Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (5)

Ojeda, A. de, voyage of, 1499-1500, i. 111, 186;
1502, i. 118-19;
early career, etc., of, i. 292-4;
gov. of Nueva Andalucía, i. 294-6;
quarrel with Nicuesa, i. 296-7;
exped. of, 1509, i. 296-301;
death, i. 301.

Olancho, sedition in, 1829, iii. 109-11;
revolt at, 1844, iii. 310.

Olancho Valley, occupation of, 1526, i. 589-90.

Olano, L. de, Nicuesa's exped., 1509-10, i. 301-7;
ill treatment of, i. 332-3;
death, i. 441.

Olarte, V., see Galindo, V. O.

Olaziregui, V., gov. of Pan., 1769, ii. 584.

Olid, C. de, exped. to Hond., 1524, i. 524;
character, i. 525;
treachery of, i. 526-7;
meeting with Gonzalez, i. 527-8;
fight with Casas, etc., i. 529-30;
assassination, i. 531-3.

Olmos, P. de, defeat of, ii. 109-10.

Omoa, bombardment of, 1873, iii. 320.

O'Neill, Gen., exped. to Belize, 1798, iii. 314.

Orbita, Friar J. de, mission to Itza, 1618, ii. 673-5.

Ordoñez, Col C., commandant at Granada, iii. 59;
revolt of, 1824, iii. 171-2.

Orduña, F. de, juez de residencia, 1529, ii. 105-6;
exped. of, ii. 110-11;
prosecution, etc., of, 1530, ii. 117-18.

Oreamuno, F. M., jefe of C. R., 1844, iii. 226-7;
vice-president, 1853, iii. 237.

Orosco, Presbyter L. de, assassination of, ii. 709.

Ortega, J., president of Pan., 1878, iii. 543-4.

Ortiz, A., exped. of, ii. 148.

Orueta y Irusta, J. B. de, gov. of Pan., 1709, ii. 583.

Osorio, D. A., bishop of Nic., 1531, ii. 168-9.

Ostuncalco, Indian outbreak at, iii. 123.

Osuña, J. V. de, capture of Copan, 1530, ii. 115.

Ovalle, Missionary P. de, labors of, ii. 644.

Ovando, N. de, gov. of Española, 1502, i. 249;
instructions to, i. 249-50;
exped. of, i. 250;
administr. i. 250-2, 256, 259-61, 266-8.

Oviedo, G. F. de, biog., i. 310;
works of, i. 150, 310-12;
veedor at Antigua, 1514, i. 390;
efforts in Spain, 1515, i. 463-4;
1523, i. 511-12;
regidor perpetuo de Antigua, i. 473;
rule, i. 474-5;
deposed, i. 476;
departure, etc., 1528, i. 477;
capt.-gen. of Cartagena, i. 593.

Oxenham, J., exped. to Pan., 1575, ii. 418.

Oxib Quieh, King, accession of, 1524, i. 645;
plot of, i. 646;
capture, etc., of, 648.

Orozco y Berra, 'Cartografía Mexicana,' i. 70.

P

Pacheco, Gen., defeat of, 1829, iii. 97.

Pacific Ocean, see South Sea.

Paiz, Brigadier G., cabinet-minister, 1845, iii. 268-9.

Palahunoh Pass, Alvarado's victory at, 1524, i. 634-6.

Palomar, J. M., in command at Trujillo, 1820, iii. 24.

Palomino, J. A., exped. to Nic., ii. 262.

Panaguali, Cacique, execution of, ii. 91.

Panamá (see also Castilla del Oro), audiencias of, ii. 57-8,
370-1, 585;
slavery, etc., in, ii. 232-3;
commerce, etc., in, ii. 390-3, 587, 594; iii. 672-5;
shipping, ii. 392;
pearl fisheries, ii. 394-5, 585;
mining, ii. 395-6, 585-6; iii. 659-60;
Drake's raids in, 1572, ii. 405-17;
Oxenham's exped., 1575, ii. 418;
officials of, ii. 471;
smuggling in, ii. 473-4; iii. 491-2;
church affairs, i. 500-1, ii. 474-80; iii. 635-7;
Morgan's raids in, 1668-71, ii. 483-515;
Indian raids in, 1745-74, ii. 581-2;
incorporated with New Gran., 1718, ii. 584;
revenue, iii. 490, 686-7;
industrial depression in, iii. 490;
population, etc., iii. 490-2, 580-1;
viceregal seat at, 1812, iii. 494;
Macgregor's invasion of, 1818-19, iii. 498-501;
revolution in, 1821, iii. 602-7;
1831, iii. 514;
1840, iii. 514-15;
1868, iii. 536-7;
annexed to Colombia, 1821, iii. 506-8;
slavery abolished in, iii. 509;
subjugation of, iii. 515-16;
declared a state, 1855, iii. 525, 529;
constitution of, iii. 526, 540, 542, 544;
disturbances in, 1883-4, iii. 546-8;
a national department, iii. 559;
boundaries, etc., iii. 577-8;
departments, iii. 578;
cities, iii. 578-9;
women of, iii. 581-2;
education in, iii. 583-4;
literature, iii. 584;
amusements, iii. 584-5;
epidemics, etc., iii. 585-6;
administration of justice, iii. 644-5;
army, iii. 645-6;
agric., iii. 654-5;
currency, iii. 675-6;
telegraphs, iii. 708-9.

Panamá, city, name, i. 404;
post established on site of, 1517, i. 429;
founding of, 1519, i. 468;
progress, etc., of, i. 495-500;
arms of, i. 500;
slave market at, i. 608-9;
Pizarro's exped., ii. 1-15;
proposed removal of site, 1531, ii. 247;
prosperity, etc., of, ii. 249-50;
pillage of, ii. 255;
Hinojosa's conquest of, 1545, ii. 255-61;
Gasca at, 1546-7, ii. 269-72;
captured by Contreras, 1550, ii. 279-81;
Bermejo's defeat at, ii. 284-6;
sickness at, ii. 399-400;
official embezzlement at, ii. 401-2;
defences of, ii. 402-3;
decadence of, 1610, ii. 470;
convent establd. at, 1592-8, ii. 475-6;
fires at, 1644, ii. 479;
1737-71, ii. 582;
prosperity of, 1645-70, ii. 480-1;
descriptions of, ii. 502-3; iii. 578-9;
captured by Morgan, ii. 504-7;
destruction of, 1671, ii. 507-8;
site of, removed, ii. 517-18;
rebuilding of, ii. 517-19;
naval combat off, 1680, ii. 534-7;
freebooters defeated off, 1685, ii. 552-3;
revolution at, 1821, iii. 504-8;
gen. congress at, 1826, iii. 510-12;
disturbances at, 1856, iii. 520-1;
1859-60, iii. 528-30.

Panamá Isthmus, infested with criminals, iii. 518-19;
guard of the, 1854, iii. 519;
transit refused, iii. 522-3;
order restored at, iii. 524;
protection of the, iii. 539-40, 551-8;
disturbances at, 1885, iii. 550-7;
canal, iii. 698-700, 703-6;
railroad, iii. 700-2.

Panciaco, story of the South Sea, i. 348;
kindness to the Spaniards, i. 383.

Parada, J. G. de, bishop of Guat., 1729-36, ii. 710-11.

Paredes, A. G. de, exped., etc., of, 1695, ii. 687-90.

Paredes, M., president of Guat., 1849, iii. 277;
treachery of, iii. 277-8.

Paris, Cacique, defeats Badajoz, 1515, i. 415-17;
tomb of, plundered, i. 468.

Parker, Capt. W., exped. of, 1602-3, ii. 465-8.

Pasamonte, M. de, treasurer-general at Santo Domingo, 1508, i. 266-7.

Pasaquina, battle of, 1876, iii. 404.

Pastora, F. F. de la, gov. of C. R., 1746, ii. 622.

Paterson, W., the Scots' colony, 1695-9, ii. 570-7.

Patinamit, description of, i. 655-6;
Alvarado's reception at, 1524, i. 656-7;
abandoned by natives, 1524, i. 683-4;
sack, etc., of, 1525, ii. 77;
battle of, 1526, ii. 84.

Patzicia, pronunciamiento at, 1871, iii. 420-1.

Paul III., bull of, 1531, ii. 239.

Pavon, M. F., minister of relations, etc., 1844, iii. 192;
death of, 1855, iii. 283.

Paz, M. J., jefe of Guat., 1838, iii. 159.

Paz, R., president of Guat., 1840-4, iii. 266-7.

Pazaco, Alvarado attacked at, 1524, i. 669.

Pearl fisheries, of Pan., ii. 394-5, 585;
condition of, iii. 676.

Pearl Islands, named, 1513, i. 377-8;
Morales' exped. to, 1515, i. 408-11;
Balboa at, 1517, i. 445-52;
yield, etc., of, iii. 676.

Pedrarias, D., character, etc., i. 387, 615-16;
capt.-gen. of Castilla del Oro, 1514, i. 387;
armament, i. 389;
retinue, etc., i. 389-91;
instructions to, i. 391-2, 397-9;
voyage, i. 392;
landing at Antigua, i. 393-4;
exped. to Cenú, 1515, i. 417;
founds Acla, i. 418;
feud with Balboa, i. 432-3;
fraud of, i. 435-6;
duplicity, i. 452, 455;
Balboa's trial and execution, 1517, i. 456-9;
founds Panamá, 1519, i. 468;
residencia of, i. 474, 594-6;
resignation, i. 474;
dispute with Gonzalez, i. 481-3;
exped. against Urracá, i. 507-8;
exped. to Nic., 1526, i. 587-92;
1528, i. 605;
Pizarro's exped., i. 612-13;
death, 1530, i. 614.

Pedraza, Licentiate C. de, arrival in Hond., 1538, ii. 292;
intercession of, ii. 298;
bishop, ii. 299;
administr., ii. 299-308.

Peinado, J. M., intendente of San Salv., ii., 13-14.

Pelaez, F. de P. G., 'Memorias,' ii. 732-3, 737;
archbishop of Guat., iii. 630.

Pelham, C., 'The World,' ii. 751.

Peñalver y Cardenas, L., archbishop of Guat., iii. 29.

Peralta, F. de, naval combat off Pan., 1680, ii. 535-7.

Peraza, Friar V. de, bishop of Pan., i. 501; ii. 59.

Perez, A., insurrection of, 1512, i. 355-6;
captures Natá, 1515, i. 414.

Perez, B., viceroy of New Gran., 1812, iii. 494-5.

Perez, J., works of, iii. 345-6.

Perez, M., director of Nic., 1843, iii. 239.

Perie, J., gov. of C. R., 1779, ii. 622.

Perks, W., command, etc., of, iii. 93-4.

Peru, Pizarro's conquest of, ii. 1-42;
map, ii. 9;
traditions, ii. 16-17;
annals, ii. 17-18;
Alvarado's exped. to, ii. 38-9, 122-30;
rebellion in, 1544-7, ii. 252-73.

Peten, capture of, 1697, ii. 692-3.

Peten, lake, Cortés at, i. 559-61.

Piedrahita, Bishop L. F., works of, ii. 62.

Pierzon, Col J., operations of, 1826, iii. 148-9;
execution, iii. 150.

Pineda, D. de, juez de comision, ii. 178.

Pineda, Gen. J. L., director of Nic., 1851-3, iii. 256;
revolt against, iii. 256;
defeat of, 1855, iii. 332.

Piñeda y Zaldaña, T. M., bishop of Salv., iii. 632.

Pinelo, A. de L., works of, i. 287-8; ii. 762.

Pinkerton, J., works of, ii. 755-6.

Piñol y Aycinena, B., archbishop of Guat., 1868, iii. 630.

'Pinta,' voyage of the, 1492-3, i. 159-64.

Pinta, A., capture of San José, 1842, iii. 219-20;
biog., iii. 219;
execution of Morazan, iii. 222;
comand.-gen., iii. 224;
dismissal, iii. 225-6.

Pinto, J. A., vice-president of C. R., 1872, iii. 381-2.

Pinzon, M. A., voyage, etc., of, 1492-3, i. 158-63.

Pinzon, V. Y., voyage of, 1492-3, i. 112, 158-63;
1499, i. 186;
1506, i. 122, 289.

Pisa, A. de, captures Dururua, ii. 68;
exped. to C. R., ii. 192-9.

Pizarro, F., joins Ojeda's exped., 1509, i. 298;
at San Sebastian, i. 321-3;
defeats Cemaco, i. 344;
Balboa's exped., 1514, i. 376;
Tabira's, i. 407;
exped. to the Pearl Islands, 1515, i. 408-11;
arrests Balboa, 1517, i. 452-3;
exped. against Urracá, i. 504-5;
character, etc., ii. 1-3;
conquest of Peru, ii. 3-38;
commission, ii. 13;
assassination of, ii. 40-2.

Pizarro, G., conquest of Peru, ii. 13;
gov. of Quito, ii. 251;
revolt of, 1544, ii. 252-4;
conquest of Pan., ii. 254-61;
defeat of, ii. 272;
execution, ii. 273.

Pizarro, H., conquest of Peru, ii. 22-40;
death, ii. 40.

Pizarro, J., conquest of Peru, ii. 13.

Pizarro, Friar J., martyrdom of, 1586, ii. 433.

Pizarro y Orellana, F., works of, ii. 273.

Pocoa, Cacique, attack on Natá, etc., 1527, i. 510.

Pocorosa, Cacique, meeting with Balboa, etc., 1513, i. 381-2;
captures Santa Cruz, 1515, i. 403;
attacks Guzman, i. 405-6.

Ponca, Cacique, exped. against, 1512, i. 346;
welcomes Balboa, i. 361-3.

Ponce, Gen. F., president of Pan., 1868, iii. 536.

Poncra, Cacique, Balboa's cruelty to, i. 379-80.

Pontaz, Friar, labors of, ii. 133.

Pontaza, Friar F. M. de, hermitage establ. by, 1524, i. 638.

Porque, Cacique, defeat of, 1513, i. 363-4.

Portobello, Columbus at, 1502, i. 216;
Nicuesa at, 1510, i. 307;
fair, etc., at, ii. 48-9;
site of Nombre de Dios removed to, 1597, ii. 399;
captured by Parker, 1602, ii. 466-8;
description of, ii. 468-70;
treasure fleet at, ii. 468-9;
captured by Morgan, 1668, ii. 483-9;
sacked by pirates, 1679, ii. 519;
captured by Vernon, 1739, ii. 588-91;
by MacGregor, 1819, iii. 498-9;
recaptured, iii. 501.

Poveda, A., gov. of Nic., 1722, ii. 607.

Prado, M., vice-president, Cent. Amer. republic, 1830, iii. 112-13;
jefe of Salv., 1832-4, iii. 122, 167;
rule, iii. 167-8.

Prescott, W. H., works of, i. 242-6.

Press, freedom of, established, iii. 44-5.

Prestan, P., outrages of, 1885, iii. 551-3.

Prévost, Abbé A. F., works of, ii. 746-8.

Prior, P., 'Informe,' ii. 762.

'Provincias Unidas del Centro de América,' established, 1823, iii. 68;
debt of, iii. 667-8.

Ptolemy, maps of, i. 130, 147.

Pueblo Nuevo, pirates defeated at, 1680, ii. 539;
1686, ii. 557.

Pueblo Viejo, captured by freebooters, 1686, ii. 556.

Puente, A. de la, treasurer at Antigua, 1514, i. 390.

Puerta, C. M. de la, labors of, in Tegucigalpa, ii. 642;
martyrdom of, ii. 643.

Puerto de Caballos, Alvarado at, 1539, ii. 204;
raids on, 1595-6, ii. 639;
1603, ii. 650;
site of, removed, ii. 650.

Puerto Dulce, founding of, ii. 651.

Puerto Príncipe, captured by Morgan, ii. 483.

Puertocarrero, P., battle of Xelahuh, 1524, i. 639;
character, ii. 87-8;
exped. to Zacatepec, ii. 88-91;
capture of Sinacam's stronghold, ii. 93-5;
invasion of Chiap., 1526, ii. 227-8.

Purchas, S., works of, ii. 742-4.

Q

Qat, King, Alvarado's embassy to, i. 622-3.

Quadra, V., president of Nic., 1871-5, iii. 475-81.

Quarequá, Balboa at, 1513, i. 363-4.

Quauhtemotzin, King, execution of, 1524, i. 551-4.

Quema, Cacique, capture, etc., of, 1516, i. 426.

Quesada, Dr A. R. de, president of the audiencia of the Confines,
1555, ii. 358;
administr., ii. 358-60.

Quevedo, J. de, bishop of Darien, 1514, i. 390;
mediation, etc., of, i. 436-9;
departure for Spain, i. 461;
dispute with Las Casas, i. 462-3;
memorials of, i. 463;
death, i. 463.

Quezada, convention of, 1844, iii. 193.

Quezaltenango, founding of, 1524, i. 638;
riot at, iii. 88-9;
state congress at, 1826, iii. 148;
captured by Pierzon, iii. 149;
revolt at, iii. 283;
affair at, 1871, iii. 422.

Quiché, power, etc., of, i. 620-2;
map of, i. 629;
conquest of, i. 634-6, 643-51.

Quijano, Lieut-col, protest, etc., of, iii. 250.

Quiñones, F., revolt at Leon, 1812, iii. 14.

Quintana, works, etc., of, ii. 42.

Quiroga, M. de, gov. of Nic., 1780, ii. 608.

R

Rábago, J. de E., exped. of, ii. 425-6.

Rada, J. de, assassination of Pizarro, ii. 40-1.

Railroads in Cent. Amer., iii. 700-2, 706-8.

Ramirez, D., mission to Chiap., 1543, ii. 338.

Ramirez, Friar H., bishop of Pan., 1644, ii. 479.

Ramirez, J., bishop of Guat., 1600, ii. 381.

Ramirez, M., director of Nic., 1849, iii. 256.

Ramirez, N., jefe of Salv., 1841, iii. 286.

Ramirez, P., exped. to Lacandon, 1559, ii. 363-5.

Raon, J., gov. of Pan., 1762, ii. 584.

Raoul, N., commander of artillery, etc., 1825, iii. 83;
arrest, iii. 85-6.

Reactionists, Guat., choice of president, 1848, iii. 274;
efforts of, 1872, iii. 427-9;
1873, iii. 433.

Realejo, the Contreras revolt, 1550, ii. 277;
piratical raid on, 1684, ii. 548;
1685, ii. 555;
1686, ii. 560;
blockade of, 1846, iii. 240.

'Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias,' i. 257-8.

'Recueil de Voiages au Nord,' ii. 749-50.

Regent of Audiencias, office of, created, 1776, ii. 714-15.

Remesal, Friar A. de, works of, ii. 339-40, 736-7.

Repartimiento, system, description of, i. 262-6.

'República de Colombia,' name adopted, iii. 558.

Residencia, explanation of term, i. 250.

Revenue, of Cent. Amer. states, iii. 677-87.

Revolutions, Carrera's Guat., 1837-40, iii. 127-44;
Alfaro's C. R., iii. 219-22;
against Carrera, 1847-8, iii. 271-3;
Menendez', 1885, iii. 411;
Granados-Barrios, 1871, iii. 419-24;
in Pan., 1821, iii. 502-7;
1840, iii. 515-16;
1868, iii. 536-7;
1875, iii. 541-2.

Ribera, Dr, defeats Verdugo, ii. 263-4.

Ribera, Duque de, bishop of Pan., 1594, ii. 475.

Ribera, P. E. de, bishop of Guat., 1659-68, ii. 667-8.

Ribero, D. de, Nicuesa's exped., 1509-10, i. 302-4.

Richardson, J., 'Polar Regions,' iii. 709.

Rincon, Gen. B. T. M. del, president of Guat., 1789-94, ii. 728.

Ringrose, B., adventure of, 1680, ii. 530-2;
naval combat off Pan., ii. 535-7;
works, etc., of, ii. 568.

Rios, P. de los, gov. of Castilla del Oro, 1526, i. 592-3;
rule, i. 593-4;
exped. to Nic., i. 602-4;
Pizarro's conquest, ii. 6-8, 12;
character, etc., ii. 44-5;
usurpation of, ii. 177-8.

Riotte, Gen. C. N., intervention of, 1869, iii. 474.

Rivas, Friar, mission to Lacandon, 1685, ii. 680-1.

Rivas, F. R. de, president of Guat., 1716-24, ii. 706.

Rivas, President P., denounces Walker, iii. 349;
govt of recognized, iii. 350;
colonization decree of, 1855, iii. 592.

Rivas, city, Walker's defeat at, 1856, iii. 344-5;
siege of, 1857, iii. 358-60.

Roads, in Pan., 1541-56, ii. 247-8;
in Hond., 1539-47, ii. 293-4;
of Cent. Amer., iii. 669.

Roatan, island, captured by pirates, etc., ii. 647-8;
restored, iii. 113;
British seizure of, iii. 319.

Roberts, O. W., 'Narrative of Voyages,' iii. 247-8.

Robertson, W., works of, i. 196-7.

Robles, Dr, exped. to El Desaguadero, ii. 176;
gov. of Castilla del Oro, ii. 245;
oidor, 1538, ii. 245;
residencia of, ii. 245-6.

Rodriguez, J. M., revolt of, 1811, iii. 13.

Rojas, D. de, capture, etc., of, 1530, ii. 113.

Rojas, G. de, in charge at Acla, 1515, i. 418;
exped. of, 1525, i. 577-8;
1526, i. 589-92.

Ruano, Capt. J., mention of, i. 536.

Rueda, P. M. de, president of Guat., 1589-93, ii. 382.

Ruiz, Pilot B., exped. to Peru, ii. 5-8.

Runnels, R., chief of isthmus guard, iii. 519.

Ruscelli, map of, 1544, i. 148.

Ruysch, J., map of, 1508, i. 126.

S

Saavedra, H., capt.-gen. of Hond., 1525, i. 574, 582;
Pedrarias' exped. against, 1526, i. 589-92.

Sacasa, Col C., general order of, iii. 47;
comand.-gen. of Nic., iii. 48;
measures, iii. 48-9.

Sacasa, J., deputy to córtes, iii. 26.

Sahquiab, Cacique, defeat of, 1525, i. 699-700.

Salaya, H. de, death of, i. 501.

Salaya, Licentiate S. de, alcalde mayor of Antigua, 1522, i. 475.

Salazar, A. de, the Zacatepec revolt, 1525, i. 694.

Salazar, Gen. C., revolt at Leon, 1812, iii. 14;
biog. iii. 131-2;
victory at Villanueva, 1838, iii. 135-6.

Salazar, Factor G. de, proceedings of, 1530, ii. 16;
usurpation, etc., of, ii. 75-6.

Salazar, L., pronunciamiento of, 1868, iii. 378.

Salcedo, D. L. de, gov. of Hond., 1525, i. 598;
rule, i. 599-600;
exped. to Nic., i. 600-5;
imprisonment, etc., of, i. 605-7;
return to Trujillo, 1529, ii. 145;
death, ii. 146.

Salguero, R., the Contreras revolt, 1550, ii. 274-86;
death, ii. 286.

Salinas, Minister, suggestions to Nic. assembly, 1847, iii. 243-4.

Salvador, Alvarado's invasion of, i. 669-76;
independence proclaimed in, 1821, iii. 45;
protest of, 1822, iii. 57;
war with Guat., iii. 57-8, 90-100, 278-80, 401-5, 409-10;
with Mex., 1822-3, iii. 62-4;
secession of, iii. 116-17, 168;
departments, iii. 165;
state govt organized, 1824, iii. 165-6;
church affairs in, iii. 166, 632;
maps of, iii. 191, 205;
war with Nic., 1844, iii. 196-200;
with Hond., iii. 202-6, 393-9, 428, 455-62;
union with Nic. and Hond., iii. 209-11;
assembly, iii. 285-7, 397-8, 407;
constitution, iii. 286, 308, 397-8, 407-9;
invasion of, iii. 295;
difficulty with England, 1849, iii. 297-8;
declared a republic, iii. 300-1;
seal of, iii. 301;
Walker's exped., iii. 350-61;
earthquake in, 1873, iii. 399-400;
prosperity of, 1874, iii. 400;
disturbances in, 1875, iii. 400-1;
revolution in, 1885, iii. 411-12;
boundaries, etc., iii. 571-2;
polit. divisions, iii. 572;
govt, iii. 572-3;
cities, iii. 573-4;
population, etc., iii. 588, 604-6;
immigration, iii. 591;
dress, iii. 606;
mode of life, iii. 606-7;
education in, iii. 624;
administr. of justice, iii. 641;
army, iii. 647-8;
agric., iii. 652;
mining, iii. 658;
manufact., iii. 661;
revenue, etc., iii. 681;
debt, iii. 681-2;
railroads, iii. 707-8.

'Salvador,' ship, case of the, 1864, iii. 522.

Sámano, viceroy of New Gran., 1821-2, iii. 503.

Samayoa, J. M., minister of war, Guat., 1876, iii. 402;
exile of, iii. 419.

San Bartolomé Island, capture of, 1780, ii. 609-10.

San Buenaventura, Father J. de, mission of, 1695, ii. 690.

San Cárlos, fort, capture of, 1665, ii. 441;
1812, iii. 14;
attack on, 1769, ii. 608-9.

San Cristóbal, freebooters at, 1625, ii. 453-4.

San Fernando, seat of Nic. govt at, iii. 240.

San Fernando de Omoa, fort, building of, ii. 645;
captured by English, 1779, ii. 646;
recaptured, ii. 647.

San Gil de Buenavista, site of, transferred, i. 565.

San Jorge de Olancho, founding of, 1530, ii. 121.

San José, Morazan besieged at, 1842, iii. 219-20;
treaty of, 1858, iii. 232-3;
pronunciamiento at, 1868, iii. 378;
émeute at, 1870, iii. 379.

San Juan, J. N., deputy to córtes, iii. 26.

San Juan de Puerto Rico, Drake defeated at, 1595, ii. 422.

San Juan del Norte, British aggression at, iii. 249-52;
bombardment of, 1854, iii. 254-5.

San Juan, fort, capture of, 1780, ii. 611.

San Juan River, exploration of, 1528, i. 607-8.

San Lorenzo, fortifications of, ii. 494;
captured by Bradley, 1670, ii. 494-6;
castle, etc., of, destroyed, ii. 514;
captured by Vernon, 1740, ii. 59.

San Lúcas, affair at, 1871, iii. 423.

San Miguel, federal defeat at, 1828, iii. 95;
sack, etc., of, 1875, iii. 400-1;
occupied by Solares, 1876, iii. 404;
description of, iii. 574.

San Miguel, gulf of, named by Balboa, 1513, i. 373.

San Martin, J. M. de, president of Salv., iii. 299.

San Pedro, L'Olonnois' raid on, ii. 458-9.

San Salvador, revolt at, 1811, iii. 13-14;
1814, iii. 20;
1844-5, iii. 200-1;
junta at, 1821, iii. 45;
Arzú's attack on, 1822, iii. 60-1;
1828, iii. 94;
Filisola's exped. against, iii. 62-4;
aid sought from U. S., iii. 64;
Arce's repulse at, 1827, iii. 91;
captured by Morazan, 1832, iii. 117-18;
a federal district, 1835, iii. 120;
convention at, 1840, iii. 143-4;
seat of federal govt, iii. 152, 168-9;
earthquake at, 1854, iii. 300;
siege of, 1863, iii. 306;
description of, iii. 573-4.

San Sebastian, founding of, 1510, i. 299-300;
abandoned, i. 321-5;
rebuilt, ii. 50.

Sanabria, Alcalde, mention of, ii. 71-2.

Sanchez, Pilot B., in Verag., 1503, i. 225-6.

Sandé, Dr F., president of Guat., 1593-6, ii. 382;
gov. of Nueva Galicia, 1596, ii. 382-3.

Sandoval, J. L., director of Nic., 1845-7, iii. 240-2.

Santa Ana, captured by Arce, 1826, iii. 92;
affair at, 1827, iii. 93;
battle of, 1871, iii. 395-6;
treaty of, 1876, iii. 406.

Santa Catarina, buccaneer colony at, i. 461-3;
captured by Morgan, 1670, ii. 493, 496.

Santa Clara, B. de, treasurer at Santo Domingo, i. 267.

Santa Coloma, Gen. P., president of Pan., 1863, iii. 533.

Santa Cruz, settlement of, founded, 1514, i. 400;
destroyed, 1515, i. 403.

Santa Fé de Bogotá, revolt at, 1810, iii. 493.

Santa María, piratical raid on, 1680, ii. 520-8.

'Santa María,' voyage of the, 1492, i. 159-62.

Santa Marta, viceregal seat at, 1813, iii. 495.

Santa Rosa, insurrection in, 1871, iii. 424-5.

Santa Tecla, insurrection at, 1883, iii. 408.

Santiago, city (see also Guatemala, city), founding of, 1524,
i. 678-81;
site of, removed, 1527-8, ii. 96-9;
1542, ii. 321-2;
disorders in, 1530, ii. 118-19;
distress at, ii. 120;
church affairs at, ii. 136;
cathedral of, ii. 137-8, 341-2, 668;
flood, etc., at, 1541, ii. 314-18;
decree of cabildo, 1543, ii. 323;
prosperity of, 1650-1700, ii. 653;
Gage's sketch of, ii. 654-5;
office-holding in, ii. 655-6;
ayuntamiento of, ii. 657;
convents, etc., of, ii. 645;
earthquakes at, 1702-17, ii. 707-8.

Santiago del Príncipe, founding of, 1570, ii. 388.

Santillan, Fiscal P. de M., imprisonment, etc., of, 1669, ii. 658.

Santo Domingo, founding of, i. 179;
gold-hunting near, i. 252;
sovereign tribunal at, 1511, i. 269;
audiencia of, establd., 1526, i. 269-70;
captured by Drake, 1586, ii. 420.

Santo Tomás, colonization at, iii. 589-90.

Serna, Capt. H. de la, explorations of, ii. 246.

Serviles, Guat., party, iii. 69;
attitude of, iii. 85;
downfall of, iii. 100;
plot of, 1831, iii. 113-14;
disturbances created by, iii. 123-4;
league with Carrera, iii. 140-1;
elections, iii. 150-1;
persecution of, iii. 152-3.

Sharp, Capt. B., raid on Santa María, 1680, ii. 520-8;
further operations, ii. 533, 541-2;
trial of, ii. 542.

Silva, Doña B. de, mention of, ii. 344.

Simon, P., works of, ii. 61.

Sinacam, King, Alvarado's meeting with, 1524, i. 652-3;
capture, etc., of, i. 661-2; ii. 92-5.

Sinibaldi, A., provis. president of Guat., 1885, iii. 449-50.

Santo Tomás de Castilla, founding of, ii. 650;
Dutch raid on, 1607, ii. 651;
abandoned, ii. 651.

Saravia, J. M., minister of state, 1842, iii. 217;
capture of, iii. 219-20;
death, iii. 220-1;
biog., iii. 221.

Sawkins, Capt., raid on Santa María, 1680, ii. 523-5;
naval combat off Pan., ii. 535-7;
reply to gov., ii. 538-9;
death of, ii. 539.

Schlessinger, L., envoy to C. R., 1855, iii. 342;
defeat of, 1856, iii. 343-4.

Schöner, J., map of, 1520, i. 137.

Scots' Colony, the, 1695-1700, ii. 570-9.

Seals, Cent. Amer., iii. 71;
Salv., iii. 301.

Segovia, N. de, campaign of, 1712, ii. 703-4.

Sensenti, treaty of, 1845, iii. 206.

Slavery, Indian and African, i. 253-66;
in Pan., ii. 232-3;
in Hond., ii. 233-4, 302;
in Guat., ii. 234-6;
in Vera Paz, ii. 355.

Soberanis, R. de, gov. of Yuc., etc., 1695, ii. 688, 691.

Society, mediæval, in Spain, i. 15-57.

Soconuscans, subjugation of, 1524, i. 628.

Soconusco, church affairs in, ii. 335, 372.

Solares, Gen. G., invasion of Salv., 1876, iii. 403-4;
coöperation with Granados, iii. 420-2.

Solis, J. D. de, voyages of, i. 131, 289.

Soltero, B. G., bishop of Guat., 1650, ii. 664-5.

Sosa, J. de, exped. to Veragua, 1535-6, ii. 65-73.

Sosa, Lope de, capt.-gen. of Castilla del Oro, 1517, i. 460;
arrival at Antigua, i. 472;
death, 1520, i. 472-3.

Soto, B., president of C. R., 1885, iii. 390-1;
biog., iii. 390.

Soto, F. de, exped. of, 1538, i. 151.

Soto, H. de, joins Pedrarias' exped., 1514, i. 391;
exped. against Urracá, i. 504;
encounter with Gonzalez, i. 519-20;
dispute with Córdoba, i. 586;
journey to Natá, i. 586-7;
conquest of Peru, ii. 20-5.

Soto, M. A., president of Hond., 1876-83, iii. 463-8;
quarrel with Barrios, 1883, iii. 467-8.

Sotomayor, A. de, gov. of Pan., 1601, ii. 464.

Soto-Mayor, V., works of, ii. 761.

South Sea, discov. of, 1513, i. 364-8;
Balboa takes possession of, i. 370-3.

Spain, origin of inhabitants, i. 5-7;
the Iberian element in, i. 5-6, 15-16;
the Celtic, i. 5-6, 15-17;
the Phœnician, i. 5-6, 16-17;
the Roman, i. 6-7, 15-16;
the Gothic, etc., i. 6-7, 16-18;
the Moorish, i. 7-10, 16-19;
language of, i. 7-9;
greatness of, 1474-1516, i. 11;
decadence, i. 11-12;
climate, i. 14-15;
inquisition in, i. 32;
slavery in, i. 33;
sumptuary laws, i. 55-7;
voyages of Columbus, i. 157-82;
title to new world, i. 166-8;
extension of new world privileges, i. 183-4;
currency of, 1475-1525, i. 192-3;
administr. of the Indies, 1492-1526, i. 247-85;
colonization of Tierra Firme, i. 290-2;
effect of Balboa's discov., i. 386;
colonial policy, i. 514-15, 597-8; ii. 251-2;
commercial policy, ii. 391-3;
war with England, 1739-44, ii. 588-93;
1769-80, ii. 608-11;
treaties with England, 1670-1721, ii. 598-600;
1783, ii. 606;
affairs in, iii. 1-4;
measures for protection against, iii. 105-6;
C. R. boundary question, iii. 235-6;
treaty with Nic., iii. 253;
exped. of, 1815, iii. 496-7.

Spaniards, race elements and evolution, i. 15-19;
character, i. 12-24, 29-32, 57-8;
castes, etc., i. 25-6;
occupations, i. 26-7;
pastimes, i. 34-5, 49-50;
dwellings, i. 35-9;
markets, etc., i. 37;
women, i. 39, 51-4;
dress, i. 39-45;
religion, i. 45;
food, etc., i. 45-8;
hospitality, i. 49;
treatment, etc., of women, i. 51-4.

Squier, E. G., biog., iii. 261-2;
works of, iii. 262-3.

Sterling, Vice-admiral C., mention of, iii. 494-5.

Stevens, H., 'Historical and Geographical Notes,' i. 70.

Stout, P. F., 'Nicaragua,' iii. 247.

Strangeways, T., 'Sketch of the Mosquito Shore,' iii. 247.

Swan, Capt., raids off coast of South Amer., 1684-5, ii. 549-50;
capture of Leon, ii. 554.

T

Tabira, J. de, factor at Antigua, 1514, i. 390;
exped. of, 1515, i. 407.

Tobaga, island, Pedrarias at, 1519, i. 467;
pirates at, 1680, ii. 538.

Tacuxcalco, battle of, 1524, i. 673-4.

Tacuylula, Alvarado at, 1524, i. 667.

Tafur, Licentiate, mention of, ii. 7.

Talamanca, revolt in, 1610, ii. 445-6;
Maldonado's exped. to, 1660, ii. 446;
Franciscans in, ii. 447;
attempted subjugation of, ii. 617-20.

Talavera, B. de, piracy of, i. 300;
execution, 1510, i. 301.

Tapia, G. de, capture, etc., of, 1550, ii. 282.

Tarragona, Maestre de Campo, execution of, 1554, ii. 425.

Tatahuitlapan, Cortés at, 1524, i. 544-5.

Tataracherubi, Cacique, Badajoz' dealings with, 1515, i. 413-14.

Tayasal, pueblo, Cortés at, i. 559-61.

Tecum Umam, King, defeat of, 1524, i. 639-41.

Tegucigalpa, missionary labors in, ii. 642-3.

Tegucigalpa, city, capital of Hond., 1880, iii. 465;
description of, iii. 571.

Tehuantepec, city, Alvarado's reception at, 1524, i. 627.

Tehuantepec, isthmus, project for canal, iii. 693-4.

Telegraphs, in Cent. Amer., iii. 708-9.

Tenango, captured by Tzendales, 1712, ii. 698.

Tenciz, pueblo, Cortés at, 1525, i. 564.

Teoca, Cacique, encounter with Balboa, 1513, i. 378.

Teotilac, Cortés at, 1524, i. 550-7.

Terci, J., gov. of C. R., 1785, ii. 622.

Terminos, bay of, buccaneer settlement at, ii. 623.

Ternaux-Compans, H., works of, i. 200; ii. 759.

Tetlepanquetzal, execution of, 1524, i. 551-4.

Thévenot, M., 'Relation de Divers Voyages,' ii. 744.

Thevet, A., works of, ii. 233.

Thiel, Bishop, mention of, iii. 389;
expulsion, etc., of, iii. 635.

Tiac, Cortés at, 1524, i. 558.

Tierra Firme, name, i. 290-1;
proposed colonization of, i. 290-2;
partition of, i. 294;
subject to viceroy of Peru, 1571, ii. 400-1.

Tiger Island, British seizure of, 1849, iii. 318.

Tizapetlan, Cortés at, 1524, i. 549-50.

Tlascaltecs, enslavement of, ii. 234.

Toledo, M. de, claim of, ii. 64.

Tologalpa, missionary labors in, ii. 447-50.

Tolosa, Father D. de, martyrdom of, 1549, ii. 356.

Tonalá, battle of, 1524, i. 628.

Torre, Friar T. de la, mention of, ii. 345;
provincial, ii. 376.

Torres, Friar J. de, mention of, ii. 133.

Tortuga, freebooters at, ii. 453-4.

Totonagua, Cacique, surprised by Badajoz, 1515, i. 413.

Totonicapan, natives muster at, 1524, i. 633.

Townley, Capt., joins Davis' freebooters, 1685, ii. 550-1;
capture of Leon, ii. 554;
of Granada, 1686, ii. 557-9;
surprise of Los Santos, ii. 561;
defeat of, ii. 561;
death, ii. 561.

Treasure fleet, regulations, etc., for, ii. 468-9, 473.

Treaties, Anglo-Spanish, 1670-1721, ii. 598-600;
1783, ii. 606;
1786, ii. 632-4;
of Zatoca, 1844, iii. 196-7;
Chinameca, 1845, iii. 203-4;
Sensenti, 1845, iii. 206;
San Jose, 1858, iii. 232-3;
Clayton-Bulwer, 1850, iii. 252;
Zeledon-Wyke, 1860, iii. 253;
of Santa Ana, 1876, iii. 406.

Triana, R. de, mention of, i. 160.

Triunfo de la Cruz, founding of, 1524, i. 520, 527.

Trota, Cacique, exped. against, 1527, i. 509-10.

Trujillo, founding of, 1525, i. 535;
Cortés at, 1525-6, i. 571-82;
Mendez' revolt at, 1531, ii. 150-3;
destitution at, ii. 155-6;
partial abandonment of, ii. 156, 289;
demands of colonists, ii. 159-60;
raid on, 1596, ii. 639;
1643, 1797, ii. 645;
description of, ii. 639;
capture of, 1820, iii. 24-5;
British occupation of, 1849, iii. 317.

Tubanamá, Cacique, captured by Balboa, 1513, i. 381-2.

Tuero, J. N., deputy to córtes, iii. 26.

Tumaco, Cacique, meeting with Balboa, 1513, i. 375-7.

Tumbez, Pizarro at, 1532, ii. 18.

Tuxpan, Cortés at, 1522, i. 624.

Tuzulutlan, see Vera Paz.

Tzendales, revolt of the, 1712-13, ii. 696-705.

U

Ubilla, Don F. A. de, bishop of Chiap., 1592, ii. 373.

Ugarte y Saravia, A. de, bishop of Guat., 1630-41, ii. 664.

Ulloa, A. de, 'Noticias Americanas,' ii. 760-1.

Ulloa, F. de, exped. of, 1539, i. 152.

United States, Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 1850, iii. 252;
difficulty with Nic., iii. 254-5;
with New Gran., 1855, iii. 519;
1856-7, iii. 520-2;
treaty with New Gran., 1846, iii. 700-1.

United States of Colombia, organized, 1860, iii. 529;
govt of, centralized, 1885, iii. 558.

Uraga, Gen. L., operations of, 1876, iii. 403.

Urbina, Col J. de M., gov. of Pan., 1803, iii. 489.

Urracá, Cacique, exped. against, i. 504-5;
attack on Natá, i. 506;
conflict with Pedrarias, i. 507-8;
capture, etc., of, 509;
death, 510.

Urrutia, C., capt.-gen., 1818, iii. 23;
rule, iii. 23-32.

Ursua, M., enterprise of, 1692, ii. 681-2;
Soberanis' opposition to, ii. 688, 691;
campaigns of, 1697-9, ii. 691-5.

Ursua, P. de, campaign of, ii. 387-8.

Uspantan, exped. against, 1529, ii. 108-10;
capture of, 1530, ii. 112-30.

Utatlan, description of, i. 643-5;
burning of, 1524, i. 649-50.

V

Vaena, J., labors of, in Tegucigalpa, ii. 642-3;
martyrdom of, ii. 643.

Vallarino, J., biog., iii. 513.

Valderas, Friar, mission to Spain, ii. 346.

Valderrábano, A. de, execution of, 1517, i. 457-9.

Valderrama, F. de, gov. of C. R., ii. 621.

Valdivia, Regidor, mission to Española, 1511, i. 342;
fate of, i. 349-50.

Valdivieso, A. de, bishop of Nic., 1544, ii. 179-80;
biog., ii. 179;
feud with Contreras, ii. 180-3;
dispute with the audiencia of the Confines, 1545, ii. 303-7;
assassination of, 1550, ii. 276.

Valencia, Capt.-gen. P. de O., campaign of, ii. 388.

Valenzuela, joins Espinosa, i. 425;
exped. of, 1516, i. 426.

Valladolid, junta at, 1541, ii. 239-40.

Valle, J. del, leader of gazistas, iii. 26;
biog., iii. 26-7;
death of, iii. 121.

Valtonado, B., bishop of Nic., 1621, ii. 443.

Valverde, G. de, president of Guat., 1578-89, ii. 380-1.

Valverde, V. de, conquest of Peru, ii. 27-9, 37-8.

Vara, R. de la, archbishop of Guat., iii. 29.

Vargas, Capt. A de, exped. of, 1527, i. 509-10.

Varnhagen, F. A. de, 'Le Premier Voyage de Amerigo Vespucci,' i. 70.

Vasco y Orosco, J., gov. of Pan., 1764, ii. 584.

Vasconcelos, D., defeat of, 1850, iii. 279-80;
president of Salv., iii. 294-9.

Vazquez, F., works of, ii. 142-3, 736-7.

Vela, Viceroy V. N., measures of, in Pan., 1544, ii. 242-3;
arrival in Peru, 1544, ii. 252;
revolt against, ii. 252-3;
death of, 1546, ii. 254.

Velasco, D. F. de, gov. of Castilla del Oro, 1616, ii. 471.

Velasco, J. D. de, exped. of, 1695, ii. 682-5;
1696, ii. 686.

Vera Paz, pacification of, ii. 348-54;
slavery, etc., in, ii. 355;
church affairs in, ii. 374;
colonization in, iii. 122-3, 589.

Vera y Villaquiran, D. O. de, exped. of, 1646-8, ii. 677-9.

Veragua, Columbus' explorations, etc., in, 1503, i. 218-31;
quibian of, i. 219-28;
colony founded in, i. 221-2;
abandoned, i. 229-30;
Nicuesa's exped. to, 1509-10, i. 302-8;
description of, ii. 63;
Gutierrez' exped. to, 1535-6, ii. 65-73;
secession of, 1840, iii. 515.

Verdelete, E., labors in Tologalpa, ii. 448-50;
martyrdom, 1612, ii. 450.

Verdugo, M., arrest, etc., of, ii. 261-2;
invasion of Pan., 1545, ii. 262-3;
defeat of, ii. 263-4;
rebuked by Gasca, ii. 269.

Vernon, Capt. E., exped. of, 1739-42, ii. 588-93.

Verrazano, G., exped. of, 1524, i. 140-1.

Verveer, Gen., mediation of, iii. 98.

Vespucci, A., voyages of, i. 99-107, 112-13, 117-18.

Vetancur, Don R. V., gov. of Yuc., ii. 631;
exped. to Belize, ii. 631-2.

Vetancur, Father de S. J., founds Bethlehemite order in Guat.,
ii. 666.

Vila, Gen. R. S., president of Pan., 1885, iii. 549-50, 559.

Villa Hermosa, Marqués de, gov. of Pan., 1730-5, ii. 583-4.

Villa de Nicaragua, revolt at, 1812, iii. 14.

Villa Real, see Ciudad Real.

Villa Rocha, Marqués de, gov. of Pan., 1708, ii. 582.

Villacorta, J. V., jefe of Salv., 1824, iii. 166-7.

Villalpando, B. de, bishop of Guat., 1564, ii. 375-8.

Villanueva, battle of, 1838, iii. 135-6.

Villar, A. del, prosecution of conspirators, iii. 18-19.

Villaseñor, Col V., defection of, 1842, iii. 216-17;
execution, iii. 221-2.

Villasis, Friar S. de, mission of, 1646, ii. 677-8.

Viteri, Bishop, mention of, iii. 190, 193, 202;
revolution of, 1842, iii. 289;
intrigues of, iii. 291-3.

Vivero, R. de, gov. of Castilla del Oro, ii. 472.

Votan, tradition of, ii. 213.

'Voyage Pittoresque,' ii. 754-5.

'Voyages round the World,' ii. 752.

'Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp,' ii. 568.

Voyages of discovery, early, i. 68-154.

W

Wafer, 'A New Voyage,' ii. 569.

Walckenaer, C. A., works of, ii. 749.

Walker, W., campaign in Nic., 1855-6, iii. 328-46;
biog., iii. 329;
plan of exped., iii. 343;
president of Nic., iii. 350;
surrender, iii. 360-1;
second exped. to Nic., iii. 363;
exped. to Hond., iii. 363;
execution, 1860, iii. 364.

Wappäus, J. G., 'Geographie und Statestif,' iii. 709.

Warner, T., exped. of, 1625, ii. 453.

Weatherhead, W. D., works of, iii. 502.

Wells, W. V., works of, iii. 323.

Wheeler, Amer. minister, relations with, discontinued, 1855, iii. 340.

'World Displayed,' ii. 250.

X

Xalpatlahua, Peñol, capture, ii. 82-3.

Xatruch, Gen., invasion of Hond., 1871, iii. 455-6.

Xelahuh, city, Alvarado's occupation of, 1524, i. 638;
battle of, i. 639-41.

Xequiqel, river, named, 1524, i. 636.

Xicaques, missionary labors among the, 1667-98, ii. 643-4.

Xumay, outbreak at, 1529, ii. 107-8.

Y

Yucatan, Valdivia's shipwreck, etc., off, 1512, i. 350;
buccaneers in, ii. 622-3;
British usurpation in, iii. 315;
population, iii. 316;
products, iii. 316-17.

Z

Zacaha, fortifications of, i. 633.

Zacatepecs, revolt of the, 152, i. 692-5;
1527, ii. 88-91.

Zacatula, ship-building at, 1522, i. 623.

Zaclunes, revolt of the, 1624, ii. 676.

Zatoca, treaty of, 1844, iii. 196-7.

Zakuléu, capture of, 1525, i. 700-2.

Zaldívar, R., president of Salv., 1876-84, iii. 406-11;
biog., iii. 406-7;
negotiations with Barrios, iii. 446-7.

Zamora, A. C., bishop of C. R., 1884, iii. 635.

Zamora, J., revolt of, 1826, iii. 179-80.

Zamudio, M., gov. of Castilla del Oro, 1511, i. 335;
cruelty to Nicuesa, i. 335-6;
outdone by Balboa, i. 339-40.

Zapata y Sandoval, J., bishop of Guat., 1621-30, ii. 664.

Zapotitlan, capture of, 1524, i. 629-31.

Zavala, Gen. J., president of Nic., 1879-83, iii. 482-5.

Zavala, Gen. V., operations of, 1856, iii. 353-6;
disturbances caused by, iii. 361-2;
revolt in favor of, 1869, iii. 416-17.

Zelaya, G., jefe of Hond., 1827, iii. 162.

Zeledon-Wyke treaty, 1860, iii. 253.

Zeno, chart of, 1390, i. 82.

Zepeda, Father, explorations of, 1750-1, ii. 613-14.

Zepeda, J., jefe of Nic., 1835, iii. 177.

Zipangu, fabled realm of, i. 160-1.

Zorita, Oidor, measures of, in Guat., 1555, ii. 359.

Zuazo, Licentiate, despatch to Cortés, i. 572-3.

Zubiaur, P. de, exped. of, 1695, ii. 690.

Zutugils, subjugation, 1524, i. 657-60.

FOOTNOTES

[I-1] See _History of Mexico_, this series. The masses
of the people were kept in utter ignorance, to be used,
if necessary, as the blind tools of the ruling oligarchy.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 6.

[I-2] I have told in my _History of Mexico_ how Cárlos IV.
was forced to abdicate, and his son Fernando raised to the
throne.

[I-3] There were the governor, archbishop, oidores of the
real audiencia, Marqués de Aycinena, high officials of the
treasury, dean and chapter of the archdiocese, alcaldes and
regidores of the 'muy noble ayuntamiento,' officers of the
university, prelates of the religious orders, prior and
consuls of the real consulado, intendente of Comayagua,
temporarily sojourning in the city, secretary of the
audiencia, commandant of the artillery, and colonels of the
militia regiments. _Diario Méx._, ix. 316-18; _Guat. por
Fern. VII._, 2-6, 83-94; _Saravia_, _Manif._

[I-4] His last position in Europe had been that of teniente
de rey of Palma, in the island of Majorca. _Juarros_,
_Guat._, i. 273.

[I-5] _Guat. por Fern. VII._, 50. In 1866 their descendants
were living in Guatemala.

[I-6] Dec. 13, 1808.

[I-7] The acts were performed with great solemnity and
magnificence, the people manifesting much joy. This evidence
of loyalty was warmly acknowledged, May 27, 1809, by the
Junta Suprema Gubernativa of Spain, sitting at Seville and
acting for the imprisoned king. Most glowing descriptions of
the ceremonies appear in _Diario Méx._, xi. 279-80; _Guat.
por Fern. VII._, 7-82, 94-101, 158-9.

[I-8] 'No son propiamente colonias, ó factorías, como los de
otras naciones, sino una parte esencial é integrante de la
Monarquía Española.' _Guat. por Fern. VII._, 163-6; _Dublan_
and _Lozano_, _Leg. Mex._, i. 326-7.

[I-9] Ayuntamientos of head towns were to choose three
honorable and competent men, from among whom each
ayuntamiento had to draw by lot one elector, whose
name, country, age, profession, and political and moral
qualifications must be at once made known to the president
of the audiencia. After the names of all the nominees were in
his possession, he, jointly with the electors, had to select
by secret ballot three candidates of the highest recognized
character and ability, out of which three the audiencia,
presided over by the governor-general, was to choose the
deputy, to whom all the ayuntamientos must forthwith send
their powers and instructions. The deputy, duly provided
with means to journey decorously, was required to embark for
Spain, his yearly pay being fixed at $6,000. _Alaman_, _Hist.
Méj._, i. 291-2. A later order of Oct. 6, 1809, required the
deputy to be a native of Spanish America and a resident of
the province choosing him; he was not to be the holder of any
of the chief offices therein, such as governor, intendente,
oidor, etc., nor a debtor to the royal treasury. The right
of election was also given to minor ayuntamientos; and for
the choice by plurality from among the candidates of cities a
board was constituted, with two members of the audiencia, two
canons, and two citizens named by the ayuntamiento. _Guat.
por Fern. VII._, 165-6.

[I-10] His competitors were José de Aycinena and Lieut-col
Antonio Juarros.

[I-11] He was not to give assent to the transfer of the
Spanish dominions to any foreign power; the nation's rights
must be upheld at all hazards; and the last drop of blood
shed for the catholic religion, and for king and country.

[I-12] Feb. 14 and June 26, 1810. _Diario Méx._, xiii.
549-51.

[I-13] The American suplentes were lawyers or ecclesiastics
seeking preferment at court, or military officers with a
long residence there. _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, iii., ap. 4;
_Bustamante_, _Defensa_, 16; _Dispos. Varias_, ii. fol. 10;
_Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._, viii. 450-1. The second named proxy
in Nov. 1811 gave up his seat to the regularly chosen deputy.
_Córtes_, _Diario_, 1811, 93.

[I-14] October 15, 1810. _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, iii. 10;
_Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._, viii. 458-9.

[I-15] Installed June 9, 1810. Its first members were the
Spaniards José Mendez, an artillery officer, Oidor Joaquin
Bernardo Campuzano, and Auditor de Guerra Joaquin Ibañez.
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 5.

[I-16] Saravia died like a soldier, and his fate was deplored
even by the enemies of his cause. _Hist. Mex._, iv. 486,
this series. The Mexican writer Bustamante, who was not
prone to praise Spanish officers, said of Saravia, 'hombre de
bien, humano, religioso, de un corazon recto, digno de mejor
fortuna.' _Cuadro Hist._, ii. 217; _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._,
iii. 325. He was accused, however, though it is believed the
charge was slanderous, of having connived at smuggling by the
treasury officials. The charge appears in _Cancelada_, _Tel.
Mex._, 107-9.

[I-17] One was a cruise round the world under Malaspina,
being the next in rank and commanding the corvette
_Atrevida_. _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. ix.; _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 6; _Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._,
vi. 134; viii. 569; _Los Anales_, Sept. 1872, 30; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, 1874, ap. 1.

[I-18] These were restrictions enforced by the crown
against agriculture, mining, fisheries, manufactures, and
commerce, despotism of rulers, and disregard of the merits of
Americans, in keeping them out of public offices. See _Hist.
Mex._, iv. 441-67, this series.

[I-19] In the first half of the 18th century.

[I-20] In the matter of appointments to office, an early
royal order prescribed that American descendants of
Spaniards should have the preference for the position of
curate; and yet, during the last thirty years, the most
lucrative curacies were given to European Spaniards. Of
the 170 viceroys that ruled in America, four only were of
American birth, and those were reared or educated in Spain.
Out of 602 captain-generals, governors, and presidents,
only 14 were Americans. Of 982 bishops and archbishops, 703
were Europeans, and 279 Creoles. Most of the latter were
nominated in early times, when Europeans were few, navigation
difficult, and mitres afforded more work than money.
_Guerra_, _Rev. N. Esp._, i. 278-85.

[I-21] We are assured that Antonio Larrazábal, a clergyman,
Antonio Juarros, and José M. Peinado were the chief authors
of the instructions for Central American deputies in Spain.
The Central American deputies whose names were appended to
the constitution were: Larrazábal for Guatemala; José Ignacio
Ávila for Salvador; José Francisco Morejon for Honduras;
José Antonio Lopez de la Plata for Nicaragua; and Florencio
Castillo for Costa Rica. _Córtes_, _Col. Dec._, ii. 158-62;
iii. 201-2; _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1813, xvii. 240; _Pap.
Var._, ccx. no. 1, 109-17; _Const. Polít. Monarq._, 1-134.
Larrazábal ably defended in the córtes the rights of the
Americans, specially of the aborigines, and above all, the
national sovereignty. For this, after Fernando VII. returned
to Spain in 1814, he was denounced by the absolutists, Conde
de Torre Muzquiz and Marqués de Mata Florida, and confined
in a fort in Spain. Pineda de Mont, in _Guat. Recop. Leyes_,
iii. 348.

[I-22] _Méx._, _Col. Ley. Fund._, 34-91.

[I-23] The junta preparatoria, Nov. 12, 1812, designated
only 12 deputies to the Spanish córtes from Central America
(Chiapas included), based on the inaccurate census of 1778,
which gave the whole country—with 101,506 for Chiapas—949,015
inhabitants in 881 towns. It was fixed that the 12 provinces
of Guatemala, Chimaltenango, Quezaltenango, Ciudad Real de
Chiapas, Vera Paz, San Salvador, San Miguel, Chiquimula,
Sonsonate, Leon, Costa Rica, and Comayagua should each choose
one deputy; and Guatemala, Ciudad Real, Leon, and Comayagua
the four suplentes. Only two diputaciones provinciales were
at first established, one in Guatemala and one in Leon.
_Córtes_, _Act. ord._, i. 1813, Oct. 12, 62; _Mendez_,
_Mem. in Pap. Var._, ccxv. no. 17, 16-17; _Conder's Mex.
and Guat._, ii. 310; _Modern Traveller's Mex. and Guat._,
ii. 309-10. Later, under the constitutional régime, Chiapas
was represented in the Spanish córtes, and had a diputacion
provincial. _Larrainzar_, _Discurso_, 12. In 1812 a census
was formed to ascertain how many deputies Chiapas should have
in the córtes. Pineda, in _Soc. Mex. Geog. Boletin_, iii.
400.

[I-24] Quezaltenango had already, by its ayuntamiento of
Aug. 12, 1812, expressed approval of the provisions of the
instrument, promising loyal obedience to it. In Honduras
Gov. Juan Antonio Tornos granted leave for the erection of
a monument in the plaza of Comayagua, which was carried out.
_Córtes_, _Diario_, ii., March 17, 18, 1822.

[I-25] Some authors give the 19th as the date of this defeat.
_Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, iii. 343-4; _Bustamante_, _Cuad.
Hist._, ii. 269-73; _Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._, ix. 9-10,
110-11. The last-named authority asserts that Dambrini again
invaded and took the town of Tehuantepec, February 1814.
During the revolutionary wars of Mexico, Chiapas, owing to
her isolated position, was not a seat of war; and even when
Morelos' troops from Oajaca visited Tonalá, as above stated,
there was no resistance. This country enjoyed peace during
the struggle in New Spain. _Larrainzar_, _Chiapas_, in _Soc.
Mex. Geog. Boletin_, iii. 100.

[I-26] Letters were constantly sent to the Spanish
government, and to private persons, which were published in
the newspapers friendly to the Spanish cause, representing
the independents as banditti and murderers, and the Spaniards
as exemplars of moderation. It was the emissaries of
Bonaparte who had induced the Americans to rebel, they said.
Trumped-up miracles and punishments from heaven, anathemas,
and every means suggested by foul fanaticism were used to
make the friends of freedom odious. Archbishop Casaus granted
80 days' indulgences to Guatemalans not participating in the
revolutionary movements of Mexico. _Puerto_, _Convite_, pt
iii., 2-3.

[I-27] The invitations sent the people of San Miguel to
coöperate were burned in the plaza by the hands of the public
executioner. Nor were these towns left without the usual
cheap reward of monarchs. San Miguel received the title
of 'muy noble y leal;' San Vicente was made a city, which
title was confirmed Jan. 15, 1812. According to Juarros,
_Guat._ (Lond. ed., 1823), 257, many noble families dwelt in
the place, and among its founders were some descendants of
Gonzalo and Jorge Alvarado, brothers of Pedro, the conqueror.
Santa Ana was raised to the rank of villa. The parish priests
of the several places were promoted to be canons of the
chapter of Guatemala. _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1812, xiv. 38, 167;
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 8.

[I-28] The archbishop sent priests to preach against
the insurgents. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 9.
Bustamante, _Cuadro Hist._, ii. 270, says that the whole
country would have been driven into rebellion but for
the advice of the able secretary of government, Alejandro
Ramirez.

[I-29] Aycinena was, on the 7th of Feb., 1812, made by the
Spanish córtes a councillor of state, and in Aug. 1813,
entered upon his duties at Cádiz. _Córtes_, _Diario_,
1812, xvi. 16; 1813, xxii. 216. According to Zamacois,
the appointment was made only after the adoption of the
constitution; it is possible that the appointment was then
renewed or confirmed. _Hist. Méj._, viii. 557; _Ayon_,
_Apuntes_, 15-16; _Rev. Cent. Am._, 2-3; _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Feb. 11, 1875; _Valois_, _Mex._, 213-16.

[I-30] In 1813 he was elected a deputy to the Spanish córtes,
but declined the position on account of ill health. _Córtes_,
_Diario_, 1813, xxii. 216.

[I-31] A person writing from Guatemala, and referring to a
document issued August 1811, in secret session held in London
by 33 Spanish Americans, after registering his disapproval
of its purpose, positively asserted that the masses were well
disposed, fond of peace, and respectful to authority, if some
agent of Satan did not turn their heads and make them believe
they were superior beings, who needed no ruler over them.
_Cancelada_, _Tel. Mex._, 438.

[I-32] Before the attack the city was visited by Father
Benito Soto, as pacificator and commissioner from the bishop
governor. He tried to fulfil his mission without degrading
his countrymen; but seeing the object of the war was to crush
liberal Americans, he made common cause with the Granadinos.
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 11-12. Ayon, _Apuntes_,
17, gives the attack as occurring in August, which is an
error.

[I-33] Miguel Lacayo, Telésforo and Juan Argüello, Manuel
Antonio de la Cerda, Joaquin Chamorro, Juan Cerda, Francisco
Cordero, José D. Espinosa, Leon Molina, Cleto Bendaña,
Vicente Castillo, Gregorio Robledo, Gregorio Bracamonte,
Juan D. Robledo, Francisco Gomez, and Manuel Parrilla were
to suffer death. Among those sentenced to hard labor for
life were Juan Espinosa, the adelantado of Costa Rica,
Diego Montiel, and Pio Argüello. _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 17-18;
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 12-14; _Rev. Cent.
Am._, 3.

[I-34] One of them, Manuel Antonio de la Cerda, refused
to accept the pardon unless coupled with leave to prefer
charges against Bustamante. But an influential friend of
the general's prevented its being granted, and Cerda, to
get out of the country, escaped on a vessel bound to Sweden;
thence he went to Cuba, and lived there several years under
an assumed name. _Los Anales_, Sept. 1, 1872, 30. The noted
Nicaraguan statesman, Tomás Ayon, justly bewails the seeming
ingratitude of some of his country's writers in saying that
Nicaragua's independence had cost nothing. The history of
that period, 1811-21, it is true, records no bloody fields,
no brilliant feats of arms; but it presents an array of
victims to the cause, of men who sacrificed their lives,
liberty, and fortunes to secure their country's freedom; and
these sacrifices, Ayon claims, should be remembered, and the
sufferers' memory held in reverence. _Apuntes_, 18. Squier,
in _Travels_, ii. 378, speaks of a suppressed revolution in
Leon in 1815, giving that city the whole credit of the first
impulse to liberal sentiment in Central America. There was no
such movement in that year, and he probably had reference to
that of 1811, though to Salvador certainly belongs the honor
of the first attempt for independence. _Pim's Gate of the
Pac._, 38, prints the same error.

[I-35] More empty rewards for Leon. In 1812 the córtes
acceded to the bishop's petition for the creation of a
university in this town. It was long delayed, however. The
ayuntamiento had conferred on it the title of 'muy noble
y leal;' and that of Nueva Segovia was similarly honored.
The dean of Nicaragua was much commended in the córtes,
Aug. 1813, for his loyal and judicious conduct. _Córtes_,
_Diario_, 1811-12, xi. 198; 1813, xvii. 247, xxi. 45-6;
_Córtes_, _Col. Dec._, ii. 47-8, iii. 177; _Juarros_,
_Guat._ (Lond. ed., 1823), 335-8; _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 227;
_Conder's Mex. and Guat._, ii. 309. Bishop Jerez had written
the captain-general a warm letter on behalf of the Leonese,
for whom he had a special predilection, and said, 'Si me
desterrasen un Leones dejo de ser obispo.' _Perez_, _Biog.
Sacasa_, 7.

[I-36] This bitterness originated bloody wars, and did much
harm to Nicaragua. _Rev. Cent. Am._, 3; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_,
15, 18-19; _Registro Ofic._, Nov. 21, 1846, 381.

[I-37] The $43,538 went on the ship _Venganza_ to Cádiz, and
the arrival was announced, Feb. 15, 1813, to the córtes by
the deputies of Guatemala. _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1813, xvii.
239-40.

[I-38] Marure, on the authority of the _Gaceta de Guatemala_,
xiii. no. 112, and xiv. no. 191, assures us that nearly
one and a half million dollars had been remitted by Central
America to Spain, from donations and other sources, to cancel
royal warrants. _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 18. This work,
that I have occasion to quote so often, bears the title
_Bosquejo Histórico de las Revoluciones de Centro América
desde 1811 hasta 1834_. Its author, Alejandro Marure, who
was a professor of history and geography in the university
of Guatemala, and otherwise a prominent citizen, issued in
Guatemala his 1st volume, sm. 4to, 295 pp., with designs on
the frontispiece, in 1837; containing events to 1826 only.
The publication of the other two volumes, it is understood,
he was obliged to withhold by order of his government.
Montúfar, _Reseña, Hist. Cent. Am._, i., preface pp. iii. and
iv., tells us the circulation of the 2d vol. was not allowed;
'un solemne auto de fé devoró la edicion entera.' One copy
escaped, however, from which another edition was printed in
later years. It scathes the so-called conservative party,
more properly entitled to the appellations of fanatical
and servile, for the infamous acts of its men that for many
years misgoverned the country. Its contents have been fully
used by Montúfar. The 3d volume has not been published,
and the author's heirs long refused to allow any one to
see the manuscript. This work furnishes an interesting
account of political affairs in Guatemala from the first
attempt at separation from the mother country in 1811 to
its accomplishment in 1821, from an American standpoint; the
intrigues by which Central America was yoked to Iturbide's
Mexican empire, and subsequent events culminating in the
second and final enforcement of independence, followed by
the organization of the federal government; rupture between
Guatemala and the general government, and victory of the
latter; church and military affairs; intrigues of parties;
authorities being freely quoted to sustain statements.
The author does not enter into much detail on military
operations, but is quite full in his description of party
workings, which affords a clear understanding of their
antagonistic interests. Under the title of _Efemérides de
los hechos notables ... de Centro América_, the same writer
gave to the press at Guatemala, in 1844, a 12mo of 77 pp.,
furnishing a very brief synopsis of the chief events that
occurred from 1821 to 1842, with tabular lists; quite useful
as a chronology.

[I-39] Among the implicated were a number of military
officers whose role was to win over the troops, and gain
possession of their arms.