Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (14)

[XVIII-7] Political grievances and private animosities were
brought into action for his overthrow. He was accused of
intending to keep himself in power for life, like Carrera
in Guatemala, as was evidenced by his second reëlection,
which violated both the spirit and letter of the national
institutions; of his having imposed the weight of his own
will on the financial department, the judiciary, and even
the legislature, with the view of setting up the rule of one
family over the ruins of republican liberty; of his having
usurped the property and labor of others for his own benefit.
Even the organization of an army, and his campaign against
Walker, were made to appear as intended to improve his own
pecuniary interests, which were said to be in a very bad
state. The charge of assumption of dictatorial powers does
not seem to be sustained by facts. The opposition journal,
the _Album Semanal_, freely published strong articles against
his administration. Pamphlets filled with vituperation,
and traducing his character, circulated without hindrance;
one of the publications called him the tzar of Costa Rica.
This opposition was fanned by the hatred of persons who had
private grudges against Mora. Among them Vicente Aguilar,
his former partner, who had been made to disgorge $100,000 or
more, of which he had wrongfully deprived Mora. Capitalists
were hostile because the president had chartered a bank. The
sale of a tract of public land near San José, upon which many
persons had settled, was made the subject for much trouble.
The exile of the bishop did not fail to have a powerful
influence. Bishop Llorente had refused to pay, or to allow
his clergy to pay, an equitable tax decreed by congress Sept.
29, 1858, for the support of hospitals. He not only refused
compliance, but incited the populace to revolt. For this
he was expelled. He was, however, after Mora's overthrow,
recalled by the provisional government, and ruled the diocese
till his death, which took place Sept. 23, 1871. _Costa
R._, _Mem. Interior_, 1859, 9; 1860, 4; _Id._, _Col. Ley._,
xvi. 87-8; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 7, 1871; _El National_,
Jan. 15, 1859; _Belly_, _Le Nicaragua_, i. 379-81. One of
the publications which came out after Mora's downfall, not
only charged him with abuse of power, peculation, and almost
every conceivable offence, but of his having brought himself
into political prominence by intrigue, and by treachery
to Morazan, and to his relations and friends, who, it was
asserted, had been ruined by him. This publication is dated
San José, April 2, 1860, but is anonymous. _Costa R._,
_Expos. ... Motivos ... Cambio Polít._, 37 pp. and 1 I.

[XVIII-8] The provisional administration claimed that the
revolution had not merely changed the personnel, but also
the principles on which the government was based, the people
demanding greater freedom with clearly defined rights and
duties, and a more extended suffrage. _Costa R._, _Mem.
Interior_, 1860, 4; 1863, 2.

[XVIII-9] The govt was divided into three
branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—each
independent of the others. The legislative was vested
in a congress of two chambers, the senate and house of
representatives, and was to meet once a year in ordinary
session, and also to hold extraordinary sessions when
called for specified purposes. The senate was composed of
two senators for each province; the house was composed of
deputies chosen by the provinces in the ratio of population.
The term of the members of both houses was fixed at four
years. The executive authority was vested in a president for
three years, without reëlection for the immediate following
term. He had a council of state to deliberate upon such
affairs as the executive referred to it for advice. The
judiciary consisted of a supreme court, and such other lower
courts as might be established by law. None but a native
citizen, in full possession of his civil and political
rights, could be president, or member of the supreme court.
Churchmen were ineligible. _Costa R._, _Constituc. Polít._,
1-35; _Id._, _Col. Ley._, xvi. 110-45.

[XVIII-10] First designado, Francisco Montealegre; second,
Vicente Aguilar. _Id._, xvi. 169-71.

[XVIII-11] In January, Prudencio Blanco and others attempted
a revolution in Guanacaste, now called Moracia, and failed.
A decree of outlawry was issued against them Jan. 20, 1860,
and their property was made amenable for the government's
expenses. Another insurrection took place in Esparza with
the same result, the govt issuing a decree of similar
nature Sept. 16th, and on the 18th another, suspending the
constitution. This last decree was revoked March 18, 1861.
_Id._, xvi. 153-4, 188, 218-21; xvii. 9.

[XVIII-12] This place had been heavily intrenched, and a
battery mounted in it, which was protected on both flanks by
armed boats in the estuary, etc.

[XVIII-13] _Belly_, _Le Nic._, i. 382; _El Nacional_, Oct.
13, 27, Nov. 10, 1860; _Eco Hisp.-Am._, Oct. 31, 1860; _S.
F. Bulletin_, Oct. 24, 25, 29, Nov. 14, 27, 1860; _S. F.
Herald_, Oct. 29, 1860; _Harper's Monthly Mag._, xxii. 113;
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatémala_, 59-60.

[XVIII-14] The _Gaceta Oficial_, evidently inspired
by President Martinez, forgot past grievances, only to
bear in mind affectionately the promoter of the holy war
for independence. In fact, Mora was in the eyes of both
foreigners and natives the personification of Central
American patriotism.

[XVIII-15] It will be remembered that Cañas served with
distinction in the war against Walker.

[XVIII-16] Apr. 29, 1860. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xvi.
172-3; xvii. 87. A more gen. one was decreed May 1, 1862.

[XVIII-17] During this administration national industries
were developed, and the country became more prosperous than
ever. _Belly_, _Le Nic._, i. 383-6.

[XVIII-18] May 1, 1863. Men of all parties voted for him.
_Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Interior_, 1863, 1; _Id._, _Col.
Ley._, xviii. 15-16.

[XVIII-19] Congress afterward decreed that Montealegre's
portrait should be placed in the office of the president.
_Belly_, _Le Nic._, i. 386-7; _Costa R._, _Informe Min.
Interior_, 1864, 4; _Id._, _Discurso, Dr J. M. Montealegre_,
1863, 1.

[XVIII-20] _Costa R._, _Programa Admin._, 1863, 1. Jimenez
adopted the high-handed measure of dissolving congress. In
a proclamation to the people he stated that a majority of
the members had established a systematic opposition to his
government, and usurped all power in direct violation of the
constitution. _Id._, _Prod. del Presid._, Aug. 1, 1863.

[XVIII-21] Ending May 8, 1869. _Id._, _Col. Ley._, 1876,
111-12; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 17, Apr. 21, May 26, 1866.
Castro in his inaugural address used these words: 'Quiero
que mi patria, ya que no pueda ser temida por su fuerza, sea
considerada por su justificacion y cordura.... No tenemos
escuadras; tengamos la simpatía de las naciones.' _Costa R._,
_Discurso Inaug., Presid. J. M. Castro_, 1-3.

[XVIII-22] May 15, 1866. They were 2 for each department,
making together 16, besides the ministers. _Costa R._, _Col.
Rey._, 1866, 114-16.

[XVIII-23] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, May 25, 1867.

[XVIII-24] Castro's enemies averred that his course was
very mysterious, and some even suspected an intention on
his part to retain power in his hands, though he supported
the candidacy of his minister, Julian Volio. They said that
the barracks assumed a menacing attitude, and Castro was
on the point of decreeing several military promotions of
members of his own family, and concentrating all the forces
of the republic in and about his own residence. It came to
be believed that he intended to nullify Salazar first, and
Blanco next. But the former had in his favor most of the
wealthy families, as well as a large support in Alajuela,
Heredia, and Cartago. To make the story short, Salazar and
Blanco concluded to act together. _El Quincenal Josefino_,
no. 32, in _Star and Herald_, Dec. 24, 26, 1868. The editor
of this publication was Lorenzo Montúfar. Whatever may be
asserted against Castro, he had proved himself a liberal,
enlightened, and upright ruler. His administration had
given conclusive proof that the president valued liberty
of the press and speech as necessary to the existence of a
republican government. The country had been enjoying those
privileges, and prospering as it had never done before. _U.
S. Minister J. B. Blair, to Sec. Fish_, June 23, 1873.

[XVIII-25] The troops and people seemed to acquiesce in
the new order of things. There was no bloodshed. Castro was
left perfectly free in his own house. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Nov.
28, Dec. 5, 1868; Jan. 23, March 20, 1869; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Nov. 17, 1868; _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xvii. 202-9;
_U. S. Mess. and Doc._ (Dept of State, pt ii.), p. xii.;
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 60-2.

[XVIII-26] Art. 5th, after declaring the Roman catholic
religion to be that of the state, recognizes toleration of
other forms of worship; 6th, makes primary education of both
sexes obligatory, free, and to be provided by the nation,
placing it under the direction of the municipal authorities;
17th, declares the military subordinate to the civil
authority, strictly passive, and forbidden to deliberate on
political affairs; 72d, grants eligibility for the position
of deputy to naturalized citizens after four years' residence
from the date of the certificate of naturalization. _Costa
R._, _Col. Ley._, 1869, 24-59. Art 31st recognized freedom
of the press, and yet it was considerably modified by a press
law issued by the provisional govt. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, May 8,
1839.

[XVIII-27] _Costa R._, _Informe Gobern._, etc., 1869, 12-15,
26-7; _Id._, _Informe Hac., Rel._ etc., 1869, 1-2. J. M.
Montealegre had been the other candidate. _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Dec. 19, 1868.

[XVIII-28] May 29, 1869. The action of the courts was
restored May 31st. But the president had now unrestricted
powers. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, 1869, 94-5, 100-1, 103.
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, June 19, 1869.

[XVIII-29] Those men drove to the barracks in an ox cart,
covered by grass, and dashed in. It looks as if there must
have been connivance on the part of the guard. Biscoubi had
been, it is understood, invited to join the movement, but
refused to lend himself.

[XVIII-30] Among the charges contemplated were that they
had appropriated large sums out of the public treasury for
personal purposes, and that upwards of $20,000 had been given
Eusebio Figueroa to go on a trip of pleasure to Europe.

[XVIII-31] The ministers were then placed under bonds. _Id._,
June 18, July 9, 1870.

[XVIII-32] April 29, 1870, Tomás Guardia was promoted to gen.
of division, and Victor Guardia to gen. of brigade. The two
Quirozes and Próspero Fernandez were made colonels. Other
officers also rose in rank. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xix.
41-4, 50-1.

[XVIII-33] This person was a captain early in 1856, and went
as Gen. Cañas' aide-de-camp to the Nic. campaign against
Walker. On his return he was made a maj. As comandante of
Alajuela he revolted against Presid. Castro Nov. 1, 1868. We
have seen how he came to be made a general of division.

[XVIII-34] Guat. had several times attempted interference in
Costa Rican affairs, insisting on the suppression of liberty
of the press, and on other violations of law, all of which
had been refused. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 27, 1870.

[XVIII-35] Report, Aug. 22, 1870, by Minister Lorenzo
Montúfar to the national constituent assembly. _Costa R._,
_Mem. Rel._, 1870, 1.

[XVIII-36] His ministers who countersigned that decree were
B. Carazo, Pedro García, Lorenzo Montúfar, and in the absence
of J. Lizano, sec. of the treasury, Salvador Gonzalez as
under-secretary. García and Carazo were made brigadiers.
García resigned Oct. 28th, and was succeeded by José Antonio
Pinto. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xix. 124-6, 150.

[XVIII-37] Vicente Herrera, Aniceto Esquivel, Jesus Salazar,
Cárlos Sancho, and Rafael Barroeta. _Id._, 127-31.

[XVIII-38] For supposed revolutionary schemes. It was even
alleged that there was a plot to murder Guardia. _Costa R._,
_Gac. Ofic._, May 12, 1871; _Nic._, _Gac._, May 27, June 3,
1871.

[XVIII-39] Excluding the president, his ministers, and the
bishop from being electors. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xx.
118-22.

[XVIII-40] The legislative consisted of a chamber of
deputies chosen for four years. During recess it was to
be represented near the executive by a comision permanente
of five deputies. All citizens able to read and write, and
possessing property to the value of $500, or an occupation
yielding $200 a year, could be chosen deputies, excepting
the president, his ministers, members of the supreme court,
and governors. Deputies could accept no offices except
ministerial or diplomatic, and then they must resign the
elections. The executive was vested in a president for four
years, who must be a native, thirty years and upwards, and
could not be reëlected for the next immediate term. He was
allowed a council of state, composed of his ministers, the
members of the comision permanente, and others that he might
invite to join the deliberations. The judicial authority was
vested in a supreme court, whose members must be natives of
the country, and such other courts as might be established
by law. _Id._, xx. 171-206; _El Porvenir de Nic._, Jan. 14,
1872; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 13, 1872.

[XVIII-41] Guardia went to Europe, where he was treated with
marked consideration. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xxi. 48-51;
xxii. 6. During his absence there was no harmony between the
acting president and the chief of the forces, Victor Guardia,
nor between the latter and the commandant of artillery.
_Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Oct. 17, 1872.

[XVIII-42] Guardia was accused of affording aid to the
supporters of retrogression against the liberal governments
existing in those states; and of openly permitting an
expedition to sail on the _Sherman_ to commit hostilities
against the other Cent. Am. states. _El Porvenir de Nic._,
Aug. 10, 1873; _Aguirre_, _Recortes de un Periód._, 5-6.
Circular of Nic. Foreign Min., Sept. 5, 1876, in _Salv._,
_Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 26, 1876.

[XVIII-43] As an open infringement of previous conventions,
international law, and Costa Rica's rights. _U. S. Gov.
Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 2, i. 113, 116.

[XVIII-44] A. H. Rivas, foreign minister of Nic., Nov. 11th,
in doing so, added that they were guarding their interests
against Costa Rica's insidious projects, in gathering large
quantities of war material to favor disgruntled Nicaraguans,
which his govt well knew, though not officially. _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Nov. 15, 1873; _Id._, _Informe Min. Delgadillo_,
1-14; _Nic._, _Mem. Gobern._, 1875, 6-7.

[XVIII-45] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, App., Dec. 3, 1873; _Nic._,
_Semanal Nic._, Nov. 29, 1873.

[XVIII-46] It passed a decree on the 29th of November to
check all violations of neutrality, and in a note to the
other governments expressed itself in terms of conciliation,
tantamount to a withdrawal of the circular of Oct. 24th.
_Id._, suppl., Dec. 2, 13, 1873; _El Porvenir de Nic._, Dec.
11 1873; _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Dec. 11, 1873.

[XVIII-47] As stated in his organ, _El Costaricense_, no. 17,
suppl.

[XVIII-48] A number of persons who had promoted the new
policy, particularly some members of the cabinet, for their
credulity and good intentions became the victims of Guardia's
wrath, and were banished from their homes. Gonzalez had been
let down easy, as having declined to continue in charge of
the executive. _Costa R._, _Pap. Sueltos_, nos. 11, 12;
_Id._, _Col. Ley._, xxii. 194, 197, 200; 1874, 34-5, 53;
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Dec. 20, 1873; _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Dec.
11, 20, 1873.

[XVIII-49] He resumed control of the govt Nov. 4-5, 1875.
_Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xxiii. 75-6, 275.

[XVIII-50] _Costa R._, _Pap. Sueltos_, nos. 13, 14; _Id._,
_Informe Gobern._, 1875, app. 16-21; _Nic._, _Correspond.
sobre Recl._, 3-17; _Nic._, _Mens. Presid._, 1875, 5-6.

[XVIII-51] _El Costaricense_, March 24th, said that the
mission of Jerez was from Barrios, president of Guat., to
Guardia. The _Quincenal Josefino_, March 26th, gave it as
a certainty that Nic. would propose the withdrawal of both
forces from the frontier as a conciliatory measure. The
whole trouble arose from the boundary dispute. _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Apr. 4, 1876.

[XVIII-52] _Costa R._, _Mensaje_, 1876, 2; _Id._, _Col.
Ley._, xxiv. 24-5.

[XVIII-53] He assumed the office on the 8th, and formed his
cabinet with Juan R. Mata, S. Lizano, M. Carazo Peralta, and
B. Morales. _Id._, 36-8; _Id._, _Discurso ... Presid._, 1876,
1-4; _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, May 22, 1876.

[XVIII-54] He had been declared a benemérito, and given
a vote of thanks. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xxiv. 62.
Guardia's administration during the past six years was
highly extolled in the _Gaceta Oficial_ of San José. It
said that his surrender of power proved the falsity of the
charge that he had intended holding it for life. We shall
see how much this statement was worth. It claimed for him
that he had at all times blended leniency with firmness,
which facts fail to establish. He was equally credited with
increasing the revenues by his successful measures to repress
smuggling; with protecting industry and labor; endeavoring
to provide the country with a railroad between the two
oceans; improving the morale of the country; spreading public
education; promoting political and commercial relations
with other countries; forwarding public works; and lastly,
vigorously defending Costa Rica's rights against Nicaragua's
pretensions. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, May 22, 1876. On the
other hand, we are told that Costa Rica's revenues were
squandered in keeping 2,000 men on the frontier as a menace
to Nicaragua. _Pan. Star and Herald_, June 1, 1876. Guardia
has been justly called a tyrant, because of his arbitrary
acts and violations of the constitution. Electoral and
parliamentary freedom, under his rule, was a farce; results
at elections being what his will dictated, and congress
being mostly made up of his immediate friends and a number of
puppets. There were some honorable exceptions, like that of
Zacarías García, who, for acting as a real representative of
the people, was imprisoned without protest on the part of his
colleagues. The independence of the three powers, personal
rights, freedom of the press, and other constitutional
guaranties, were repeatedly trampled upon by Guardia, by his
favorite, Pedro Quiroz, and by other satellites. Justices
of the supreme court and numerous other prominent citizens
were either imprisoned, banished, or mulcted in heavy sums
of money, without any form of trial having preceded. José
M. Castro, chief justice, and Salvador Jimenez, justice of
the supreme court, were by Guardia's autocratic command
made to live for a time on the Pacific coast. Even his
brother, Victor Guardia, was harshly treated for showing an
independent spirit; and his brother-in-law, Leon Fernandez,
was several months kept in irons for some mysterious offence
that was never brought to trial, and afterward transferred
to a horrible dungeon in Limon, where he was cruelly
treated until he succeeded in effecting his escape. Other
infringements of the laws are also mentioned, and not a few
cases of brutality, even the use of the lash on respectable
citizens, which Guardia and his myrmidons were challenged
to contradict to the face of Costa Ricans. _Aguirre, J. M._,
_Recortes ... Corresp. Hist. Polít._, 1-21. This is a letter
dated and published at Panamá May 1, 1876, and addressed to
Francisco Chavez C., editor of _El Costaricense_, Guardia's
press organ, whom he handles without gloves for his defence
of Guardia's acts and abuse of Guardia's opponents. The
writer had been one of the victims of both, and was evidently
well posted on the history of Guardia's rule. Making
allowance for exaggeration in some instances, the conclusion
to be arrived at is that Guardia acted like an autocrat who
would brook no opposition. It does not appear, however, that
he was sanguinary.

[XVIII-55] The people took no part. It was a result of
the abuse by the salaried press of the government, of the
violation of pledges, and the tacit authorization of crimes
against good and loyal servants of the country. _Salv._,
_Gac. Ofic._, Aug. 20, 1876. Nepotism was also probably a
cause. Esquivel's min. of pub. works, and the superintendent
of the railroad were brothers-in-law of his. Incompetency,
mismanagement, and waste were said to prevail. _Pan. Star
and Herald_, June 1, Aug. 18, 1876. The government of Nic.
attributed Esquivel's downfall mainly to his friendly policy
toward her, which did not suit Guardia. Circular of Nic.
Foreign Min., Sept. 5, 1875, in _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct
26, 1876.

[XVIII-56] He represented himself as free from political
animosities, and promised to maintain order, and to push the
work of the railroad. He created a council of state of five
members, one of whom was Víctor Guardia. _El Costaricense_,
Aug. 4, 10, 1876; _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xxiv. 145.

[XVIII-57] Because her govt had refused him recognition.
_Costa R._, _Informe Rel._, 1877, 1-3. Guardia had been
appointed plenipotentiary to Guat. and Salv. He visited Guat.
first, and arrived at San Salvador Aug. 3d. In presenting
his credentials he said that he had been instructed to pave
the way for the fusion of the positive interests of Cent. Am.
The real object of his mission seems, however, to have been
to enlist the two governments in his projects of war against
Nic. Both failed him. _Salv._, _Gac. Ofic._, Aug. 5, 15,
Dec. 7, 1876; Feb. 25, 1877; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan. 17,
1877; _Nic._, _Mem. Rel._, 1879, p. iii.-iv. 23-5. Relations
with Nic. were not restored till June 30, 1878. _Costa R._,
_Col. Ley._, xxiv. 168-9; xxv. 97-8.

[XVIII-58] Almost his first act was to dismiss from the
educational establishments the able teachers who had been
brought out at great expense, replacing them with jesuits.
For this act he was rewarded with an autograph letter from
the pope. He removed the competent foreigners from the
management of the railroad on the plea of economy, employing
in their places inefficient, because inexperienced, natives;
the result being deterioration of rolling stock, and general
mismanagement. He forbade cutting rubber on the waste lands,
and imposed a duty of 3 cents per ℔. He tried to force Great
Britain to recall one of her consular agents. _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Jan. 20, 1877.

[XVIII-59] He pretended to temporarily do so on the plea of
ill health.

[XVIII-60] He chose Pedro Quiróz and Rafael Barroeta his
substitutes. _Costa R._, _Informe Gobern._, 1878, 2.

[XVIII-61] Appointing members of the supreme court, enacting
laws, and discharging the functions of a consultive council.
_Id._, 1878, 1-2; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Sept. 25, Oct. 11,
1878.

[XVIII-62] Promulgated the 18th by Guardia. _Costa R._, _Col.
Ley._, xxv. 186-7, 210-11, 217-19, 228-30; _Id._, _Col. Disp.
Legis._, 1878, 16-17.

[XVIII-63] Decree of Dec. 19, 1877. _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex.
Doc., 45th Cong., 3d Sess., i. 76-9. Relations with Hond.
were also interrupted in 1878. _Costa R._, _Informe Min.
Rel._, 1879, 2; _Id._, _Col. Ley._, xxv. 237.

[XVIII-64] _Costa R._, _Col. Disp. Legis._, 1878, 19-20,
25-6; _Id._, _Procl._, Jan. 24, 1878; _Id._, _Informe
Gobern._, 1878, 2-3; _Id._, _Inf. Guerra y Marina_, 1878, 2.

[XVIII-65] Finally Mora was forbidden by the Nicaraguan
government to reside within the eastern and southern
departments. _Nic._, _Mem. Rel._, 1879, p. iv.

[XVIII-66] Sept. 12, 1878. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Oct. 11,
1878.

[XVIII-67] _Costa R._, _Instal. Asamblea Legis._, 1880, 7 f.

[XVIII-68] Abolition of capital punishment adopted; also
the following clauses: laws to have no retroactive effect;
all persons, not convicted of crime, were free, and to have
the privilege of entering and leaving the republic; right
of congregating unarmed to discuss public affairs, and
the conduct of officials, of petitioning individually or
collectively, and of expressing political opinions, together
with freedom of the press fully recognized. _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Oct. 16, 1880.

[XVIII-69] Free expressions of opinion were an open road to
persecution. _Id._, Nov. 6, 1880.

[XVIII-70] _Costa R._, _Honores Fún._, 1882, 1-59; _Pan. Star
and Herald_, July 20, 1882.

[XVIII-71] Fernandez was born in San José July 18, 1834.
He received a portion of his education in Guat., and at 18
years of age entered the Costa Rican army. In 1854 he was a
sub-lieutenant, and in 1856 served in Nic. against Walker. In
1860 he fought against the invaders under Ex-presid. Mora at
Angostura. In 1870 he was one of the few men that captured
the artillery barracks, thereby causing the overthrow of
Presid. Jimenez. During Guardia's rule he held several
positions of trust and rose to gen. of division. His wife was
named Cristina Guardia. _Costa R._, _Boletin Ofic._, March
14, 1885; _Id._, _Gaceta_, April 30, 1885.

[XVIII-72] Aug. 11, 1882, a gen. amnesty for political
offences to date was decreed.

[XVIII-73] A sort of compromise was agreed to; a few
officials were removed, and the _Quincenal Josefino_,
Montúfar's journal, ceased publication. _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Feb. 24, 1883.

[XVIII-74] They were embarked the 19th at Limon; and the
fact was telegraphed the same day to the other Cent. Am.
governments by Sec. of State Castro. _El Guatemalteco_, July
30, 1884; _Costa R._, _Informe Rel._, 1885, 17, 89-91; _Pan.
Star and Herald_, Sept. 18, 1885.

[XVIII-75] July 19th, cemeteries were secularized. July 22d,
religious orders were suppressed. All these executive decrees
were countersigned by Minister Bernardo Soto, who later
became president. _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, June 9, 1885.

[XVIII-76] The federation plan had been opposed in 1883
by Costa Rica refusing to accredit delegates. _Costa R._,
_Gaceta_, Feb. 3, 1885; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong.
48, Sess. 1, pt 1, 54.

[XVIII-77] _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, March 9-12, 1885.

[XVIII-78] Further honors to his memory at a later date. Aug.
3, 1885, it was ordered that his bust should be placed in the
public square of San José. _Id._, March 13, 14, Aug. 5, 1885;
_La Estrella de Pan._, March 28, 1885; _El Universal_ (Pan.),
March 17, 1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 23, Sept. 9,
1885.

[XVIII-79] Soto is a native of Alajuela, Feb. 12, 1854; his
parents being Gen. Apolinar de J. Soto, and Joaquin Alfaro.
He was educated in Costa Rica, and in 1877 was admitted
to the bar, and practised the legal profession till 1880,
when he travelled in the U. S. On his return he was made
governor of the province of Alajuela, in which position he
exerted himself for the advancement of the province. He did
not complete his term, having to make a visit to Europe. On
his return in April 1882, he was again appointed governor
of Alajuela, and in August of the same year the executive
called him to fill a position in his cabinet as minister
of government, police, and public works. Apr. 19, 1885, he
married Pacífica, a daughter of Ex-president Fernandez; and
May 15th, congress declared him a benemérito, and gen. of
division. _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, May 16, June 9, 1885.

[XVIII-80] The first named was given the portfolio of foreign
affairs. _Id._, March 13, 14, 1885.

[XVIII-81] Circular of March 17, 1885. It also explained
the motives prompting Costa R., Salv., and Nic. to resist
Barrios' projects. _Id._, _Manif. del Gob._, 1885-6. Costa
R. sent a contingent of troops to Nic., Hond., and Salv. Her
troops, however, had no opportunity to fight. Presid. Soto
tendered his resignation on the 5th of June, but it was not
accepted, and extraordinary powers were conferred on him for
sixty days. _Id._, _Gaceta_, May 22, 23, June 6, 1885.

[XVIII-82] He was also deprived of his political rights, 'por
el delito de conspiracion para rebelion, cometido en servicio
activo de las armas.' _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 27, 1885.

[XIX-1] In 1829, when convents were closed in Guat., he
had to leave the cloister, and afterward obtained a papal
dispensation from his vows. He then studied law, and received
the degree of licentiate in 1836.

[XIX-2] Slowness and procrastination ruled supreme. A citizen
of Salvador said of Dueñas to describe his policy: 'El mejor
caballo para Dueñas es el que no anda.'

[XIX-3] In Jan. 1866 he married a wealthy widow, who had been
educated in the U. S. That same year the university conferred
on him the degree of doctor of laws. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Feb.
3, March 3, 1866.

[XIX-4] The Hondurans claimed on the strength of art. 8th
of the treaty concluded at Santa Rosa on the 25th of March,
1862, the concentration in the interior of Salvador of Gen.
Florencio Xatruch, the priest Miguel Bustillo, and José
Manuel Selva, Hondurans; and also of certain Nicaraguans,
who after their rebellion against the government of Fernando
Guzman in their own country, had found a refuge in Salvador,
and made common cause with the enemies of President Medina,
because he had supported Guzman with the moral and diplomatic
influence of his government. The Salvadoran negotiator denied
that Xatruch was a political refugee. He was sent by Nic.
in 1863 to Salv. at the head of an auxiliary force. Later
with Nicaragua's permission he was employed by Salv., he
being since 1858 a general of division of her army, a rank
conferred on him for his services against Walker and his
filibusters; and was therefore entitled to all the rights of
a Salvadoran citizen. Salv. pledged, however, that he would
do no hostile act against Hond. As to adopting any action
against the Nicaraguans, the demand could not be acceded
to, because they did not come under the provisions of the
treaty with Honduras, nor were they political refugees at
all. The commissioner of Salv. made counter-charges: 1st.
Hond. had violated art. 9 of the treaty of Santa Rosa, in
that her legislature had empowered the executive to declare
war against Salv. without first complying with the terms
of that clause. 2d. She had allowed asylum to Salvadoran
refugees, giving them employment on the frontier of Salv.,
where they had been constantly plotting and uttering menaces
against their govt, using arms obtained from Honduran govt
warehouses. All remonstrances against such proceedings
had been disregarded. 3d. Hond., heeding false reports,
had raised 1,500 men, keeping a portion on the Salv.
frontier, and maintaining a warlike attitude. The Honduran
commissioners denied the correctness of the charges, and
quoted instances in which their government had given proofs
of deference and friendship toward its neighbor. _Salv._,
_Protocolo de las Conf._, 1-16.

[XIX-5] Nic. had mediated on behalf of peace, accrediting H.
Zepeda and M. Montealegre as commissioners at Amapala. But
an affair of arms at Pasaquina frustrated the efforts of the
legation. Circular of Nic. Foreign Min., Sept. 5, 1876, in
_Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 26, 1876.

[XIX-6] The oligarchs pretended contempt for Medina's action;
some said, 'Medina es un loco, y Honduras un esqueleto;'
others, 'La quijotesca actitud de Honduras afianzará mas
nuestro poder.' _Uriarte_, _Observ. ... Union Rep. Cent.
Am._, 3.

[XIX-7] It was said that Medina was enticed into assisting
the liberals, under the delusion that they would call him to
rule over the united states of Guat., Salv. and Hond.

[XIX-8] San Salvador, the capital, had been several days
fortified awaiting an assault, but the invaders, not knowing
how much force there might be at hand for its defence,
preferred to march on to Santa Ana.

[XIX-9] _Hond._, _Boletin Ofic._, no. 2, contains the
official report of the action, copied in _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
March 13, 1871.

[XIX-10] A guard was kept around the minister's house as long
as Dueñas was his guest.

[XIX-11] He was kept there, treated with respect and
consideration till after his trial. The particulars of his
surrender appear in the official correspondence of Min.
Torbert with both his own and the Salvadoran governments. _U.
S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42, Sess. 2, i. 693-5.

[XIX-12] There was no reason to keep him a prisoner. He could
no longer injure Medina, and moreover, the government took
into account his valuable services to Cent. Am. in 1856-7
against Walker. _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatémala_, 197-8.

[XIX-13] The process was accordingly passed to the cámara de
2d instancia. _El Porvenir de Nic._, June 2, 1872.

[XIX-14] The revolution was declared one for the restoration
of the people's rights, Gonzalez being recognized as
provisional president. His recall of the supreme court was
approved of.

[XIX-15] Freedom to meet peaceably for the discussion of
public affairs and the conduct of the rulers; freedom
of speech and of the press were fully recognized and
established, as also the inviolability of life, personal
liberty, property, and honor, which no man could be
deprived of except for cause after undergoing a fair
trial. A citizen's domicile and private papers were also
declared inviolable. Primary instruction was to be uniform,
gratuitous, and obligatory. Secondary and superior education
were to be free, though subject to the supervision of the
civil authorities. Passports were abolished. The Roman
catholic was declared to be the state religion, but other
christian sects not repugnant to morality and good order
were tolerated. Foreigners could become naturalized after
two years' residence, and Spanish Americans after one year.
All Salvadorans of 21 years or upwards, and of good moral
character, were citizens, provided they had either one of the
following qualifications: being father of a family, or head
of a household; knowing how to read and write; possessing an
independent livelihood. Those of only 18 years of age having
a literary degree were also voters. The military in active
service could neither vote nor be voted for. The government
was vested in three distinct powers: legislative, composed
of a senate, renewable yearly by thirds, each senator owning
at least $2,000 in real estate, and a house of deputies, the
whole renewed yearly; the executive, vested in a president
owning at least $10,000 in real estate, his term being
for only two years; and the judiciary, consisting of the
supreme and lower courts. No ecclesiastic was eligible.
The president, vice-president, and members of both houses
of congress were to be chosen by electoral colleges.
_Laferrière_, _De Paris á Guatémala_, 199-202; _El Porvenir
de Nic._, Nov. 26, 1871; Jan. 7, 1872; _Ruiz_, _Calend.
Salv._, 70.

[XIX-16] Full Sp. text in _Laferrière_, _De Paris á
Guatémala_, 343-82; _U. S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong.
43, Sess. 1, For. Rel., ii. 788-94, 811-20; _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
Nov. 30, 1872; _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Nov. 28, 1872.

[XIX-17] Salvador's acceptance of the war declared by
Hond. March 25th was signed by President Gonzalez, and
countersigned by his cabinet; namely, Gregorio Arbizú, min.
of foreign rel.; Manuel Mendez, min. of pub. instruction;
Borja Bustamante, min. of the treasury and war; and Antonio
G. Valdés, acting min. of govt. _El Porvenir de Nic._, May
12, 1872.

[XIX-18] A plot was to break out simultaneously in San
Salvador, San Vicente, Sensuntepeque and Cojutepeque, with
ramifications in Guatemala. The Indians of Cojutepeque rose
against the garrison and were beaten off.

[XIX-19] The report was dated Oct. 4th, and signed by the
ministers, G. Arbizú, J. J. Samayoa, and Fabio Castillo. The
legislative sanction was given Oct. 14th. Report of Thomas
Biddle, Am. minister, in _U. S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., For.
Rel., Cong. 43, Sess. 1, ii. 784-7.

[XIX-20] Mendez held also the position of minister of public
instruction, justice, and ecclesiastical affairs. He was
an honorable, energetic, and talented man, and his loss
was much deplored by the country, and particularly by Pres.
Gonzalez. _U. S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42, Sess. 3,
i. 547-8. The republic also lost this year, Dec. 10th, one
of her most gifted and valuable sons, Gregorio Arbizú, who
had likewise been vice-president, and for many years minister
of foreign relations. His funeral was conducted and the
expenses defrayed by the government, as a mark of respect and
appreciation of his services. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Dec.
26, 1872.

[XIX-21] He was captured in Jan. 1875, and shot on the 29th
of Apr. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Jan. 20, May 1, 1875.

[XIX-22] Such was the flattering account given by the
government to the national congress, on the opening of its
labors Jan. 18th. _Salv._, _Mensaje del Presid._, Jan. 20.
1875; _Id._, _Mem. Sec. Rel. Exter._, 1875, 1-12; _Id._,
_Diario Ofic._, Jan. 20, 1875.

[XIX-23] Under a decree of amnesty of Nov. 2, 1875. _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, Nov. 4, 1875.

[XIX-24] The governments of Guat., Nic., and Hond. tendered
aid. The rebels were eventually pardoned after some months'
imprisonment. _Pan. Star and Herald_, July 6, 28, 1875;
_Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, June 23 to July 21, 1875.

[XIX-25] This intervention was apparently on the ground
of humanity, to stop the civil war raging there. But the
main reason recognized was that the situation in Hond. was
a menace to Salv., and might lead to an interruption of
friendly relations between the latter and Guat. Salv., on
being accused of violating the compact, alleged that by
strict rights it had become obsolete after the action of
Naranjo, when Leiva's administration demolished its foes and
recovered its full authority. However, Salv. was disposed
to fulfil her agreement. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, March 23,
1876.

[XIX-26] These decrees were countersigned by the other
ministers, J. Barberena, F. Lainfiesta, and Joaquin Macal.
_Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, _Gob. Democ._, 202-6; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Apr. 17, 1876.

[XIX-27] It denies all the charges of Barrios and his govt as
unfounded in fact and slanderous, and imputes to Barrios the
intent to conquer Cent. Am., beginning with Salv. and Hond.
This decree is countersigned by the ministers Manuel Cáceres,
Dositeo Fiallos, Julian Escoto, and Cárlos Bonilla. _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, March 29, 1876; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Apr.
8, 1876.

[XIX-28] Uraga acted under orders, and wonders why the
Salvadorans did not fall upon Chingo and capture all the
supplies there. _Réplica_, 12-16.

[XIX-29] The victors did not occupy Apaneca because the
enemy, though defeated, was still much superior in numbers.
The Salvadoran general-in-chief claimed a victory over 2,500
well-disciplined Guatemalans. The _Diario Ofic._ of San
Salv., Apr. 18, 1876, had it that 4,000 Guatemalans were
put hors de combat in the two fights of Apaneca—evidently an
exaggeration.

[XIX-30] The Salvadoran army of the east was annihilated.
Gen. Delgado, and colonels Henriquez and Jerez were killed,
Gen. Figueroa and Col Benj. Molina wounded. A large number
of prisoners, about 1,500 Remington rifles, and much other
war material fell into the victors' hands. _El Guatemalteco_,
Apr. 25, 1876; _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 1, 2, 1876.
According to a Salvadoran account, the eastern expeditionary
force consisted of 1,500, while that of Solares was of
2,500. The former claimed a victory on the 17th, confessing,
however, that they had finally to retreat. _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Apr. 19, 23, 25, 1876.

[XIX-31] He had thrown into it 900 bombs without other result
than destroying a few buildings. _Un Guatemalteco_, _Cartas_,
26; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr. 21, 1876. Gen. Gonzalez
told a different story.

[XIX-32] Gonzalez said that during the negotiations there
were 2,300 men in Ahuachapan and 2,000 in Santa Ana; of
the latter only one half were well armed. The Guatemalans
had every advantage—numbers, arms, discipline, and abundant
resources of every kind. They had but few desertions, whereas
from the Salv. ranks there had been many. Barrios' army on
entering Santa Ana exceeded 9,000 men. Salv. still had a
chance of obtaining honorable terms. If these were refused,
she could, after providing for the defense of the capital,
concentrate the remainder of her forces in Santa Ana, and
trust to the chances of a battle. _Gonzalez_, _Rel. de los
Hechos Ocurr._, 1-18, in _Pap. Var._, ccxxvii. no. 14.

[XIX-33] The commissioners were José Valle, Jacinto
Castellanos, and E. Mejía for Salv., and Gen. Lopez Uraga for
Guat. The terms are here epitomized: 1st. Presid. Valle was
to resign the executive office to the person hereafter named.
2d. Gen. Gonzalez to give up the command of the forces to
Valle. Both were to have full guaranties for their persons
and property. 3d. The Salv. forces now at Santa Ana were
to retire to San Salv.; Santa Ana to be evacuated by 12 M.
of the 27th inst. War material that could not be removed in
time was to be delivered to Uraga under inventory. 4th. Santa
Ana, and territory within two leagues of the town, were to
be occupied by the Guatemalans, the civil authorities being
allowed to exercise their functions therein, but expected to
furnish supplies; Barrios guaranteeing security of persons
and property to the inhabitants. The Guat. forces in the east
were to occupy San Miguel, and territory within one league,
under the same guaranties allowed the civil authorities and
people of Santa Ana. 5th. Presid. Valle was to convoke a
junta of notables, within four days from the ratification of
this convention, to meet at Santa Ana, and choose in accord
with Barrios the person in whose hands Valle must resign his
offices. 6th. The acting executive must, within ten days,
convoke the people of Salv. to freely choose, a month later,
the president of the republic. 7th. The person designated by
the notables shall have organized his government and issued
the convocation, the forces of Guat. will leave the Salv.
territory. 8th. Barrios and the provisional executive of
Salv. will make a treaty of peace between the two republics.
9th. This convention must be ratified by Barrios at once,
and by telegram within twenty-four hours by Valle, the
ratifications to be exchanged within six hours after. An
additional article made free the transit between the two
countries. The convention was duly ratified. Upwards of 200
persons at Santa Ana sent Barrios, after the occupation of
the town by his troops, April 30th, an address of thanks for
his magnanimity and generosity, adding that no Salvadoran
could justly complain of the behavior of the Guat. army.
_Guat._, _Boletin de Noticias_, no. 8; _Barrios_, _Mensaje_,
Sept. 11, 1876, 7-11; _Salv._, _Diario, Ofic._, May 4, 7,
1876; _Id._, _Gaceta Ofic._, May 26, 30, 1876; _Costa R._,
_Informe Sec. Rel._, 1876, 11-12; _Pan. Star and Herald_, May
16, 1876.

[XIX-34] Cruz Ulloa, min. of foreign relations, justice,
eccles. affairs, and pub. instruction; José Lopez, of
govern.; Estanislao Perez, of war; and Fabio Moran, of
treasury. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, May 6, 1876.

[XIX-35] By Cruz Ulloa and Marco Aurelio Soto. The treaty
provided also for the surrender of common criminals, the
concentration away from the frontier of political refugees;
fostering legitimate and checking illicit trade; excluding
Jesuits. In the event of misunderstandings, the parties must
resort to arbitration. The treaty of Jan. 24, 1872, and the
Rivas-Carazo with Nic., were repealed. Honduras and Costa
Rica were to be invited to join it. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._,
May 11, 1876; _La Regeneracion_, May 16, 1876; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, April 1, 1879; _Pan. Star and Herald_, June
1, 1876.

[XIX-36] _Costa R._, _Pap. Sueltos_, no. 17. Gen. Indalecio
Miranda, who had been proclaimed president in some parts,
recognized Zaldívar.

[XIX-37] A native of Salv., he studied medicine in Cent.
Am. and completed his professional studies in Paris. On his
return home he soon had a remunerative practice, and came
to be considered one of the best physicians in Cent. Am.
His professional duties did not, however, keep him out of
politics.

[XIX-38] He effected his escape from the capital disguised as
an Indian with a load of grass on his head.

[XIX-39] In Feb. 1879 congress thanked the emperor of Germany
for the honor of knighthood conferred on Zaldívar. In France
he was given the title of officer of pub. instruction. The
same month and year congress gave him a vote of thanks for
his services. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, March 6, 8, 1879.

[XIX-40] He therefore saw good reason to tender
congratulations to the representatives of the people on
the promising condition of Salvador and the other Cent. Am.
republics. _Zaldívar_, _Mensaje_, Jan. 5, 1883; _Pan. Star
and Herald_, Jan. 17, 1883; _Pan. El Cronista_, Jan. 20,
1883.

[XIX-41] Among the persons taken as leaders of the movement
were Gen. Francisco Menendez, Dr Manuel Gallardo, Marcial
Estevez, and Manuel A. Loucel. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr.
16, 17, 1883; _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 5, 7, 1883.

[XIX-42] June 1st. This decree caused much satisfaction among
all classes.

[XIX-43] The grounds for the convocation as stated were
that the people had almost unanimously declared that some of
the clauses of the constitution of 1880 were not suited to
the national requirements. The _Diario Oficial_ expressed
the hope that the revision would give a more judicious
application of the principles of a republican government,
thus strengthening the public liberties without weakening the
principle of authority.

[XIX-44] The govt was vested in three distinct powers:
legislative in two chambers; executive in a president for
four years; and judicial in a supreme court.

[XIX-45] He constituted his cabinet with the following
ministers: Salvador Gallegos, of foreign affairs; Domingo
Lopez, interior; Pedro Melendez, treasury and navy; Asun.
Mora, war and public works; Luciano Hernandez, education; and
Antonio J. Castro, justice. _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Rel. Exter._,
1884, p. 6; _Costa R._, _Mem. Sec. Rel. Exter._, 1884, 5-6;
_Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan. 16, Feb. 23, 26, 1884.

[XIX-46] He visited the U. S. and France, being received with
the honors due his rank as chief magistrate of a friendly
nation. _La Estrella de Pan._, Aug. 14, Sept. 11, 1884; _El
Guatemalteco_, Apr. 29, 1884.

[XIX-47] Proclamations and manifestoes of Pres. Zaldívar and
the assembly of Salv., March 14, 15, 17, 1885. _Costa R._,
_Boletin Ofic._, March 21, April 1, 1885; _La Estrella de
Pan._, March 28, 1885.

[XIX-48] The Salv. official reports claimed victories at Coco
and San Lorenzo. The attack against the latter was made at 10
P. M. of the 31st, and repulsed. Repeated the next day from
5 A. M. to 3 P. M.; the assailants were driven back by Gen.
Monterosa. _Costa R._, _Boletin Ofic._, April 2, 1885.

[XIX-49] According to a Guat. account, an error was committed
in not bombarding the Salv. stronghold, Casa Blanca. Barrios
at 8 A. M. of the 2d led the assault on the N. E. side of
the fortification with the Jiron brigade of Jalapas, which
on that day behaved cowardly. Shortly after the assault, a
little past 9, Barrios was mortally wounded, and forthwith
removed. The Jalapas gave way, divulging to other troops
the death of the president. Thus it came to pass that the
first who saw Barrios fall were the first to take to flight,
followed by men of several other brigades. To avert a
disaster, the troops operating on the N. side were recalled.
The firing ceased on both sides at 4:30, and the retreat to
the Magdalena began at 6:30, the Salvadorans not pursuing.
The same authority claimed that if the firing had been kept
up an hour longer, the Guatemalans would have won the day,
several bodies of troops having abandoned the town, and the
supply of ammunition in the place being already scanty. He
asserts that the Guat. loss in all the fights was in killed,
besides the president, and his son Gen. Venancio Barrios,
colonels A. Jiron, V. Bonilla Cruz, Urbano Sanchez, Major
Gonzalez, a few other officers, and 200 rank and file.
_Campaña de la Union Cent. Am._, in _La Estrella de Pan._,
May 30, 1885.

[XIX-50] Further details may be seen in _Zaldívar_,
_Mensaje_, May 4, 1885; _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Rel.
Exter._, 1885, 1-4; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, Apr. 5, 1885;
_La Estrella de Pan._, Apr. 4, May 2, 9, 1885; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Apr. 10, 24, 27, 1885; _S. F. Cronista_, Apr. 4, 11,
15, 25, May 2, 1885; _Mex._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr. 4, 1885;
_Id._, _Monitor Rel._, June 20, 1885; _Id._, _La Prensa_,
supl. no. 162.

[XIX-51] The gov. of Salv. proclaimed peace on the 15th of
April, and granted a full amnesty to all who took part in
the war against Salv., and generally to all in exile for
political offences.

[XIX-52] Though the gov. had made common cause with Barrios,
it manifested a disposition to cut loose from the alliance
after the late events.

[XIX-53] _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, May 19, June 24, 1885.
Zaldívar well knew that there was a powerful opposition to
him.

[XIX-54] Menendez was a man of energy and courage. He
possessed good common sense and natural shrewdness. His
habits were simple. Polite and unassuming, he always made a
favorable impression.

[XIX-55] _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, July 1, 1885; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, July 18, 1885; _La Estrella de Pan._, July 25, 1885.

[XIX-56] Nov. 26 and 27, 1885. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Sept.
9, Dec. 7, 1885. This state of things still existed in March
1886. Correspondence of March 1st, to _S. F. Post_, April 2,
1886.

[XIX-57] The supreme court would not recognize the right of
the Salv. courts to demand it. _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 1,
1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Sept. 18, 1885.

[XX-1] A general officer then filling the position of civil
and military chief of the department of Chiquimula. It has
been said that Carrera, shortly before his death, suggested
him for the succession. The conservative element claimed
that for his abilities and meritorious services Cerna had
won himself popular regard. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, May 20, 1865.
Events will show that his mental calibre was very ordinary,
being a religious fanatic, and retrogressionist of the old
oligarchic school of the Aycinenas, Pavons, and Batres. He
was a warm friend and constant associate of the jesuits, to
whom he went to confession, if reports did not belie him,
about once a week; so he must have had a tender conscience,
or else was a confirmed sinner.

[XX-2] 'Su probidad, rectas intenciones, inteligencia,
y larga práctica de los negocios merecen la estimacion
y confianza de todos los buenos guatemaltecos.' _Guat._,
_Boletin de Noticias_, no. 3.

[XX-3] It is understood that his father, a peaceable citizen
of Los Altos, for some unguarded words against the govt, was
taken as a prisoner to the capital, and cruelly treated.
The son then had gone off to Chiapas, whence he had made
occasional raids.

[XX-4] The govt deprived Cruz of his rank as a mariscal de
campo, suspended constitutional guaranties, such as they
were, and declared traitors all persons implicated in the
rebellion, or holding relations with the insurgents. On
the 5th of Feb. troops were despatched to the disturbed
districts. _Pan. Mercantile Chronicle_, March 3, 1867.

[XX-5] One of his plans was to destroy the rum-stills
belonging to a monopoly, from which the treasury derived a
large revenue. The cry of Down with the aguardiente company!
raised by any popular man would bring him stanch followers.
Carrera himself had used it in his early days.

[XX-6] He had signed a pledge not to return to Guat. without
leave of the govt, and neither directly nor indirectly to
disturb the public peace. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 27, May 25,
1867; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Apr. 20, 1867; _Pan. Mercantile
Chronicle_, May 22, 1867.

[XX-7] Cruz and some of his officers were executed; others
were sentenced to ten years' confinement in San Felipe
castle. J. Rufino Barrios escaped, and his hacienda, El
Malacate, being partly in Guat. and partly in Soconusco,
an active pursuit of him was not easy. _Guat._, _Boletin de
Noticias_, Aug. 16, 1867; _Pan. Merc. Chronicle_, Sept. 4,
18, Oct. 4, 1867. Barrios made another raid from his hacienda
in Apr. 1838, which also failed in effecting his purpose.
_Guat._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 29, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, May 23,
1868.

[XX-8] May 8th, suspended certain clauses of the
constitution. The decree alleged that Cruz had been
inveigling the Indians of Los Altos 'con promesas peligrosas
de distribucion de tierras.' Cruz was declared amenable
to the laws for his seditious acts of 1867 as well as for
the present ones. All others concerned with him were made
indictable for treason, if after the public. of the decree
they did not surrender. Passports had to be obtained to
travel. _Guat._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Apr. 9, 1869; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Apr. 17, 1869; _Salv._, _Constitutional_, May 20,
1869.

[XX-9] The distillery was destroyed as a matter of course.

[XX-10] The official report added that the insurgents left 24
dead and 16 prisoners; and that it was rumored Cruz had been
shot in the heart.

[XX-11] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, June 12, 19, Aug. 7, Sept. 18, Dec.
18, 1869; _Pan. Star and Herald_, June 17, Sept. 17, 1869;
_Guat._, _Boletin de Noticias_, Nov. 24, 1869.

[XX-12] Zavala was accused by the conservatives of political
inconsistency, in that he had all along claimed to be a
supporter of Cerna. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Feb. 2, 1869.

[XX-13] The vote stood 31 for Cerna, 21 for Zavala, 5
scattered. Not a bad showing for the liberals, if we consider
that the electors had been chosen under the influence of the
oligarchic government. _Id._, Feb. 23, June 17, 1869.

[XX-14] In his message to congress Nov. 25th, Cerna
acknowledged that the country was in a sad plight. He called
his account 'un cuadro desconsolador,' and requested a
postponement of the session.

[XX-15] The govt had raised a loan in London, and for a
few months was able to tide over many of its difficulties,
internal debts, and arrears due the army and officials being
settled, and the treasury still having a surplus.