Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's Note:

Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

In some cases, Bancroft uses both "u" and "v" to spell an
author’s name, e.g. Vetancurt and Vetancvrt.

Other archaic letter substitutions include "b" for "v" and "i" for
"y" and vice versa. These have been left as printed.

Possible printer's errors include:
On page 5, córtes extraordinary should possibly be córtes
extraordinarias.
On page 149, Patsun should possibly be Patzún.
On page 270, quarters should possibly be halves.
On page 387 repeated should possibly be repealed.
On page 652, 1855-5 appears to be an error.
Joaquin Eufracio Guzman should possibly be Joaquin Eufrasio
Guzman.
Joaquin Eustacio Guzman should possibly be Joaquin Eufrasio
Guzman.
The index reference to "Atrato River" wasn't found.
The index reference to "Montaiglon, M. de, works of," wasn't
found.

Possible alternate spellings or printers errors include:
Jutecalpa and Jutigalpa
Tempsky and Tempski
Blazquez and Blasquez
Savana and Sabana
Sutiaba and Subtiaba
Pontaz and Pontaza
Mourgeon and Murgeon
Iztapan and Iztapam
Serapiqui, Sesapiqui, Sarapiqui River
Carataska and Caratasca
Gualcince and Gualcinse
Nandaime, Nandayme, and Nandaimé
mosquitoes and musquitoes
Cuzcatlan and Cuscatlan
Granadans and Granadians
Chimilapa and Chimalapa
Fitzroy and Fitz-Roy
Victor and Víctor
Jil and Gil
Carlos and Cárlos
Quiroz and Quiróz
Angel and Ángel
Vijil and Vigil
Jerardo and Gerardo

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THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLUME VIII.
HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

VOL. III. 1801-1887.

SAN FRANCISCO:
THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1887.

Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1887, by
HUBERT H. BANCROFT,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

All Rights Reserved.

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULE.
1801-1818.

PAGE

Popular Feeling in Central America—Effect
of Events in Spain—Recognition of American
Equality—Representation in the Spanish
Córtes—Delusive Reforms—End of Saravia's
Rule—President José Bustamante—His Despotic
Course—Demands in the Córtes—Constitutional
Guarantees—Official Hostility—Campaign in
Oajaca—Revolutionary Movements in Salvador—War in
Nicaragua—Conspiracy in Guatemala—Treatment of
the Insurgents—Disrespect to the Diputacion—The
Constitution Revoked—Royal Decrees 1

CHAPTER II.

INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
1818-1821.

President Cárlos Urrutia—His Liberal
Views—Colombian Assaults—Spanish Constitution
Restored—The Gazistas, or Bacos—The Cacos—José del
Valle—Pedro Molina—Liberal Institutions—Extent
of the Political Government—Ecclesiastical
Administration—Work of American Deputies—Party
Excitement in Guatemala—Urrutia Delegates his
Powers—Substitute President Gavino Gainza—Chiapas
and her Government—She Secedes from Spain and
Joins the Mexican Empire—Guatemala Declares for
Independence—Junta Gubernativa—Convocation of a
Congress 23

CHAPTER III.

UNION WITH MEXICO.
1821-1822.

First Acts of Guatemalan Rulers—Intrigues
of Parties—Their Evil Consequences—Gainza's
Intrigues—Independence in the Other Provinces—Rewards
to Gainza—Troubles in Salvador—Dissensions in
Honduras—Local Squabbles in Nicaragua—Predilection
for Imperialism—Costa Rica Neutral—Condition
of Various Sections—Seceding Districts
of Guatemala—Perplexities of the Junta
Consultiva—Iturbide's Devices—Military Pressure—His
Proposals Accepted—Illegal Annexation—Protests and
Resistance—War Begins 42

CHAPTER IV.

CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
1822-1825.

Secession from Mexico—Arzú's Campaign—Prevarication
of Salvador—Filisola's Victory—His Subsequent
Course—Liberal Triumph in Costa Rica—Honduras
Favors Union—National Independence Secured—Labors to
Organize a Nation—The Constituent Assembly—Provincias
Unidas del Centro de América—Abolition of African
Slavery—Provisional Government—Moderados or
Serviles—Liberales or Fiebres—Principles and
Aims of Parties—Mexican Forces Retire—Seditions
Begin—Salvadoran Force in Guatemala—Confederacion de
Centro América—Fundamental Law—Finances—Adjournment
of the Constituent Assembly 60

CHAPTER V.

CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
1825-1830.

General Elections—Meeting of the First
Congress—Manuel José Arce, First President
of the Republic—Foreign Relations—Arce's
Prevarications—Conflict with Guatemala—Party
Bickerings—Liberals Quarrel with Arce—He Joins their
Opponents—Bitterness Engendered—President versus
Guatemalan Rulers—Arrest of Jefe Juan Barrundia—Riots
at Quezaltenango—Murder of Vice-jefe Cirilo
Flores—Arce as Dictator in Guatemala—War against
Salvador—Arce Defeated—He Gives up the Presidency,
and Cannot Recover It—Bloody War of 1826-9—Morazan
the Victor—José Francisco Barrundia, Acting
President—Liberal Measures—Peace Restored—Spanish
Schemes 79

CHAPTER VI.

CIVIL WAR.
1829-1838.

Revolution in Honduras—Conservatives Invade the
State—Second General Elections—Francisco Morazan
Chosen President—Plots of the Serviles—Arce's
Invasion from Mexico—Occupation of Honduras Ports by
Exiled Rebels—Spanish Flag Hoisted in Omoa, and Aid
from Cuba—Salvadoran Authorities in Rebellion—Third
General Elections—Morazan Reëlected—Failure of
Colonization Plans—Ravages of Cholera—Indian Revolt
under Carrera—His Early Life 108

CHAPTER VII.

DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
1837-1840.

Campaign against Carrera—Several Departments of
Guatemala in Rebellion—Jefe Galvez Deposed—Carrera
Takes Guatemala—Murder of Salazar—Carrera Accepts
Money to Leave the City—Dictatorship Offered
Morazan by the Aristocrats and Refused—Carrera's
Second Rebellion—The Republic in Peril—Morazan's
Efforts to Save It—Nicaragua and Honduras Forces
Invade Salvador—Morazan Defeats Them—His Retreat
to San Salvador—He Embarks—Is Refused Hospitality
in Costa Rica—Goes to South America—The Republic is
Dead—Salvador at the Mercy of Carrera 127

CHAPTER VIII.

GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
1824-1840.

State Government of Guatemala—Barrundia's
Radicalism—His Overthrow—Vice-jefe Flores
Assassinated in Quezaltenango—Downfall
of the Liberals in Guatemala—Aristocratic
Leaders Exiled—Jefe Molina—His Differences,
Impeachment, and Acquittals—Rivera Cabezas'
Reforms—Earthquakes—Galvez' Rule and its
Benefits—Party Opposition to Him—Indian
Outbreaks—Carrera Captures Guatemala—Galvez
Resigns—Subsequent Rule of the Aristocrats—Guatemala
again Independent—Honduras' State Government—Jefe
Dionisio Herrera—Early Dissensions—Comayagua
Assaulted by Rebels—Morazan in the
Field—Honduras Secedes from the Central American
Confederation—Federalism Rooted out of her Territory 145

CHAPTER IX.

SALVADOR, NICARAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
1824-1840.

Salvador State Government—Liberals
Overthrown—Secession from the Union—San Salvador as
the Federal Seat of Government—Guatemala Imposes her
Will—Jefe Cañas and Comandante Malespin—Nicaragua's
Early Troubles—Siege and Bombardment of
Leon—Organization of State Government—Dissensions
and Warfare—Eruption of Cosigüina—Secession from
the Confederation—Costa Rica as a Confederated
State—Juan Mora's Administration—Towns' Bickerings
Settled—Braulio Carrillo's Rule—Final Secession from
the Central American Republic—Prosperity of the State 165

CHAPTER X.

DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
1839-1852.

Interstate Dissensions—Pacto de
Chinandega—Confederacion Centro Americana—Supremo
Delegado Chamorro—Hostility of Guatemala and
British Officials—Arce Invades Salvador—War of
the Confederacy against Guatemala—Helplessness of
Chamorro—End of the Pacto de Chinandega—Condition of
the States—Ferrera's Bad Faith—Salvador and Honduras
against Nicaragua—Horrors of Leon—Vice-president
Joaquin E. Guzman—Honduras and Salvador at
War—Guardiola's Vandalism—Malespin Overthrown—Renewed
Efforts to Confederate—Guatemala an Independent
Republic—Costa Rica Follows—Salvador, Nicaragua,
and Honduras a Confederacy—Its Short Life—Further
Unsuccessful Attempts 186

CHAPTER XI.

REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA.
1841-1856.

Rule of Carrillo Continued—Plots
for its Overthrow—Invasion of
Morazan—Change of Government—Morazan's
Policy—Opposition—Revolts—Morazan's Defeat and
Death—Satisfaction of the Oligarchs—Measures
of the Victors—New Constitution—Subsequent
Amendments—Sedition—Castro's Administration—Costa
Rica Declared a Republic—Recognition by
Spain—Relations with Other Powers—Boundary Questions
with Nicaragua and Colombia—President Juan Rafael
Mora—His Repressive Measures 215

CHAPTER XII.

REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA.
1838-1855.

State Government—Director Buitrago's
Conservatism—British Aggression—Director
Sandoval's Rule—Internal Troubles—Guerrero's
Administration—The Mosquito Kingdom—Its Origin
and History—Bubbles—British Pretensions—Seizure
of San Juan del Norte—Diplomatic
Complications—Clayton-Bulwer Treaty—Nicaragua
Recovers her Own—Relations with Foreign
Powers—An American War Ship Bombards San Juan
del Norte—Pineda's Government—Establishment of
the Republic—Party Dissensions—Legitimists versus
Democrats—Chamorro and Castellon—Civil War—Death of
Chamorro—Estrada Succeeds Him 238

CHAPTER XIII.

REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA.
1840-1865.

President Rivera Paz—Carrera's Course—Pretended
Sedition—Dissolution of the Assembly—A
Consejo Constituyente Created—Carrera Becomes
President—Attempt against his Life—Revolt of
Monterrosa—Carrera's Despotism—The Republic
Established—Relations with Other Powers—Revolution of
the Mountain—Constituent Assembly Convened—Carrera's
Forced Resignation and Exile—Liberals
Triumphant—Their Squabbles and Disintegration—The
Moderado Party—Revolution of Los Altos—Intrigues
of the Serviles—Presidencies of Martinez and
Escobar—Causes of their Resignations—Paredes—Recall
of Carrera—Deeds of Vengeance—Carrera again
President—Partial Restoration of Peace 264

CHAPTER XIV.

REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR.
1839-1865.

Malespin's Acts—Lindo's Coup d'Etat and Deposal—Jefe
Guzman—Revolt at Santa Ana—President Aguilar—The
Bishop Expelled—Viteri's Alliance with Malespin and
Honduran Oligarchs—President Vasconcelos—British
Hostilities—Salvador's Relations with Foreign
Powers—San Martin's Administration—Destruction of
San Salvador—President Campo—Campaign against Walker
in Nicaragua—Establishment of the Republic—Santin's
Overthrow—Presidency of Gerardo Barrios—War
of Salvador and Honduras against Guatemala
and Nicaragua—The Latter Victorious—Barrios'
Flight—Restoration of Peace—Dueñas as
President—Barrios' Subsequent Return—His Capture and
Surrender by Nicaragua—His Execution in San Salvador 285

CHAPTER XV.

REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS.
1840-1865.

President Ferrera—Revolutionary Movements—Political
Executions—Presidency of Juan Lindo—New
Constitution—Lindo Overthrown—Belize—Honduras'
Troubles with Great Britain—British
Occupation of Tiger Island—Bombardment of
Omoa—Bay Islands—President Cabañas—War with
Guatemala—Guardiola's Assassination—Provisional
Rules of Castellanos and Montes—Alliance with
Barrios—Unsuccessful War with Guatemala and
Nicaragua—Montes Deposed—Establishment of the
Republic—José M. Medina Chosen President—Amendment of
the Constitution 309

CHAPTER XVI.

WALKER'S CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA.
1855-1856.

Kinney's Expedition—William Walker Joins the
Democrats—Failure of his Expedition to Rivas—Cholera
Decimates the Legitimists at Managua—Death
of Muñoz—Walker's Victories at La Vírgen and
Granada—Execution of Minister Mayorga—Walker's
Convention with Corral—Provisional Government
Organized—President Patricio Rivas—Commander of
the Forces, Walker—Minister of War Corral Put
to Death for Treason—Recognition by Salvador
and Honduras—Seizure of the Transit Company's
Steamers—Costa Ricans on the War-path—Havoc of
Cholera 327

CHAPTER XVII.

END OF FILIBUSTERING IN CENTRAL AMERICA.
1856-1867.

Recognition of President Rivas by the United
States—Walker's Hostile Attitude—Flight of
Rivas—Walker Makes Himself President—Alliance
against Him—Death of Estrada—The Legitimists
Accept Rivas—Costa Ricans and Nicaraguans in
Rivas—Destruction of Granada—It is Occupied by
Allied Forces—Walker Reoccupies Rivas—Where He is
Besieged—Successes of the Costa Ricans—Failure of
Lockridge's Expedition—Surrender of Walker—War
of Nicaragua and Costa Rica—Commodore Paulding
and Walker's Second Attempt—Walker's Invasion
of Honduras, Capture, and Execution—Government
Reorganized—President Martinez' Administrations 347

CHAPTER XVIII.

POLITICAL EVENTS IN COSTA RICA.
1856-1886.

Rewards to Walker's Conquerors—Reëlection of
Mora—His Downfall and Exile—His Return, Capture,
and Execution—Montealegre's Administration—Violence
of Parties—Compromise on Jesus Jimenez—His Peaceful
Rule—President José M. Castro—Charges against
Him—His Overthrow—Several New Constitutions—Jimenez
again President—His Arbitrary Acts—How He was
Deposed—President Carranza—Other Temporary
Rulers—President Guardia's Despotism—Failure of his
Warlike Plans—His Death—Administration of Próspero
Fernandez—Preparations to Defend Independence—His
Sudden Death—Bernardo Soto's Peaceful Rule 371

CHAPTER XIX.

DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
1865-1885.

Rule of President Dueñas—His Conservatism—Quarrel
with Honduras—The Latter Allied with Salvadoran
Liberals—Battle of Santa Ana—Dueñas Deposed—His
Impeachment, Release, and Temporary Exile—Santiago
Gonzalez Provisional President—Gonzalez Elected
Chief Magistrate—Guatemala and Salvador at
War with Honduras—Murder of Vice-president
Mendez—Earthquakes—President Valle—Trouble with
Guatemala—Exeunt Valle and Gonzalez—Zaldívar's Long
Rule—Constitutional Changes—Alliance with Nicaragua
and Costa Rica—Resistance to Barrios' Plan of
Conquest—Salvador Victorious—Restored Peace—Zaldívar
Eliminated—Revolution—F. Menendez Made President 392

CHAPTER XX.

DEMOCRACY RESTORED IN GUATEMALA.
1865-1873.

President Cerna's Rule—Partial Revolts—Liberals
in the Assembly—Cerna's Reëlection—Riots in
the Capital—Zavala's Course—Cruz' Rebellion,
Defeat, and Death—Arrests of Liberals—Moderation
of the Government—Revolution of García
Granados and Barrios—Plan of Patzicia—Cerna
Defeated and Overthrown—Granados as Presidente
Provisorio—Seditious Movements Quelled—Abolition of
Priestly Privileges—Prelates, Jesuits, and Capuchins
Expelled—War with Honduras—Barrios as Substitute
President—His Severity—Elections—Barrios Chosen
Constitutional President 413

CHAPTER XXI.

RENEWED EFFORTS FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN UNITY.
1873-1885.

President Barrios of Guatemala—End of Reactionary
War—Guatemalan Progress—War with Salvador and
Honduras—Barrios' Successes and Generosity
to the Vanquished—Constitutional Régime in
Guatemala—Barrios' Reëlections—His Visit to the
United States—Peaceful Effort to Unite Central
America—Resort to Arms—Alliance of Guatemala and
Honduras—Barrios Attacks Salvador—His Defeat and
Death—His Plan Abandoned—M. L. Barillas, Provisional
President of Guatemala—Restoration of Peace 431

CHAPTER XXII.

HONDURAS AFFAIRS.
1865-1886.

National Flag and Escutcheon—Order of Santa
Rosa—Medina's Long Rule—His Differences with Dueñas,
and Triumph—War with Salvador and Guatemala—Medina
Defeated and Overthrown—Céleo Arias Succeeds Him—His
Liberal Policy—He is Beset by the Conservatives—His
Former Supporters Depose Him—Ponciano Leiva Becomes
President—His Course Displeases Barrios, Who Sets
Medina against Him—He is Forced to Resign—Marco
Aurelio Soto Made President by Barrios—Attempted
Revolt of Ex-president Medina—His Trial and
Execution—Soto's Administration—He Goes Abroad—His
Quarrel with Barrios, and Resignation—President
Bogran—Filibustering Schemes 453

CHAPTER XXIII.

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN NICARAGUA.
1867-1885.

President Fernando Guzman—Insurrection—Misconduct
of Priests—Defeats of the Insurgents—Foreign
Mediation—Generosity of the Government—President
Vicente Quadra—Inception of the Jesuits—Aims of
Parties—Internal and Foreign Complications—Costa
Rica's Hostility and Tinoco's Invasion—Presidents
Chamorro and Zavala—More Political Troubles—Jesuits
the Promoters—Their Expulsion—Peace Restored—Progress
of the Country—President Adan Cárdenas—Resistance to
President Barrios' Plan of Forced Reconstruction 470

CHAPTER XXIV.

INDEPENDENCE OF THE ISTHMUS.
1801-1822.

Administration under Spain—Influence of
Events in Europe and Spanish America on the
Isthmus—Hostilities in Nueva Granada—Constitutional
Government—General Hore's Measures to Hold
the Isthmus for Spain—MacGregor's Insurgent
Expedition at Portobello—Reëstablishment of the
Constitution—Captain-general Murgeon's Rule—The
Isthmus is Declared Independent—Its Incorporation
with Colombia—José Fábrega in Temporary Command—José
María Carreño Appointed Intendente and Comandante
General—Abolition of African Slavery 488

CHAPTER XXV.

DIVERS PHASES OF SELF-GOVERNMENT.
1819-1863.

Panamá Congress—Provincial Organizations—Alzuru's
Rebellion and Execution—Secession from Colombia
and Reincorporation—Differences with Foreign
Governments—Crime Rampant—Summary Treatment
of Criminals—Riots and Massacre of Foreign
Passengers—Attempts to Rob Treasure Trains—Neutrality
Treaties—Establishment of Federal System—Panamá
as a State—Revolutionary Era Begins—A Succession
of Governors—Seditious Character of the Negro
Population—Revolution against Governor Guardia and
his Death—Another Political Organization—Estado
Soberano de Panamá—Liberal Party in Full
Control—Stringent Measures 510

CHAPTER XXVI.

FURTHER WARS AND REVOLUTIONS.
1863-1885.

Presidents Goitia, Santa Coloma, and Calancha—Undue
Interference of Federal Officials—Colunje's
Administration—President Olarte's Energy—Enmity
of the Arrabal's Negroes—Short and Disturbed
Rules of Diaz and Ponce—President Correoso—Negro
Element in the Ascendent—Conservatives Rebel, and
are Discomfited—Armed Peace for a Time—Feverish
Rules of Neira, Miró, Aizpuru, Correoso, and
Casorla—Cervera's Long Tenure—Temporary Rule of Vives
Leon—President Santodomingo Vila—Obtains Leave of
Absence—Is Succeeded by Pablo Arosemena—Aizpuru's
Revolution—Arosemena Flees and Resigns—Outrages at
Colon—American Forces Protect Panamá—Collapse of
the Revolution—Aizpuru and Correoso Imprisoned—Chief
Causes of Disturbances on the Isthmus 532

CHAPTER XXVII.

CENTRAL AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS.
1886.

Extent of the Country—Climate—Mountains and
Volcanoes—Earthquakes—Rivers and Lakes—Costa Rica's
Area, Possessions, and Political Division and
Government—Her Chief Cities—Nicaragua, her Territory,
Towns, and Municipal Administration—Honduras' Extent,
Islands, Cities, and Local Government—Salvador, her
Position, Area, Towns, and Civil Rule—Guatemala's
Extent and Possessions—Her Cities and Towns—Internal
Administration—Isthmus of Panamá—Area, Bays,
Rivers, and Islands—Department and District Rule—The
Capital and Other Towns—Population—Character and
Customs—Education—Epidemics and Other Calamities 560

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE PEOPLE OF COSTA RICA, NICARAGUA, AND SALVADOR.
1800-1887.

Central American Population—Its Divisions—General
Characteristics and Occupations—Land Grants—Efforts
at Colonization—Failure of Foreign Schemes—Rejection
of American Negroes—Character of the Costa Rican
People—Dwellings—Dress—Food—Amusements—Nicaraguan
Men and Women—Their Domestic Life—How They Amuse
Themselves—People of Salvador—Their Character and
Mode of Living 587

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE PEOPLE OF HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA.
1800-1887.

Amalgamation in Honduras—Possible War of
Races—Xicaques and Payas—Zambos or Mosquitos—Pure
and Black Caribs—Distinguishing Traits—Ladinos—Their
Mode of Life—Guatemala and her People—Different
Classes—Their Vocations—Improved Condition of the
Lower Classes—Mestizos—Pure Indians—Lacandones—White
and Upper Class—Manners and Customs—Prevailing
Diseases—Epidemics—Provision for the Indigent 608

CHAPTER XXX.

INTELLECTUAL ADVANCEMENT.
1800-1887.

Public Education—Early Efforts at Development—Costa
Rica's Measures—Small Success—Education in
Nicaragua—Schools and Colleges—Nicaraguan
Writers—Progress in Salvador and Honduras—Brilliant
Results in Guatemala—Polytechnic School—Schools of
Science, Arts, and Trades—Institute for the Deaf,
Dumb, and Blind—University—Public Writers—Absence of
Public Libraries—Church History in Central America
and Panamá—Creation of Dioceses of Salvador and
Costa Rica—Immorality of Priests—Their Struggles for
Supremacy—Efforts to Break their Power—Banishments of
Prelates—Expulsion of Jesuits—Suppression of Monastic
Orders—Separation of Church and State—Religious
Freedom 621

CHAPTER XXXI.

JUDICIAL AND MILITARY.
1887.

Judicial System of Guatemala—Jury Trials in the
Several States—Courts of Honduras—Absence of
Codes in the Republic—Dilatory Justice—Impunity
of Crime in Honduras and Nicaragua—Salvador's
Judiciary—Dilatory Procedure—Codification of Laws
in Nicaragua—Costa Rican Administration—Improved
Codes—Panamá Courts—Good Codes—Punishments
for Crime in the Six States—Jails and
Penitentiaries—Military Service—Available Force of
Each State—How Organized—Naval—Expenditures—Military
Schools—Improvements 638

CHAPTER XXXII.

INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS.
1800-1887.

Early Agriculture—Protection of the Industry—Great
Progress Attained—Communal Lands—Agricultural
Wealth—Decay of Cochineal—Development of Other
Staples—Indigo, Coffee, Sugar, Cacao, and
Tobacco—Food and Other Products—Precious Woods
and Medicinal Plants—Live-stock—Value of Annual
Production in Each State—Natural Products of
Panamá—Neglect of Agriculture—Mineral Wealth—Yield
of Precious Metals—Mining in Honduras, Salvador,
and Nicaragua—Deposits of Guatemala and Costa
Rica—Mints—Former Yield of Panamá—Mining Neglected on
the Isthmus—Incipiency of Manufactures—Products for
Domestic Use 650

CHAPTER XXXIII.

COMMERCE AND FINANCE.
1801-1887.

Early State of Trade—Continued Stagnation
after Independence—Steam on the Coasts—Its
Beneficial Effects—Variety of Staples—Ports
of Entry and Tariffs—Imports and
Exports—Fairs—Accessory Transit Company—Internal
Navigation—Highways—Money—Banking—Postal
Service—Panamá Railway Traffic—Local Trade of the
Isthmus—Pearl Fishery—Colonial Revenue in Finances of
the Federation—Sources of Revenue of Each State—Their
Receipts and Expenditures—Foreign and Internal Debts 663

CHAPTER XXXIV.

INTEROCEANIC COMMUNICATION.
1801-1887.

Ancient Ideas on the North-west Passage—From
Peru to La Plata—Cape Horn Discovered—Arctic
Regions—McClure's Successful Voyage—Crozier's
Discovery—Franklin's Attempts—Finding by
Nordenskiöld of the North-east Passage—Projects to
Unite the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the
Isthmuses—Plans about Tehuantepec—Explorations for a
Ship-canal Route in Nicaragua, Panamá, and Darien—The
Nicaragua Accessory Transit Company—Construction of
the Panamá Railway, and its Great Benefits—Further
Efforts for a Canal—Organization of a French
Company—A Ship-canal under Construction
across the Isthmus of Panamá—Difficulties and
Expectations—Central American Railroads and
Telegraphs—Submarine Cables 688

HISTORY

OF

CENTRAL AMERICA.