Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (3)

On the Atrato, at Chagres, at Portobello, and other
notoriously unhealthy places, there is little or no rise
of tide; and the air among the mangrove jungles becomes at
times pestilential. Seemann, in his _Voyage of the Herald_,
recently published, gives so correct a description of such
places that it deserves attention. He says (vol. i. p. 249):
'The sea-coast, and those parts influenced by the tides
and the immediate evaporation of the sea, produce a quite
peculiar vegetation, which is generally characterized by a
leathery, glossy foliage, and leaves with entire margins.
In all muddy places, down to the verge of the ocean, are
impenetrable thickets formed of mangroves, which exhale
putrid miasmata, and spread sickness over the adjacent
districts. Occasionally, extensive tracts are covered with
the "Guagara de puerco," its fronds being as much as 10 feet
high. Myriads of mosquitoes and sand-flies fill the air.
Huge alligators sun themselves on the slimy banks, lying
motionless, blinking with their great eyes, and jumping
into the water directly any one approaches. To destroy these
dreaded swamps is almost impossible.'

Again (pp. 251, 252), he says: 'Forests cover at least two
thirds of the whole territory. The high trees, the dense
foliage, and the numerous climbing plants, almost shut
out the rays of the sun, causing a gloom which is the more
insupportable as all other objects are hidden from view. Rain
is so frequent, and the moisture so great, that the burning
of these forests is impossible.' 'From reading the highly
colored accounts with which many travellers have endeavored
to embellish their narratives, the European has drawn, in
imagination, a picture of equinoctial countries which a
comparison with nature at once demolishes.'

Speaking of the 'vegetable ivory,' and referring to the
climate, Mr. Seemann says (p. 222): 'It grows in low, damp
localities, and is diffused over the southern parts of Darien
and the vicinity of Portobello, districts which are almost
throughout the year deluged by torrents of rain, or enveloped
in the thick vapor that constantly arises from the humidity
of the soil and the rankness of the vegetation.'

Describing the appearance of one of these mangrove forests,
as they may be called, the same author observes (p. 73):
'The trees were actually in the water. The tall mangroves,
with roots exposed for 12 or 14 feet, formed a huge tangled
trellis-work, from which the tall stems rose to a height
of 60 or 70 feet.' _Fitzroy's Further Considerations on the
Great Isthmus of Cent. Am._ March 1853, in _Jour. Roy. Geog.
Soc._, xxiii. 176-87.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: THE LONG-SOUGHT WAY.]

The project of uniting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a
canal large enough to permit the passage of sea vessels has
attracted the attention and enlisted the earnest sympathies
and efforts of the Old and New World, from the discovery of
the Isthmus of Panamá down to the present time. The great
historian Prescott says: 'The discovery of a strait into
the Indian Ocean was the burden of every order from the
government. The discovery of an Indian passage is the true
key to the maritime movements of the fifteenth and the first
half of the sixteenth centuries.' The desire to discover
this passage, which was confidently believed to exist, and
thus give to Spain the dominion of the seas, and pour into
her treasury all the wealth of that marvellous land of
exaggeration, the Spice Islands, sent Columbus, Pizarro,
Cortés, Balboa, Gil Gonzalez, and the other Spanish mariners
and adventurers, upon their long, arduous, and eventful
voyages, and resulted in the discovery, conquest, and
settlement of the American continent.

However long the voyage; however great the discovery; however
boundless and rich the new countries that were subjected
to the Spanish crown; however brilliant the prowess of a
chivalrous soldiery—the emperor always asked, 'Have you
discovered the way to the Spice Islands?' If not, he was
unsatisfied, and the discovery and conquest were robbed of
half their value. He was constantly reminding his brave and
adventurous mariners that he desired above all things to
discover the way to the Spice Islands, and promised great
honors and rewards to the fortunate adventurer who should
make the discovery. In 1523 the Emperor Charles the Fifth
wrote to Cortés, earnestly urging him to search for a shorter
way to the 'Indian Land of Spice,' and for a shorter and
more direct passage between the eastern and western coasts
of Central America. In answer to the emperor, Cortés wrote:
'It would render the king of Spain master of so many kingdoms
that he might consider himself lord of the world.' In 1524,
in obedience to the emperor's wishes, he fitted out an
expedition to discover it. Columbus wrote to the emperor:
'Your Majesty may be assured that as I know how much you
have at heart the discovery of the great secret of a strait,
I shall postpone all interests and projects of my own for
the fulfilment of this great object.' It was for the purpose
of making this discovery that Gil Gonzalez fitted out the
expedition that resulted in the discovery of Nicaragua.

The interest in the interoceanic communication was not
confined to the Spanish emperor, or his adventurous mariners.
It extended to the learned men of Spain, and seriously
engaged their attention. Francisco Lopez de Gomara, one
of the earliest writers on America, in his chapter on 'the
possibility of a shorter passage to the Moluccas,' in his
work on the _Two Indies_, published in 1551, says: 'The
passage would have to be opened across the mainland from
one sea to the other, by whichever might prove the most
profitable of these four lines; viz., either by the river
Lagartos (Chagres), which, rising in Chagres, at a distance
of four leagues from Panamá, over which space of territory
they proceed in carts, flows to the sea-coast of Nombre de
Dios; or by the channel through which the lake of Nicaragua
empties into the sea; up and down which (the Rio San Juan)
large vessels sail; and the lake is distant only three or
four leagues from the sea; by either of these two rivers the
passage is already traced and half made. There is likewise
another river which flows from Vera Cruz to Tecoantepec,
along which the inhabitants of New Spain (Mexico) tow and
drag barks from one sea to the other. The distance from
Nombre de Dios to Panamá is seventeen leagues, and from
the gulf of Urabá to the gulf of San Miguel twenty-five,
which are the two most difficult lines.' Cortés was in favor
of the first of these routes, Gil Gonzalez of the second,
and Pizarro of the third. Herrera, royal historiographer
of Spain, writing of the events of 1527, refers to the
routes via Nicaragua and Panamá, and the possibility of
other connections between the two oceans. Martin Behaim, a
geographer of Nuremberg, Germany, was probably the first who
suggested the possibility of a natural communication between
the Atlantic and Pacific. So Magellan stated in his memorial
of November 28, 1520, to the court of Valladolid, asking
permission to search for such a channel. It was granted, an
expedition was fitted out, and he discovered the Straits of
Magellan, bearing his name.

Soon after the discovery of Nicaragua by Gil Gonzalez, it was
declared and believed by many that there existed a navigable
channel, connecting Lake Nicaragua with the Pacific, and
that vessels would be enabled to pass from one ocean to the
other. But no systematic attempt was made to ascertain the
truth of this conjecture until 1529, when Pedrarias de Ávila,
then governor of Nicaragua, sent an expedition of soldiers
and Indians, under Martin Este, to explore lakes Nicaragua
and Managua; when they had penetrated into a province called
Voto, a little north of Lake Managua, they were attacked
by a large body of Indians, and compelled to return. They
reported that they saw from a mountain top a large body of
water (doubtless the gulf of Fonseca), which they supposed to
be another lake. Don Diego Machuca soon afterward fitted out
another expedition in the same year, which he accompanied and
commanded. It resulted in the discovery of the river San Juan
as the true outlet of the lakes. He sailed down that river to
the Atlantic. Machuca Rapids take their name from him.

[Sidenote: OVIEDO'S ACCOUNT.]

Oviedo says that in 1540, at St Domingo, he met Pedro Cora, a
pilot who had been attached to the expedition of Martin Este,
and subsequently to that of Captain Diego Machuca. He gives
a long and interesting account of the second expedition, as
narrated to him by Cora. Cora said that at the port of Nombre
de Dios he met with some old friends who had built a felucca
and brigantine on the shores of Lake Nicaragua at an expense
of several thousand dollars. Among them was Diego Machuca,
who had been commandant of the country of the Tenderí, and
of the district about Lake Masaya. They embarked on these
vessels on Lake Nicaragua for the purpose of exploring it.
Captain Machuca, with two hundred men, advanced along the
shore, keeping in sight of the boats, which were accompanied
by several canoes. After some days they entered the San Juan
River, and passed down to where its waters appeared to flow
into the sea. Being ignorant of their locality, they followed
the sea-coast in an easterly direction, and finally arrived
at Nombre de Dios, where the pilot Cora met them. They were
arrested at this place by Doctor Robles, who desired to
found a colony at the mouth of the San Juan River, and thus
reap the benefit of their labor and discoveries, 'as is the
custom,' says Oviedo, 'with these men of letters; for the use
they do make of their wisdom is rather to rob than to render
justice.' For this outrage he was deprived of his office.
The pilot, though strongly importuned, refused to tell Oviedo
where the river emptied into the ocean.

Oviedo says: 'I do not regard the lakes as separate, because
they connect, the one with the other. They are separated from
the South Sea by a very narrow strip of land.... This lake
(Nicaragua) is filled with excellent fish. But what proves
that they are both one lake is the fact that they equally
abound in sea fish and turtles. Another proof is, that in
1529 there was found in the province of Nicaragua, on the
banks of this lake, a fish never seen except in the sea, and
called the sword-fish. I have seen some of these fish of so
great size that two oxen attached to a cart could hardly draw
them.... The one found on the shores of this lake was small,
being only about twelve feet in length.... The water of the
lake is very good and healthful, and a large number of small
rivers and brooks empty into it. In some places the great
lake is fifteen or twenty fathoms deep, and in other places
it is scarce a foot in depth; so that it is not navigable in
all parts, but only in the middle, and with barks specially
constructed for that purpose.... It has a large number of
islands of some extent, covered with flocks and precious
woods. The largest is eight leagues in circumference, and
is inhabited by Indians. It is very fertile, filled with
deer and rabbits, and named Ometepec, which signifies _two
mountains_. It formerly contained a population much more
numerous than now, divided into eight or ten villages. The
mountain in this island toward the east (Madeira) is lowest;
the other (Ometepec) is so high that its summit is seldom
seen. I passed a night at a farm belonging to a gentleman
called Diego Mora, situated on the mainland'—probably near
the site of Virgin Bay. 'The keeper told me that during the
two years he had been in that place he had seen the summit
but once, because it was covered with clouds.'[XXXIV-59]
There are many evidences that the channel of the San
Juan River was once much deeper and freer from rapids
and obstructions than it is at present. At one time, sea
vessels passed regularly up and down the river. It would be
impossible for them to do so now. The river is too shallow,
and the rapids are too many and difficult. In 1648 a Spanish
brig from Carthagena (de la Indias) arrived at Granada, and
discharged her cargo, reloaded, and started on her return.
On her voyage back, the river was found unnavigable at
one point, and the vessel returned to Granada; the cargo
was taken out, and the ship laid up, and finally broken to
pieces. Thomas Gage, an English monk, who visited Nicaragua
in 1665, says that vessels often arrived at Granada, from
South America, Spain, and Cuba, and reloaded and returned
to those countries by way of the San Juan River and Lake
Nicaragua.

In 1781 Manuel Galisteo, by order of the Spanish government,
examined the country, and carefully surveyed a route for a
canal between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific. He estimated
the level of the lake above the Pacific to be one hundred
and thirty-four feet. The route selected by him was from the
mouth of the Rio Lajas in the lake to San Juan del Sur. Early
in the present century, a survey was made by an engineer name
Thompson, of which we have no details, further than that he
adopted the report made by Galisteo.

In 1837 Mr Baily was employed by the federal government of
Central America, and made a careful survey of a route for
the canal. He spent much time and a considerable sum of money
in making the surveys, but was never paid for his services.
Dr Andreas Örsted, of Copenhagen, made a survey in 1848,
and published a map of the country. He selected the bay of
Bolaños, thirteen and a half miles from Lake Nicaragua, as
the Pacific terminus of the canal. In 1851 Colonel Childs, an
Englishman, made a thorough survey and estimate of the whole
work. He selected Brito as the Pacific terminus. According
to his estimates, the actual length of water navigation,
including the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua, would be one
hundred and ninety-four and one half miles. He submitted his
plan and surveys to the British government, by which it was
referred to James Walker and Edward Aldrich, royal engineers,
who reported unfavorably. The plan and reports were then laid
before a committee of English capitalists, with the purpose
of raising the necessary capital for the work. But after a
careful investigation, the committee declined to recommend
the enterprise, believing it would be unprofitable, and more
for the benefit of the United States than of Great Britain.
This survey, and the action of the British government upon
it, furnish strong confirmation of the general opinion, as
to the purpose of that government, in seizing Greytown and
the bay of Fonseca. A survey was made in 1850 by the Central
American Transit Company.

After the independence of the Central American states had
been established, Manuel Antonio de la Cerda, afterward
governor of Nicaragua, represented to the federal congress,
in July 1823, the urgent necessity for opening the canal
without delay. But no action was then taken in the matter.
During the next year several propositions relative to
the construction of the canal were made to the federal
government by parties in Europe. Barclay & Co., of London,
made a proposition, on the 18th of September, 1824, to open
a canal, between the Atlantic and Pacific, by way of the
San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua, at their own cost, if
the government would assist them in certain particulars.
On the 2d of February, 1825, Charles Bourke and Matthew
Llanos addressed a communication to the government, stating
that in the preceding December they had sent an armed brig
with a party of engineers to Greytown, to survey the route,
and praying that they might be granted: 1. An exclusive
proprietorship and control of the canal; 2. An exclusive
right to navigate the lakes and dependent waters by steam;
3. Free permission to use all natural products of the country
necessary for the work; 4. Exemption from duty for the goods
and materials introduced by the company during the pendency
of the work. They offered to pay the government twenty per
cent on the tolls received, and to surrender the work at the
end of a certain number of years.

[Sidenote: MR. CLAY'S ASSURANCE.]

On the 8th of February, 1825, Don Antonio José Cañas, then
minister from the federal government to the United States,
addressed a communication to Henry Clay, then secretary
of state, upon the subject of the canal, soliciting the
coöperation of our government in the work, upon the ground
that 'its noble example had been a model and protection to
all the Americas,' and entitled it to a preference over any
other nation in the 'merits and advantages of the proposed
undertaking.' He proposed by means of a treaty to effectually
secure its advantages to the two nations. Mr Clay instructed
Colonel John Williams, U. S. chargé d'affaires in Central
America, to assure that government of the great interest
taken by the United States in an undertaking 'so highly
calculated to diffuse a favorable influence on the affairs
of mankind,' and to carefully investigate the facilities
afforded by the route, and transmit the intelligence acquired
to our government. Colonel Williams never made any report of
his action under these instructions.

During the year 1825, many other propositions for the
construction of the canal were received by the federal
government from Europe. The attention of the government was
thus strongly attracted to the importance and value of the
proposed canal, both as affording a considerable revenue to
the government, and aiding in the settlement of the country,
and development of its resources. In June 1825, the federal
congress passed a decree defining the terms and conditions
upon which the canal might be constructed. Another decree,
published at the same time, fixed the period of six months
for receiving proposals for the work. The time was much
too short, and but few offers were received. Among them was
one from Mr Baily, the surveyor, as agent for the English
house of Barclay, Herring, Richardson, & Co., which was
conditional, and one from Charles Beninske for Aaron H.
Palmer, of New York, which was accepted. The contractors,
under the name of 'The Central American and United States
Atlantic and Pacific Canal Company,' agreed to open a canal
through Nicaragua, which should be navigable for large ships,
and to deposit two hundred thousand dollars in the city of
Granada, within six months, for the preliminary expenses of
the work; to erect fortifications for its protection; and
to commence work within one year. The contractors were to
receive two thirds of the tolls from the canal until they had
been reimbursed for the full cost of the work, with ten per
cent interest; afterwards to have one half of the proceeds
for seven years, with the right to introduce steam-vessels.
The government agreed to place at their disposal all the
documents in its possession relating to the canal; to furnish
laborers at certain wages; and to permit the cutting and use
of the timber in the country. If the canal was not completed,
all the work done was to be forfeited to the government.
This contract was dated June 14, 1826. The contractors had
not sufficient capital for the construction of the canal,
and failing to obtain it in New York, addressed a memorial
to the United States congress, praying the assistance of
the government in their work, which they represented to
be of national importance. The memorial was referred to a
committee, but never reported on. The enterprise excited
considerable attention in New York, and the grant obtained
from the federal government of Central America was believed
to be valuable. Mr Palmer executed a deed of trust to De
Witt Clinton, Stephen Van Renssalaer, C. D. Clinton, Phillip
Hone, and Lynde Catlin, constituting them directors of the
company which was being organized for the construction
of the canal. Mr Palmer went to England in 1827, and
endeavored, but without success, to obtain the coöperation of
English capitalists. All his efforts were ineffectual, the
necessary capital could not be raised, and the enterprise
was abandoned. Mr Clay, then secretary of state, earnestly
advocated the construction of the canal, believing it would
be of great advantage to this country.

In 1828 an association of capitalists in the Netherlands,
under the patronage of the king of Holland, undertook the
construction of the canal. In 1829 the king sent General
Verveer, as plenipotentiary to Guatemala, with special
instructions relative to the canal. In October of the same
year, commissioners were appointed by the federal government
to confer with General Verveer, and on the 24th of July,
1830, they agreed upon a plan, which was to be laid before
the federal congress for its approval. The conditions
were much the same as in the contract with Mr Palmer.
The revolution in Belgium, and the separation of Holland,
terminated this enterprise. The federal congress had been
stimulated to greater anxiety for the construction of the
canal by these various proposals and contracts, and believing
that there was more likelihood of its being made by the Dutch
company than any other, in 1832 made ineffectual efforts to
renew negotiations with Holland for reviving that company,
and enabling it to complete its contract.

In the mean time, the efforts and representations of Mr Clay,
De Witt Clinton, and other distinguished men had awakened
public interest in the people and government of the United
States in the proposed canal, and convinced them that it was
important that our government should, if possible, control
the work, and reap the benefits and advantages which it was
believed would result to our commerce from it. On the 3d of
March, 1835, the United States senate adopted a resolution,
requesting the president to consider the expediency of
opening negotiations with the Central American states and
New Granada for protecting by treaty stipulations companies
undertaking to open a canal across the Isthmus, connecting
the two oceans, and of securing its free and equal navigation
to all nations. By virtue of this resolution, President
Jackson appointed Charles Biddle, and directed him to go
to San Juan del Norte, and thence across the Isthmus to the
Pacific, by the proposed route; to proceed to Guatemala, the
capital, and with the aid of Mr De Witt Clinton, U. S. chargé
d'affaires, obtain all public papers, and copies of the laws
passed, and all papers and information relating to the canal.
He was also to go to Panamá, and ascertain all about that
route. Mr Biddle did not go to Nicaragua, and died soon after
his return to the United States. His mission was a failure.

[Sidenote: ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT.]

The government of Central America now determined to survey
the route for the canal, and thus demonstrate to the world
its practicability. In 1837 President Morazan employed Mr
John Baily to survey the route, which he did, as already
stated. In 1838 a convention between Nicaragua and Honduras
authorized Peter Bouchard to make an agreement in France
for the organization of a company to construct the canal. He
did not succeed in accomplishing anything. Don Jorge Viteri,
bishop of San Salvador, was sent as ambassador to Rome, and
make like efforts, but without success. In the same year,
a company of Americans in New York and New Orleans sent Mr
George Holdship to Central America. He made a contract with
Nicaragua, which had seceded from the federal republic, for
the construction of a canal, the establishment of a bank, and
the introduction of colonists. This scheme was extensive, but
amounted to nothing, as the enterprise was soon abandoned.

In 1838, Aaron Clark, Herman Leroy, William A. Duer, Matthew
Carey, and William Radcliff, citizens of New York and
Philadelphia, addressed a memorial to congress, representing
the necessity for the opening of the interoceanic canal. It
was referred to a committee, of which Hon. Charles F. Mercer
was chairman, who, upon the 2d of March, 1839, reported upon
it, recommending the following resolution, which was adopted:

'_Resolved_, That the president of the United States be
requested to consider the expediency of opening or continuing
negotiations with the governments of other nations; and
particularly with those the territorial jurisdiction of
which comprehends the Isthmus of Panamá, and to which the
United States have accredited ministers or agents, for the
purpose of ascertaining or effecting a communication between
the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, by the construction of
a ship-canal; and of securing forever, by suitable treaty
stipulations, the free and equal rights of navigating such
canal to all nations, on the payment of reasonable tolls.'
The president and senate, acting under this resolution,
negotiated and made a treaty between the United States
and New Granada, by which our government guaranteed the
neutrality of the Isthmus, and New Granada conceded a free
transit across it. The Panamá Railroad Company was organized
by virtue of this treaty; and, as we all know, the existing
railroad across the Isthmus was built by them; with what
labor, and cost in money and human life, it is foreign to our
purpose to inquire.

Between the years 1838 and 1844, Central America was
distracted by civil wars, and all action relative to the
canal was suspended. In 1844, Don Francisco Castellon,
minister from the republic of Nicaragua to France, made a
contract with a Belgian company, acting under the patronage
of the king of Belgium, for the construction of the canal.
But this contract was as unsuccessful as its predecessors. In
1846, Mr Marcoleta, Nicaraguan chargé d'affaires to Belgium,
made a contract with Louis Napoleon (the present French
emperor), then a prisoner at Ham, for its construction. With
his characteristic vanity, he stipulated that it should be
called 'Canal Napoleon de Nicaragua.' Napoleon wrote and
published a pamphlet in London, upon the subject, and made
a feeble attempt to awaken the attention of capitalists, but
without success. His pamphlet had only a limited circulation,
but was afterward republished by M. Belly. On the 16th of
February, 1849, William Wheelright made a proposition in
behalf of an English company for the construction of the
canal, but it was not acted upon.

On the 14th of March, 1849, Mr D. T. Brown, in behalf of
certain citizens of New York, and General Muñoz, commissioner
for Nicaragua, entered into a contract for the construction
of a canal, but it was neither ratified by the executive of
that republic nor by the company in New York, within the
stipulated time. The seizure of Greytown by the English,
in 1848, and the pretext of a Mosquito protectorate, were
rightly regarded by the Nicaraguan government and our own,
as directed to obtaining command and permanent control and
dominion over the only possible route for an interoceanic
canal.

On the 21st of June, 1849, Mr Hise, U. S. chargé d'affaires
to Nicaragua, concluded a convention with commissioners
appointed by that republic, giving the United States a
perpetual right of way through that republic, of erecting
forts, and protecting the transit. This convention was not
approved by our own government, or by that of Nicaragua.
On the 4th of March, 1850, General Taylor was inaugurated
president of the United States, and soon after sent Mr E. G.
Squier to Central America to supersede Mr Hise, as chargé
d'affaires to Guatemala, with special commissions to the
other states of Central America, "with full power to treat
with them separately on all matters affecting their relations
with this republic." Upon his arrival in Nicaragua, Mr
Squier found an agent of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and others of
New York, who was endeavoring to obtain a grant from that
government for the construction of a canal. The government
was at first indisposed to listen to his overtures, until
assured by Mr Squier that the United States government would
guarantee any charter, not inconsistent with our public
policy, that might be granted by Nicaragua.

On the 27th of August, 1850, a contract was signed between
the government of Nicaragua and the agent of the New York
company, and afterward ratified on the 23d of September
following, containing the following provisions, viz.:

1. That the American Atlantic and Pacific Ship Canal Company
may construct a ship-canal, at its own expense, from San
Juan to Realejo, or any other point within the territory of
Nicaragua, on the Pacific, and make use of all lands, waters,
or natural materials of the country for the enterprise.

2. The canal shall be large enough to admit vessels of all
sizes.

3. The grant is for eighty-five years from the completion
of the work; the surveys to be commenced within twelve
months; the work to be completed within twelve years, unless
interrupted by unforeseen events. If not completed within the
stipulated time, the charter will be forfeited, and all work
done shall revert to the state. At the end of eighty-five
years the canal shall revert to the state; the company,
nevertheless, shall receive fifteen per cent annually of the
net profits for ten years thereafter, if the entire cost of
the canal does not exceed twenty million dollars; but if it
does, then it shall receive the same percentage for twenty
years thereafter.

4. The company to pay the state ten thousand dollars per
annum, during the progress of the work, and to give it two
hundred thousand dollars of the capital stock, and to pay
twenty per cent of the net profits for twenty years, and
twenty-five per cent thereafter.

[Sidenote: FURTHER CONTRACT PROVISIONS.]

5. The company to have the exclusive right to navigate the
interior waters of Nicaragua by steam, and within twelve
years to open any land or other route, by means of transit
or conveyance across the state, and pay ten per cent of the
net profits of such transit to the state, and transport on
such transit, and the canal, when finished, the officers and
employés of the republic free of charge.

6. The canal to be open to the vessels of all nations.

7. The contract and the rights and privileges conceded by
it to be held inalienably by the individuals composing the
company.

8. All disputes shall be settled by commissioners appointed
in a specified manner.

9. All machinery and other articles introduced by the company
into the state, for its own use, to enter free of duty; and
all persons in its employ to enjoy all the privileges of
citizenship, without being subject to taxation or military
service.

10. The state concedes to the company, for purposes of
colonization, eight sections of land, on the line of the
canal, in the valley of the river San Juan, each six miles
square, and at least three miles apart, with the right of
alienating the same under certain reservations. All settlers
on these lands to be subject to the laws of the republic,
being, however, for ten years exempt from all taxes and from
all public service so soon as each colony shall contain fifty
settlers.

On the same day Mr Squier negotiated a treaty with Nicaragua,
which provided that citizens, vessels, and merchandise of
the United States should be exempt from duty in the ports
of Nicaragua; and that citizens of the United States should
have a right of way through the republic. The government of
the United States agreed to protect the company in the full
enjoyment of its rights from the inception to the termination
of its grant. The rights, privileges, and immunities granted
to the government and citizens of the United States shall not
accrue to any other government, unless it first enter into
the same treaty stipulations with Nicaragua as the United
States has done. This treaty was ratified by the Nicaraguan
legislative chambers on the 23d of September following, but
was not acted upon by the United States senate, to which it
was sent by President Taylor. This treaty was opposed by the
British minister at Washington, who energetically exerted
himself to secure its defeat.

The Clayton-Bulwer treaty between the United States and
England guaranteed the neutrality of the canal, and both
governments agreed to protect any company undertaking the
work. The object of our government in this convention was to
put an end to the Mosquito protectorate.

In August 1850 the company sent a party of engineers from
New York to Nicaragua to survey a route from Lake Nicaragua
to the Pacific, near the line taken by Galisteo and Baily.
Soon afterwards the steamer _Director_ was sent from New York
to Lake Nicaragua, and smaller boats were sent to the San
Juan River. A new road was opened to the Pacific from Virgin
Bay on the lake to San Juan del Sur. A line of steamers was
established from New York to Greytown, and from San Juan del
Sur to San Francisco.

The new contract made with United States citizens, and
ratified and enforced by treaty with our own government, was
not consistent with the wishes or policy of Great Britain,
but the generosity of our government in throwing open the
proposed canal to all nations disarmed hostile criticism, and
deprived Europe of any pretext for opposition or protest.
It quickened England into new energy, in the assertion of
her claims under the Mosquito protectorate. On the 15th of
August, 1850, the British consular representative in Central
America addressed a note to the Nicaraguan government, in
which he stated the boundary claimed by his government as
follows: 'The undersigned, her Britannic Majesty's chargé
d'affaires in Central America, with this view, has the
honor to declare to the minister of foreign relations of the
supreme government of Nicaragua, that the general boundary
line of the Mosquito territory begins at the northern
extremity of the boundary line between the district of
Tegucigalpa in Honduras, and the jurisdiction of New Segovia;
and after following the northern frontiers of New Segovia
it runs along the south-eastern limits of the district of
Matagalpa and Chontales, and thence in an easterly course,
until it reaches the Machuca Rapids, to the river San Juan.'
If this boundary line had been allowed, as claimed, it would
have placed the only possible route for the proposed canal
in the occupation and control of Great Britain. _Daniel
Cleveland's Across the Nicaragua Transit_, MS., 118-42.

INDEX.

A

Aa, P. V., works of, ii. 745-6.

Abibeiba, Cacique, domain of, invaded, 1512, i. 352.

Ábrego, F., bishop of Pan., 1569-74, ii. 474-5.

Acajutla, battle of, 1524, i. 670-3.

Acala, province, Dominicans in, 1550-5, ii. 360;
invasion of, ii. 365.

'Accessory Transit Company,' mention of, iii. 341-2; iii. 667-8.

Acla, name, i. 418;
founding of, 1515, i. 418;
massacre at, 1516, i. 441;
town of, laid out, i. 441;
abandoned, ii. 396.

Acosta, J., 'Compendio,' ii. 62.

Agriculture, in Cent. Amer., iii. 650-5.

Aguado, J., commissioner of inquiry, 1494, i. 176.

Aguilar, E., president of Salv., 1846, iii. 291-2.

Aguilar, Friar G. de, shipwreck, etc., of, 1512, i. 350;
rescue, 1519, i. 350.

Aguilar, G. de, bravery of, i. 688-9.

Aguilar, M., revolt of, 1811, iii. 12-13;
mission of, 1828, iii. 180;
jefe of C. R., 1837-8, iii. 183.

Aguilar, V., revolt of, 1811, iii. 12-13;
vice-president of C. R., 1859, iii. 373.

Ahuachapan, siege of, 1876, iii. 403-5.

Ahzumanche, Prince, death of, i. 637.

Aillon, L. V. de, exped. of, 1520, i. 138;
1523, i. 142-3.

Alarcon, H. de, exped. of, 1540, i. 153.

Albites, D. de, mission to Nicuesa, 1510, i. 331-3;
exped. of, 1515, i. 404-5;
battle with Darien Indians, 1516, i. 425;
further expeditions, i. 429-30, 471;
founds Nombre de Dios, i. 471;
in command at Natá, i. 508;
gov. of Hond., 1532, ii. 155;
death, ii. 155.

Albuquerque, A. de, voyage of, 1503, i. 121.

Alcaine, M., intercession of, 1855, iii. 261.

Alcalde, office of, i. 297-8.

Alcántara, M. de, death of, ii. 41.

Alcazaba, S. de, exped. of, 1534, i. 150.

Alcedo y Herrera, D. de, gov. of Pan., ii. 584.

Alderete, ——, gov. of Pan., 1725-30, ii. 583.

Alfaro, F., revolt of, 1842, iii. 219.

Alfaro, J. M., jefe of C. R., 1842, iii. 224, 226;
1846, iii. 227-8.

Almagro, D. de, joins Pedrarias' exped., 1514, i. 391;
character, etc., of, ii. 3-4;
Pizarro's exped. to Peru, ii. 4-8, 19, 35-40;
death, ii. 40.

Almagro, D. de jun., assassination of Pizarro, ii. 40-1;
execution of, ii. 42.

Almansa, F., mention of, iii. 38.

Altamirano, Friar D., advice to Cortés, i. 580-1.

Altamirano, J. C., bishop of Guat., 1611-15, ii. 664.

Alvarado, D. de, exped. of, 1530, ii. 121.

Alvarado, G. de, battle of Tacuxcalco, 1524, i. 673;
capture of Mixco, 1525, i. 687;
conquest of the Mames, 1525, i. 695-702;
revolt caused by, ii. 79-80.

Alvarado, J. de, gov. of Guat., 1527, ii. 95, 104-5;
executor of P. de Alvarado, ii. 207-8.

Alvarado, P. de, conquest of Guat., 1522-4, i. 617-62;
of Itzcuintlan, 1524, i. 663-5;
invasion of Salv., i. 669-76;
the Cackchiquel revolts, 1525-6, i. 681-92; ii. 74-85;
conquest of the Mames, i. 695-702;
exped. to Peru, ii. 38-9, 122-30;
return to Mex., ii. 85-6;
trial of, ii. 100-4;
marriage, ii. 102;
return to Guat., 1530, ii. 116-17;
residencia, etc., of, ii. 131-2;
exped. to Hond., 1535-6, ii. 160-5;
1539, ii. 296-9;
departs for Spain, ii. 165;
crown grant to, 1538, ii. 203;
exped. of, 1539-41, ii. 203-7;
death, ii. 207;
will, ii. 207-9;
character, ii. 209-11;
offspring, ii. 211-12.

Álvarez, Gen. M., capture, etc., of Walker, 1860, iii. 364.

Alzayaga, J. de, exped. of, 1696, ii. 685-6.

Alzuru, Col, revolt, etc., of, 1831, iii. 514.

Amar y Borbon, A., viceroy of New Gran., 1803, iii. 491.

Amatique Bay, discovery of, ii. 650.

Amedzaga, J. H. de, gov. of Pan., 1711-16, ii. 583.

America, aborigines of, i. 59-68;
sighted by Biarne, 986, i. 76;
discovery of claimed by Arabs, 1147, i. 78;
name of, i. 291-2.

'American Coast Pilot', ii. 758.

Amézqueta, B. de, exped. of, 1696, ii. 686-7.

Anacaona, Queen, execution of, i. 259-60.

Añaquito, battle of, 1546, ii. 254.

Andagoya, P. de, exped. to Birú, 1522, i. 139, 502-3;
joins Pedrarias, i. 391;
works, etc., of, i. 503-4; ii. 247.

Andrés, Cacique, guide to Sharp's exped., 1680, ii. 520-3.

Angel, Doña M., imposture, etc., of, 1712, ii. 697-701.

Angulo, Father, bishop of Vera Paz, 1559, ii. 374.

Añino, U., gov. of Pan., 1854, iii. 518;
protest of, iii. 518-19.

Aniñon, F. de, memorial of, ii. 398-9.

Anson, Capt. G., exped. of, 1739-44, ii. 592-3.

Antigua, founded by Enciso, 1510, i. 327-8;
Balboa in command at, i. 328-30, 338-57;
Nicuesa at, i. 334-5;
factions in, i. 338-40;
growth of, i. 341;
prosperity of, i. 385;
ranked as a city, 1514, i. 391;
scarcity at, i. 396;
Indian outbreaks near, 1522, i. 476;
abandoned, 1521-4, i. 499.

Antonelli, Surveyor J. G., rept of, ii. 399.

Apaneca, battle of, 1876, iii. 403-4.

Apochpalon, Cacique, meeting with Cortés, etc., 1524, i. 547-50, 557.

'Appendix to Sharp's South Sea Waggoner,' MS., ii. 758.

Aquino, A., revolt of, 1833, iii. 168.

Arada, battle of, 1850, iii. 279-80.

Arana, Licentiate T. I. de, rept of, ii. 707.

Aransivia y Sasi, S. de, gov. of Nic., 1721, ii. 607.

Arbolancha, P. de, Balboa's envoy to Spain, 1514, i. 384-5;
delay of, i. 392;
reception, i. 393.

Arce, M. J., imprisonment of, iii. 20;
defeats Padilla, iii. 58;
president of Nic., 1825, iii. 80;
rule, iii. 82-94;
'Memoria,' iii. 107;
defeat of, 1832, iii. 113;
pacification of Nic., 1825, iii. 172;
invasion of Salv., 1844, iii. 190-1.

'Archives of the Indies,' i. 195-6.

Arellano, J. R. de, bishop of Guat., 1601, ii. 663-4.

Argüello, F. de, aids Balboa, i. 441, 450;
execution of, 1517, i. 457-9.

Argüello, J., vice-jefe of Nic., 1825, iii. 173;
contest with Cerda, iii. 174.

Aguilar, V., execution of Mora, 1860, iii. 376;
death of, iii. 376.

Arias, C., provis. president of Hond., 1872-4, iii. 457-60.

Arias, G., exped. of, 1529, ii. 109.

Aristocrats, attitude, etc., of, in Guat., 1848, iii. 274-6, 281.

Ariza, Don A. de, 'Comentas,' ii. 481;
gov. of Pan., 1774, ii. 582.

Ariza y Torres, Capt. R., revolt of, 1823, iii. 72-3.

Aizpuru, Gen. R., revolt of, 1873, iii. 538;
revolution of, 1875, iii. 541-2;
1878, iii. 543;
president of Pan., iii. 542;
occupation of Pan., 1885, iii. 554;
arrest, etc., of, iii. 554-5.

Armies, of Cent. Amer., iii. 645-9.

Arosemena, M., works, etc., of, iii. 489.

Arrazola, affair at, 1827, iii. 91.

Arteaga, B. de, storming of Mixco, 1525, i. 691.

Arteaga y Avendaño, J. de, bishop of Chiap., etc., 1538, ii. 330;
death, ii. 330.

Arzú, Brigadier M., exped. of, 1822, iii. 60-1;
operations of, 1828, iii. 94.

Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, see Congress, Central American.

Aspinwall, see Colon.

Astaburuaga, F. S., 'Repúblicas de Centro-América,' iii. 361.

Atahualpa, Inca, Pizarro's invasion, ii. 19-20;
capture, etc., of, ii. 21-32;
ransom, ii. 32-6;
execution, ii. 36-8.

Atiquipac, Alvarado at, 1524, i. 666.

Atitlan, enslavement of natives in, ii. 234-5.

Atlacatl, King, submission of, 1524, i. 674.

Audiencias, description of, i. 270-3.

Audiencia of the Confines, establd. 1543, ii. 241;
jurisd. ii. 241;
personnel, ii. 301;
seat of the, ii. 301, 310, 370, 400; iii. 326;
dispute with Las Casas, etc., ii. 303-7;
dissensions, 1696-1702, ii. 661-3.

Audiencia of Los Reyes, establd. 1543, ii. 241;
jurisd. ii. 241.

Audiencia of Panamá, establd. 1533, ii. 57;
jurisd., etc., ii. 57-8, 585;
abolished, 1533, ii. 241;
reëstabld. ii. 464.

Audiencia of Santo Domingo, establd. 1526, i. 269;
personnel, i. 269-70;
jurisd. i. 270.

Aury, Commodore, capture of Trujillo, 1820, iii. 24-5.

Ávalos, J. de, exped. of, 1525, i. 571-2.

Avendaño, Father A. de, mission to the Itzas, 1695, ii. 689-90.

Avendaño, D. de, president of Guat., 1642-9, ii. 653.

Aycinena, M., jefe of Guat., 1827, iii. 150-2.

Aycinena, P., acting president of Guat., 1865, iii. 413.

Ayora, J. de., exped. of, 1514, i. 396-402;
outrages of, i. 399-402;
escape, i. 402.

Ayuntamientos, functions, etc., of, iii. 8-10;
votes of on union with Mex., 1821, iii. 53-4.

Ayza, J. de, gov. of Nic., ii. 608.

Azmitia, J. A., cabinet minister, 1845, iii. 268-9, 272.

B

Bacalar, fort built at, ii. 625.

Bachicao, H., exped. to Pan., ii. 254-5.

Bachiller, definition, etc., of word, i. 297.

Badajoz, Capt. G. de, joins Pedrarias' exped. 1514, i. 390;
exped. of, 1515, i. 412-17;
defeat, i. 415-17;
meeting with Espinosa, i. 420-1.

Badillo, J. de, exped., etc., of, 1537, ii. 54-7.

Balboa, V. N. de, character, i. 324, 454-5;
early career, i. 324-5;
gov. of Antigua, i. 329-30, 338-56;
diplomacy, etc., of, i. 338-40;
exped. against Careta, i. 354-6;
visit to Comagre, i. 347-9;
Panciaco's story, i. 347-8;
exped. to Dabaiba, 1512, i. 351-2;
defeats confederated tribes, i. 353;
charges against, i. 356-7;
crosses the Isthmus of Darien, i. 358-74;
defeats Porque, i. 363-4;
discovers the South Sea, etc., 1513, i. 129, 364-73;
encounter with Chiapes, i. 369;
canoe voyage of, i. 374-5;
Tumaco's story, etc., i. 375-7;
return to Antigua, i. 378-84;
pacifies Teoca, i. 378;
cruelty to Poncra, i. 379-80;
Pocorosa's statement, i. 381;
captures Tubanamá, i. 381-3;
sickness at Comagre, i. 383;
spoils of exped., i. 384-5;
superseded by Pedrarias, 1514, i. 393-4;
trial of, i. 395;
exped., 1515, i. 406-7;
feud with Dávila, i. 432-3, 437;
capt.-gen. of Coiba and Pan., i. 435;
betrothal, i. 439;
reëstablishes Acla, 1516, i. 441;
ship-building on the Balsas, 1517, i. 441-5;
at the Pearl Islands, i. 445-52;
fate of, forecast, i. 447-8;
arrest of, i. 452-3;
trial, i. 456-7;
execution, 1517, i. 457-9.

Balsas, Rio de las, ship-building on the, 1517, i. 442-5.

Barahona, Admiral J. de, naval combat off Pan., 1680, ii. 535-7.

Barbacoas, Morgan at, 1671, ii. 499.

Barillas, M. L., president of Guat., 1886, iii. 451-2;
cabinet, iii. 452.

Barker, A., exped. to Hond., 1576, ii. 637-8.

Barranco, ——, bishop of Hond., 1811-19, iii. 631.

Barrientos, Vicar P. de, mention of, 1576, ii. 374.

Barriere, P., proceedings of, iii. 45.

Barrionuevo, Capt. F. de, gov. of Castilla del Oro, ii. 46, 51.

Barrios, Gen. G., defence of Leon, 1844, iii. 199;
at San Miguel, iii. 201;
operations of, 1857, iii. 300;
pronunciamiento, etc., of, iii. 301;
coup d'état, iii. 302;
president of Salv., iii. 302;
operations, 1863, iii. 304-6;
besieged at San Salv., iii. 306;
capture and execution, 1865, iii. 307.

Barrios, J. R., revolution of, 1871, iii. 419-24;
president of Guat., 1873-85, iii. 429-49;
invasion of Salv., 1876, iii. 402-5;
1885, iii. 409-10;
efforts for confed. of Cent. Amer., 1883-5, iii. 442-9;
quarrel with Soto, 1883, iii. 467-8;
character, iii. 431-2;
attempted assassination of, iii. 443-4;
death, 1885, iii. 410, 449.

Barrios y Leal, president of Guat., 1688-95, ii. 659-61;
exped. of, 1695, ii. 682-4;
death, ii. 685.

Barroeta, R., vice-president of C. R., 1872, iii. 381-2.

Barrundia, J. F., imprisonment, etc., of, iii. 18-19;
revolutionary measures, iii. 33, 86-7;
jefe of Guat., 1824, iii. 146;
rule, iii. 146-8;
president, 1829, iii. 102;
rule, iii. 102-12;
negotiations with Carrera, iii. 129-30.

Baskerville, Sir T., defeat of, 1595, ii. 422.

Bastidas, R. de, exped., etc., of, 1500-2, i. 114, 183-94;
biog., i. 195.

Battles, Tonalá, 1524, i. 628;
Xelahuh, 1524, i. 639-41;
Acajutla, 1524, i. 670-3;
Tacuxcalco, 1524, i. 673-4;
Iztapa, 1524, ii. 216-17;
Canales, 1526, ii. 83;
Patinamit, 1526, ii. 84;
Panamá, 1671, ii. 504-6;
Villanueva, 1838, iii. 135-6;
Arada, 1850, iii. 279-80;
Santa Ana, 1871, iii. 395-6;
Apaneca, 1876, iii. 403-4;
Pasaquina, 1876, iii. 404;
Naranjo, 1876, iii. 462.

Bay Islands, colony of, establd. 1850, iii. 319.

Bayano, ——, campaign of, ii. 387-8.

Bazan, J. de V., gov. of Pan., ii. 479;
rule, ii. 479-80.

Beatriz, Doña, grief of, ii. 311-12;
gov. of Guat., 1541, ii. 312-13;
death, ii. 317.

Becerra, F., exped. of, destroyed, 1515, i. 403.

Behaim, M., map of globe, 1492, i. 93.

Belen River, Columbus at, 1503, i. 218-19.

Belen, village, Nicuesa's exped. at, 1510, i. 305-6.

Belgium, colonization scheme in Guat., iii. 589-90.

Belize, origin of name, ii. 624;
woodcutters in, ii. 624-35;
Figueroa's exped. to, ii. 624-8;
map, ii. 627;
English claims, ii. 629-31;
treaties concerning, ii. 632-4;
O'Neill's exped. to, 1798, ii. 635; iii. 314;
rights of settlers in, iii. 313-14;
commerce, etc., of, iii. 317.

Belly, F., works of, iii. 263.

Benalcazar, Capt. S. de, joins Pedrarias' exped., 1514, i. 391;
conquest of Peru, ii. 15, 26, 38-9.

Bienvenida, Friar L. de, mission to C. R., 1540, ii. 185.

Benzoni, G., exped. to C. R., 1545, ii. 192-9;
works, etc., of, ii. 232-3.

Berenger, 'Collection,' ii. 751-2.

Berlanga, Friar T. de, alleged miracle, etc., of, 1537, ii. 59.

Bermejo, J., the Contreras revolt, 1550, ii. 274-86;
defeat at Pan., ii. 284-6;
death, ii. 286.

Berrospe, G. S. de, president of Guat., 1696-1701, ii. 661-2.

Betanzos, D. de, convent founded by, 1529, ii. 135-6.

Betanzos, Father P. A. de, labors of, 1555-70, ii. 432-3.

Bethlehemites, in Guat., ii. 666-7.

Biamonte y Navarra, J. B. de, gov. of Pan., ii. 480.

Birú, Andagoya's exped. to, 1522, i. 502-3.

Birues, de, exped. of, 1515, i. 407.

Blanco, M., pronunciamiento of, 1868, iii. 378.

Blewfields, population, etc., of, 1847, iii. 249.

Bobadilla, Commissioner F. de, proceedings of, at Española,
1500-2, i. 180-1, 248-9;
enslavement of natives, i. 266.

Bobadilla, Friar F. de, labors of, in Nic., ii. 184-5.

Bobadilla, J. F., gov. of C. R., 1780, ii. 622.

Bogran, Gen. L., president of Hond., 1883, iii. 468.

Bolivar, S., congress at Pan., 1826, iii. 511-12;
at Angostura, iii. 513.

Bonnycastle, R. H., 'Spanish America,' iii. 248.

Bordone, B., map of, 1528, i. 144.

Borland, S., U. S. minister, interference of, iii. 255.

Bosch, L. van der, writings of, ii. 745.

Botello, L., execution of, 1517, i. 457-9.

Boucher, G., 'Bibliothèque Universelle,' ii. 760.

Bourbourg, B. de, 'Histoire des Nations Civilisées du
Mexique,' i. 201.

Bradley, Capt., foray on the Hacha, 1670, ii. 491;
captures San Lorenzo, ii. 494-6.

Brigantine, picture of, i. 189.

Briones, Capt., exped. to Hond., 1524, i. 525;
treachery of, i. 526;
Olid's assassination, i. 531-3;
execution of, i. 534.

Briones, J. A. L. de, gov. of Nic., 1744, ii. 607.

Buccaneering, origin of, ii. 451-3.

Buccaneers, name, ii. 452;
mode of life, ii. 454-6;
excesses, etc., of, ii. 489-90.

Buena Esperanza, founding of, 1535, ii. 157;
abandoned, 1536, ii. 161-2.

Buitrago, P., director of Nic., 1841-3, iii. 238-9.

Bure, G. F. de, 'Bibliographique Instructive,' ii. 760.

Burnaby, Sir W., mission to Belize, ii. 630.

Burney, J., works of, ii. 753.

Bustamante y Guerra, Gen. J., capt.-gen. of Guat., 1811, iii. 6;
biog., iii. 6-7;
rule, iii. 6-21.

C

Caballon, Licentiate J. de, defeats Gaitan, 1554, ii. 425;
exped. of, 1560-2, ii. 425-6.

Caballos, Puerto de, name, i. 519;
L'Olonnois' raid on, ii. 458.

Cabañas, T., siege of Leon, 1844, iii. 199;
at San Miguel, iii. 201;
defeat at Quelepa, iii. 202;
president of Hond., 1852-5, iii. 321-2;
character, etc., iii. 321.

Cabello, D., gov. of Nic., 1766, ii. 608.

Cabezas Islands, Drake at, ii. 407-8, 414, 416.

Cabezas, R., jefe of Guat., 1830, iii. 153;
biog., iii. 153-4.

Cabot, J., voyage of, i. 98-9.

Cabot, S., voyages of, i. 98-9, 108-9, 143.

Cabral, P. A., voyage of, 1500, i. 113-14.

Cabrera, P., surprised by Verdugo, ii. 263.

Cáceres, Capt., captures Lempiras's stronghold, 1537, ii. 291-2;
treachery of, ii. 291-2.

Cackchiquel, map of, i. 629.

Cakchiquels, power, etc., of the, i. 621;
subjugation, 1524, i. 652-7;
revolt of the, 1524-5, i. 681-92;
1526, ii. 79-85;
1534, ii. 130.

Cacos, party, iii. 26-7;
revolutionary movements, iii. 33;
policy, iii. 42-3.

Caibil Balam, Cacique, submission of, 1525, i. 702.

Caicedo, J. de, mention of, i. 333.

Calancha, J. L., president of Pan., 1864-5, iii. 533.

Cáldas, S. A. A. R. de, president of Guat., 1667-70, ii. 658-9.

Cáldas, President, 'Copia de Carta,' ii. 761-2.

Calderon, A., bishop of Pan., ii. 475.

Calimaya, Conde S. de, president of Guat., 1654, ii. 657.

Calvo, B., gov. of Pan., 1856, iii. 527-8.

Camachire, Cacique, torture, etc., of, ii. 194-5.

Cámara y Raya, bishop of Pan., 1614, ii. 477-8.

Camargo, A. de, exped. of, 1539, i. 151.

Camargo, M. de, gov. of Nic., ii. 607.

Cambranes, F., bishop of Guat., ii. 378.

Campbell, Capt., the Scots' colony, ii. 578-9.

Campo, R., president of Salv., 1856, iii. 300-2.

Campoy, F. de P., bishop of Hond., 1841, iii. 631.

Camus, A. G., works of, ii. 760.

Can, M. F., embassy of, 1695, ii. 689.

Cana, sack of, ii. 586.

Canales, battle of, 1526, ii. 83.

Cañas, A. J., minister to U. S., 1825, iii. 81.

Cañas, J., ruler of Salv., 1840, iii. 143.

Cañas, Gen. J. M., mention of, iii. 345-6;
execution of, iii. 376.

Cancer, Friar L., labors in Vera Paz, etc., ii. 353-5;
exped. to Flor., ii. 355-6;
martyrdom, 1549, ii. 356;
biog., ii. 357.

Cancuc, revolt at, 1712, ii. 697-704.

Candia, P. de, conquest of Peru, ii. 11, 13.

Cano, Friar A., mission of, 1685, ii. 680.

Capac, M., inca of Peru, ii. 38;
revolt of, ii. 39;
defeat of, ii. 40.

Carabajal, D. de, naval combat off Pan., 1680, ii. 535-7.

Caravel, picture of, i. 187.

Carbajal, Friar A. de, bishop of Pan., 1605-11, i. 476-7.

Carbajal, R. de, mission to Pan., ii. 256-7;
gov. of Pan., 1779, ii. 584.

Cárcamo y Rodriguez, bishop of Salv., iii. 632.

Cárdenas, A., president of Nic., 1883, iii. 485.

Cárdenas, Father T. de, bishop of Vera Paz, 1565, ii. 374-5.

Cardona, J. de L., founds Quezaltenango, 1524, i. 638.

Careta, Cacique, capture, etc., of, 1511, i. 343-6;
friendship for Balboa, i. 359, 399;
cruel treatment of, i. 399-400.

Caribs, of Hond., iii. 609-10.

Carrillo, B., revolt at Leon, 1812, iii. 14.

Carrillo, Capt. L., Pedrarias' exped., 1514, i. 390;
Balboa's exped., 1515, i. 406;
death, i. 407.

Carranza, B., provis. president of C. R., 1870, iii. 379-80.

Carrasco, Licentiate, bishop-elect of Nic., ii. 434-5.

Carrascosa, A., mention of, ii. 15.

Carreño, J. M., intendente of Panamá, 1822, iii. 508-9.

Carrera, R., insurrection of, 1837, iii. 124-8;
biog., iii. 125;
negotiations with, iii. 129-30;
captures Guat., iii. 131-2;
defeat at Villanueva, iii. 135-6;
capitulation, iii. 137-8;
pronunciamiento of, 1839, iii. 140;
defeats Morazan, iii. 141-2;
negotiations with Guzman, iii. 203;
manifesto of, iii. 207-8;
despotism of, iii. 264-7;
president of Guat., 1844, iii. 267;
plot against, iii. 268;
attempted assassination of, iii. 269;
revolution against, 1847-8, iii. 271-3;
resignation, 1848, iii. 274;
return to Guat., 1849, iii. 277-8;
commander-in-chief, iii. 278;
proscription, iii. 279;
operations, 1850, iii. 280;
president for life, 1854, iii. 282;
rule, iii. 283;
campaigns of, 1863, iii. 304-7;
death, iii. 283-4.

Carrillo, B., jefe of Costa Rica, 1835, iii. 181;
1838, iii. 183;
rule, iii. 182-4, 215-17.

Carrillo, Capt. L., defence of Granada, 1550, ii. 277.

Carrion, Oidor J., mention of, iii. 494.

Cartagena, Ojeda's defeat at, 1509, i. 298-9;
Enciso at, 1510, i. 322-3;
Heredia at, 1532, ii. 47-8;
Drake at, 1572, ii. 407-9;
captured by Drake, 1586, ii. 420;
description of, ii. 579-80;
captured by filibusters, 1697, ii. 580;
bombarded by Vernon, 1740, ii. 591;
revolt at, 1810, iii. 493;
1812, iii. 494-5.

Cartago, description of, ii. 445;
Mansvelt's raid on, ii. 461-2;
conspiracy at, 1823, iii. 66;
revolt at, 1835, iii. 182;
1875, iii. 385.

Casa de Contratacion de las Indias, origin of, 1493, i. 168;
description of, i. 282-3.

Casas, F. de las, exped. against Olid, 1524, i. 528-34;
Olid's assassination, i. 531-3;
departure for Mex., i. 533.

Casas, B. de las, see Las Casas, B. de.

Casaos, P. de, capt.-gen. of Pan., 1545, ii. 258-9.

Casaus y Torres, R., archbishop of Guat., iii. 29-30;
biog., iii. 30.