Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (11)

[XII-36] That was done, it is presumed, after the death of
Stephen, George's successor, who was ruling in 1807. The
govt, at the time of their going to Belize, was in charge
of a sort of regency formed of the three principal chiefs,
who divided the country into three separate departments.
The first, extending from Roman River, near Cape Honduras,
to Patook, was intrusted to Gen. Robinson. The second, from
Caratasca, or Croata, to Sandy Bay and Duckwarra, including
all the Mosquitians proper, was in charge of a brother of
the late king, who bore the title of admiral. The third, from
Brancmans to Rio Grande, including various tribes, was under
Don Cárlos, called the governor. The three head chiefs had
sub-governors. But the small colonies of Zambos, at Pearl
Cay lagoon and Blewfields, could choose their own governors.
_Roberts' Narr. of Voy._, 146-7; _Stout's Nic._, 168-71.

[XII-37] A regalia consisting of a silver-gilt crown, a
sword, and sceptre of moderate value had been provided
for the farce. The emblems of royalty were confided to the
custody of Jack, an old negro, 'who, with wise precaution,
kept them carefully concealed.' _Squier's Cent. Am._, 640-1.

[XII-38] Col Arthur, the superintendent, gave him much good
advice to guide him in his government. _Arthur's Letter_, in
_Mosq. Doc._, 122-3; _Disputes with Am._, in _Brit. Quart.
Rev._, xcix. 242-3. But the good advice was lost upon his
swarthy majesty. It is understood that every new king had
been to Jamaica to receive a commission from the Brit. govt,
his subjects refusing him recognition as their sovereign till
he had done so. _Bonnycastle's Sp. Am._, i. 171-2.

[XII-39] He became a confirmed drunkard. _Roberts' Narr. of
Voy._, 148-9.

[XII-40] Some parties accused of the crime are said to have
suffered death.

[XII-41] _George Henderson's British Honduras_, London, 1811,
8°, 236 p., is a diary of the author's trip to and from the
Mosquito shore, which also furnishes an interesting account
of Belize and her resources, climate, etc., together with a
map of Honduras, and ends with sketches on the manners and
customs of the Mosquito Indians. _Thomas Strangeways' Sketch
of the Mosquito Shore_, Edinburgh, 1822, 8vo, 355 p. The
author, who calls himself a K. G. C., captain of the first
native Poyer regiment, and aide-de-camp to his Highness, the
cacique of Payais, gives with a portrait of that cacique,
Sir Gregor MacGregor, a historical preface, and a map of
Mosquitia, and the Poyais territory. The book also contains
a descriptive sketch of that country, its productions, mode
of cultivation, and other facts, all compiled for the special
use of settlers. _Peter F. Stout's Nicaragua, Past, Present,
and Future_, Phila., 1859, 12°, 372 p. With the exception
of a cursory glance at affairs in Mosquito, on interoceanic
communication, and ancient history of Mexico, this work is
confined to the resources, history, and general features
of Nicaragua, the chief object being to furnish a general
description of the country rather than its history. The
author was U. S. vice-consul, and his opinion on questions
between his country and Great Britain might be deemed by
a subject of the latter not wholly impartial. _Orlando W.
Roberts' Narrative of Voyages and Excursions on the east
coast, and in the interior of Central America_, Edinburgh,
1827, 16°, 302 p., preceded by a map of a part of Cent. Am.
showing the route from the Atlantic to the Pacific, via the
river San Juan and lakes Nicaragua and Leon, with an index
and a preface by Edward Irving, is a little book descriptive
of the author's journey up the San Juan River to Leon through
Lake Nicaragua, and of trading voyages in which he was many
years engaged among the Indians of Hond., Nic., and Costa R.
His opportunities for observation seem to have been good, and
his manner of setting forth the information thus obtained is
clear and apparently reliable. On Mosquitia and her govt and
people he gives much that is really interesting and useful.
_R. H. Bonnycastle's Spanish America, or a descriptive,
historical, and geographical account of the dominions of
Spain_, London, 1878, 8o, 2 vol., pp. xxix. 336, v. 359,
map and engraving, is mostly a compilation, poor in style,
divided into two parts. The first treats of the Spanish
dominions in North America; the second of those in South
America. Everything is treated in a cursory manner, and
the part relating to Cent. Am. and the isthmus of Panamá is
meagre and trifling.

[XII-42] More details in _Squier's Cent. Am._, 641-3;
_Mosquitoland_, 31-3, 38-40, 47-50, 225-9; _Nic. Nueva
Discusion_, 6; _Crowe's Gospel_, 208-10; _S. Juan_, _Ocup._,
33-5, 45-9; _Niles' Reg._, lxiv. 130; _Frisch_, _Staaten von
Mex._, 94; _Reichardt_, _Cent. Am._, 134, 140-1, 208-11.

[XII-43] At the court of Gracias á Dios, Apr. 19, 1820. The
grantee called himself 'his Highness the cacique of Poyais,'
and claimed absolute dominion over the Poyer district on the
extreme west of Mosquitia, including the Rio Tinto.

[XII-44] The plan comprised well-equipped regiments of
infantry and cavalry, a theatre and theatrical company,
a band, and paper currency. _Crowe's Gospel_, 207-8;
_Mosq.-Küste und Texas_, 28; _Mosquitoland_, 34-8; _Quart.
Rev._, xxviii. 160-1; _Eco_, _Hisp.-Am._, July 31, 1860.

[XII-45] This settlement was called Fort Wellington, and
was brought to ruin by a succession of calamities, including
shipwrecks. _Mosq.-Küste und Texas_, 29-33; _Young's Mosq.
Shore_, 53-9, 65-71.

[XII-46] It has an abundance of mahogany, rosewood,
caoutchouc, and other valuable trees, and is capable of
producing cotton, sugar, rice, indigo, and most of the
tropical staples.

[XII-47] Slavery was abolished in 1841. _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
Feb. 10, 1866.

[XII-48] There was neither church nor pastor in the place.
_S. Juan_, _Ocup._, 13-15; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 661-2.

[XII-49] Macdonald answered Aug. 13th that the object of
his visit to the coast had been to convey a message of H.
B. M. to her ally the sovereign of the Mosquito nation, and
to ascertain by his own observation the true boundaries
of the Mosquito dominions, upon which point he wished to
be enlightened by Quijano. He made further demands for
a recognition of his demand, but the Nicaraguan official
invariably returned a refusal. _Mosquitoland_, 29, 223-5;
_Niles' Reg._, lxi. 98; lxii. 64, 275; lxiii. 19, 194; _U.
S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc. 75, vol. x., 31st cong. 1st sess.;
_Young's Mosq. Shore_, 33-4.

[XII-50] An English writer says: 'This farce hardly seemed
consistent with the dignity of a British officer, gov.
of a settlement.' _Dunlop's Trav._, 215-16. Crowe, also
an Englishman, declares it to have been an infamous act.
_Gospel_, 212. It was not disavowed by the Brit. govt.
_Squier's Travels_, ii. 449; _Nouv. Annales Voy._, xciv.
251-2.

[XII-51] He was left on a desert island on the coast.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 54; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 612.
Macdonald himself on the 15th made his acts known to the govt
of Nic., alleging that he had been specially requested by
many persons of San Juan to remove Quijano. The latter was
undoubtedly a bad man, but no foreign authority had any right
to interfere with him.

[XII-52] Consul Chatfield claimed that Quijano was removed
from Mosq. and not Nic. territory; that he had himself
notified the govt of Cent. Am. of the existence of the
Mosq. nation, and that Great Britain would not look with
indifference upon any usurpation of the territory of a
monarch with whom she had close relations; that Spain had
recognized the Mosq. nation when Prince Stephen visited San
Salvador and Guatemala. His letter was dated Oct. 24, 1842.
Further correspondence followed between Nic. and Chatfield
without the former giving way to his pretensions. The whole
correspond. may be seen in _Mosq. Doc._, 5-23; _Nic._,
_Cor. Ist._, Sept. 26, 1850; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv.
98-111.

[XII-53] In a treaty with Thomas Lowry Robinson, signed in
Comayagua Dec. 16, 1843. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv.
112-14. The aristocrats of Guat. wanted a protectorate of
Great Britain over Cent. Am., and it was believed in Nic.
for a while that Costa R. had given way to the influence
of Pavon, Chatfield, and J. J. Flores of Ecuador, and had
accepted the scheme. Chatfield having concluded, on the
26th of Nov., 1849, a treaty with Costa R., attempted on
the strength of it, on the 1st of Dec., to dictate to Nic.
He said that differences between Nic. and Costa R. must be
amicably arranged in the understanding, that other means
would not be looked on with indifference by Great Britain.

[XII-54] That was pursuant to orders from Lord Palmerston,
in which for the first time a protectorate over the Mosquito
shore was asserted by Great Britain. Chatfield and Walker
had claimed rights over the entire eastern coast, from
Cape Honduras to Chiriquí Lagoon, an extent of 700 miles,
but Palmerston set the limits 'from Cape Honduras down to
the mouth of the river San Juan.' Meantime the Nicaraguan
authorities had obtained, Oct. 28, 1847, from the Princess
Inez, believing her the heir of Robert Charles Frederick, a
full recognition of the authority of Nic. over the shore of
Mosq., and her command to all interloping foreigners to leave
the country. The British officials of course paid no heed
to this arrangement. _Squier's Cent. Am._, 644-6; _Salv._,
_Gaceta_, March 15, 1850.

[XII-55] _Squier's Travels_, i. 78-80; _Morelet_, _Voy._, ii.
304; _Edinb. Rev._, no. 211, 144; _Niles' Reg._, lxxiii. 273;
_Tucker's Monroe Doctrine_, 46-7, 52-4.

[XII-56] But the Nicaraguans never relinquished their claim
of sovereignty over the port, nor even by implication
recognized the king of Mosquito. _Nic._, _Manif. sobre
Trat._, 1-13; _Castellon_, _Doc. Rel._, 27-8; _Nic._, _Doc.
Dipl._, 32-9; _Guerrero_, _Manif._, 1-7; _Stout's Nic._,
278; _El Siglo_, Nov. 22, 1852; _Nic._, _Gaceta Gob. Supr._,
Oct. 14, Nov. 4, 25, Dec. 2, 1848; _Niles' Reg._, lxxiv. 100;
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 647; _Id._, _Trav._, i. 101-2.

[XII-57] The other articles refer to the construction of an
interoceanic communication, either in the form of a canal
or of railroads, securing the neutrality of interoceanic
ways. _Annals Brit. Legis._, 97-110, 239-41; _Nic._, _Nueva
Discov._, 1-44; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 87-91; _Costa
R._, _Gaceta_, March 4, 1854; _Abbott's Mex. and U. S._,
340-2; _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa R._, 111; _Polynesian_, vi.
165-6; vii. 46; _Nic. y Hond._, _Doc._, 122-5; _Am. Quart.
Reg._, iii. 310-13; _Brit. Quart. Rev._, xcix. 237-70;
_El Nacional_, July 31, 1858; _Nic._, _Seman Nic._, Feb.
14, 1874; _Hunt's Merchants' Mag._, xxiii. 109-11; _Wells'
Walker's Exped._, 125-33; _Caicedo_, _Lat. Am._, 73-5.

[XII-58] The local chief was prevailed on to accept this
arrangement with a pension of $5,000 a year, during ten
years, that is to say, till 1870, payable by the suzerain,
but the last chief died in 1864 or 1865, and Nic. has never
recognized his successor. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Dec. 23, 1865;
_Encyclop. Brit._, xvii. 493; _Nic._, _La Union_, June
15, 1861; _Hond. Gaceta_, Feb. 20, 1861; _Rocha_, _Cód.
Nic._, i. 118-27, 132; _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 297-301; _Nic._,
_Conv. Mosq._, 1-8; _Pim's Gate of the Pac._, 409-12.
Further details on the Mosq. question, giving diplomatic
correspondence and parliamentary discussions, in _Hansard's
Parl. Deb._, cxlv. 1003-7; _Annals Brit. Legis._, x. 129-41;
also in _U. S. Govt Doc._, Ex., Sen. and House, which are too
numerous to quote here; and likewise in _U. S. Cong. Globe_,
1855-6, 1857-8, 1859-60; _Diario de Avisos_, Apr. 24, 1857;
_Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, Jan. 23, March 4, 1857.

[XII-59] _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, ii. 21-2; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Mar. 26, 1884; _Nic._, _Mem. Rel._, 1867, 3-12.

[XII-60] Autograph letters were exchanged in 1848, between
Pres. Herrera of Mex. and Director Guerrero. _Nic._, _Gaceta
Gob. Supr._, Sept. 16, 1848.

[XII-61] Ratified by Nic. March 21, 1851; _Rocha_, _Cód.
Nic._, i. 99, 103; _Nic._, _Trat. de Paz_, etc., 1-13.

[XII-62] By Cardinal Antonelli, for the pope, and Fernando
de Lorenzana for Nic. The treaty was published in the latter
country as a law Aug. 28, 1862. _Nic._, _Gaceta Gob. Supr._,
Oct. 7, 1848; _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i. 79, 132-7.

[XII-63] Full particulars will be found in _Id._, 137-43;
_Nic. Trat. etc. entre Nic. y Hond._, 1-8; _Id._, _Gaceta_,
1853-74, passim; _Id._, _Col. Doc. y Acuerdos_, 1850-1872,
passim; _Id._, _Trat. con Costa R._, 1-7; _Costa R._, _Inf.
Rel._, 1876, 5-11; 1878, 1; 1880, 3-4; _Salv._, _Gaceta_,
Aug. 12, 1853, Oct. 26, 1876, March 21 to April 20, 1879,
passim; _Nic._, _Mens. del Presid._, 1879, i.-v. 1-25; and
numerous other authorities.

[XII-64] They first endeavored to regard the alleged
Mosquito authority, but finally treated it as a mere fiction.
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 652.

[XII-65] Municipal ordinances for the place which had now
taken the name of Greytown. _Reichardt_, _Cent. Am._, 241-6,
251; _Munic. Ordinances_, in _Cent. Am. Affairs_, no. 4,
1-10.

[XII-66] He is said to have been acting under improper
influences. _Squier's Cent. Am._, 653.

[XII-67] The town authorities had refused to pay an
indemnity. This was the first direct aggression by the U. S.
in Cent. America. _Nic._, _Doc. Diplom._, 7-12; _Costa R._,
_Gaceta_, June 17, 22, 29, 1854; _Salv._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 12,
1854; _Tribune Alm._, 1857, 31; _U. S. Govt Doc._, 33d cong.
sess. 1, Sen. Doc. 8, vol. iv.; Doc. 85, vol. xii.; 126, xvi.
31 pp.; _Id._, H. Ex. Doc. 1, vol. i., pt ii., 385-6.

[XII-68] _Lévy_, _Nic._, 335. _Pablo Lévy_, _Notas
Geográficas y Económicas sobre la República de Nicaragua_,
Paris, 1873, Roy. 8°, 627 pp. and map, is a treatise on
Nicaragua and its inhabitants. Beginning with an historical
résumé of ancient and modern Nicaragua, it gives a review of
the topography, climate, natural productions, government,
people, and their institutions. The writer's information
on the country's physical peculiarities may be set down as
useful, though some deficiency is noted; but that on the
political and administrative branches is unreliable, showing
him to have had but little knowledge of Central American
politics. He evidently had not the documents upon which
to form a correct judgment. The question of a canal across
the isthmus of Nicaragua is also reviewed, and a résumé of
its history given. The last general treaty with the U. S.
was negotiated in 1867. There was also a convention for the
extradition of criminals in 1871. Nic. has made arrangements
to pay Am. claims against her, and on her part asked
compensation for the damages caused by the bombardment of
San Juan, which the Am. govt refused. _Perez_, _Mem. Camp.
Nac._, 18-19; _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i. 93; _Nic._, _Trat.
de Amistad, etc., entre Nic. y los EE. UU._, 1-16; _San Juan
del Norte_, _Las Cenizas_, 1874, 1-12; _Lévy_, _Nic._, 235-9;
_Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Nov. 10, Dec. 22, 1878; _Berruel,
Frères et Cie_, _Petition_, 1-20; and a multitude of U. S.
govt docs., and other papers.

[XII-69] Treaty with Belgium, May 18, 1858; with France,
Apr. 11, 1859; with G. Britain, Feb. 11, 1860; with Italy,
March 6, 1868; and a consular convention made in 1872; with
Perú, 1879. _Trat. de Amistad entre Nic. y la Bélgica_,
1-15; _Id._, _entre Nic. y la Francia_, 1-26; _Nic._, _Ley.
Emit._, 11-30; _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, 106-18; _Rouhaud_,
_Régions Nouv._, 365-86; _Trat. de Amistad, etc., entre
Nic. y S. M. B._, 1-15; _Annals Brit. Legis._, ix. 378-81;
_Trat. de Amistad, etc., entre Nic. y el reino de Italia_,
1-17; _Convention Consular entre Nic. y el reino de Italia_,
1-19; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 7, 14, Oct. 26, Nov. 2, 1872;
_Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Oct. 29, 1879.

[XII-70] Damages for the injured Germans $30,000, and a fine
of $8,000, besides the punishment of the official accused of
insulting German dignity. Thus the superior force dictates
unjust terms to the inferior.

[XII-71] His term began Apr. 1, 1849.

[XII-72] He was tried by court-martial, sentenced, and shot
June 17th. _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, June 15-28, July 4, 5,
12, 1849; _Squier's Trav._, i. 121, 166-72, 295-9; _Cent.
Am. Miscel. Doc._, no. 7. Muñoz was rewarded with a gold
medal, and the friends of the soldiers who perished received
pensions. _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i. 216-17.

[XII-73] Recognized by the assembly March 14th as duly
elected. _Nic._, _Cor. Ist._, March 20, 1851; _El Siglo_,
March 28, 1851.

[XII-74] Nov. 10, 1851. Muñoz had been declared a traitor and
deprived of his military rank. He was allowed to leave Nic.,
and went to reside in Salv. Chamorro was made commander of
the forces. _Nic._, _Dec. y Acuerdos_, 1851-3, 92-6, 116-18;
_Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Jan. 15, 1852.

[XII-75] A new constituent assembly was convoked May 13,
1853. _Nic._, _Gaceta Ofic._, May 28, 1853.

[XII-76] 'Se denominará República de Nicaragua.' _Rocha_,
_Cód. Nic._, i. 94-7; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, March 4, Apr.
1, 1854; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 7, 21, 1854; _El Eco
Hisp.-Am._, May 15, 1854.

[XII-77] In a circle bordered on the inside with two sprigs
of laurel, was a volcano with its base laved by the two
oceans. In the upper part of the volcano was a civic crown
with the words Libertad, Órden, Trabajo. Around the circle,
República de Nicaragua. The national flag was given three
horizontal stripes, the centre one white, with the coat of
arms in the middle; the upper one yellow, and the lower,
'nácar,' or light blue. Merchant vessels were to use the same
flag, without the coat of arms, and had on the centre stripe
República de Nicaragua, in golden letters. _Rocha_, _Cód.
Nic._, i. 163. During the Walker régime, 1856-7, his flag
had two blue stripes divided by a white one double the width
of the blue, and in the centre of the white a lone red star.
_Stewart's Filibusters_, 12-13.

[XII-78] Among the members elected were Castellon, Jerez,
Guerrero, diputados propietarios, and F. Diaz Zapata,
suplente, from the western department. The govt reported
them out of the state, having been expelled for their
revolutionary attempts. The assembly on the 1st of March
declared them disqualified to take their seats. _Nic._,
_Gaceta Ofic._, March 4, 1854; _Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Rev.
Nic._, 12.

[XII-79] It had 104 articles, and somewhat restricted the
right of citizenship, created a single chamber, composed of
an equal number of senators and representatives; priests were
excluded from these positions. The terms of the president,
senators, and representatives were to begin March 1, 1855,
and last four years. After the expulsion of the filibusters,
a junta de gobierno, composed of the leading men of the
two opposing parties, was established, which declared the
constitution of 1838 in force, and a constituent assembly
was convoked, its members being from among the best and most
talented men of the republic. _Id._, 23-4; _Nic._, _Semanal
Nic._, Apr. 17, 1873. The powers granted the executive, which
were included in the fundamental law of 1854, though with the
additional clause that when using them he should report the
fact to the next legislature, greatly alarmed the opposition.
_Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Rev. Nic._, 24.

[XII-80] In Nov. 1853. _Id._, 9-12; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Dec.
16, 1853; Jan. 6, 1854; _Salv._, _Gaceta_, Dec. 30, 1853;
_Hond._, _Boletin Ofic._, Dec. 5, 1853; _Costa R._, _Boletin
Ofic._, Dec. 15, 1853; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Dec. 12, 19, 24,
1853; Jan. 15, 30, 1854.

[XII-81] He thought Chamorro was evading the obligation
of Nicaragua to aid Honduras with troops for the war with
Guatemala.

[XII-82] His manifesto of June 12th was moderate in tone but
significant in its substance. It promised a liberal policy,
and to reconstruct, if possible, the federal republic.
_Wells' Hond._, 508-9; _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 268-70; _El Rol_,
Oct. 6, 1854.

[XII-83] They tendered their mediation. _Perez_, _Mem. Hist.
Rev. Nic._, 67-75.

[XII-84] Early in Jan. 1855, J. Trinidad Muñoz was made
general-in-chief, Jerez having been disabled by a severe
wound. _El Rol_, Feb. 9, 28, 1855; _Costa R._, _Boletin
Ofic._, Feb. 28, 1855. The successes of the legitimist
party—so called because of the motto on its colors,
Legitimidad ó muerte—were obtained by Gen. Ponciano Corral
and his subordinates, Chamorro being too ill for service in
the field. _Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Rev. Nic._, 30, 42-3, 108-20;
_Eco Hisp.-Am._, Apr. 30, 1855.

[XII-85] In the hacienda of Quismapa, south of Granada, March
12, 1855. Chamorro was a wealthy citizen, born in Granada.
A brave, resolute man, firm in sustaining his political
principles, but lacking discrimination, and easily duped.
_Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Rev. Nic._, 126; _Astaburuaga_, _Cent.
Am._, 67.

[XII-86] Perez, _Mem. Hist. Rev. Nic._, 128, considered the
act of the assembly as a serious blunder.

[XII-87] His propositions were: Corral and himself were to
constitute themselves a junta de gobierno, and direct public
affairs until a constitutional president could be elected.
If Corral objected to this arrangement, he, Muñoz, would
recognize the legitimate government, provided Corral became
the head of it.

[XII-88] Facundo Goñi from Spain, and John H. Wheeler from
the U. S. Wheeler was cordially received in Granada, but
afterward was abhorred by the Nicaraguans.

[XII-89] Being too limited in its scope, the measure produced
no good effect.

[XII-90] He had gone direct to Granada, saying nothing to
Corral from Muñoz, which made the former suspect that Muñoz
was deceiving him.

[XII-91] Ephraim George Squier, whose works I have often
quoted, was born in Bethlehem, in the state of New York, June
17, 1821, and devoted most of his life to civil engineering,
journalism, and the pursuit of science, winning for himself a
distinguished name as an archæologist and author. His first
distinction was awarded him for his labors on the archæology
of the Mississippi Valley and the state of New York. Having
been appointed in 1849 chargé d'affaires to the states of
Central America, he employed much of his time in gathering
data upon those countries, which he afterward embodied in
several books. In 1853 he was engaged in the survey of a route
across Honduras, and organized a company for the construction
of an interoceanic railway. In 1863 and the following year he
was employed by the U. S. govt as a commissioner in Peru for
the adjustment of claims against that republic, and then
devoted several months to the exploration of ancient monuments
in that country. In 1868 he was for a time U. S. consul-gen.
to Hond. He visited Europe several times both for pleasure and
business. In addition to the works that will be herein
enumerated, he contributed many papers on antiquities and
other subjects to American and European scientific
periodicals. The following list comprises his principal works,
most of which have been translated into several languages:
_Monuments of the Mississippi Valley_, being vol. i. of the
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge; _Aboriginal Monuments
of the state of New York_, in vol. ii. of the Smithsonian
Contributions; _Antiquities of the state of New York_, with a
supplement on the antiquities of the west; _The Serpent
Symbol, or Worship of the Reciprocal Principles of Nature in
America_; _Waikna, or Adventures on the Mosquito Shore_, under
the pseudonym of Samuel A. Bard; _Question Anglo-Américaine_;
_Report of the survey of the Honduras interoceanic railway_;
_Monograph on authors who have written on the aboriginal
languages of Central America_; _Tropical fibres and their
economic extraction_; _Is cotton king? Sources of cotton
supply_; _Incidents of Travel and Explorations in the land of
the Incas_. Other works of this author quoted in my volumes on
Central America are: _Notes on the states of Honduras and
Salvador_, with maps and illustrations, which gives valuable
data on those countries. In treating of diplomatic relations
he expatiates on manifest destiny and British intrigues, his
conclusions not being probably palatable to the subjects of
the British crown, and others disposed to oppose the
absorption of more territory, or the exercise of exclusive
influence by the U. S. The maps drawn by Hitchcock under
Squier's directions are the best that to that time had been
published. _Travels in Central America, particularly in
Nicaragua_, N. Y., 1853, 8vo, 2 vol., pp. 424 and 452, maps
and cuts, contains a description of aboriginal movements and
scenery, together with a concise account of the history,
agricultural and other resources, of Nicaragua, the language,
manners, and customs of the people, with illustrations of the
principal buildings, towns, ports, etc. The work also
describes at length the proposed canal route, setting forth
its advantages. The author had every facility as U. S. chargé
d'affaires to obtain the most exact data, and used them
conscientiously and with marked ability. _Nicaragua, its
people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic
canal_, Lond., 1852, N. Y., 1856, 2 vol. This work is similar
in all respects to—in fact a reprint of—_Travels in Cent. Am._
Another edition under the aforesaid title appeared in New
York, 1860, 1 vol. of pp. 691, which with the exception of
about 18 pp. in the append., and a few more illustrations, was
similar to _Trav. in Cent. Am._ _The States of Central
America_, N. Y., 1858, 8vo, p. 782, maps and illust. The
author issued in 1855, with the title of _Notes on Central
America_, an 8vo vol. of 397 pages, with maps and cuts,
intended to serve as a basis for this more extensive one,
which treats of the physical peculiarities, population,
productions, commerce, and other resources, political
organization, aborigines, etc., of the country in general, and
of the states separately, and also of Belize, the Bay islands,
and Mosquito shore. Squier was evidently conversant with his
subject. The style is vivid and interesting, as well as
instructive, and the statements, as a rule, worthy of
acceptance. In his treatment of diplomatic affairs between
Great Britain and Cent. Am., in which his own country was
interested on the side of the latter, he espouses the Central
American side with so much warmth as to awaken a suspicion
that his judgment may have been warped by his patriotism. The
question of an interoceanic railroad having engrossed public
attention since the publication of this work the author felt
justified in reproducing, under the title of _Honduras_,
Lond., 1870, 12º, 278 pp., with a map, in a more compact and
accessible form, a description of this country. With the
exception of a fuller information on the route, and its
alleged advantages over all others, and an appendix relating
to immigration, the contents of the book have been fully
treated in the bibliographical notice on the _States of Cent.
Am._

_Report to the Directors of the Honduras Interoceanic
Railway_, Lond., 1858, fol., 102 pp. and map. Fours years
previously a preliminary report was published on this subject,
and in 1857 another containing no additional information, but
in the appendix were given further correspondence and the
charter in full. The present work gives a complete report with
all details, presenting valuable statistics, and evidences of
the feasibility of the proposed railway. _Compendio de la
Historia Política de Centro-América_, Paris, 1856, 12º, pp.
7-114, as the title implies, is an outline of the political
history of Central America from 1821 to 1851, that is to say,
a sketch of the revolution and struggle between republicans on
one side and monarchists on the other, by which Central
America was annexed to Mexico, and of the subsequent wars
between the federalists and the oligarchs, which culminated in
the destruction of the federation, and the ultimate rise to
unrestricted power of the latter with Carrera as their chief
as well as tool. _Translation with notes of the letter of Don
Diego de Palacio (1576) to the crown of Spain on the provinces
of Guatemala, San Salvador, etc._, N. Y., 1860, sq. 8º, pp.
132, is a report which in Spanish bears the title of _Carta
dirigida al rey de España_, and was addressed by Palacio, a
member of the royal audiencia of Guatemala, to the king,
giving an account of the ancient provinces of Guazacapan,
Izalco, Cuzcatlan, and Chiquimula, together with their
languages, customs, and religion of their aboriginal
inhabitants, and a description of the ruins of Copan. Palacio
evidently collected this information by order of his
sovereign, and showed himself an intelligent as well as a
kindly, well-meaning man; somewhat superstitious, but less so
than most men of his time. His narrative is both readable and
instructive, and his description of the ruins of Copan
extremely interesting, its correctness being established in
after years by the accounts of Fuentes and Stephens. Squier
added numerous and interesting notes, but his translation is
in places open to criticism, partly for erroneous meanings
given to words, and partly for a not strict adherence to the
spirit of the original. The book, though a beautiful specimen
of typography, is disfigured with many misprints. Besides
these I have in my library numerous valuable documents in
manuscript relating to Central American history, from the
earliest days after the Spanish conquest, which Mr Squier
gathered from various sources and never published.

_A Travers L'Amérique Centrale. Le Nicaragua et le Canal
Interocéanique_, Paris, 1867, 8º, 2 vol., maps, 427 and 480
pp., by Félix Belly, who was the director-general of a French
canal company for opening a Nicaragua route. He was also a
chevalier and a well-known writer. To him had been intrusted
the task of obtaining a charter from Nicaragua for this canal,
and with this object he visited Central America in 1858,
obtained the charter, and made the necessary explorations for
routes and resources. The delays and uncertainty of the
undertaking caused Belly to visit the country more than once,
and he thus became well acquainted with its resources, people,
government, and institutions generally. This information he
imparts in connection with the narrative of his journey and in
articles, under the respective states, given in the first
volume. The second volume is wholly devoted to the
interoceanic projects, and particularly to a detailed history
of his own canal scheme. The style is attractive, the
observations clever, and the information excellent. A second
edition, a reprint, appeared in 1870. _Belly_, _Carte
d'études, etc._, Paris, 1858, contains notes on the project of
building a canal through Nicaragua, and the survey made for
that purpose. _Félix Belly_, _Durchbruch der Americanischen
Landenge. Kanal von Nicaragua. Ubersetzt von Karl Schöbel_,
Paris, 1859, 8o, 103 pp., one map, is the same as _Carte
d'études ..._ by Félix Belly, but enlarged with a few sketches
of the country and people of Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

[XIII-1] At this time, in 1840, he could neither read nor
write, and used, for appending his signature, a stamp. Later
he learned to sign his name.

[XIII-2] He sent his resignation to the assembly, implying
that it was condescension on his part to lay it before that
body, as he owed his position directly to the votes of the
people.

[XIII-3] He was wrathful at the thought that they had
tendered a dictatorship to Morazan, and enlisted the
Quezaltecs against himself. He did not forget Rivera Paz'
proclamations calling him a bandit and an _antropófago_. He
asked for the meaning of this last word, and on being told
it, flew into a rage which threatened a repetition of the
horrid scenes of Quezaltenango. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iii. 512.

[XIII-4] He referred to Pavon, Batres, and Aycinena. It was
evident that he then knew of Juan Fermin Aycinena's bargain
in Madrid which made him marqués de Aycinena.

[XIII-5] His press was called Imprenta del Ejército. He had
brought it from Quezaltenango.

[XIII-6] Several deputies, under one pretext or another,
tried to resign, but only the clergyman Lorenzana was
permitted to do so. _Tempsky's Journey_, 341-56. A man named
Andrade slightly wounded Carrera in the evening of Aug. 8,
1841. He was murdered by the troops, and Carrera, with the
assent of the govt, had the body quartered in the presence of
hundreds of persons, and the pieces placed on exhibition at
the city gates. The order for so doing was signed by Rivera
Paz, and his minister Viteri, afterward bishop of Salvador.
_Id._, 541-8; _Guat._, _Gac. Ofic._, no. 22, 86-7; _Dunlop's
Cent. Am._, 248; _Nouv. Annales Voy._, xcii. 375; _Niles'
Reg._, lxi. 177.

[XIII-7] He had promised, he said, to remain in private life.
His voice would be unheeded. Without freedom or influence, he
could no longer do the country any good. 'Ningun pensamiento
hay aceptable en la crítica complicacion de sus negocios, y
en el movimiento retrógrado que se le ha dado.' _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 528-9; _Gac. de Salv._, Oct. 12, 1854.

[XIII-8] Rivera Paz did not escape insult; but not more than
Carrera deemed needful to keep him humble.

[XIII-9] The _Gaceta_, no. 173, mentioned that number. Others
made it larger. The Indian chief Ricardo Catzum and others on
their way to the place of execution, in loud tones declared
that they had only obeyed their general's orders.

[XIII-10] Carrera had threatened Viteri with 'la fuerza,' and
the latter answered that he had on his side 'la fuerza de la
razon.' Carrera understood this to mean cannons and muskets,
and rushing out to the plaza came back soon after with
troops and artillery, surrounded the government house—then
opposite the Santa Rosa church—and furiously entered the
building, demanding of Rivera Paz to show him his forces.
Viteri then explained the meaning of fuerza de la razon.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 536-7. Squier, _Travels_,
ii. 443, describes something similar as done by Carrera to
the assembly.

[XIII-11] Lopez was a Nicaraguan educated in Guat., an
honorable man and an accomplished jurist; but owing to bad
health, personal habits, and other causes, was unfit for the
executive office.

[XIII-12] The assembly considered a bill granting him large
tracts of land.

[XIII-13] The constitution to be framed was to be ratified
by the first subsequent council of double the no. of
representatives. The doc. had 12 articles. _Guat._, _Inf.
Pavon_, 2-5; _Niles' Reg._, lxvi. 242.

[XIII-14] On the 14th of March, 1844. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._,
i. 114-16.

[XIII-15] 'Consejo constituyente' it was first called;
afterward it adopted the name of 'congreso constituyente.'

[XIII-16] Being appointed early in 1849 corregidor of
Jutiapa; while on his way there he was murdered with others.

[XIII-17] They had counted on Carrera's aid, and he failed
them, for which they again at their secret conferences
reapplied to him the name _antropófago_.

[XIII-18] A number of persons were blindly persecuted,
particularly Brigadier Monterrosa and his family.
_Barrundia_, _Rev. de los Partidos_, in _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iv. 662.

[XIII-19] Duran's pledges went for nothing. Blood and
extermination ended the drama of Feb. 1845. _Id._, 663-9;
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 244-7.

[XIII-20] The most despotic captain-generals of the colonial
period, without excepting the tyrant Bustamante, are not to
be compared with these men. Barrundia, in trying to console
the young men who bewailed the condition of the country,
assured them that it was transitory, 'un régimen salvaje
en pleno siglo XIX. no puede ser perpétuo en la América
independiente. La luz nos viene por el Norte y por el Sur;
solo el centro está en tinieblas, y esa noche lúgubre no
puede ser eterna.' _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 9.

[XIII-21] Azmitia was an enlightened man, and thirsted for
no one's blood; but his influence, outside of the foreign
department, was small, and men, unheard and untried, were
shot before his eyes, without his being able to prevent it.
His friends claimed, however, that through him Guat. was
spared many more acts of barbarity.

[XIII-22] It consisted of 222 articles, and was drawn up
at Quezaltenango; it came to nothing. _Pineda de Mont_, in
_Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 86.

[XIII-23] Cruz had risen with Carrera, but had a mild
disposition, and was liberal-minded. He learned erelong that
the people had nothing to expect from the aristocrats.

[XIII-24] Barrundia left an account of all the proceedings.
One man only, José Gándara, had the courage to back his
convictions and vote for the constitution.

[XIII-25] The plan had been to shoot him as he came out of
the cathedral. _Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 248; _Iris' Españ._,
Dec. 12, 1846.

[XIII-26] The arms to be those Cent. Am. used on the obverse
side of her coin, but so arranged that the sun and volcanoes
should be in the centre of a shield, with the inscription,
Guatemala en Centro América, 15 de Setiembre de 1821, having
in the quiver an olive crown.

[XIII-27] A shield divided transversely into two quarters;
the upper one on an open field azure with vertical bars
argent; and the lower with three volcanoes on a light
sky-blue field. Over the shield was a sun, and on each side
of it two flags with the national colors displayed, and the
extremities gathered downward, and knotted on the poles.
On the right side of the shield is an oak bough, and on
the left, one of laurel. On a white waving ribbon is the
legend in golden letters, Guatimalæ Respublica sub D. O. M.
protectione.

[XIII-28] The man-of-war flag has the coat of arms on the
yellow stripe. The mercantile flag does not show the coat of
arms. The flag consists of seven stripes; the uppermost and
lowermost, or be it the 1st and 7th, blue; the 2d and 6th
white; the 3d and 5th red; and the 4th, which is the centre
one, yellow. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 55-8; _Dublan_ and
_Lozano_, _Leg. Mex._, vi. 119-20; _Mex._, _Col. Ley. Ord._,
1850-1; i. 388-9; _Mex._, _Leg._, 1851, 307-9. New national
flag decreed Aug. 17, 1871. _Guat._, _Recop. Leges. Gob.
Democ._, i. 9.

[XIII-29] With France, March 8, 1848, and one for the
settlement of French claims, Aug. 18, 1854; Costa R., March
10, 1848; G. Britain, Feb. 20, 1849; U. S., March 20, 1849;
Belgium, Apr. 1849; Mex., Nov. 1850; the pope, Oct. 7, 1852;
Peru, 1857; and others in later times.

[XIII-30] _Crosby's Events in Cal._, MS., 103. It tried to
avoid entanglements in the questions then pending between
Spain and Peru. The time came, however, in 1875, when the
govt was not afraid to make recognition of Cuba, then in the
throes of revolution for independence from Spain as a nation.

[XIII-31] Full particulars on the foreign relations may be
found in _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 303-81, 423-30; _Id._,
_Gob. Dem._, i. 209-19; _Squier's Trav._, ii. 451-2; _Annals
Brit. Legis._, 1866, 333; _Guat._, _Gac._, Feb. 21, March 7,
May 3, 1850; July 29, 1853; Jan. 27, Apr. 7, 1854; _Comm.
Rel. Flagg's Rept._, i. 792; _Derecho Intern. Mex._, 2d
pt, 325-8; _Mex._, _Mem. Rel._, 1851, 10-11; _Dublan_ and
_Lozano_, _Leg. Mex._, v. 755-7; _Nic. Corr. Ist._, May 1,
June 1, Aug. 1, 1849; _Id._, _Gac. Ofic._, Feb. 25, 1854;
Aug. 4, 1866; _Costa R._, _Gac._, Feb. 13, March 13, June
10, 1854; _Salv._, _Gac._, Jan. 13, 1854; _Crosby's Events
in Cal._, MS., 90-5, 102-4; _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i. 141-5;
_Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr. 20, Sept. 9, 1875; _Guat._,
_Mem. Rel._, 1882, 26-7, and annex 8; _La Estrella de
Occid._, Dec. 2, 1864.

[XIII-32] Molina accepted this trust believing Minister
Azmitia, with whom the committee would have to treat
directly, was a liberal; but Azmitia was not such, nor would
the aristocrats have permitted him to control the situation.

[XIII-33] Molina accepted, under the pressure of
circumstances, a number of clauses opposed to his own
opinions, thinking that a conservative constitution would be
better than an unbridled dictatorship.

[XIII-34] Some of the measures being imprudently executed
only increased the trouble. To make matters worse, the
monopoly of aguardiente in the departments of Guat.,
Sacatepequez, Escuintla, and Amatitlan, was given to a single
company, in consideration of money advances to the treasury.
Carrera was supposed to share in the profits.

[XIII-35] The Indians rose against the ladinos, who deprived
them of their lands, and forced them to work at raising
grain.

[XIII-36] 'La tranquilidad continúa inalterable.' _Guat._,
_Gac. Ofic._, Aug. 14, 1847. The archbishop was asked to
instruct his priests to preach obedience to the authorities
and laws; and with the view of winning the good-will of
the Dominicans the govt restored them the large hacienda
of Palencia, which had been theirs prior to 1829. The
property had fallen into Carrera's hands by donation from the
government, and now, in order to restore it to the friars, it
was bought from him at his own price.

[XIII-37] Carrera's decrees of Jan. 12 and 22, 1848.

[XIII-38] Foreign relations, José Mariano Rodriguez;
government, Luis Batres; treasury and war, José Nájera.

[XIII-39] His last words on that occasion were: 'Queda al
público el sempiterno duo de la Revista y Gaceta, que daran
solos la ley y seran la esclusiva ilustracion de Guatemala.'
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 444; _Salv._, _Gac._, Oct.
12, 1854. It must be borne in mind that those two organs
were edited by Pavon and Milla for the express purpose of
upholding the ideas of the middle ages.

[XIII-40] This affair was later settled, the assembly passing
resolutions highly complimentary to France and her people,
embodying also a desire to see the French flag again waving
over the French consulate. A copy of the resolutions was
transmitted to the consul. The flag waved again and was
saluted with 21 guns. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 577;
_Niles' Reg._, lxxiv. 142-3, 415-16; _Nic._, _Gac. Gob.
Suprem._, Dec. 9, 1848; _El Heraldo_, Jan. 15, 1849.

[XIII-41] The members were to be at the capital on the 1st of
the month. Decree of May 24, 1848. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i.
121-36.

[XIII-42] This was done by the advice of Batres, who told
him the liberal party would soon commit suicide, and he might
then return in triumph.

[XIII-43] A merchant or agent; he was sickly, and totally
unfit for the position.

[XIII-44] The other two were his message on gen. affairs,
and his greeting to the chamber on its installation. _Nic._,
_Gac. Gob. Suprem._, Sept. 16, 1848; _Salv._, _Gac. Ofic._,
Sept. 9, 1876; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 470, 494-508.

[XIII-45] His proscription was decreed on the 13th of Oct.,
1848. _Reg. Cent. Am._, Jan. 29, 1850. He went to Chiapa,
and the Mexican govt was requested not to let him cross the
frontier. _El Siglo_, Jan. 10, 1851.

[XIII-46] This was an unmerited slight to Vice-president
Cruz, which he resented afterward.

[XIII-47] His ministers were Manuel J. Dardon of the govt;
José M. Vidaurre of treasury and war, and Luis Molina of
foreign relations.

[XIII-48] Francisco Carrillo, Serapio Cruz, Roberto Reyes, J.
D. Nufio, and A. Perez.

[XIII-49] The chief being the convocation of a new
constituent assembly; the recognition of Los Altos as
independent, efforts to restore the Central Am. republic,
and meantime Guat., Salv., and Los Altos, to be under one
govt; the revolutionary army to hold the capital and other
important points; Rafael and Sotero Carrera and their agents
to make good with their property all damages caused by them
to private persons; objectionable persons to be banished, and
the Brit. govt to be asked to recall Consul Chatfield.

[XIII-50] Their only division was in open and covert
serviles.

[XIII-51] A provisional govt was established at Quezaltenango
on the 5th of Sept., 1848, consisting of a triumvirate;
namely, Presbyter Fernando Antonio Dávila, Rafael de
la Torre, and José Velasco, with Manuel J. Fuentes as
secretary-gen. _Id._, 588-9; _Guat._, _Gac._, Sept. 22, 1848.

[XIII-52] The nobles, aided by the clergy, surrounded the
brothers Cruz, and Luis Molina undertook to dissuade Nufio,
who was a very ignorant man.

[XIII-53] The necessity of procuring money for the war, which
could not be had except from partisans of the oligarchs,
prompted it, as they made that act of ratification a sine quâ
non before loosening their purse-strings.

[XIII-54] _Guat._, _Col. Ley._, i. 77-9; _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, v. 584-5. Gándara and Pineda de Mont, the other
liberals trying to persuade themselves that the separation
would be only temporary.

[XIII-55] By Col. M. Paredes. _Guat._, _Gac._, Sept. 22,
1848; _Id._, _Col. Ley._, 50-3; _Nic._, _Gac. Gob. Suprem._,
Nov. 18, 25, Dec. 9, 1848; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v.
606-8, 634-9.

[XIII-56] The attempt to gain over Nufio to the side of the
govt proving successful, he had been appointed comandante
general. On the other hand, Vice-president Vicente Cruz,
smarting under the slight put upon him by the selection of
Martinez for pres., joined his brother Serapio in his armed
contest against the govt. _Id._, v. 555, 570-1, 588, 591.

[XIII-57] Escobar was an orator, a true republican, and well
disposed to deal fairly by all men, regardless of political
affiliations.

[XIII-58] His ministers were Revd Narciso Monterey, of govt;
Basilio Porras, of relations; Mariano Galvez Irungaray,
of treasury; and Manuel Jonama, an old retired officer of
Morazan, of war.

[XIII-59] The two opposing parties had not yet fixed upon his
successor.

[XIII-60] The Molinas and Arrivillagas, Vidaurre, Dardon,
Barrundia, and Martinez, who were held responsible for the
blood already spilled.

[XIII-61] A large number of official docs. connected with
the last two administrations are given in _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, v. 593-601, 611, 622-44, 695-715.

[XIII-62] In forming his cabinet he slighted Luis Molina
and his party. His ministers were José Mariano Rodriguez,
Raymundo Arroyo, José M. Urruela, and Manuel Tejada. Arroyo
was succeeded in Aug. by Pedro N. Arriaga, and Cerezo became
min. of war.

[XIII-63] The principal clauses were: the revolutionary
forces to be incorporated with the army of the republic;
Vicente Cerna to become general-in-chief of the army;
elections of deputies to be made in unrepresented districts;
damages caused private parties by the army to be paid by the
government.

[XIII-64] The aristocrats made a great display of regret at
his death, but it was well known that they did not love him.
In eliminating him from the revolution, they had in view to
weaken the latter, but still wanted it to continue as a means
for Carrera's return.

[XIII-65] Paredes made him believe the govt really intended
to oppose Carrera. He also pledged the govt to protect Los
Altos, and provide for the advancement of education and
commerce in that region. Under such pledges Guzman placed
himself and his Quezaltecs at the service of the govt and
proceeded to the capital. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v.
769-71.

[XIII-66] Jan. 24th he wrote the govt from Ayuto that he
was on his march to the capital, not to avenge, he said, the
insults heaped upon him by Martinez' administration, or rake
up by-gones, but to restore peace and justice. The assembly,
before which his letter was laid, adopted no resolution.

[XIII-67] To raise a foreign loan of one million dollars; to
procure troops from other friendly states; and if necessary
to remove the capital. After granting such power the assembly
adjourned, leaving in the city a 'comision permanente.'

[XIII-68] His govt said that aid afforded to Carrera
was treason under the decree of Oct. 13, 1848. Ministers
Arroyo and Tejada in a manifesto assured the people of the
government's best efforts to defeat his projects. _Nic._,
_Gac._, March 17, 1849. It is astonishing that an ignorant
man like Paredes could so easily hoodwink Luis Molina and the
rest. They soon opened their eyes to see the falseness of the
man they had elevated from the command of a battalion to the
chief magistracy, and who was on the point of consummating
his treachery. Guzman saw through his plan, and escaped
out of the city with a number of his Quezaltec officers and
men, and succeeded in reaching Salvador. He first joined the
mountaineers, and aided them to take Jutiapa, but on seeing
the outrages of Leon Raymundo, he left them in disgust.

[XIII-69] Zavala was connected by blood and marriage with
supporters of Carrera in the aristocratic clique.

[XIII-70] The first two decrees were of June 4th and 5th.
His appointment to the chief command was on the 3d of Aug.
_Nic._, _Corr. Ist._, July 1, Sept. 1, 1849; _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, v. 779-80, 784-5.

[XIII-71] He had come disposed to do his duty, he said. The
ayuntamiento of Guat. on the 10th of Aug. gave a banquet
in honor of Carrera. The corregidor presided, having on his
right Paredes, and on the left Carrera. _Guat._, _Gac._, Aug.
23, 1849.

[XIII-72] The comision permanente had represented the
danger to the govt before Carrera entered the city, and its
representations remaining unheeded; it again on the 27th
of July called the attention of the minister of government
demanding requisite protection for the representatives. See
Andrés Dardon's letter in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v.
811-12.

[XIII-73] Barrundia had gone to Salv. Luis Molina was
now defeated, and had to go away. He wished to visit San
Salvador, but could not face Vasconcelos, and went to
Ahuachapan. Ex-president Escobar, who, as president of the
assembly, signed the proscription act of Oct. 13, 1848, died
in exile, poor and miserable; the two subscribing secretaries
were Manuel Irungaray, whom Carrera caused to be shot
some time afterward, and Lorenzo Montúfar, the author and
statesman.

[XIII-74] Vasconcelos, president of Salv., Dec. 4, 1850,
announced to his people that forces of Guatemala were about
to invade the department of Sonsonate, with the view of
inciting the inhabitants to rebel against their government.
Again, Jan. 10, 1851, he sets forth the motives actuating the
oligarchs, who had Carrera for their tool, and British Consul
Chatfield for their ally, which were to destroy Central
American liberties, and to domineer over the other sections.
_Cent. Am. Pamph._, vi. nos. 2 and 3.

[XIII-75] The objective point was the city of Guat., which
the allies felt sure of capturing, to judge from the context
of a letter from Dueñas to Vasconcelos of Jan. 20, 1851.
_Cent. Am. Pamph._, iv. no. 17.

[XIII-76] Carrera's report from the field contained the
following incredible result: a loss on the part of the
confederates of 528 killed, 200 prisoners, 1,000 muskets,
and 9,000 rounds of ammunition; while his casualties were
only 20 killed and 42 wounded. That was probably one of his
characteristic falsehoods. The Salvadoran minister called
it 'desgracia sensible aunque pequeña.' But Carrera was
promoted to be captain-general, and a memorial medal was
struck in honor of his victory. _Frisch_, _Die Staaten_, 98;
_Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 80-1; _Salv._, _Mem. Sec. Gen._,
1821-5.

[XIII-77] Feb. 6th, martial law was proclaimed; 13th, all
men capable of bearing arms were called into service; those
failing to obey, or aiding the invaders, were declared
traitors; 22d, the assembly decreed a forced loan of $20,000
monthly during the continuance of the war. _Nic._, _Cor.
Ist._, March 13, 1851; _Salv. Decreto_, in _Cent. Am.
Pamph._, iv. no. 16.

[XIII-78] He would return, however, if peaceful overtures
were not made at once. _Guat._, _Boletin de Noticias_, March
1, 1851.

[XIII-79] The commissioners were Manuel F. Pavon for
Guatemala, and Francisco Zaldívar for Salvador. It was a
treaty of amity and commerce, calling also for extradition
of army deserters and common criminals upon formal demand
for them. Political refugees were to be made to live at a
considerable distance from the frontier. Neither contracting
party had to pay any pecuniary indemnity. _Guat._, _Recop.
Ley._, i. 431-3; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 10, 1853; Jan.
30, 1854; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 5, 1853.

[XIII-80] Efforts were made by the sister states to avert
a war, and even after it broke out Salvador continued
her efforts. Preliminaries of peace had been agreed upon,
and negotiations entered into at Cojutepeque by the two
belligerents, Salvador acting as mediator at the conferences;
but this effort also failed because the commissioner at the
last moment presented an ultimatum which neither Salvador
nor Honduras deemed just. _Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 30,
Nov. 15, 30, Dec. 15, 1852; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, Oct. 13,
Nov. 11, Dec. 5, 1853; _Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Rev. Nic._, 18;
_Guat._, _Gaceta_, July 8 to Nov. 11, 1853, passim; Jan. 27,
Feb. 24, Sept. 22, 1854; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 20, 1853;
Feb. 28, 1854; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Dec. 12, 1853; Jan. 7,
18, Feb. 24, March 4, 1854; _El Rol_, Oct. 13, 1854; Feb. 21,
March 7, 1855; _Prelimin. de Paz_, in _Cent. Am. Pamph._, i.
no. 20; iv. no. 41. It seems from Guatemalan sources that the
Hondurans invaded Guat., and were defeated at Atulapa July
12, 1853. _Guat._, _Boletin de Noticias_, Aug. 5, 1853.

[XIII-81] The commissioners being Pedro de Aycinena, min.
of foreign affairs of Guat., and Florencio Castillo for
Hond. This treaty bound the contracting parties to surrender
deserters from either army, and common criminals, when
claimed. Political refugees were to be kept away from the
frontier. No pecuniary indemnity was stipulated. _Guat._,
_Recop. Ley._, i. 433-6; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 16, 1856.