Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (8)

[VI-37] Guatemala rejected this convocation by an act of
June 2, 1833. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 240-1. A project
appeared in the _Centro Americano_ of June 11, 1833, 28-30,
to terminate the question of equal numerical representation
in congress for the five states. It was proposed to divide
the territory into three states of about the same population
each, the executive authority to be alternately held by the
presidents of the three states. The plan was impracticable.

[VI-38] The adoption of such a plan by the federal congress
could not be secured until July 18, 1838. The decree of
convocation issued on that date was generally accepted,
and yet the diet never met till March 17, 1842. _Marure_,
_Efem._, 33.

[VI-39] The correspondence between the state governments for
the strict vigilance on the coast of that state appears in
_El Centro Americano_, Oct. 18, 1833; _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, ii. 41-2.

[VI-40] Pursuant to a resolution of the national congress
of June 25, 1833. As early as 1826 the government of
Salvador had tried to have the federal authorities reside
at least 40 leagues from Guatemala. Similar requests
had been subsequently made by other states; and even in
the legislature of Guatemala reiterated motions had been
presented to the same effect. But the federalist party,
as long as it was in the majority in congress, strenuously
opposed the removal, believing that it would bring about, as
it actually did, the downfall of the federal system, and the
dissolution of the federal authorities. _Marure_, _Efem._,
34. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 58-9, remarks that
Marure when he wrote the first two volumes of his _Bosquejo
Histórico_ was a liberal; in his _Efemérides_, written
later, he speaks like a conservative. The change of tone is
attributed to the iron influence of the government from whom
he had a salary as a professor. Lastarría, in _La América_,
250, erroneously attributes the transfer to Morazan's action
to break up the influence of the oligarchical party in
Guatemala.

[VI-41] The affray lasted five hours; the federal force being
under Gen. Salazar, and that of Salvador under Col. José D.
Castillo. _Marure_, _Efem._, 36.

[VI-42] Decree of vice-president of Sept. 1, 1834.

[VI-43] The legislature of the state had made a cession of
the territory for the purpose on the 28th of Jan., 1835. On
the 9th of March, 1836, the district was enlarged by the
addition of Zacatecoluca. The national government had its
capital in San Salvador till the 3d of May, 1839, when the
assembly of San Salvador resumed possession of the whole
territory that had been ceded. _Id._, 37; _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, ii. 165-7. Dunlop, _Cent. Am._, 187, says that the
district occupied San Salvador and ten leagues of territory
surrounding it. _Squier's Travels_, ii. 419; _Crowe's
Gospel_, 136.

[VI-44] The opposition came not only from the serviles,
but from not a few liberals. It contained many liberal and
equable modifications. _Marure_, _Efem._, 37, says it did not
contain 'las alteraciones sustanciales que reiteradas veces
se habian propuesto por las legislaturas de los estados,'
for which reason it was not accepted by the states, except
Costa Rica, which expressed assent May 7, 1835. Squier,
_Travels_, ii. 422, also says that only Costa Rica expressed
an acceptance of the proposed constitution, adding that
the opposing states wanted different, and in most cases
irreconcilable, reforms. Montúfar, _Reseña Hist._, ii.
169-73, giving details, asserts that both Nicaragua and Costa
Rica accepted the reforms.

[VI-45] The assembly of Guatemala decreed, after hearing
several eulogistic motions, that all the state officials
residing in the capital should wear the badge of mourning
three days; that the bells of the churches should be tolled
morning, noon, and eve of each day; that a portrait of Valle,
contributed by the members of the legislature, should be
placed in its hall of sessions; and that the other states
should be requested to make manifestations of sorrow for the
loss of their distinguished statesman and savant. Salvador,
on the 9th of Apr., 1834, decreed similar honors. Marure, in
his _Efemérides_, 35, bestows the highest praise on Valle.
'Perdió Centro América, con el fallecimiento del licenciado
José del Valle, uno de sus mas distinguidos hijos.' This
remark is followed by a sketch of Valle's career, which has
been given by me elsewhere. Montúfar, _Reseña Hist._, ii.
95-9, also eulogizes Valle and gives his portrait.

[VI-46] It was so formally declared by the federal congress,
Feb. 2, 1835, with the clause that he should be placed in
possession of the office on the 14th. _Id._, 155-7.

[VI-47] Feb. 15, 1835. _El Correo Atlántico_, May 9, 1835.

[VI-48] The first colonists, 63 in all, arrived from London
on the schooner _Mary Ann Arabella_, under a Mr Fletcher.
Their settlement took the name of Abbotsville. _Marure_,
_Efem._, 38.

[VI-49] Many of the immigrants died, while others returned
to England or went to the West Indies, but few remaining.
Dunlop, _Cent. Am._, 191, makes appropriate remarks on
the 'infatuation in Europeans to attempt colonizing on
pestiferous shores, under a burning sun, where no native of a
temperate region, not even those of the interior of the same
country, can enjoy tolerable health.' See also Astaburuaga's
comments on the undertaking. _Cent. Am._, 25. A glowing and
favorable account of the enterprise was issued as late as
1839. See _Cent. Am., Brief Statement_, 1 _et seq._

[VI-50] On the 6th of March, 1837. _Marure_, _Efem._, 39;
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 353.

[VI-51] B. Lambur, commissioned by Galvez, jefe of Guatemala,
to report on the origin and progress of the disease, wrote
from Aceituno April 3d: 'There can be no doubt that cholera
came by way of Omoa to Gualan, thence went to Zacapa and to
Esquipulas, this last-named town being the focus whence it
has irradiated with such velocity to the towns at present
infested.' Esquipulas is a species of Mecca which people from
all parts of Central America and Mexico visit in January of
each year, to worship an image of Christ, to which countless
miracles have been attributed. In the _Boletin de Noticias
del Cólera_ of Apr. 4, 1837, appear the following words, 'En
San Sur han muerto muchos romeristas de Esquipulas.' _Id._,
351-3. The fact is, that the disease had been doing havoc in
the towns near the northern coast since Feb., and gradually
spread throughout the rest of the state and republic till
toward the end of the year, when it abated. The first case
in the city of Guatemala occurred on the 19th of April.
The mortality in that city during the invasion was 819, or
a little over the 44th part of the population, which was
much smaller than in other less populated cities. _Marure_,
_Efem._, 40. See also _Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 193-4; _Salv.
Diario Ofic._, Feb. 14, 1875; _Rocha_, _Código Nic._, i.
215-16; ii. 163-4.

[VI-52] _Squier's Travels_, ii. 427-8. Montúfar, _Reseña
Hist._, ii. 370-2, gives copies of the documents that were
circulated.

[VI-53] Such as making them swallow the contents of their
medicine-chests, or pouring water down their throats till
they died, a circumstance that was always looked upon as
an evidence of guilt. _Crowe's Gospel_, 141. Montgomery,
_Guat._, speaks of an Englishman who was nearly killed by the
water torture inflicted by an enraged Indian mob.

[VI-54] On the plains of Ambelis, near Santa Rosa,
accompanied with imprecations against the ley de jurados
and the so-called 'envenenadores.' It was the beginning of a
struggle which, in less than two years, wrought a complete
change in public affairs. _Marure_, _Efem._, 41, copied by
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 353; _Squier's Travels_, ii.
428.

[VI-55] Tempsky, _Mitla_, 337, says that Carrera was born
in Santa Rosa, misled probably by the circumstance that the
first Indian outbreak under his lead occurred there. He was
born about 1815 or 1816, and was the illegitimate offspring
of Antonio Aycinena, a member of one of the chief families
of Guatemala, and of Manuela Carrillo, a servant in the
paternal mansion. Through the influence of the Aycinenas he
was immediately after his birth adopted by one Juana Rosa
Turcios, whose husband's name of Carrera the boy subsequently
was given. Such is the version of the author of a manuscript
written in July 1844, and entitled _Orígen de Carrera_, in
_Morazan y Carrera_, no. 4, 1 _et seq._, the authenticity
of which is made doubtful by some inaccuracies in other
statements, the object evidently being to give Carrera's
descent a little respectability. Stephens, _Cent. Am._, i.
225, says that in 1829 he was a drummer-boy, leaving the
army after the capture of Guatemala by Morazan, and retiring
to Mataquescuintla, where he became a pig-driver, or, as
Montgomery, _Guat._, 143-4, has it, a dealer in hogs, having
risen in the federal army as high as corporal. Dunlop, _Cent.
Am._, 195, followed by _Crowe's Gospel_, 141, and _Squier's
Trav._, ii. 429, essentially confirms Stephens' statements.
Belly, _Nic._, i. 75, adds that Carrera was for a time
employed in the plantation of a Frenchman named Laumonier,
near La Antigua. Montúfar says of him: 'Un joven como de
25 años, sin ninguna educacion, ni conocimientos de ningun
género, pues no conocia siquiera el abecedario. Los primeros
años de su vida los empleó, ya de sirviente doméstico, ya
de apacentador de cerdos, ya de peon en los trabajos de
campo.' The same authority refers to Milla's eulogies of
Carrera, where the words occur, 'Carrera á pesar de su falta
de educacion, y de los hábitos de la vida del campo,' which
might have secured for Milla lodgings in the dungeons of the
castle of Guatemala. The same writer repeats the assertion
often made against the jesuit Paul, later bishop of Panamá,
and raised to the position of archbishop of Bogotá, that he
said at Carrera's death, in his funeral oration, that the man
whose corpse was descending into the tomb was on the right
side of God the father. All repentant villains are given
some such post-mortem place by sympathizing ministers of the
gospel.

[VI-56] In the early days they assured the Indians that he
was their protecting angel Rafael, and resorted to tricks to
favor the delusion. _Squier's Travels_, ii. 429-30.

[VII-1] On the 15th of June. _Marure_, _Efem._, 41. Gen.
Carrascosa's report of his victory, with details, in
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 356-9.

[VII-2] Among the sufferers was Carrera's wife, which
circumstance, it is said, awakened in him an implacable
hatred. _Stephens' Cent. Am._, i. 226; _Crowe's Gospel_,
142. Montgomery, _Guat._, 144, states that Carrera was then
commanding a few men of the military cordon established
because of the epidemic, which he induced to rebel.

[VII-3] The hostilities now carried on partook more of the
character of highway robbery than of orthodox war, both
parties being plundered; but the liberals were the greater
sufferers.

[VII-4] The provisional government constituted at La
Antigua placed itself under the protection of the federal
authorities. _Marure_, _Efem._, 42.

[VII-5] The division was created by José Francisco Barrundia.
It is said that he joined the discontented because the jefe
Galvez refused him a high office for one of his relatives.
_Stephens' Cent. Am._, i. 227. But looking over the
correspondence that passed between them in June 1837, the
conclusion is that the cause of the disagreement was not
a personal one. Barrundia opposed the convocation of the
assembly to an extra session, and all the decrees enacted by
it. The correspondence produced much sensation. Galvez ended
accusing Barrundia of having adopted, when he was president
of the republic, some measures similar to those he had now
censured. The most serious charge against Barrundia was his
persecution of Padre Rojas, to which the former answered
that the priest had been at the head of the insurgents who
proclaimed the Spanish domination on the Atlantic coast,
and though outlawed for that offence, was not executed.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 377-407.

[VII-6] The battalion La Concordia mutinied on the 26th of
January.

[VII-7] Stephens, loc. cit., places these events in February,
but he is evidently mistaken. Marure, _Efem._, 43, gives the
29th of Jan. as the date.

[VII-8] At 4 P. M. of Jan. 28, 1838. _Id._, ii. 543.

[VII-9] Galvez well knew of the relations existing between
Carrera and the revolutionists of La Antigua. The convention
of Guarda Viejo would have saved the situation. Had the
forces of the city, consisting of 411 men, been placed under
Morazan, they with those of Sacatepequez would have been too
strong for Carrera, and he would not have entertained the
idea that a powerful party looked to him for aid.

[VII-10] Full details appear in Gen. Carrascosa's
correspondence given in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii.
589-97.

[VII-11] Among them were Miguel García Granados, the brothers
Arrivillaga, and their relations the Zepedas, together with
the Barrundias.

[VII-12] He was in all this affair guided by the priests.
Barrundia was accused throughout Central America of having
brought about Carrera's invasion of the capital. The
serviles, who were responsible for all Carrera's iniquities,
have endeavored to place some of the odium on that patriot,
who had nothing to do with it. Indeed, had Barrundia gone
to Carrera's headquarters, he would probably have been shot.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 573; _Squier's Travels_, ii.
432.

[VII-13] The chiefs of Sacatepequez had become convinced of
their inability to take the city, or even to properly besiege
it.

[VII-14] Dunlop, _Cent. Am._, 198, and Crowe, _Gospel_, 143,
erroneously say it was on the 30th of January.

[VII-15] _Marure_, _Efem._, 43, places this event on the 2d
of Feb., 1838.

[VII-16] Carrera himself is described as having on a pair of
coarse frieze trousers, and a fine coat with gold embroidery
belonging to Gen. Prem, which had been taken by Monreal.
For a chapeau the new general wore a woman's hat with a
green veil, the property of Prem's wife, who was known as
La Colombiana. In lieu of decorations Carrera had on his
breast a number of 'escapularios del Cármen,' symbolizing the
religion he had come to protect. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
ii. 574.

[VII-17] It seems that a large portion of the men and women
had never seen a city before.

[VII-18] The physician Quirino Flores, who belonged to the
opposition party, and was an intimate friend of Carrascosa
and Carballo, believing that his house would be a place of
safety, induced the vice-president and his family to use
it. It so happened that a small force of Galvez entered the
house, fired upon the invaders from the windows and retired.
The men fired upon were not of the force from La Antigua,
but some of Carrera's savage horde, called from that time
'cachurecos,' who rushed into the house, fired upon the
family, wounding one of the women and a child, and killing
José Gregorio Salazar, the vice-president. Salazar was born
in San Salvador in 1793, and had two brothers, Cárlos,
the general, and Francisco, who as a captain was killed
in action on the 23d of June, 1834. José Gregorio Salazar
was one of the leaders in whom Morazan reposed the highest
trust. As senator, president of the senate, jefe of Salvador,
vice-president of the republic, and acting executive at such
times as Morazan assumed personal command of the troops,
Salazar unswervingly supported progressive principles. His
portrait shows a fine and intelligent face. The murder of
the vice-president, instead of calling for execration on the
part of the priests, Duran, Lobo, Nicolás Arellano, Antonio
Gonzalez, and others, only brought out their diatribes
against the victim. _Id._, 576-9.

[VII-19] It was found at first difficult to elicit a
satisfactory answer from him. The pillaging, though not
officially decreed, had been carried on mostly in the houses
of foreigners. Charles Savage, U. S. consul at Guatemala,
has been highly praised for his intrepidity in protecting
from the infuriated Indians the foreign residents and their
property. _Montgomery's Guat._, 146; _Stephens' Cent. Am._,
i. 233-4.

[VII-20] There being no money in the treasury, it was
borrowed from private persons. _Stephens' Cent. Am._, i. 227
et seq., copied by Larenaudière, _Mexique et Guat._, 298-9.
The facts appear in the records of the asamblea.

[VII-21] Had he resisted, the reënforced troops of La Antigua
would in all probability have defeated his undisciplined
rabble. This would not have suited Father Duran and the other
priests, who expected their own triumph through Carrera's
success. Those same priests aided Barrundia and Valenzuela
to rid the city of himself and his men. _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, ii. 584.

[VII-22] The priest who seemed to exercise the greatest
influence on Carrera was named Lobo, a man of dissolute
character, who always accompanied him as a sort of
counsellor.

[VII-23] _Los Altos, Manif. Document._, 1-28. The federal
congress ratified the separation on the 5th of June,
1838; the departments were, however, reincorporated a year
after. _Marure_, _Efem._, 43; _Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 198;
_Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 28. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iii. 9-23, furnishes a detailed account of the events
preceding and following the separation. The provisional
government then established was a triumvirate formed by
Marcelo Molina, José M. Galvez, and José A. Aguilar.

[VII-24] Stephens, _Cent. Am._, i. 239-42, details some of
the military movements, which are not of sufficient interest
to reproduce here. Marure, _Efem._, 43-4, says that Morazan
attacked the rebels on the hill of Mataquescuintla; 'pero
despues de tres meses de combates, marchas, contramarchas,
y todo género de maniobras, el ejército de operaciones tiene
que replegarse á la capital ... sin haberse adelantado nada
en la pacificacion de aquellos pueblos.'

[VII-25] On the 18th of June, 1838, the vice-jefe Valenzuela,
and the deputies Pedro Molina, José Gándara, José F.
Barrundia, Bernardo Escobar, Pedro Amaya, Felipe Molina, and
Mariano Padilla, laid a paper before the federal congress
on the war and its consequences. In this document they say,
among other things, that it had been moved in the asamblea
of Guatemala to authorize the restoration of the archbishop
and of the religious orders, to abolish divorce, and to
declare void the decrees of 1829, 'decretos que sostuvieron
entónces la revolucion en favor de las instituciones y de la
libertad.' They accuse the serviles of perversely attempting
to render the representatives of liberalism and progress
hateful in the eyes of the ignorant populace. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 47.

[VII-26] Arguments, cajolery, entertainments, and every
other possible means were employed to induce him to swerve
from the principles he had always upheld. Barrundia looked
aghast on their proceedings, and describing them, says it is
impossible to realize 'el envilecimiento, la miseria ruin de
este partido noble aristocrático.' The haughty patricians,
represented by Pavon, Batres, Aycinena, and their confreres,
fawned at his feet, covered him with flowers, disgusted him
with their flattery, feasted him to satiety, and patiently
bore his contemptuous rebuffs as long as they hoped to win
him over. After their failure, sarcasm, ridicule, and abuse
were heaped upon him and his name. Had Morazan's morals been
equal to those of the serviles, he might have accepted the
dictatorship, assumed the full powers, and then crushed them;
but he was an honest man, who always acted in good faith.
_Id._, 175-9.

[VII-27] On the 30th of May it passed an act declaring
the states free to constitute themselves as they might
deem best, preserving, however, the popular representative
form of government. This amendment to the 12th art. of
the constitution of 1824 was accepted by all the states,
excluding the restrictions contained in the federal decree
of June 9, 1838, which was rejected by a majority of the
legislatures. _Marure_, _Efem._, 44-5. The federal congress
passed, on the 7th of July, 1838, an act as follows: 'The
federated states of Cent. Am. are, and by right should be,
sovereign, free, and independent political bodies.' _Guat._,
_Recop. Leyes_, i. 69.

[VII-28] It was the spontaneous act of the citizens of the
capital, who, in view of the progress made by the rebels of
Mita, deemed it necessary to provide for their own safety.
Valenzuela resigned, on the 23d, the executive office into
the hands of the asamblea. _Marure_, _Efem._, 45; _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 181-5. Crowe, _Gospel_, 144, attributes
to Morazan the authorship of the act adopted by the citizens.

[VII-29] On the 20th of July, 1838, he was required to give
himself up; failing to do so, a reward was offered for his
apprehension, alive or dead—$1,500 and two caballerías of
land, besides a full pardon for any offences against the laws
his captor or captors might have committed. _Stephens' Cent.
Am._, i. 242.

[VII-30] Squier, _Travels_, ii. 435, says that Carrera
entered Guatemala; he probably meant Old Guatemala, or
La Antigua. Carrera, at Jalapa, had 2,000 men, while his
opponent, Col Manuel Bonilla, had about 500. The latter were
nearly annihilated. The few officers and soldiers who escaped
with life found refuge in Salvador territory. Carrera's
excesses at this time knew no bounds. He not only ravished
women, but amused himself cutting off their tresses and ears.
Some of these earless women entered the city of Guatemala,
and their stories produced great indignation. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 204; _Marure_, _Efem._, 45.

[VII-31] This action took place early in the morning of
Sept. 11th. Salazar at once despatched a courier to Guatemala
with the news of his success, which caused the utmost joy.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 206-8; _Marure_, _Efem._,
46. Dunlop, _Cent. Am._, 201, asserts that no mercy was
shown by the federal troops in this encounter. By a decree
of Sept. 13, 1838, pensions were granted to the wounded, and
to the widows and orphans of the slain federals. Badges of
honor were also conferred on the survivors. _Guat._, _Recop.
Leyes_, ii. 636-7.

[VII-32] This man's life was then spared, but some time
afterward he was shot, for which the serviles called Morazan
a murderer. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 208.

[VII-33] His resignation was made before the body of his
officers, which implied a disregard of the authority of the
government. The officers eluded all responsibility, alleging
that they had nothing to do with his resignation. The
government then revoked the extraordinary powers conferred on
him two months previously. _Marure_, _Efem._, 46.

[VII-34] In the _Observador_ and the _Apéndice_.

[VII-35] _Exhortacion cristiana que el vicario capitular ...
dirige á los pueblos, etc._, 17 p.

[VII-36] Text of his funeral oration on the 14th of Sept. in
honor of the slain on the government side at Villanueva, in
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 216-21.

[VII-37] José Francisco Barrundia, who fought in that action,
said: 'He [Carrera] could have been captured or annihilated
had he been forthwith pursued; but no advantage was derived
from such a glorious victory, and in a few days vandalism
became again menacing.' Salazar was blamed, Montúfar thinks
unjustly. According to him, the victorious troops were
not in condition to pursue. This authority, partly on the
testimony of Gen. Carballo, lays the blame on Rivera Paz, who
had no interest in destroying a faction on which his party
relied in the emergency of Morazan refusing his aid to the
serviles. Morazan, on the 24th of Oct., declared martial law
in portions of Guatemala, peremptorily refused to listen to
the proposals of the recalcitrants, and marched to Guatemala,
leaving the government in charge of the vice-president,
Diego Vijil, whom congress had chosen to succeed the murdered
Salazar. _Id._, 223-6.

[VII-38] His hordes committed all sorts of outrages in these
departments of Salvador. _Barrundia_, in _El Progreso_ of S.
Salv., 1850, no. 3.

[VII-39] 'Les causó un descalabro de entidad la division del
coronel Carballo.' _Marure_, _Efem._, 46.

[VII-40] Once he was almost starved to death on the top of a
mountain, surrounded at its base by a large force; but owing
to some neglect he escaped.

[VII-41] Stephens, _Cent. Am._, i. 244, erroneously has it
that the delivery was to be of only 1,000 muskets.

[VII-42] The president of the republic ratified the agreement
on the 25th of Dec.

[VII-43] The fact was that the arrangement at Rinconcito
was prompted to Gen. Agustin Guzman by Manuel Pavon, whom
he believed to be a friend that would give him nothing but
honorable advice. He had good reason at a later date to think
differently, when he was taken into Guatemala in rags, tied
on a mule, as a trophy of Carrera's success. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 228-9.

[VII-44] After that Diego Vijil represented the unity in
the federal district as vice-president. The conventicle of
the four nobles, Pavon, Batres, and the two Aycinenas, had,
however, during Rivera Paz's rule in Guatemala, arranged
matters to their own satisfaction, in order to break up
the union, having at their disposal the requisite number
of municipal districts. Their emissaries supported the
separation in Honduras and Nicaragua. Costa Rica was governed
by Carrillo, a declared foe to Central American nationality.
They were now working with Rivera Paz's successor, Gen.
Cárlos Salazar, with almost a certainty of carrying their
point. Salazar was a good soldier, but as a politician,
without guile, and easily deceived. _Id._, 241-3.

[VII-45] And also to protect other states against all
interference on the part of the late federal government. Full
text of the convention in _Cent. Am. Constitutions_, no.
4, 1-5. By virtue of this arrangement, the combined forces
of the two states invaded Salvador. _Marure_, _Efem._, 47.
This treaty brought about Morazan's ruin, and the disruption
of the federal union. Francisco Ferrera, commander of the
forces of Honduras, himself made it known to Carrera, and it
prompted the latter's rebellion on the 24th of March, 1839,
and his march against Guatemala. It enabled Pavon, Batres,
and the Aycinenas to take Carrera in triumph into that city
on the 13th of Apr., 1839.

[VII-46] The jefe of Guatemala, on the 17th of April, 1839,
declared the federal compact dissolved, and the resumption
by the state of its absolute sovereignty. This declaration
was ratified by the constituent assembly on the 14th of June
of the same year. Guat. on the 11th of May entered into a
treaty of amity and alliance with Honduras; on the 5th of
June, 24th of July, and 1st of Aug., made similar treaties
with Salv., Nic., and Costa R., respectively. July 1st, Hond.
and Costa R. for the first time made a treaty of friendship
and alliance as sovereign states. Aug. 10th was signed at
Quezaltenango the first treaty of a similar nature between
the new state of Los Altos and Salv. _Marure_, _Efem._,
48-50. Costa Rica had in Nov. 1838 assumed the plenitude
of her sovereignty. In obedience to a decree of Braulio
Carrillo, the supreme chief of the state, dated Aug. 4, 1838,
her representatives and senators had left their seats in
the federal congress. The state recognized its share of the
federal debt and paid it at once. Carrillo's decree shows
that the Costa Ricans were dissatisfied with the inequality
of their representation in the national lower house, where
Guatemala had 19 more deputies than Nicaragua, 17 more than
Honduras, 15 more than Salvador, and 23 more than Costa Rica,
which had only four representatives in the 'congreso,' as
the lower house was called. The representation in the senate
was equal to that of the other states; but if the latter
chamber refused its sanction to any bill adopted, the former
could, under the 83d art. of the constitution, make it a law
by three fourths of the votes present. Thus was Costa Rica
made a nonentity in the legislative body. There were other
reasons for complaint. By a good management of her finances,
Costa Rica always had available resources, and punctually
paid her contingent to the national treasury in money. She
was therefore taxed while virtually without representation.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 266-73, 310, 313-41.

[VII-47] It was a force from Leon, under Col B. Mendez,
who had entered by the frontier of San Miguel. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 292-3.

[VII-48] The allied commander was Francisco Ferrera, an
Hondureño, who had been connected with the incendiaries of
Comayagua. This victory was mainly due to Morazan's daring.
He was seriously wounded in the right arm. Col Benitez,
who was a Colombian, was slain. _Marure_, _Efem._, 48;
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 293-5.

[VII-49] Brigadier Cabañas occupied the capital Aug. 28th. He
defeated the Hondurans at Cuesta Grande Sept. 6th, and then
entered Tegucigalpa. On the 25th, after quelling a revolt
which took place on the 16th, in San Salvador, Morazan was
again victorious at San Pedro Perulapan with 600 Salvadorans
over a double force of Hondurans and Nicaraguans, who, under
Ferrera, had entered that town on their way to San Salvador,
to destroy the 'simulacro de gobierno federal que existia
aun en aquella capital.' Cabañas triumphed again at Soledad
on Nov. 13th. _Marure_, _Efem._, 48-51; _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iii. 354-6, 446.

[VII-50] Ferrera was without a command for some time, owing
to his continual defeats. Quijano was another 'notabilidad
del partido servil aristocrático.'

[VII-51] Cabañas' official report of Feb. 3d from San Antonio
del Sauce says that the enemy's force being superior, he had
resolved to retire to San Miguel in Salv. _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iii. 451-2.

[VII-52] Stephens, _Cent. Am._, i. 245, quaintly remarks, 'It
must have been quite new to him, and a satisfaction to find
out what principles he sustained.'

[VII-53] Among them were Mariscal and Del Rio. War had been
declared between Guatemala and Salvador. The fiction of
Atescatempa, Carrera's proclamations against Morazan the
chief magistrate of Salv., the movement of the 16th of Sept.,
1839, against the lawful authorities of Salvador prompted
and aided by Carrera, the destruction of Los Altos the friend
and ally of Salv., and many other causes, constituted a real
state of war. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 456.

[VII-54] Their head men sought refuge with the nuns of La
Concepcion.

[VII-55] Made up exclusively of Indians, as Carrera wanted no
white soldiers or officers. _Stephens' Cent. Am._, ii. 111.

[VII-56] The worshippers of Carrera have said that he
intentionally allowed Morazan to enter the city, with the
view of besieging him, which is absurd. The city was full of
war material, and was plentifully supplied with meat.

[VII-57] His officers who distinguished themselves in the
operations were Generals Cabañas and Rivas, colonels Antonio
Rivera Cabezas and Ignacio Malespin, and Lieut-col Bernardo
Rivera Cabezas.

[VII-58] Carrera's official report is dated at Guatemala on
the 23d of March. He does not speak of the assassination of
Col Sanchez, Morazan's aide-de-camp, by order of his brother,
Sotero Carrera; nor of the wanton massacre of many others;
nor of the maltreatment of women, followers of the Salvadoran
camp, which caused the French consul to raise his voice in
protest. Carrera gave full sway to his ferocious instincts
on that day, taking the greatest delight in butchering the
vanquished. Many of the pursued sought an asylum in the
house of Chatfield, the British consul, and a word from him
on their behalf would have saved their lives; but he did not
utter it, and they were put to death. _Id._, 460-7; _Marure_,
_Efem._, 52.

[VII-59] Their hatred against Morazan was shown in their
cries, accompanying those of 'Viva la religion! Guanacos,
entreguen á ese canalla, entreguen á ese hereje; nosotros,
defendemos á Dios y á sus santos.' They called their
opponents 'guanacos, pirujos, malvados, ladrones,' and
declared that they were going to bring back the archbishop,
and the friars who were sent away in 1829.

[VII-60] Stephens, who was then on his way from San Salvador
to Guatemala, met the defeated troops, and in his _Cent.
Am._, ii. 69 et seq., gives a graphic description.

[VII-61] Miguel Álvarez Castro, José Miguel Saravia, Isidro
Menendez, Cárlos Salazar, Máximo Orellana, Nicolás Angulo,
Trinidad Cabañas, Enrique Rivas, Gerardo Barrios, Pedro
Molina, with his sons Felipe and José, and his son-in-law
Manuel Irungaray, Antonio and Bernardo Rivera Cabezas, José
M. Silva, Máximo, Tomás and Indalecio Cordero, Antonio Lazo,
and others. Pedro Molina refused to go at first, but was
prevailed on by his sons and son-in-law, who saw that his
fate would be sealed if he remained. _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iii. 484.

[VII-62] Pedro Molina and his sons Felipe and José, Manuel
Irungaray, Isidro Menendez, Gen. Enrique Rivas, Doroteo
Vasconcelos, Gerardo Barrios, Indalecio Cordero, José Prado,
Dámaso Lonza, and others. They were made afterward the
objects of abuse on the part of Carrillo and his coarse wife,
Froilana Carranza. _Id._, iii. 600-1.

[VII-63] July 16, 1841. He details the acts of the serviles,
enemies of their country's independence and freedom.
Carrera's career of crime is also fully discussed. _Morazan_,
_Manif._, in _Id._, 585-96; _Id._, in _Cent. Am. Pap._, no.
3.

[VII-64] The serviles had said that they waged war, not
against Salvador, but against Morazan.

[VII-65] The embassy brought an escort of 200 men, and
Salvador had to pay all the expense. See the note of Minister
Manuel Barberena to the minister-general of Guatemala, dated
May 18, 1840. Carrera was lodged in one of the best houses
of Salvador, and his deportment clearly indicated what his
early training had been. His first diplomatic utterances were
threats, and the general conduct of himself and his soldiers
was so abusive that the people of the liberal district of
Calvario in San Salvador finally resolved to fall upon and
annihilate them. Cañas saw the danger, and called to it the
attention of Duran, who prevailed on his colleague to leave
the state with his troops. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii.
487-8, 492.

[VII-66] The convention was signed by Joaquin Duran,
secretary of the sup. gov., and Lieut-gen. Rafael Carrera,
on the part of Guatemala, and by Manuel Barberena and Juan
Lacayo for Salvador. Under art. 1st Salvador was not to
have in office any man who had coöperated with Morazan.
Art. 2d required of Salvador to surrender to Guatemala a
number of persons, named in a list furnished, to be retained
until Salvador should be fully reorganized. Art. 3d forbids
Salvador to permit the return to its territory of any of
the persons who went away with Morazan. Should any return,
they must be given up to Guatemala, as prescribed in the
2d article. Art. 4th and 7th refer to the return of certain
armament and of prisoners of war taken in the action of 18th
and 19th of March last. Art. 5th says that the constituent
assembly of Salvador having been called, her government must
see at once to the appointment of deputies to the convention
which was to organize the republic. Under art. 6th Salvador
agreed that Guatemala and the other states should appoint
agents, who, together with her own, were to have in their
charge the archives and other effects of the federation.
_Id._, 489-91.

[VIII-1] _Guat._ _Recop. Leyes_, i. 42, 62-9, 178.

[VIII-2] The title given the chief magistrate was that of
jefe. That of president was not decreed till Nov. 29, 1839.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 51.

[VIII-3] He is represented as a man of excitable temperament
and harsh manners. He was a brother of José Francisco
Barrundia.

[VIII-4] The prelate of the order was summoned to the palace
of the federal government, and a compromise was agreed to.
Meantime the mob had assembled, shouting, 'Mision queremos!
Viva la religion! Muera la herejía! Mueran los que no quieren
misiones!' _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 182-3.

[VIII-5] It was solemnly promulgated Dec. 26, 1825. This
constitution was in full force till the meeting of a second
constituent assembly, when it ceased to rule. _Marure_,
_Efem._, 15; _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 201-2.

[VIII-6] Vera Paz with Peten; Chiquimula, Guatemala, and
Escuintla; Sacatepequez with Chimaltenango; Suchitepequez
with Sololá; Quezaltenango and Soconusco; Totonicapan and
Huehuetenango. _Id._, 463-70.

[VIII-7] Barrundia induced seven of the deputies to abandon
their seats, and to protest against resolutions enacted by
the legislature after they had quitted it. _Marure_, _Bosq.
Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 242.

[VIII-8] This step was taken Sept. 6, 1826. _Marure_, _Bosq.
Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 260; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 53-4.
A demand from the fed. gov. to muster out the troops was
refused in round terms.

[VIII-9] He had once been a resident there, and knew it to be
the most bigoted place in all Cent. Am. Liberal ideas had not
taken much root there, and fanaticism ruled.

[VIII-10] He afterward attempted to recover his office, but
the course events had taken impeded it. _Mem. Rev. Cent.
Am._, 57-8.

[VIII-11] A creole from Sto Domingo, who had been formerly a
federal officer; but having been arbitrarily removed from the
position, he joined the state cause.

[VIII-12] Near Quezaltenango he endeavored to capture his
former command, now under Manuel Montúfar, but the latter
escaped. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 55-6. He had been forewarned
by some serviles of Quezaltenango of the ambuscade prepared
for him. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 262.

[VIII-13] Abandoning the plan he had formed of attacking the
federals under Francisco Cáscaras.

[VIII-14] He allowed four hours for the surrender: 'si en
el término de cuatro horas, no efectúan Vds. lo referido,
la hermosa ciudad de Quezaltenango desaparecerá.' _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 288; _Id._, _Efem._, 18; _Mem.
Rev. Cent. Am._, 57-8.

[VIII-15] Among them, one of Oct. 19, 1826, to punish
attempts at propagating sedition among the soldiers;
another, of Oct. 25th, to impose the penalty of death on
all Guatemalans taking up arms against the state government.
_Gaz. de Méx._, Dec. 14, 1826; _El Indicador de Guat._, of
same year, no. 106; _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 248-50.

[VIII-16] Afraid of falling into the hands of the federal
troops then marching toward Los Altos, he retired to
Retalhuleu, where he lived till 1829.

[VIII-17] Oct. 28, 1826. Cáscaras' vainglorious report is
in _Guat._, _Gac. Gob._, Nov. 2, 1826, and _Méx. Gac. Gob._,
Dec. 14, 1826; _Marure_, _Efem._, 18; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._,
59-60.

[VIII-18] All persons affording them aid were declared, on
the 5th of March, guilty of high treason. _Guat._, _Recop.
Leyes_, i. 250-4. Decree reiterated March 28, 1827; _Marure_,
_Efem._, 19.

[VIII-19] All authorities agree that the execution was
effected upon the mere order of Aycinena, the then jefe
of Guat., and without legal formalities. _Arce_, _Mem._,
68; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 70; _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._,
16; _Squier's Travels_, ii. 397. This last-named writer
severely condemns the affected piety of Aycinena, who made
confession before a priest and took the communion before
signing the death-warrant. In 1829 the liberal party awarded
extraordinary honors to Pierzon's memory, ordering that his
name should be placed by the side of Cirilo Flores, with this
inscription, 'Viva el ilustre Coronel Pierzon en el corazon
de los buenos patriotas.' _Marure_, _Efem._, 19.

[VIII-20] Aycinena retained his position uninterruptedly
till the 12th of Apr., 1829, when he was deposed by Morazan.
A legislative act expatriated him, and he was in exile till
early in 1836, when he returned to the bosom of his family;
but a second legislative order compelled him to leave the
country again. Finally, an amnesty decree of July 25, 1838,
restored him to his country in Sept. _Marure_, _Efem._, 18,
61. Mariano Córdoba was chosen, in March 1827, vice-jefe, and
when he resigned the office, Manuel Montúfar was called to
succeed him. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 60.

[VIII-21] It was the first of its class in Cent. Am., but by
no means the last.

[VIII-22] Lieut Isidro Velazquez was executed March 30, 1827.

[VIII-23] Leniency toward the proscribed Antonio Rivera
Cabezas, whose death-penalty he had commuted to exile, and
prohibition of certain books, pursuant to decrees of the
ecclesiastical authorities, were among the chief causes which
alienated him many of his former supporters. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, i. 236; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 114. On the
6th of December, 1828, he ordered such books to be burned.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 22.

[VIII-24] It purposed with this measure, which turned out
to be unavailing, to remove one of the obstacles to the
termination of the war by means of a peaceful arrangement.

[VIII-25] They were reëlected, though succeeding events
prevented the counting of the votes. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._,
115.

[VIII-26] A revolt at Quezaltenango, Nov. 5, 1828, had been
summarily suppressed. _Marure_, _Efem._, 22.

[VIII-27] The districts of Sacatepequez and Escuintla
recognized the authorities that were installed in La Antigua.

[VIII-28] His brother José Francisco having been made acting
president, he resigned for the second time the office of
jefe, urging obvious reasons, but he was required by the
assembly to continue discharging his duties till the election
should have been effected. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i.
167-9.

[VIII-29] The dispersed representative council of 1826 had
been reorganized at La Antigua Feb. 11, 1829, and its senior
member, Mariano Zenteno, recognized as acting jefe of the
state.

[VIII-30] This body voted Morazan a gold medal, and declared
him a benemérito. It also decreed that his portrait should be
placed in the hall of sessions. This, however, was a spark of
enthusiasm which died out.

[VIII-31] Nicolás Espinosa presided, as he had done at the
last sitting at San Martin Jilotepec, Sept. 26, 1826.

[VIII-32] Cayetano de la Cerda was the administrador de
recursos, and he acted without restriction. Mariano Galvez,
Barrundia's secretary of state, is credited with the
invention of the financial schemes by the author of _Mem.
Rev. Cent. Am._, 136-7.

[VIII-33] _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 131-3, 143-51.

[VIII-34] Antonio Rivera Cabezas was chosen vice-jefe in
March 1830. He was succeeded by Gregorio Marquez in Feb.
1831; Francisco X. Flores was consejero Aug. 1831.

[VIII-35] Molina was impeached on trivial and inconsistent
charges by the legislative body. Twice tried and twice
acquitted; but meantime the term for which he was chosen had
expired, and new elections were ordered. Marure, Efem., 61.
Full details of the trials in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i.
205-17, 229-33.

[VIII-36] Rivera Cabezas wielded a powerful pen, and in a
playful way ridiculed the servile party. His Don Meliton
dialogues did it more harm than José del Valle with his
grave and erudite speeches in congress. He won himself the
bitter hatred of that party. The political change of 1839
placed him in the hands of his enemies, and he lost much
of his property. He left the country, but family affairs
necessitated his return some years after. In his last years
his intellectual faculties declined, and the serviles no
longer feared him, but their hatred remained, and their
insults and abuse hastened his death. His portrait is also
given. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 235-7, 246.

[VIII-37] The most violent felt since 1773. _Marure_,
_Efem._, 26.

[VIII-38] Several buildings were damaged, among them the
churches of Santa Teresa, San Francisco, and Recoletos. Since
the end of March shocks had been experienced in the vicinity
of the Pacaya volcano, several villages being almost entirely
reduced to ruins. _Id._

[VIII-39] The nun Teresa called them the effects of God's
displeasure for the banishment of the archbishop and friars.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 225-6.

[VIII-40] The liberals were certain that with Morazan at
the head of the federal government, and Barrundia as chief
of Guatemala, there would be no disagreements. Barrundia
now made a cession for the benefit of public instruction of
nearly $7,000—due him for salaries during the time he acted
as president. This was a generous act on the part of a man
who had no private fortune. He later ceded one half of his
senatorial pay for the same purpose. _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, i. 273-6.

[VIII-41] Galvez was reëlected Feb. 9, 1835, and held the
position till Feb. 2, 1838, when he was forced to resign it.
During his first term Simon Vasconcelos was vice-jefe, and
Juan Ant. Martinez consejero; during the second, Pedro J.
Valenzuela, who superseded him; Mariano Sanchez de Leon was
consejero in 1836, and Mariano Rivera Paz in July 1838. The
latter also held the executive office. _Salv._, _Gac._, Oct.
12, 1854; _Marure_, _Efem._, 43, 45, 61-2.

[VIII-42] Galvez was not in league with the clergy or
aristocracy, on one side; nor with Barrundia or Morazan, on
the other. He wanted to form a party of which he should be
the sole chief. This prompted him to oppose all parties, and
brought upon him many reproaches.

[VIII-43] In July 1832 tithes were abolished. On the 16th
of Sept. an academy of sciences, to take the place of the
old university, was established, and to it were attached
the colegio de abogados, and the protomedicato. This academy
was suppressed March 6, 1840, and the university of old was
restored. _Marure_, _Efem._, 32. Among other measures were
the reduction of holidays to seven, aside from Sundays, and
the prohibition of religious processions in the streets on
working days. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 307-19, ii.
76-84.

[VIII-44] Even the offspring of priests were to be reputed as
legitimate in cases of inheritance, where the father had died
intestate. _Id._, ii. 346-7.

[VIII-45] This blow at the church was not favorably received
by the people, and in July 1838 the resolution was suspended.

[VIII-46] They made the Indians believe that the cholera
was the effect of Galvez and his friends having poisoned the
springs, 'para destruir hombres que detestaba y poblaciones
que aborrecia.' _Id._, ii. 349.

[VIII-47] It was constantly brought forward that while other
states had seceded from the confederation, Guatemala alone
had contributed to the common budget, and furnished the
national executive arms and money to wage war against the
rebellious states.

[VIII-48] Martial law was proclaimed Jan. 16, 1838, in the
departments of Sacatepequez and Guatemala. Two days later La
Antigua rebelled, appointing a provisional government, and
subsequently Chiquimula and Salamá followed the movement.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 42-3; _Squier's Travels_, ii. 431;
_Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 858-9.

[VIII-49] The provisional government was placed in charge
of Marcelo Molina, José M. Galvez, and José A. Aguilar.
The assembly of Guatemala simply referred the matter to the
federal congress, which recognized the new state. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 9-23; _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 43.

[VIII-50] _Marure_, _Efem._, 47.

[VIII-51] The state comprised, on the north, the districts
of Huehuetenango, Sacapulas, Malacatan, Tejutla, Cuilco,
Jacaltenango, and Sololá, together with all the territory
between the river Pasion and Chiapas, to where it touched the
undefined boundaries of Tabasco and Yucatan; on the west,
Ostuncalco and San Márcos; on the south, Cuyotenango and
Mazatenango; on the east, Atitlan, Sololá, Joyabaj, Quiché;
and in the centre, Totonicapan and Quezaltenango. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 391-3.

[VIII-52] Dated July 12, 1839. _Id._, 394-7.

[VIII-53] Galvez, José F. and Juan Barrundia, Simon
Vasconcelos, and others.

[VIII-54] On the 28th of Jan. a body of Quezaltec troops,
under Colonel Corzo, was defeated by the Guatemalans, under
Gen. Monterrosa. It had been stationed in the hacienda of
Bejucal, with the double object of guarding on the coast side
the territory of Los Altos, and of forming a combination with
the men of Salvador, who were about to invade Guatemala from
the river Paz frontier. The treatment of the fugitives by the
Indians was shocking. Corzo and Lieut-col Córdoba perished
at their hands. Carrera, after defeating, on the 29th of
Jan., the Quezaltec troops that attempted to check him on the
heights of Sololá, entered Quezaltenango unresisted, and put
an end to that state. Its towns were taken under Guatemalan
protection, on the fiction of their voluntary annexation,
by decree of Feb. 26, 1840. _Marure_, _Efem._, 52; _Guat._,
_Recop. Leyes_, i. 43-50.

[VIII-55] It was claimed that Carrera could not prevent these
abuses, which were committed by the very people of Los Altos
who rose against the partisans of the government. The fact
is, they were savage Indians under Carrera's protection. This
chief returned in triumph to Guatemala, and was received amid
the plaudits of his clerico-aristocratic supporters and the
rabble. His victorious army brought in the rear the armament
and spoils of Quezaltenango, and upwards of 100 prisoners,
among them Guzman, Mariscal, and Soto. The first named was
wounded, and tied to a mule. The rabble made him the special
object of their scoff. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii.
439-41.

[VIII-56] Deprived of the office Jan. 30, 1839; restored Apr.
13th of the same year; held it till Dec. 13, 1841. May 14,
1842, he assumed for the third time the executive office,
with the title of president of the state. _Guat._, _Recop.
Leyes_, i. 175; _Marure_, _Efem._, 61-2. Stephens, who saw
Rivera Paz in 1840, speaks well of him, saying that 'in all
the trying positions in which he was afterward placed, he
exhibited more than ordinary prudence and judgment.' _Cent.
Am._, i. 201.

[VIII-57] The 3d and last art. contained these words: 'Un
olvido general sobre todos los acontecimientos políticos
desde el quince de Setiembre de mil ochocientos veintiuno
hasta la fecha; y se prohiba rigurosamente removerlos con
ningun motivo.' Further than this, José F. Barrundia had
moved that the initiative should be made urgent, and voted
on without being referred to a committee. Montúfar, who
gives full details on this affair, blames Barrundia for his
excessive generosity and abnegation, which, he declares,
always turned to the prejudice of that statesman and his
party. He wanted his enemies pardoned, and to enjoy all
personal guarantees, but there was no spirit of reciprocity
on their part. When the serviles assumed the reins of power,
they invariably abused and persecuted Barrundia. He was not
only sent into exile, but insulted there in publications they
would forward him. _Reseña Hist._, iii. 188-90.

[VIII-58] The executive was authorized to support the
petition of the clergy in order that the diocese should
have a bishop, and permitted that he should appropriate
a portion of the public funds to that end. No mention was
made of the person who was to be bishop. The idea was to
flatter the several clergymen who were with Carrera hoping
to earn a mitre. July 25th the people were called to elect
a constituent assembly, of not less than fifty members,
to reform, add to, or retain in whole or in part the
constitution of Guatemala. This decree was supported by the
liberals, who foolishly believed that their party would have
the power to reconstitute the state. The serviles hailed it,
being sure of controlling the situation with Rivera Paz at
the head of the government, and three servile wings as his
counsellors. Reactionary deputies would be plentiful in the
constitutional convention. The capitation tax was reduced
to four reales. The assembly, now converted into a law-maker
by steam, on the 26th of July revoked the laws establishing
civil marriage and divorce, freedom to bequeath property,
reduction of the number of holidays, and the further
admission of religious vows. _Id._, 190-2.

[VIII-59] He ruled 2½ months, at the end of which he had
to seek safety in flight, on Carrera occupying the capital.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 48, 62.

[VIII-60] The former political order of affairs now came
to an end, and a new era began under Carrera's auspices.
_Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 207.

[VIII-61] The texts of the several treaties may be seen in
_Convencion_, in _Cent. Am. Constituciones_, 5-25, 28-31;
_Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 382-95.

[VIII-62] Honors were paid to Carrera and Rivera Paz.
Their portraits were to be placed in the hall of sessions.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 53. A few days later the 19th of March was
decreed a civic feast-day. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, iii. 348.

[VIII-63] Act of Nov. 9, 1840. _Id._, 286.

[VIII-64] Not at Aguanqueterique, as the federal congress had
decreed. _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 13; _Marure_, _Efem._,
10. The last named, in his _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 148,
gives the name as Leypateric.

[VIII-65] Comayagua, Tegucigalpa, Gracias, Santa Bárbara,
Olancho, Yoro, and Choluteca.

[VIII-66] Irias excommunicated Herrera, and the latter had
him arrested. Both had many adherents.

[VIII-67] Arce claims that Gracias had called for the
protection. _Mem._, 64-5; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 61. The
truth is, he had no right to exercise jurisdiction there, the
place not being on the frontier nor on the coast. _Morazan_,
_Apuntes_, MS., 6.

[VIII-68] Herrera had a force to defeat Milla, but refrained
from using it, in order that Honduras should not be accused
of beginning hostilities against the national government.
_Id._, 7.

[VIII-69] Marure, _Efem._, 19, gives the 10th as the
date. Dunlop, _Cent. Am._, 169, gives March 10th. Morazan
attributes the surrender to the commander's treachery.
_Apuntes_, MS., 8.

[VIII-70] Cleto Bendaña was made jefe provisional in Sept.
1827, Francisco Morazan being consejero in Nov. of that year.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 63.

[VIII-71] See his _Apuntes_, MS., 9-10.

[VIII-72] There was a sedition of the serviles, headed by
Father Rivas and others, which was concluded by a peaceable
arrangement with Morazan. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i.
191-3, 196.

[VIII-73] Martinez and Cori, implicated in a plot with
negroes of Belize and Bacalar, and others were executed May
25, 1833. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 132.

[VIII-74] They mostly affected the clergy. _Marure_, _Efem._,
23-7, 35-6.

[VIII-75] Resulting from various causes. A law providing for
a provisional currency checked foreign trade. In the interior
it was at 50 per ct discount. A decree establishing a single
tax never could be carried out. The abolition of tithes was
a measure which caused trouble. Timid or fanatical rulers
were afraid of 'cuatro canónigos viejos de Comayagua que
amenazaban con el salmo 108 y las penas del infierno,' and
fanaticism soon brought about the restoration of the tithes.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 277.

[VIII-76] This was the second constituent assembly, and
its first president was José Santiago Buezo. The town of
Tegucigalpa demanded absolute independence, declaring itself
seceded and under the protection of Nicaragua until it should
be declared. This was the work of the returned reactionists.
_Id._, 279-82.

[VIII-77] 'Art. Único. El estado de Honduras es libre,
soberano, é independiente.' It was published by the
acting jefe, Leon Alvarado. The declaration being deemed
insufficient by the secessionists, another act was passed
on the 5th of Nov., to say that Honduras was independent of
the late federal government, of the governments of the other
states of Cent. Am., and of any other government or foreign
power. _Id._, 282; _Marure_, _Efem._, 47.