucca
Islands; China during migration.

Adult.--Top of head, neck, and back tawny buff, each feather with a wide mesial streak of blackish brown; on each side of mantle a series of feathers each having either the inner or outer web buffy white, forming on each side a conspicuous, but not well-defined, whitish stripe; rump and tail-coverts darker than back, near raw-umber, with narrower blackish shaft-streaks; supercilium light buff, but not forming a well-defined line; ear-coverts tawny; malar stripe buff, bounded below by a narrow blackish line; under parts white with a wash of buff across the chest and with bold blackish streaks on breast, sides, and flanks; wing-feathers blackish brown, edged with dark buff; median and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two wing-bars; rectrices blackish brown, the two outer pairs with considerable white on the inner webs. A male from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 85; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from northern Mindanao, wing, 80; tail, 56; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20.

Young birds differ from the adults in having the chin and throat spotted with blackish brown.

The diagnostic characters of Anthus gustavi are the heavy streaks on breast and sides, and the whitish streaks on the sides of the back.

The Petchora pipit is usually found skulking on the ground in forest; it is never seen in flocks.

688. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pallas).

RED-THROATED PIPIT.

Motacilla cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. (1811), 1,
511. Anthus cervinus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10,
585; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238 (habits); McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 102.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp.);
Palawan (Everett, Celestino); Alaska, Kurile Islands, Asia, Europe,
England; in winter to China and Indo-Burmese countries, Persia
and northwestern India, Formosa, Hainan, and northern Africa,
accidental in Lower California.

Adult.--Above sandy gray, somewhat similar to A. gustavi, but lighter and grayer without the whitish streaks on the sides of the back; head streaked with dark brown; feathers of back and rump with broad mesial streaks of blackish brown; long and broad superciliary stripe, lores, ear-coverts, suborbital region, chin, throat, and chest vinaceous-cinnamon or vinaceous-buff; remainder of under parts light buff; sides, flanks, and, in many specimens, the breast, streaked with blackish brown; wings and tail dark brown, most of the feathers with white or sandy buff edges; greater and median coverts with whitish tips forming two bars; two outer pairs of rectrices with wide white tips.

A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 145; wing, 85; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from the same locality, wing, 79; tail, 56; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 20.

Immature birds have less vinaceous color about the head and more black stripes on the chest; still younger birds have lores, supercilium, malar region, chin, and throat buff with no trace of vinaceous, and the sides of throat are thickly spotted with blackish brown. This last plumage resembles some plumages of A. gustavi, but the latter species seems always to have a larger bill and distinct white or pale buff lines on the sides of the back.

The red-throated pipit in adult summer plumage is a very handsome species. It is found in the Philippine Islands in winter only and then but rarely.

Family ALAUDIDÆ.

Bill stout, first primary very short; tertials shorter, or but little longer, than secondaries; tail moderate in length; two outer rectrices partly white as in Anthus; tarsus scutellate both in front and behind; claw of hind toe longer than the toe itself; upper plumage brown and the breast streaked.