Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (19)

[XXVII-81] The following authorities have spoken of the
manners and customs of the Isthmus, and character of
its people at different periods from 1845 to late years:
_Macgregor's Progress of Am._, i. 820-34; _Seemann's Narr._,
i. 140-1, 299-310, passim; _Oliveira_, in _Nouv. Ann. Voy._,
cxxiii., 216-27; _McCollum's Cal._, 16-26; _Worthy's Trav._,
335-6; _Johnson's Sights_, 11-87; _Foote's Recoll._, 135-47;
_Merrill's Statem._, MS., i.; _Fremont's Am. Trav._, 57-65,
166-7; _Griswold's Isth._, 130-68, 179-80; _Gisborne's
Darien_, 170-216, pass.; _Delano's Chips_, 80-92; _Helper's
Land of Gold_, 209-23; _Mollhausen's Diary_, ii. 374-9;
_Harper's Mag._, xix. 433, 437-54; _Trollope's W. Ind._, 240,
248-50; _Pim's Gate of the Pac._, 210-14; _Gazlay's Pac.
Monthly_, i. 17-30; _Baxley's What I Saw_, 30-45; _China
Route_, _Sketch of New_, 54-74; _Gordon's Guide_, 14-15;
_Eardley-Wilmot's Our Jour._, 66-71; _Pan. Star and Herald_,
Feb. 7, 1875.

[XXVII-82] In 1840 small-pox prevailed in Chagres among
the natives; foreigners, being mostly vaccinated, escaped
unscathed. It visited the Isthmus again as an epidemic in
1863, 1880, and 1881, with great ravages each time, owing
to neglect of the common rules of hygiene, or aversion of
the lower classes to vaccination. _Niles' Reg._, lix. 17;
_Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 222-3; _Cash's Sketch_, 62-3; _Pan._,
_Gaceta_, March 14, Aug. 1, Oct. 17, 1880; Sept. 22, 1881;
_El Coclesano_, Aug. 5, 20, 1881; _S. F. Bulletin_, July 16,
1881.

[XXVII-83] The Isthmus seems to have been spared on its first
visit to Am. in 1832-4. _Pan._, _Doc. Ofic._, in _Pinart_,
_Col. Doc._, MS., no. 31, 41-4.

[XXVII-84] The havoc, however, was greater among transient
foreigners and the native colored population. _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 7-8. It was most virulent from
Jan. to July 1849. There were cases nearly to the end of
1850. _Williams' Statem._, MS., 2; _Willey's Pers. Mem._,
MS., 48-53; _Roach's Statem._, MS., 1; _Cannon's Statem._,
MS., 1; _S. F. News_, Nov. 8, 1850. Chiriquí escaped
the infliction by the timely establishment of a rigorous
quarantine against Pan. _Chiriquí_, _Dec. Gobern._, in
_Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., 89, 2-5, 25; _Veraguas_,
Dec., in _Id._, MS., nos. 70-2.

[XXVII-85] If we except Colon, Chagres, and Portobello,
the climate is healthy. Men abstaining from the abuse of
alcoholic drinks, and observing the common rules of hygiene,
need not be apprehensive of the climate.

[XXVII-86] The symptoms were cramps, severe pain in
the spine, vomiting, and fever, followed by loss of
consciousness. The attack generally lasted several days.

[XXVII-87] _Pan._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 11, 1877; Apr. 29, 1880.

[XXVII-88] There was, however, a private hospital, mainly
supported by the French and Italians, where sick foreigners
found good attendance. Many a life has been saved in it.

[XXVII-89] Four disastrous conflagrations visited the present
city of Panamá prior to 1825; namely, in 1737, 1756, 1781,
and 1821, the first being the work of incendiaries from Guat.
_Seemann's Voy._, 288. Chagres was nearly all burned down
Dec. 9, 1847. _Polynesian_, in _S. F. Californian_, iii.
no. 4, Aug. 14, 1848. Gorgona was ruined in 1851. Panamá had
property destroyed in 1856 valued at half a million dollars.
Colon was afflicted in 1863 and 1868, and finally ruined by
the incendiaries Prestan and others in 1885. Panamá had three
great conflagrations; viz., June 5, 1870, Feb. 19, 1874, and
March 6, 1878. The loss of property in the three probably
exceeded four million dollars. _Pan._, _Merc. Chronicle_,
March 29, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 7, 1863; Apr. 25,
1868; June, 1870; _Id._, _Boletin_ _Ofic._, June 18, Dec. 25,
1870; _Jülfs_, _Die Seehäfen_, 3; _S. F. Chronicle_, June 21,
30, 1870; March 10, 1878; _S. F. Alta_, July 1, 1870; Feb.
28, March 9, 1874; _S. F. Call_, June 9, 1870; March 9, 1874;
Apr. 2, 1878; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Feb. 21, 24, 1874;
_Pan._, _Gaceta_, July 10, 1874; March 17 to July 1, Dec. 15,
1878; _Colombia_, _Diario Ofic._, May 30, 1874, p. 1749; _S.
F. Post_, Feb. 28, 1874; March 8, 1878.

[XXVIII-1] Being an estimated increase since 1877 of 245,847.
_Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Dec. 4, 1877. The population was
computed in 1810 at different figures, none reliable. The one
deemed most accurate was as follows: 646,666 Indians, 313,334
mulattoes and some negroes, 40,000 whites, making a total of
1,000,000, probably including 100,000 for Chiapas. _Guat._,
_Apuntam._, 105, 110; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, July 2, 1879;
_Lastarría_, in _La América_, 445; _Baily's Cent. Am._, 28,
32; _Nouv. Annales des Voy._, iv. 1820, 36; _Ocios de Esp.
Emig._, v. 2. In 1823 the whole was set down at 1,600,000.
_Humboldt's Pers. Narr._, vi. pt 1, 127, 131. Marure computed
it in 1824, giving Costa R. 70,000, Nic. 207,269, Salv.
212,573, Hond. 137,069, and Guat. 660,580; total, 1,287,491.
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 148, and app. no. 6. G. A. Thompson,
Brit. commissioner to Cent. Am., in 1823 estimated 2,000,000
in the following proportions: one fifth of whites, two fifths
of mixed classes, and two fifths of Indians. _Narr. Official
Visit_, 451. Galindo, an intelligent officer of the Cent. Am.
govt, about 1837 set the population at 685,000 Ind., 740,000
ladinos or mestizos, and 475,000 whites; total, 1,900,000.
He evidently overestimated the number of whites. Crowe,
_Gospel_, 40, referring specifically to Guat., estimated the
number of pure whites at not over 5,000, which seems to be
short of the truth. The proportions he gave were: Indians,
three fifths; ladinos or mestizos, one fourth; whites, one
fortieth; mulattoes, one eighty-third; negroes, one fiftieth;
zambos, one hundredth. It is unnecessary to burden this note
with figures for each year after 1837. I will merely append
those for 1866, given by a writer who must have got his data
from reliable sources: Costa R., 150,000, mostly white, and
including from 5,000 to 10,000 Talamanca Indians. According
to a Costa Rica census, there were in the republic in 1864
112 persons of 90 years and upwards; of whom 14 were of
100, 4 of 102, one of 103, one of 104, one of 111, one of
117, one of 118, and one of 122. The majority of cases of
great longevity were of women. _Costa R._, _Censo_, 100-3.
Nic., 380,000, of whom 80,000 pure Indians, 30,000 whites,
30,000 negroes, and the rest of mixed breeds, the mestizos
of white and Indian predominating on the Pac. coast, and the
zambos, or mixture of negro and Indian, on the Atlantic;
there were probably 30,000 in Mosquitia; Salv., 750,000;
Hond., 300,000; Guat., 1,219,500. _Laferrière_, _De Paris á
Guatém._, 47, 71, 93, 189, 251; _Pim's Gate of the Pac._,
37, 75. Other publications treating of the subject from
time to time: _Costa R._, _Boletin Ofic._, Feb. 9, March
30, 1854; _Id._, _Gaceta_, July 15, 1854; _Id._, _Mem. Sec.
Interior_, 1860 and 1861; _Id._, _Informe Gobern._, 1868 and
1874; _Id._, _Censo_, 1864; _Id._, _Col. Ley._, xxxii. 250-2;
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 21, 45-57, 279, 348, 449, 465, 648-9;
_Id._, _Travels_, i. 32-3; _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa R._, 28-9;
_Belly_, _Nic._, i. 138-42, 249-54; _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i.
185-6; _Nic._, _Registro Ofic._, 270, 312, 316, 382; _Id._,
_Boletin Ofic._, March to Aug. 1862, pass.; _Id._, _Gaceta_,
Jan. 1863 to Apr. 11, 1874, pass.; _Lévy_, _Nic._, 234 et
seq.; _Salv._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 26 to Nov. 18, 1850; Feb. 3,
March 3, 1854; Apr. 1, 1876; May 28 to Nov. 28, 1878; May
18 to Nov. 29, 1879; _Crosby's Statem._, MS., 93; _Wells'
Hond._, 554-7; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 473; _Guat._, _Mem.
Sec. Fomento_, 1880-5, with tables; and numerous others.

[XXVIII-2] The departments of Guat. having the largest
numbers were Totomicapam, 144,312; Guat., 130,581;
Huehuetenango, 121,123; Alta Verapaz, 93,407. The rest range
from 76,103 in Lalolá and 75,553 in Quiché, to 31,637 in
Jalapa. Peten is put down with 8,297, Izabal with 3,761, and
Livingston with 1,471. _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, July 11, Aug.
13, 1885; _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1884, 40, annex 6;
1885, 43-4, annex 12; _El Guatemalteco_, Jan. 1 to Dec. 5,
1884, pass.; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Feb. 9, 1884; Sept. 30,
1885.

[XXVIII-3] The proportions in 1880 were, white and mixed,
men, 183,536, females, 196,292; pure Indians, men, 421,518,
females, 423,256. Grand total, 1,224,602. _Guat._, _Mem. Sec.
Fomento_, 1885, annex 12, table 16.

[XXVIII-4] The first law to promote colonization was issued
Jan. 22, 1824, by the national constituent assembly of
Cent. Am. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 133, app.
xviii.-xxvii.; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 815-20; _Id._,
_Boletin Ofic._, June 22, 1835; _Nic._, _Corr. Ist._, Aug. 8,
1850; _Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, March 20, 1854; _Rocha_, _Cód.
Nic._, i. 42-3, 53; _Baily's Cent. Am._, 43-5.

[XXVIII-5] Containing upwards of 14,000,000 acres of virgin
soil, and affording every climate. _Brief Statem. of the
Important Grants Conceded to ... by the State of Guat._,
Lond., 1839; _Guat. Charte de Concession du territ. de Vera
Paz_, Bruxelles, 1840, 8vo, 1-34; _Guat._, _Mem. Concession_,
17-130; _Marure_, _Efem._, 38; _Squier's Travels_, i. 422-4;
_Id._, _Compend. Hist. Cent. Am._, 77-9.

[XXVIII-6] It was first formed out of, or at least originated
from, the débris of the Poyais bubble, of which I spoke
elsewhere in connection with Mosquitia.

[XXVIII-7] They talked of their ability to spread Brit.
influence in the country. They even threatened to sell their
charter to some other government.

[XXVIII-8] Details on the subject will be found in _Dunlop's
Cent. Am._, 160, 190-1; _Niles' Reg._, li. 36; _Reichardt_,
_Cent. Am._, 39, 238; _Guat._, _Memoria_, 1837, 17-19; _Id._,
_Comm. and Agric. Co._, 1-132; _Anderson's Cent. Am._, 5-93,
97-138.

[XXVIII-9] It stipulated a conditional sale of the lands
lying between the left bank of the river Motagua and the
right bank of the river Cahabon to where it runs into the
Polochic, including all the coast and neighboring islands
within these limits; and inland as far as Gualan, and the
interior limits of the province of Santo Tomás. The company
was to pay for the computed 8,000 caballerías at the rate
of $20 for each caballería, in ten yearly instalments of
$16,000. It was also to present the Guat. govt 2,000 muskets,
similar to those used by the Belgian army, and four large
guns; likewise pay one fifth the expense of erecting a city
at Santo Tomás, make a cart road to the river Motagua, and
introduce steamers for navigating the river. _Guat._, _Recop.
Ley._, i. 824-38; _Reichardt_, _Cent. Am._, 239-43; _Belly_,
_Nic._, ii. 36-7; _Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 303-6; _Crowe's
Gospel_, 169-70; _Amerique Cent. Cie. Belge_, pt i. 5-64, pt
ii. 110-13; _Valois_, _Mexique_, 438-42; _Claquet_, _Rapport
S. Tomás_, 7-9; _Cuelebrouk, Blondeel van_, _Colonie de Santo
Tomas_, 1-240 pp., with maps and plans; _Laferrière_, _De
Paris á Guatém._, 250-1; _Brouez_, _Colonie Belge_, 103-29.

[XXVIII-10] With a few exceptions, however, they were to be
governed by their own laws, and were, besides, to enjoy a
number of exemptions. The custom-house of Izabal was to be
removed to Santo Tomás.

[XXVIII-11] The grants were repealed in April 1854. _Guat._,
_Recop. Ley._, i. 838-9; _Belize_, _Packet Intelligencer_,
June 17, 1854; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 512-13; _Payne's Hist.
Europ. Colonies_, 327; _Crosby's Statem._, MS., 98.

[XXVIII-12] See laws and decrees of Feb. 29, 1868, Oct. 2,
1873, Aug. 19, 1878, June 27, 1884, and a decree of Presid.
Barillas in 1885; also official correspond with the U. S.
govt. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 841-5; _Id._, _Id._, _Gob.
Democ._, i. 197-8; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 18, 1868; _S.
F. Times_, May 9, 1868; _Mex._, _Diario Ofic._, Sept. 18,
1878; _Manero_, _Doc. Interes._, 105-6; _U. S. Govt Doc._,
Cong. 42, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Doc. 1 (For. Rel.), 542-3; _El
Guatemalteco_, June 30, 1884; _S. F. Bulletin_, June 15,
1885.

[XXVIII-13] Cultivating one half, and becoming a citizen,
provided he had not been imprisoned meanwhile for crime. The
concession involved several other facilities, and privileges.
_Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1884, 7-8; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, July 23, 1883.

[XXVIII-14] On the ground that a large number of
English-speaking negroes thus introduced could never become
assimilated with their already mixed population, and would
soon create a balance of power in their hands, as against
the remainder of the population. The rulers saw in the plan
danger to their institutions and customs. _U. S. Govt Docs._,
Cong. 35, Sess. 2, Sen. Miscel. Doc., 26; _Foreign Affairs_,
1862, 881-4, 897-910; _Crosby's Statem. of Events in Cal._,
MS., 95-100; _Pim's Gate of the Pac._, 138-46.

[XXVIII-15] _Squier's Cent. Am._, 275-6; _Squier's Hond._,
267-78; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 21, 1867; Jan. 4, 25, Nov.
14, 1868; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Sept. 17, Dec. 4, 1885.

[XXVIII-16] The government granting 500,000 square varas of
land to each family, and specifying the number of families
to be settled. It was to guard against improper persons
being introduced, that is to say, only those of good moral
character and industrious habits, professing the catholic
religion, and willing to sever their connection with and
throw off the protection of their former nationalities, were
to be received. Upon complying with the required conditions,
they would be granted the rights of citizenship. _Rocha_,
_Cód. Nic._, i. 167-8. A number of Prussians, among whom
were several families, arrived in September 1846 on the brig
_Frisch_ at San Juan del Norte, desiring to settle in the
country. The government tendered them facilities to settle
in the interior, provided they would first relinquish their
allegiance to Prussia. Only six men remained; the rest went
away. _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, 345-6, 367. In 1851 it was
contemplated to establish, under liberal grants, a French
colony in Nic.; but it was not carried out. _Dupuy_, _Nic._,
8-27.

[XXVIII-17] Congress on Feb. 13, 1862, declared the former
null and void, and refused to sanction the latter. _Rocha_,
_Cód. Nic._, i. 187; _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 1, 1862.

[XXVIII-18] The deed of full ownership was to be executed six
months after the immigrant's arrival. He was also exempted
from import dues on everything he brought to enable him
to settle. Fabens, Walker's friend, was named director of
colonization. _Perez_, _Mem._, 7; _El Nicaragüense_, Jan.
5, 1856; _Wells' Walker's Exped._, 106-11; _Nic._, _Boletin
Ofic._, Apr. 16, 1856.

[XXVIII-19] The govt declared it null in 1866. _La Union de
Nic._, May 18, 1861; _Nic._, _Decretos_, 1865-6, 74-5.

[XXVIII-20] The govt has not ceased to promote immigration.
In 1873 concessions were made to the colony in Gottel
Valley, and in 1878 efforts were made to bring colonists
from Alsace-Loraine. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 11, 1865; Apr. 6,
Aug. 24, 1867; _El Porvenir de Nic._, Apr. 13, Aug. 3, 1873;
_Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Dec. 12, 1878.

[XXVIII-21] It has refrained from introducing the African
element, though men of that race can alone be advantageously
employed in her low-lying hot region. The immigration of
Chinese has been prohibited as injurious. _Bates' Cent. Am._,
140; _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Hac._, 1875, 7-8.

[XXVIII-22] With the same civil and political rights enjoyed
by natives. Those desiring to retain their nationality are
equally protected, and are exempted from military service
and extraordinary taxation. They may freely dispose of their
property, which at their death goes to their legal heir,
whether by will or ab intestato. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, v.
114-16; _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa R._, 44.

[XXVIII-23] They were exempted from imposts for 15 years.

[XXVIII-24] The settlement was effected where there were no
ready means to procure supplies, or to dispose of products
without great trouble and expense. Besides, the settlers were
unfamiliar with tropical agriculture.

[XXVIII-25] Nineteen died at San José. One was killed by
a tiger on the way there, and his remains, with those of
his wife and child, were buried under the evergreens of San
Miguel; the rest went up the Sesapiqui River, where 9 were
soon after put under the sod; 9 died at Miravalles, and 4 at
Alajuela.

[XXVIII-26] Concession to Sir Henry Bulwer. _Costa R._,
_Boletin Ofic._, July 20, 1854.

[XXVIII-27] The grant covered 54 square miles in the
Reventazon Valley, between Cartago and the Atlantic Ocean;
the company were to settle 7,000 adult colonists within 20
years. An additional absolute concession of 32 acres for each
colonist was also made. But the principal grant was to be
forfeited if the main condition was not fulfilled. _Bülow_,
_Nic._, 124-39; _Costa R._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 9, 1854;
_Calvo_, _Memoria_, 8; _Costa R._, _Mem. Sec. Rel._, 1851,
7-8; 1854, 8; _Id._, _Informe Gobern. y Rel._, 1853, 13-14;
_Id._, _Doc. Soc. Itin._, 1-102; _Wagner_, _Costa R._, 181-3,
332-5; _Marr_, _Cent. Am._, ii. 172-3, 179-81, 218-19, 228-9.

[XXVIII-28] Each family was to have 10 acres, a temporary
dwelling, provisions for six months, the use of a cow and
ox for one year, all for $80, reimbursable in equal annual
instalments during 10 years. _Wagner_, _Costa R._, 250-6,
473-93.

[XXVIII-29] Further details on the subject may be found in
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 462, 473-80; _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 355-6;
_Reichardt_, _Nic._, 245-8, 290-6, ix.-xiv.; _Molina_, _Bosq.
Costa R._, 126; _Id._, _Coup d'œil Costa R._, 30-3; _Id._,
_Der Freistaat Costa R._, 67-83.

[XXVIII-30] That same year the colonization of Golfo Dulce
was contemplated. _El Nicaragüense_, July 19, 1856; _Lafond_,
_Golfo Dulce_.

[XXVIII-31] _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xv. 176-9.

[XXVIII-32] In 1878 with Barreto to introduce Canary
Islanders, and in 1881 with Perera. _Voz de Méj._, Aug. 30,
1878; _Mex._, _Diario Ofic._, Sept. 2, 1878; _Costa R._,
_Col. Ley._, 1881, 94-8.

[XXVIII-33] Mestizo is the offspring of white and Indian;
mulatto of white and black; quadroon of white and mulatto;
octoroon of white and quadroon; zambo is an offspring of
Indian and negro, more extended intermixtures are given
elsewhere.

[XXVIII-34] For examples, in Nic., Gen. Corral, Walker's
victim, Gregorio Juarez and Rosalío Cortez, ministers of
state, were mulattoes. Anselmo Rivas, also a minister,
resembled an Abyssinian; Fruto Chamorro, the conservative
president, showed evidences of many mixtures. _Belly_,
_Nic._, i. 255.

[XXVIII-35] The whites in their social intercourse maintain a
certain exclusion, but in other respects equality prevails.
Knowing their numerical inferiority, they have followed the
policy of concession. _Squier's Travels_, i. 268.

[XXVIII-36] According to Trollope, pure Spanish blood is
an exception. He thinks there must be a great admixture of
Indian blood with it. The gen. color is that of a white man,
but of a very swarthy one. _W. Ind. and the Sp. Main._, 275.

[XXVIII-37] _Belly_, _Nic._, ii. 132. Trollope, _West
Ind._, 275-6, speaks disparagingly of Costa Rican women's
personal appearance. Another Englishman treats them with
more gallantry: 'Blonde hair, gray eyes, and red cheeks
are rare in no class; and many a pretty face may be seen on
market-day, scarcely darker or more Spanish-looking than a
west-country girl's. _Boyle's Ride Across a Continent_, 225.

[XXVIII-38] Being a compact population, and constantly
thrown into the company of one another through family or
business relations, a certain fraternity became established,
and the practice obtained of calling each other hermano and
hermanitico at every meeting. _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._,
52-3. Owing to that practice, the Costa Ricans have been
nicknamed hermaniticos.

[XXVIII-39] That is to say, they are not given to stealing or
barefaced cheating; but at a bargain they will take all the
advantage they can; and if a lie will help, their conscience
is elastic enough to use it. In this they are neither better
nor worse than other nations claiming a high standard of
honesty. Their sense of morality, in sex relations, is not
what it should be. Divorces and separations are common, and
concubinage quite prevalent. The superintendent of the census
for 1864 recorded '1,200 separados de hecho, quienes sin
equivocarme puedo decir que viven en concubinato, sin contar
la frecuencia de este entre solteros y solteras.' _Costa R._,
_Censo_, 1864, xxv.

[XXVIII-40] They dislike wasting their resources in wars
or war material, preferring the arts of peace, and to
welcome those bringing them wealth from other countries.
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatémala_, 45-6, 57.

[XXVIII-41] A large number of houses in Cent. Am. are made
with tapial, which is common earth put moist into boxes of
the dimensions of the walls, and beaten with mallets. Another
sort of building is made by driving a number of poles into
the ground at a yard or two from each other, to which long
canes are tied, the space between the canes being filled
up with mud, or with mud and stones. When dry, the outside
is plastered over with mortar. The houses are protected by
projecting roofs. There are likewise many houses built with
thick adobe walls, covered with concave tiles.

[XXVIII-42] Dirty and slovenly. _Trollope's W. Ind._, 260,
268. The only articles of furniture in them are a hammock, a
table, a bedstead without mattress, and two or three of the
commonest wooden chairs.

[XXVIII-43] _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 367-8.

[XXVIII-44] Hence the constant use of emetics, castor oil,
soda purgante or refrescante, rhubarb, quinine, sarsaparilla,
and florida water, which are looked upon as universal
panaceas. _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 57. The large
revenue derived by the government from the monopoly of
the sale of spirituous liquors shows how great must be the
consumption. _Boyle's Ride Across a Continent_, ii. 225.

[XXVIII-45] The Indians are never found in the cities.
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 42-4.

[XXVIII-46] Belly speaks of the great variety and abundance
of commodities exhibited in the market on such days. Cacao
nibs were used as small change. The sales of one Saturday
that he visited the market exceeded $100,000. _Nic._, i. 392.

[XXVIII-47] Some of these rebozos are of silk, made in San
Salvador, and sold in Costa Rica at $18 or $20 apiece.

[XXVIII-48] All classes seem to be given to the vice. At
the club a minister of state or some other high functionary
presides over the faro-bank. _Boyle's Ride_, 226.

[XXVIII-49] There is a good deal of heresy and infidelity
exhibited by the higher class; but the poor people are very
devout.

[XXVIII-50] A favorite amusement of all Cent. Am.
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 56-7; _Reichardt_, _Nic._,
123-5. In connection with the manners and customs of Costa
Ricans, see also _Frisch_, _Staaten von Mex._, 88; _Wagner_,
_Costa R._, 170-8, 189-92, 194.

[XXVIII-51] The native women when carrying a jar of water on
their heads present the sculptural profiles of caryatides.
_Belly_, _Nic._, i. 198. Beautifully moulded and unobtrusive
in their manners; kind and hospitable to strangers. _Squier's
Travels_, i. 284, 294.

[XXVIII-52] The women are not well educated; but they are
simple and unaffected, quick of apprehension, and ready at
good-natured repartee. _Id._, 269.

[XXVIII-53] Cemeteries being generally in bad condition.
Squier has it that the priests have perpetuated the practice,
because they derive a considerable fee from each burial.
_Travels_, i. 383-4.

[XXVIII-54] 'The aristocracy keeps the shops, and there it
dozes;... the lower orders keep the plaza, and there they
doze.' _Boyle's Ride Across a Continent_, 102.

[XXVIII-55] Belly, _Nic._, 217, speaking of those of mixed
blood, says they are the victims of traditional indolence,
and of the absence of moral light rather than of actual
depravity. The nearer to the pure Indian type, the more
reliable and faithful they are. Stout, _Nic._, 118, says that
the Nicaraguans are possessed of many virtues.

[XXVIII-56] Such offences which in other countries would be
indelible blots, throwing their authors out of the company
of honorable people, are after a while overlooked, and the
perpetrators reinstated in society. _Lévy_, _Nic._, 275.

[XXVIII-57] The waistcoat and cravat are often dispensed
with. Gloves are rarely worn. Loud colors, with large chains
and trinkets are too often displayed.

[XXVIII-58] The ordinary saddle or albarda is a cheap affair
and uncomfortable. There are horses of an easy amble, which
are quite rapid and yet gentle. _Squier's Travels_, i. 157;
ii. 91.

[XXVIII-59] _Lévy_, _Nic._, 272; _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 198;
_Wells' Explor._, 74-5. The people generally are clean in
their persons except when travelling, or when ill, and in
the latter case the touch of water is prohibited. _Squier's
Travels_, 59, 153-4, 269, 271, 289.

[XXVIII-60] For a hot climate the adobe, warm in winter and
cool in summer, is not to be surpassed as a dwelling. In the
courts are shade trees, making the corridors upon which all
the rooms open exceedingly pleasant. _Id._, i. 33-4; _Id._,
_Cent. Am._, 365; _Id._, _Nic._, 649; _Stout's Nic._, 38,
62-4, 66. Doors and windows are wide. The windows have no
glass, being enclosed on the outside with an iron railing
constructed sometimes like a balcony. The floors are of soft
brick. The roof, sloping considerably, is of concave tiles.
The yard often has a flower garden, or is used for raising
poultry, or maybe pigs.

[XXVIII-61] Kitchen, laundry, stables, etc., are at the end
of the yard, or when possible, in a separate yard.

[XXVIII-62] In late years some foreign furniture has been
imported. Most parlors are furnished as follows: Chairs with
leather seats, easy chairs of the same, mostly rockers. In
houses of the wealthy is a round or oval centre-table, and
other tables fitting into the corners, and possibly a piano,
a hanging lamp, and small mirrors, together with framed
lithographs or paintings hanging on the walls. The bedrooms
have similar chairs, a hammock, and a bed of rawhide extended
and nailed to a wooden frame, supported by four legs. At each
end rises a pillar to sustain a sort of awning which covers
the whole bed, and answers also for a mosquito net. The
appurtenances of the bed are a mat, sheets, and pillows. No
mattresses are ever used. Some persons prefer a common cot.
_Levy_, _Nic._, 262-7; _Belly_, _Nic._, 197.

[XXVIII-63] In some places coyol oil or lard in tin lamps are
used, with or without a glass chimney. In Segovia the people
often have no other light than that emitted by a burning
piece of resinous pine.

[XXVIII-64] Quite simple. _Squier's Travels_, 120, 272-5.
Breakfast invariably comprises eggs, roast meat, beans, and
cheese, to which other dishes may be added or not; finishing
with chocolate or coffee, the former mixed with roasted corn,
and the latter with milk. The dinner consists of soup, boiled
meat and greens, followed by a stew of beef, pork, fish,
or fowl, with some vegetables, and dessert in the form of a
variety of dulces. Rice is as necessary at dinner as beans
at breakfast. Between breakfast and dinner, fruits or some
cooling beverage are partaken of. Supper is a frugal meal,
accompanied with chocolate, or tiste, which is the national
beverage of Nic.—a mixture of cacao, and ground roasted
corn, beaten in cold water with sugar. Wheaten bread is made
of imported flour; but it is too expensive for general use,
and is generally sweetened. The tortilla of Nic. is larger,
thicker, and of coarser dough than in other parts. In many
places it is considered 'artículo de lujo,' and instead
of it, boiled or roasted green plantains are used. Wine is
rarely brought into requisition. The only fermented liquor
in common use is the aguardiente distilled from molasses,
which only the lower classes drink, and not to excess. The
poorer classes are very irregular in their eating, for they
eat at all hours; living mostly on plantains, beans, cheese,
and chicharrones and other fat portions of pork. Fruit in
superabundance is eaten. _Lévy_, _Nic._, 267-72; _Stout's
Nic._, 130-2; _Squier's Travels_, i. 271.

[XXVIII-65] The govt has at the capital a fine military band,
which gives public concerts in the open air twice a week. The
marimba and old Spanish guitar are much used. Occasionally a
Spanish dramatic or zarzuela company, or a troupe of acrobats
or other artists, visit the country.

[XXVIII-66] In Leon some of the élite do not frequent the
place, but they, not excepting the priests, practise it in
their corridors. Little parties are got up of afternoons to
have chicken-fights, and at times large sums change hands.

[XXVIII-67] Govt has from time to time passed laws to
prohibit gaming. _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, ii. 81-3; _La Union de
Nic._, March 9, 1861; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 15, 1870; _Pan.
Star and Herald_, March 20, 1886.

[XXVIII-68] Occasionally those who take part in the dangerous
amusement receive fatal injuries. _Lévy_, _Nic._, 288-94;
_Squier's Travels_, i. 331-3. The following authorities
also treat of the character, and manners, and customs of
the Nicaraguans. _Reichardt_, _Nic._, 80-1, 88-90, 102-25;
_Heine_, _Wanderbilder_, 96-107, 187-204, passim; _De Bow's
Rev._, xiii. 236-58; _Wells' Walker's Exped._, 44-79, 84-5,
106-7, 241-2, 422.

[XXVIII-69] 'Whatever may be the future history of Cent. Am.,
its most important part, in all that requires intelligence,
activity, concentration, and force, will be performed by San
Salvador.' _Squier's Cent. Am._, 315.

[XXVIII-70] Aboriginal names of places have been generally
preserved; and there are a few towns, exclusively inhabited
by Indians, who use their own language among themselves.
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 318-23.

[XXVIII-71] About 50 miles in length, and 20 to 25 miles in
breadth, lying between La Libertad and Acajutla.

[XXVIII-72] Nevertheless, in business transactions he is
indisposed to trust others.

[XXVIII-73] This garment is elaborately but rudely
embroidered about the neck and shoulders with colored thread.
It is often laid aside in the country towns. _Montgomery's
Narr._, 98-9; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 321.

[XXVIII-74] _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 211-21.

[XXVIII-75] Upon the death of an infant, all rejoice, dance,
and carouse, the parents also taking part, presumably on the
belief that it has joined the choir of angels in heaven. If
the child is a male one, they paint whiskers and a mustache
on its face to make it resemble that of Jesus, and call it a
jesusito.

[XXIX-1] A large number of the priests are blacks, and they
regard with ill-concealed jealousy the advance of Americans
in Cent. Am. Every measure of the liberals to promote foreign
immigration meets with opposition on the part of the black
priests.

[XXIX-2] Lying between the Rio Roman and Cape or Segovia
River, an area of some 15,000 square miles.

[XXIX-3] Their ancestors had favored the French in the
squabbles with England, and in 1796 were, by order of
the British government, transported en masse, to the
number of about 5,000, and at heavy expense, to the then
deserted island of Roatan, in the bay of Honduras. They
were subsequently invited by the Spanish authorities to the
mainland; and aided to found settlements near the port of
Trujillo. Since then they have rapidly increased, extending
themselves both to the eastward and westward of that port.
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 232.

[XXIX-4] The black Caribs are represented as tall and stout,
and more mercurial and vehement than the pure Caribs; the
latter are shorter, but powerfully built.

[XXIX-5] Leaving out the dignified and courteous members
of the old and wealthy families, the people show a
strange mixture of politeness, simplicity, shrewdness,
and effrontery, and above all, an indescribably passive
indifference of countenance. _Wells' Hond._, 202-3.

[XXIX-6] It has been said of the Cent. Am. woman, 'she
nursed, made tortillas, and died.' _Id._, 215.

[XXIX-7] The women of this class lead a degraded life. If the
man has large means, his mistress has menials under her; if
not, she is maid of all work. _Bates' Cent. Am._, 115.

[XXIX-8] Notwithstanding this lack of education, Cent. Am.
women never fail to interest the traveller by the peculiar
gentleness and dignity of their demeanor. _Wells' Hond._,
227-8.

[XXIX-9] 'Sitting at the window in the afternoon and evening
to recover from the fatigue of it.' _Id._, 195.

[XXIX-10] Breakfast bill of fare: boiled rice and beans,
salads, bread, butter, cheese, tortillas, coffee and milk,
fruit. Dinner: soup, beef, salad, a variety of vegetables.
There are other dishes, such as ollas fried with garlic,
piccadillo of half-cooked lights, oil, rice, and plantains,
baked slices of liver, salchichas or blood puddings with
plenty of garlic, catamales filled with bits of fat meat and
cheese, boiled meat, broth, etc.; the repast concludes with
sweetmeats and coffee. Wines and liquors are generally of
poor quality. The rum of the country is the most harmless.
Cooking is generally done on an adobe fogon, or range, in a
small building behind the dwelling-house. _Id._, 192-4.

[XXIX-11] The couriers, wearing leathern caites, travel that
distance every day, at a gait between a fast walk and a run.

[XXIX-12] Gloves fringed around the cuffs with silver, and
a small riding-whip, complete the attire. To ride and dance
well are parts of the Central American's education. _Id._,
201, 227.

[XXIX-13] Religious feasts are common, and the people seem to
be close observants of the ceremonies, and yet cannot be said
to be as much priest-ridden as other Central Americans.

[XXIX-14] Even manacled prisoners are permitted, under guard,
to beg for money to relieve their condition.

[XXIX-15] Good colored servants brought in from abroad soon
fall into the indolent habits of the blacks surrounding them.
The stranger then finds that his man 'Bob Long has become Don
Roberto Longorio.'

[XXIX-16] An official document sets the whole population on
the 1st of Jan., 1886, at 1,322,544 souls. _Guat._, _Mem.
Sec. Fomento_, 1886, annex no. 1.

[XXIX-17] Among those traders are a number of European
Spaniards, who are every year joined by some of their
relations from the old country.

[XXIX-18] Of mild disposition, good natural talents, aptitude
for learning, and lively imagination. Hospitality is one of
their virtues. _Montgomery's Narr._, 157-60.

[XXIX-19] Belly, who wrote before the upsetting of the old
conservative régime, says: 'Un population que son beau
climat sollicite à l'inertie, et qui sort a peine de la
plus abominable éducation religieuse et morale que jamais
un peuple ait subie.' _A trav. l'Amér. Cent._, i. 153-4.
Laferrière visited the country some years later, and fully
confirms the above. _De Paris à Guatém._, 263.

[XXIX-20] 'Those of the better class will compare well with
any people for good morals, discreet conduct, and admirable
behavior.' _Min. Hudson's Rept_, in _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex.
Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 1, i. 446.

[XXIX-21] Most of the women smoke, the elder ones cigars, and
the young cigarettes. They do it, however, in a pretty and
refined manner. _Stephens' Trav. Cent. Am._, i. 256.

[XXIX-22] 'A natural roving appetite inclines them to favor
and to freely indulge such intercourse.' _Min. Hudson's
Rept_, in _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 1,
i. 445.

[XXIX-23] Every Ind. village has its own authorities, most of
whom are chosen from among the inhabitants.

[XXIX-24] The old system attempted to improve their condition
by enacting laws believed to be conducive to that end.
Witness clauses of a decree of the constituent assembly
of Nov. 8, 1851, giving force to certain laws of 1839,
and reviving others of the old Spanish Recop. de Indios,
which were intended to prevent the maltreatment of Indians.
_Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 246, 512-15, 846-53. On the
6th of Sept., 1879, a decree was passed, acknowledging the
lamentable condition of ignorance and abjectedness the Indian
had been kept in, and providing that at least a portion of
them should attend the pub. schools already established in
nearly all the departments. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Sept.
20, 1879.

[XXIX-25] The German writers Scherzer and Von Tempski, and
the American Stephens, have occupied themselves with those
people. According to them the inhabitants live isolated, and
render no service to Guat. They practise a religion which
is a mixture of catholic and heathen rites. The only ladinos
allowed to live with them are the priest and his attendants.

[XXIX-26] The towns conquered by the Spaniards did not
contain all the Lacandones. According to Pinelo, the
Lacandones and Manchés were computed, in 1637, at 100,000.
This was subsequent to the invasion of their territory by
Quiñones. Squier, _Cent. Am._, 568-72, gives much information
on the subject.

[XXIX-27] Now and then a few of them visit the Mexican states
of Chiapas, Tabasco, and Campeche to procure tobacco and
other things, and suddenly disappear by unknown paths, and
never allow strangers to visit them.

[XXIX-28] The eastern Lacandones are tillers of the soil,
hunters, and fishermen. Though occasionally baptized by
catholic missionaries, and fond of saying prayers, they still
adhere to their old heathen worship, and indulge in polygamy.
They visit the whites and settled Indians to sell their
produce. _Berendt's Explor. in Cent. Am._, in _Smithsonian
Rept_, 1867, 425.

[XXIX-29] Fine and costly tortoise-shell combs were at
one time much used. Women wear hats only when riding on
horseback. The Guat. female is fond of embroidered articles,
costly fans, rich jewelry, and every other finery. There are
other women in the world like them.

[XXIX-30] It being starched into stiff folds, it supplied in
some measure the place of a jacket.

[XXIX-31] Wealthy women objected to their female servants
wearing other than naguas, and would have none that wore
shoes.

[XXIX-32] Such places are convenient, though not agreeable,
owing to the variety and abundance of fleas, jiggers, etc.
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 267; _Stephens' Trav.
Cent. Am._, i. 163-81.

[XXIX-33] In bull-fights they merely worry and torture the
animal, but never kill it in presence of the public.

[XXIX-34] The vice is not prevalent among the Indians who
live apart in their villages. During the bathing season
in Amatitlan, for instance, the time is spent in gambling,
and intrigues between the sexes, and among the visitors are
always a number of veritable sharpers. The native generally
bears his losses with hardly a sign of impatience. _Dunlop's
Cent. Am._, 152-3; _Stephens' Trav. Cent. Am._, i. 261,
298-301; _Boddam Whetham_, _Across Cent. Am._, 136-8.

[XXIX-35] _Barrios_, _Mensaje_, 1876, 55-6; _Guat._, _Mem.
Sec. Fomento_, 1880, 35-6; 1883, 59-60; 1884, 40-1; 1885,
44-6.

[XXIX-36] _Bates' Cent. Am., etc._, 110.

[XXIX-37] The fevers of the country are the intermittent,
resembling the worst form of fever and ague in the western
U. S.; the calentura, which is a type of the same. It is
not common in the interior, and yields usually to strong
cathartics, followed by quinine, which physicians are
wont to administer in heavy doses. _Wells' Hond._, 547-8.
Yellow fever breaks out with more or less virulence some
years at the ports, particularly on the Atlantic side;
it has occasionally spread to the interior. _Diario de
Méx._, 539-40, 569-71; _Amér. Cent. Cie Belge_, ii. 48-52;
_Disturnell's Infl. of Clim._, 252; _Costa R._, _Informe Sec.
Gobern._, 1869, 15; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, May 9 to Aug. 8, 1868;
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 47-8, and table 444 B.
Measles and scarlet fever have also made their appearance
epidemically, destroying many lives. _Salv._, _El Siglo_, May
28 to Aug. 14, 1851; _Id._, _Diario Ofic._, July 31, 1875;
_Costa R._, _Mem. Sec. Guerra_, etc., 1867, doc. D, 31.

[XXIX-38] Nic. adopted timely precautions to escape it, by
having the people vaccinated. _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, Aug.
2, 1862.

[XXIX-39] _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, ii. 165; _Costa R._, _Mem.
Min. Gobern._, 1852-3; _Id._, 1884, annex A.

[XXIX-40] Elephantiasis is not common, but occasionally found
in the upland regions. Only one leg is stricken; the swelling
often reaches above the knee. It is considered incurable
and fatal. _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Interior_, 1864, 9-10;
_Nic._, _Informe Min. Gobern._, 1871, 7; _Guat._, _Recop.
Ley._, _Gob. Democ._, ii. 21; _Wells' Hond._, 548.

[XXIX-41] _Journ. of a Voy._, in _Am. Register_, iii. 147;
_Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Bol._, viii. 507; _Costa R._, _Col.
Ley._, xxiii. 259-63; _Id._, _Mem. Sec. Gobern._, 1884,
99-100.

[XXIX-42] But few cases appeared in Hond. down to 1856.
_Wells' Hond._, 549. A malady presenting some of the symptoms
of cholera did considerable havoc in Costa R. in 1845, and
it was apprehended that it might degenerate into the Asiatic
type, but it fortunately did not. In the same state the
government, to ward off an expected invasion of the disease
on the 9th of Feb., 1849, established a strict quarantine,
which was raised on the 9th of April. _Nic._, _Registro
Ofic._, 107; _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xi. 14-15, 20.

[XXIX-43] We have seen how previous to and during the
Walker war cholera destroyed a conservative army in Managua,
and later one from Costa Rica, and how for a long time it
hindered military operations. _Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Rev.
Nic._, 140; _Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1856, 9-11; _S.
F. Herald_, Sept. 5, 1855; _Id._, _Bulletin_, June 6, 1856;
_Id._, _Alta_, Oct. 2, 1857; _El Tiempo_, Aug. 14, Sept. 15,
1857; _El Estandarte Nac._, Sept. 15, 1857; _El Eco Nac._,
Oct. 1, 1857.

[XXIX-44] Costa R. by timely precautions escaped the
infliction. _Nic._, _Gac._, Dec. 22, 1866; March 9 to Nov.
9, 1867, passim; Jan. 25, 1868; _Id._, _Decretos_, 1867, 50;
_Id._, _Mem. Min. Fomento_, 1869, 7; _Costa R._, _Mem. Sec.
Guerra_, etc., 1867, 8, doc. A, 23, D, 31; _El Porvenir de
Nic._, Feb. 18, 1872.

[XXX-1] Thus were established in Salv. the Colegio Seminario,
which subsequently assumed the name of Colegio y Universidad
del Salvador, in Nic., the Universidad de Leon, and in
Guatemala was founded the Academia de Estudios, with which
became incorporated the old university of San Cárlos, the
Colegio de Abogados, and the Protomedicato, which had existed
several years of the colonial period. _Squier's Trav. Cent.
Am._, ii. 390-1; _Squier_, _Compend. Hist. Cent. Am._, 36-7;
_Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 22; _Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 181;
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 333; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._,
i. 798-806; iii. 11-214. The Colegio de Abogados y Junta
Académica de Jurisprudencia had been installed June 5, 1810.
_Diario de Méx._, Sept. 22, 1810; _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., p.
vii.

[XXX-2] See laws, official reports, and statements of
travellers. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, iii. 223-6; xi. 158-215;
xii. 156; _Montúfar_, _Resúmen Hist._, iii. 562-4, 640-1;
Ministerial annual reports, 1848-54; _El Costaricense_, Nov.
10, 17, 1849; _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa R._, 46-7; _Squier's
Cent. Am._, 468-9; _Wagner_, _Costa R._, 186-8, 219-29;
_Costa R._, _Bol. Ofic._, Jan. 10, 1856.

[XXX-3] There was a normal school for training teachers, at
San José, and institutes for secondary instruction in several
cities.

[XXX-4] It was created May 3, 1843, made pontificial in 1853
by Pius IX. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, viii. 25-8, 121-82; xi.
9-12; xii. 268-75; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 412-14,
419; _El Costaricense_, Dec. 1, 1849; _Wagner_, _Costa R._,
220-3.

[XXX-5] The percentage of each dept given in _Costa R._,
_Gaceta_, July 11, 1885, suppl. See also _Annual Repts of
Min. of Pub. Instruc._, 1858-83; _Wappäus_, _Mex. und Cent.
Am._, 359-60.

[XXX-6] Early in 1872 the university of Leon, the former
Colegio Tridentino, had but three chairs and 66 alumni, and
four classes of secondary instruction attended by 102 pupils;
that of Granada had only a chair of law, and seven classes
of secondary instruction attended by 160 pupils. In primary
instruction, there were at that time only 92 schools for boys
and 9 for girls, a number of them private, and one missionary
in Cuapa, attended by 3,871 boys and 532 girls, out of
a population of 205,500, or say 20 children out of 1,000
inhabitants; only 532 girls out of 18,000 of school age, and
4,000 boys out of 12,000, were receiving instruction. _Lévy_,
_Nic._, 360-3. Teachers of pub. schools are paid $12 a month
and a little extra in larger towns. That state of things was
due mainly to the neglect of parents. The funds appropriated
for education were constantly tampered with and defrauded;
this was acknowledged by the minister of instruction. There
were no schools for adults, no professional institutes. As a
rule, wealthy families sent their sons to be educated abroad,
or at least in Guat. There was in 1873 no scientific course
provided with the requisite materials, no laboratories, no
museum, no public or private collections, no observatory,
nothing; not even a small library. The conclusion to be drawn
from the above is that the general intellectual level could
not be high.

[XXX-7] 'Fuera de la multitud de causas dependientes del
carácter, y del estado social de nuestros pueblos ... no
tenemos nuestros idóneos suficientes.' _Mensaje_, in _Costa
R._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 4, 1885.

[XXX-8] The newspapers often contain fine poetical
compositions by native writers.

[XXX-9] The following authorities contain further details:
The official reports of ministers from 1850 to the present
time; _Nic._, _Dec. y Acuerdos_, from 1851 down; _Id._,
_Gaceta_, Oct. 14, 1848; March 31, 1849; and for years 1862
to 1874 passim, and others.

[XXX-10] Even in the dark days, when her affairs were in the
hands of despotic rulers, education was not neglected as much
as might have been expected.

[XXX-11] _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 52-3, 270.

[XXX-12] The Am. min., Jan. 8, 1872, says: 'Primary
instruction is expanding yearly in its numbers and area.'
Min. Biddle's Desp., in _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong.
42, Sess. 3, i. 511-12.

[XXX-13] At San Salvador, Santa Ana, and San Miguel.

[XXX-14] In 1875 there were 333 primary schools for boys, 50
for girls, 23 mixed, 29 high schools, one normal for males
and one for females, one telegraphic, one lithographic, and
one academy of fine arts. The appropriations for teachers in
1874 were nearly $69,000. It must be also remarked that many
are teaching without compensation to benefit their country.
Secondary and higher instruction are free. The primary is
uniform, gratuitous, and obligatory. _Laferrière_, _De Paris
à Guatém._, 202, 206, 282.

[XXX-15] The press, though not fully developed, has,
nevertheless, given at times evidences of ability, when not
hampered by restrictions on the part of would-be despotic
rulers. _Salv._, _Gac._, Dec. 21, 1849; Dec. 5, 1877;
_Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Jan. 2, 1875, to Oct. 23, 1879,
passim; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 4, May 10, 1875; Sept.
18, 1882; Sept. 9 and 18, 1885.

[XXX-16] Montúfar gives the causes, speaking on the subject
for 1838. _Resúmen Hist._, iii. 278-9.

[XXX-17] In chemistry, engineering, the higher mathematics,
they are deficient, and cannot compete with the universities
of Nic., Salv., or Guat. They are, in fact, but little in
advance of the common schools in the U. S. Still, they give
promise of greater usefulness and advancement in the future.
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 267-8.

[XXX-18] Hond. has furnished more than her quota of the
distinguished men of Cent. Am.; among them soldiers,
statesmen, and orators. _Wells' Hond._, 549.

[XXX-19] Such as exist with only a feeble life are generally
engaged in acrimonious political wranglings.

[XXX-20] President Soto in his message of 1877 enumerates the
improvements made, but confesses that they do not satisfy his
aspirations. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, June 19, 20, 1877.

[XXX-21] In 1881 about $64,000, and in 1882 nearly $74,000,
were expended for public instruction. A number of teachers
arrived early in 1883 from Europe, as also a complete outfit
for a scientific college. _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 23,
1883.

[XXX-22] At the end of 1882 there were 811 primary schools;
namely, 528 elementary for boys and 226 for girls, 5
complementary for boys, 3 for girls; one Sunday school for
working-women, and 48 night schools for artisans, etc. This
was an increase of 26 over 1881. The attendance was of 26,773
boys and 10,696 girls, an increase of 2,166 of both sexes
over 1881. Early in 1884, the primary schools were 844,
including 47 night schools for men, one for women, one Sunday
school for women, and 16 mixed schools. The attendance had
also greatly increased. The buildings confiscated from the
church in 1872 were applied to education. There were likewise
several private and municipal schools. _Barrios_, _Mensaje_,
Sept. 11, 1876, 33-8; _B. Whetham's Across Cent. Am._, 39;
_U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 44, Sess. I, i. pt i.
137-8, 148, 175; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, _Gob. Democ._, ii.
81-192, passim; _Belly_, _A trav. l'Amér. Cent._, i. 131-4;
_Salv._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 18, Oct. 7, Nov. 8, 1876; Feb. 11 to
Nov. 27, 1877, passim; _Id._, _Diario Ofic._, Aug. 15, 1878;
_Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Instruc. Púb._, 1880-4; _Reichardt_,
_Cent. Am._, 57, 227; _La Estrella de Pan._, Jan. 10, 1884;
_Batres_, _Sketch of Guat._, 19-20, 40-72, passim; _El
Guatemalteco_, Jan. 26, Feb. 2, Dec. 24, 1884; _Conkling's
Guide_, 337, 341.

[XXX-23] _Pan. Ev'g Telegram_, May 26, 1886.

[XXX-24] The academy has pupils who pay their own expenses,
and are not obliged to join the military service; and others
placed therein by the govt, and intended to be commissioned
as officers of the army. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan. 11,
1877; _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Guerra_, 1882-4; _Guat._, _Recop.
Ley._, ii. 692-700; _Id._, _Id._, _Gob. Democ._, i. 141-54;
ii. 125-8; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Sept. 19, 1877; July 5,
1878.

[XXX-25] Besides having a school of drawing, painting,
and modelling, and a night-school for artisans, it is
provided with a cabinet of physics, with the view of
establishing a school of chemistry applicable to industry.
The museum installed in 1866 is every day enriched with new
acquisitions.

[XXX-26] 1872-4, paid by municipalities, $16,051; by national
govt, $112,048; 1879-83, paid by municipalities, to whom had
been ceded the urban tax, $36,242; by the national treasury,
$1,773,899. It seems that the total amount paid for pub.
instruction from 1860 to 1870 had not much exceeded $60,000.
_Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1885, annex 12, table 16.

[XXX-27] Under the former régime books objectionable to the
church, for sustaining liberal ideas on social or religious
topics, were placed, by a decree of the national assembly of
Oct. 16, 1841, in the list of the forbidden; and the church
was authorized to proceed against them. _Guat._, _Recop.
Ley._, iii. 286-7.

[XXX-28] This was made evident in several acts. The clergy
were daily abused; the liberal leaders constantly inveighing
against their fanaticism and intolerance, and ridiculing
many things which the populace looked upon as sacred. Friars
were held up in a multitude of anecdotes, and otherwise, as
so many destructive insects. _El Liberal_, nos. 28-30, 41,
45, 49. The arts and objects of priestcraft were exposed
to ridicule, contempt, and reprobation. A play called 'La
Inquisicion por dentro' had a great run, and brought that
institution into effectual and lasting odium. _Squier's
Travels Cent. Am._, i. 372. The inquisition of Mex. had had
jurisdiction over Cent. Am. After its final abolishment, the
king of Spain decreed, March 9, 1820, that all cases pending
before its courts should be referred to the ordinaries for
determination. The inquisitors failed to obey, and removed
from the archives of Guat. all the cases pending there,
alleging complicity on the part of the archbishop. The matter
was laid before the córtes by Deputy Mendez of Salv. May 14,
1821. _Dispos. Var._, iii. 152; _Fernando VII._, _Decretos_,
285-6; _Córtes_, _Diario_, xviii. 1821, May 14, 6.

[XXX-29] One on pastorals; another required the archbishop's
appointments of parish priests to be previously submitted
for confirmation to the chief of the state. _La Tertulia
Patriótica_, no. 4. By law of Nov. 8, 1824, the clergy were
deprived of their privilege to import goods free of duties;
another of June 9, 1826, reduced the tithes to one half. _El
Liberal_, no. 36. Others of May 3, and June 9, 1826, gave
natural children the right to inherit either extestamento or
abintestato, and those of ordained priests and professed nuns
were placed in the same category; one forbidding, Sept. 1,
1826, the prelates of religious orders to recognize obedience
to or hold relations with their respective generals in Spain;
and finally, the famous decrees of June 10 and July 20,
1826, forbidding the admission into convents or nunneries
of persons under 23 years, or to profession any under
25. _Marure_, _Bosq. Rev. Cent. Am._, i. 244-6; _Guat._,
_Gaceta_, Feb. 16, 1856; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 265-7.

[XXX-30] Such writings appeared in _El Indicador_, nos. 90,
94, 95, 149, 152.

[XXX-31] This was almost unanimously sanctioned by the
people, and at once carried into effect. _Rocha_, _Cód.
Nic._, i. 373; ii. 373-80; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 273;
_Id._, _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 156-8; _Squier_,
_Compend. Hist. Cent. Am._, 61; _Squier's Trav. Cent. Am._,
i. 370-1; ii. 390-4; _Thompson's Guat._, 145-50; _Stout's
Nic._, 149-51; _Crowe's Gospel_, 123-32, 135; _Reichardt_,
_Cent. Am._, 39; _Cal. Overland Monthly_, xiv. 160-1;
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 178, 181, 186; _Nic._, _El Porvenir_,
Oct. 22, 1871; Feb. 16, 1873.

[XXX-32] Under this law Fred. Crowe, an English protestant
missionary, and the author of the _Gospel in Central
America_, resided several years in Guat., till he was driven
away by the serviles.

[XXX-33] Pursuant to which Father Delgado was chosen and
acted as bishop of San Salvador, though without confirmation
by the pope, for about four years. He was never confirmed,
but retained as vicar-general, under the archb. of Guat.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 13-17; _Marure_, _Bosq Hist.
Rev. Cent. Am._, 196-9, and Docs, xviii.-xix., xxx.-xxxii.;
_Id._, _Efem._, 14; _Mem., Hist. Rev. Cent. Am._, 32-7;
_Cabildo_, _Ecles. Informe_, 54-5; _Squier's Trav. Cent.
Am._, i. 370-1; _Niles' Reg._, xxix. 39.

[XXX-34] _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, iii. 273, 294-324;
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 522-4; iv. 146, 205-7, 552;
_Crosby's Statem._, MS., 91, 105-7, 110-11; _Squier's Cent.
Am._, 515-16; _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 162-3.

[XXX-35] Infidelity spread extensively among the mestizos,
and the white people also, so that the requirements of the
church became constantly neglected. Obnoxious books were in
the hands of all classes. Some of the more candid priests
avowed deistical and atheistical notions. _Crowe's Gospel_,
256-7.

[XXX-36] A large number were charged with libidinous
practices; even unnatural crimes were among the number.
Excesses in eating and drinking, gambling, rioting, and bad
language were quite common with them. Exorbitant fees, and
extorting personal services, and grinding the poor were of
daily occurrence. And yet the offenders were not punished,
nor even suspended.

[XXX-37] At Habana, Cuba, whose diocese he had charge of for
many years, never resigning the see of Guatemala, though he
repeatedly refused to return thereto. His remains were taken
there, however, by the Spanish war schooner _Polka_, and
interred in Santa Teresa church, June 1846, with the utmost
pomp of church and state. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v.
12-13, 19-25.