Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (9)

[VIII-78] Tegucigalpa had been twice taken, and Comayagua
once, by the federal forces. _Id._, 50-1.

[VIII-79] Gerónimo Zelaya, primer jefe, June 1828. His
authority was never recognized outside of Santa Bárbara. His
election was finally declared null, like all others effected
pursuant to the convention by the president of the republic.
Diego Vijil, vice-jefe, Apr. 1829. Juan Angel Arias,
consejero, Dec. 1829. José Santos del Valle, consejero,
July 1830. José Ant. Marquez, jefe, March 1831. Francisco
Milla, consejero, March 1832. Joaquin Rivera, jefe, Jan.
1833 to Dec. 31, 1836. During his term, owing to illness,
the executive was temporarily in charge of F. Ferrera, the
vice-jefe, in Sept. 1833, and of J. M. Bustillo, consejero,
in Sept. 1835. The latter was again in power as acting
president in Aug. 1839. Ferrera again held the executive in
Jan. 1841, with the title of president of the state. J. M.
Martinez, consejero, Jan. 1837. Justo José Herrera, jefe,
May 1837. Leon Alvarado, consejero, Oct. 1838. Felipe Medina,
José Alvarado, and Lino Matute are also mentioned as having
had charge of the executive in Nov. 1838; the last named
till Jan. 1839. Juan F. Molina, consejero, Jan. 1839. José M.
Guerrero, consejero, May 1839. Francisco Zelaya, consejero,
Sept. 1839. _Id._, 63; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 133-6,
325-31; iii. 282-3.

[IX-1] March 5, 1824, the local constituent assembly met,
and on the 4th of July, the state constitution, decreed on
the 12th of June, was published, and its support sworn to.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 10-11.

[IX-2] Sonsonate had always belonged to Guatemala, but was
annexed to Salvador on the return of the auxiliary force that
was despatched to the former in 1823 to quell Ariza's revolt,
of which I have given an account. By intrigue and force, the
inhabitants were made to declare in favor of Salvador. The
region was later attached to the latter, though the change
of jurisdiction has never been formally acknowledged by
Guatemala. Some time after there was a plan of creating, with
Sonsonate and Santa Ana, a separate state, but the federal
congress did not sanction it. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist._, i.
149.

[IX-3] He assumed his office Dec. 13, 1824. During the period
of organization the executive was in charge of Juan Manuel
Rodriguez, who bore the title of director. _Id._, _Efem._,
13, 62; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 32.

[IX-4] At this time Salvador became the asylum of the liberal
party.

[IX-5] Arce alleged that Molina and others had induced
Villacorta to believe he was the only man who could right
political wrongs; but he found he could not do this, and so
resigned. _Mem._, 60-1.

[IX-6] Convents were abolished March 1, 1830. A college was
established in July of the following year; and the state
seemed to have recovered from the losses of the late war.

[IX-7] Cornejo could not be in accord with the federal
authorities; he was a servile, and in league with their
enemies. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 334.

[IX-8] The executive authority was held for a while by
Morazan himself. _Marure_, _Efem._, 30, 62.

[IX-9] To accept the position he resigned the vice-presidency
of the republic. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 6.

[IX-10] Tithes had been suppressed and trial by jury
introduced.

[IX-11] The public archives and artillery were to be also
removed. The comandante-general was to remain behind with
four cannons and 200 muskets.

[IX-12] He had lost his wearing apparel, and in his
smallclothes, and with a travelling cloak on, he took charge
of the government. _Id._, 20. He was chosen by the assembly
first jefe on the 1st of July, 1833. In June 1834 he was
removed from office and expelled. _Marure_, _Efem._, 36, 62;
_Guat._, _Gaceta_, Dec. 22, 1854, 7.

[IX-13] Aquino was a perfect savage, and invoked religion, as
did Carrera somewhat later. He once entered San Vicente with
the crown of an image of St Joseph on his head. His mode of
sentencing prisoners to death was expeditious. The victim was
placed before a group of his men, who were told he was their
enemy. 'Shoot him,' they would say, and the thing was done.
Aquino was in league with the serviles, but as they could not
manage him, they persecuted their crowned ally. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, ii. 21.

[IX-14] Crowe, _Gospel_, 135, and Squier, _Travels_, ii.
420-1, erroneously place it in 1832.

[IX-15] The defeat of San Martin by Gen. Espinosa was at
Jiquilisco. _Guat._, _Boletin Ofic._, 507-9. San Martin was
now forsaken by Galvez, the jefe of Guatemala. In his old
age he used to complain of 'las inconsecuencias del Doctor
Galvez.' _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 27.

[IX-16] The latter ruled only from July to Oct., when he
was temporarily succeeded, first by the consejero, Joaquin
Escolan, and then by the vice-jefe, José M. Silva, the same
month. Nicolás Espinosa became jefe in Apr. 1835, and was
driven away in the following November, being accused of
promoting a war of races, the consejero Francisco Gomez being
his successor on the 13th of Nov. The next rulers were: Diego
Vijil, Apr. 1836; Timoteo Menendez, vice-jefe, Sept. 1836;
Antonio J. Cañas, consejero, May 1839. _Marure_, _Efem._, 62;
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 193.

[IX-17] Carrera contemplated becoming the ruler of Central
America, but had to abandon his plan on Nicaragua and
Honduras forming a league against him. His Indians were not
so efficient when off from their native ground. _Squier's
Travels_, ii. 441-2.

[IX-18] Sept. 23, 1840. He had ruled since Apr. 8th of
the same year. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Feb. 14, 1875. The
revolutionary movement of Sept. 20th for his removal was
promoted by Francisco Malespin, Carrera's tool, and a man who
wielded a fatal influence in Salvador till Gen. Joaquin E.
Guzman rid the country of him. Malespin was then acting for
Carrera, who feared that a revolution of the Calvario ward of
San Salvador would upset Cañas, who was without influence,
and could no longer be useful to the aristocrats of Guat.
Such a revolution would create a liberal government, and
might bring back Morazan. Cañas was put out of the way that
his place might be occupied by a servile tool. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iii. 499.

[IX-19] He held the position only to the end of 1840. His
successors with the same title were Juan Lindo, Jan. 1841;
Pedro Arce, Apr. 1841; Senator Escolástico Marin, Feb. 1842.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 62.

[IX-20] 'En la ulterior contienda de los partidos políticos
de esta Provincia, pues, no se encuentran mas que pasiones;
las calificaciones de realistas, imperialistas, ó serviles
solo servian para autorizar la persecucion.' _Ayon_, _Ap._,
25.

[IX-21] April 17, 1823.

[IX-22] This movement was the precursor of the great
calamities that were to befall Nicaragua. _Marure_, _Efem._,
9.

[IX-23] The troops and the mob in Leon, on the 4th of May,
deposed him, and placed his office in charge of the alcalde,
Pablo Melendez, who in his turn was overthrown a few days
later by another sedition headed by Ordoñez.

[IX-24] The villas of Managua and Nicaragua refused to
recognize the revolutionary government at the capital, and
established a junta gubernativa at the first-named town.

[IX-25] It was formed with the chief men of the 'partido de
Managua.'

[IX-26] By order of Gen. Manuel José Arce, who afterward
entered Leon. Details of battles and actions during this
unhappy period of Nicaraguan history may be found in
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 151-6; _Id._, _Efem._,
11-12, 75; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 28-36; _Dunlop's Cent. Am._,
160-2.

[IX-27] In the previous year Martin Arzú had been sent as a
commissioner to restore peace in Nicaragua. He was ordered
to use gentle means, but to employ force against parties
opposing him. To support him, 500 Hondurans were stationed
at Choluteca. He arrived after the siege of Leon had begun,
and endeavored on the spot to bring about an arrangement
between the belligerents; but he was treated disrespectfully
by the besiegers, and even arrested and threatened with
death by Salas. He afterward declared the junta at El Viejo
revolutionary, and that its commands should be disregarded.
After that he conducted the defence of Leon. _Marure_,
_Bosq._, i. 157-9.

[IX-28] In the latter part of 1828 he was shot, under
the sentence of a court-martial convened by order of the
vice-jefe Argüello. _Id._, _Efem._, 63-4.

[IX-29] Its support was sworn to on the last day of that
month.

[IX-30] The first representative council, or senate, was
inaugurated at the same place on the 26th of Oct., 1826.
_Id._, 18.

[IX-31] Cerda would not, however, lay down his power, and
continued exercising it at Managua. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._,
43.

[IX-32] The dissolution was 'á consecuencia de una sedicion
promovida por el Vice-jefe del mismo Estado Sr Juan
Argüello.' _Marure_, _Efem._, 18.

[IX-33] On the 14th of Sept., 1827. This was his third or
fourth effort; all fruitless, however. _Id._, 20.

[IX-34] He foretold at the time that 'muy luego vería el
congreso arder otra vez la tea de la discordia en aquel
Estado.' _Arce_, _Mem._, 17.

[IX-35] Their project involved the annexation of Nicaragua to
Colombia. _Los Anales_, 1872, 54.

[IX-36] He now proposed to surrender the government to
Argüello or some one else. His friends dissuaded him, and he
was finally the victim of treachery.

[IX-37] His friends had obtained that the trial should be
at Granada, but the mob at Rivas opposed his removal at the
moment of departure. _Id._, 63.

[IX-38] Nov. 29, 1828. It is said that the vice-jefe,
Argüello, decreed a suspension of the sentence; but purposely
delayed the courier, so that the reprieve arrived too late at
Rivas. A full biography of Cerda, with scattered historical
items, is given in _Id._, 29-72, passim.

[IX-39] The installation of the assembly was on Nov. 1, 1829.
The elections had been decreed by the vice-jefe, Argüello,
and his act, as well as the elections effected under it, were
on the 23d of May, 1830, declared to be legitimate. _Rocha_,
_Cód. Nic._, i. 80. Herrera had been inducted in office on
the 12th of May. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 199-203.

[IX-40] The services of the Nicaraguans were recognized by
both the federal president and the state assembly. Honors
were decreed to the survivors, and pensions to the wounded,
and to the widows and orphans of the dead. _Rocha_, _Cód.
Nic._, i. 214-15.

[IX-41] This last action was attributed by the revolutionists
to Herrera's machinations and Morazan's influence; but the
truth was, that the people recognized Herrera's services
as the pacificator, and his good qualifications as a ruler.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 31-2.

[IX-42] A detailed account of this revolt is given in the
_Centro Americano_, 89-97. It is said that a number of medals
were found of tortoise-shell, gold, and other metals, with
the image of Fernando VII., and bearing the inscription 'Viva
Fernando VII. Rey de España y de las Indias, Año de 1828,'
which gave rise to the supposition that the revolt had been
in his interests. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 36-8.
Herrera issued a proclamation calling on the people to stand
by the government. _Marure_, _Efem._, 33-4.

[IX-43] The assembly, installed on the 21st of Aug., 1833, at
Leon, approved all of Herrera's acts.

[IX-44] On the southern coast of Nicaragua, 12 leagues
distant from Leon.

[IX-45] A dense yellow cloud rose suddenly, accompanied by
a strong smell of sulphur and a shower of fine white dust.
The alarmed inhabitants closed their doors and windows, but
the dust could not be kept out. Breathing became difficult.
This lasted nearly three days. On the 23d, at 1 A. M., a
loud detonation, followed by heavy shocks of earthquake,
rain of sand, and total darkness, rendered the terror of the
people complete. Flocks of birds fell dead to the ground,
and wild animals sought refuge in buildings. The frightened
inhabitants ran to their yards, or hurried to the churches
to implore divine mercy. Forty-three hours passed before
the earth became quiet, when a strong wind cleared the
atmosphere, enabling the people to ascertain the damage. The
ashes in the vicinity of the volcano were several feet deep.
The river Chiquito had been wholly dried up, and two new
islands were formed. A large number of animals had perished,
and the living ones were in a state of starvation. Such
had been the force of the convulsion that the detonations
and the rain of ashes had reached a distance of hundreds of
leagues, as far as Oajaca, Jamaica, and Bogotá in Colombia.
Montúfar, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 145-50, in giving an account
of the event, adds that the priests called it a punishment
from heaven because tithes had been abolished, freedom of
conscience proclaimed, and the decrees of 1829 and 1830
upheld. The parish priests in several towns, during the
prevailing darkness, preached from their pulpits that this
shaking of the earth was a manifestation of God's wrath for
the crimes of the liberals. Squier, _Trav._, ii. 110-11, says
that the superintendent of Belize, on hearing the explosions,
mustered his troops, thinking that a battle was being fought
somewhere near the coast. Stephens, _Cent. Am._, ii. 38,
relates a similar incident of the military commander of
Guatemala.

[IX-46] Accounts of the catastrophe, differing more or less
in details, according to the various points where it was
observed, are given in _Marure_, _Efem._, 36-7; _Stephens'
Cent. Am._, ii. 35-8; _Squier's Trav._, ii. 110-14, 162-3,
with a view of the volcano; _Byam's Wild Life_, 32-7;
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 15-17; _Lond. Geog. Soc. Journ._,
v. 387-92; _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 23; _Wells' Hond._,
230-1; _Cor. Atlánt._, May 9, 1835, 10; _Dicc. Univ. Hist.
Geog._, x. 919-20.

[IX-47] Not in 1836, as Dunlop has it. _Cent. Am._, 191-2.

[IX-48] His minister-general for a time was J. N. Gonzalez,
and on his resigning, Hermenegildo Zepeda, one of the first
lawyers in the state, succeeded. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
ii. 302.

[IX-49] On the 25th of Jan. _Marure_, _Efem._, 39, 64;
Montúfar, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 306-10, gives the official
documents describing the occurrences.

[IX-50] Father Solis, the president, and others attributed
to Morazan and the constitution of 1824 the evils Nicaragua
had suffered from, forgetting those preceding Morazan and the
constitution.

[IX-51] Ratified by the executive Nov. 17th. Given in full
in _Nic._, _Constit._, in _Cent. Am. Constitutions_, 1-39.
A brief synopsis in _Squier's Travels_, ii. 211-13. See also
_Niles' Reg._, 1839, lvi. 49.

[IX-52] During Herrera's term the following held the
executive authority for short periods: Cárlos Ruiz y Bolaños,
Aug. 1831; Benito Morales, Feb. 1834; José Nuñez, March 1834.
I find that the government was also provisionally in charge
of Gregorio Juarez, May 1835; F. X. Rubio, Jan. 1838; José
Nuñez, as jefe, March 12, 1838; Evaristo Rocha, May 1838;
Joaquin Cosio, June 1838; Patricio Rivas, director, June
1839; Joaquin Cosio, July 1839; Hilario Ulloa, Oct. 1839;
Tomás Valladares, Nov. 1839. In 1840 he became director
del estado; Pablo Buitrago, director, Apr. 1841. _Marure_,
_Efem._, 64.

[IX-53] Sept. 6, 1824. Molina, _Costa Rica_, 95, followed
by Wagner, _Costa R._, 545, gives it as May 6th, which is
evidently a mistake. _Marure_, _Efem._, 11, has it Sept.
6th, and that Agustin Gutierrez Lizaurzábal was its first
president.

[IX-54] _Costa Rica_, _Ley Fundam._ (San Salv., 1825), 24
mo, 26 pp.; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 32; _Astaburuaga_, _Cent.
Am._, 13; _Molina_, _Costa R._, 18. This last-named author,
on his p. 95, gives the date as Jan. 22d, evidently following
_Marure_, _Efem._, 13. Squier, _Travels_, ii. 388, makes it
Jan. 2d.

[IX-55] Mariano Montealegre became the vice-jefe. Mora was
reëlected in March 1829, and ruled till toward the end of
1832. _Marure_, _Efem._, 64; _Id._, _Bosq._, 149; _Mem. Rev.
Cent. Am._, 32.

[IX-56] Personal enmity between Pedro Muñoz, an influential
man in Guanacaste, and Cerda was the main reason. _Los
Anales_, 1872, 54.

[IX-57] The approval was merely provisional. The other four
are Cartago, San José, Heredia, and Alajuela. _Molina_,
_Costa R._, 5-6.

[IX-58] _Nic. y Hond._, _Doc._, 101-12; _Ayon_, _Consid.
Límites_, 20-4; _Frisch_, _Mex._, 73.

[IX-59] Marure, _Efem._, 16, and _Bosq._, i. 232-3, following
_El Indicador_, 1826, no. 75, and _El Semanario_, 1826, no.
86, gives the date as Jan. 29th. Molina, _Costa R._, 96,
places it on the 28th.

[IX-60] He confessed to have acted under a commission from
the court of Spain, and as a lieut-col in its service.
Seventeen of his partisans were sent out of the country.

[IX-61] A detailed account of that mission may be seen in
_Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 112-14; _Molina_, _Costa R._, 96-7.

[IX-62] 'Ocupa este lugar el ciudadano Ex-gefe Juan Mora,
por sus virtudes, y le ocuparán sucesivamente, los que, en
el mismo destino, se hagan dignos de él.' _Marure_, _Efem._,
33. Mora was born in San José in 1784, and had filled
several important trusts before his election to the chief
magistracy. After his retirement he again held other offices
till his exile in 1838. Returning to his country in 1842,
he took a prominent part in public affairs. In Nov. 1848 he
was declared a benemérito de la patria, and given a pension
for life. In May 1850 he became president of the supreme
court. Honesty and integrity were the prominent traits of his
character, united with ability and liberal ideas, but free
from exaggerations. _Molina_, _Costa R._, 75-6, 98, 119-21.

[IX-63] Costa Rica had never been under the sway of bishops,
clergymen, or monks. That fanaticism which has been so
baneful to other states of Spanish America never existed
here. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 305.

[IX-64] _Guat._, _Boletin Ofic._, 1833, no. 34, 376; _Costa
R._, _Col. Leyes_, iv. 4-5. Gallegos was an honorable man
and father of a family, as well as a wealthy property owner.
But he was not conversant with state affairs, nor with the
intrigues of politicians. His chief aim was economy; he
wished to see the public treasury full of money; he cared
less to apply that money in the development of the country.

[IX-65] In proof of which were the newspapers _El Noticioso
Universal_, _La Tertulia_, _El Correo de Costa Rica_, and the
number of sheets that were constantly issued.

[IX-66] By the assembly and council, and published by the
executive, Apr. 3, 1834. _Id._, 198-201; _Costa R._, Col.
_Leyes_, iv. 110-12, 120-1.

[IX-67] Juan José Lara became jefe provisorio, and in his
turn was succeeded in June of the same year by the vice-jefe
Agustin G. Lizaurzábal, who ruled till March 1835, when,
because of ill health, he delivered the government to Manuel
Fernandez, who had it till the regularly elected jefe assumed
his duties. _Marure_, _Efem._, 64; _Molina_, _Costa R._, 99;
_Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_, iv. 134-5, 159-60.

[IX-68] He was born in Cartago in 1800, and studied in
the university of Leon, Nicaragua. He had never been out
of Cent. Am., and consequently his mind had never had the
expanding influence of travel. He was accordingly full of
petty prejudices. He could, however, appreciate men of merit,
and avail himself of their abilities; but if he mistrusted a
man, he proved a relentless foe. He rarely placed any trust
in any one. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 208; _Costa R._,
_Col. Leyes_, iv. 206-7; _Molina_, _Costa R._, 68 et seq.;
_Wagner_, _Costa Rica_, 201-3.

[IX-69] Law of Apr. 11 and Aug. 25, 1835; _Costa R._, _Col.
Leyes_, iv. 196-9, 235-9; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, May 25,
1875.

[IX-70] Government issued a proclamation against the rebels
on the 6th of Oct., 1835. _Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_, iv.
273-80.

[IX-71] The decisive action occurred on the 28th of Oct.
About 50 persons perished. Details on those troubles appear
in _Molina_, _Costa R._, 99-100; _Marure_, _Efem._, 38. The
authors of the rebellion were mulcted in sums ranging from
$2,000 down to $30. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 208-27,
237-47.

[IX-72] Two thousand men came upon the invaders at the
hacienda of Santa Rosa. Quijano escaped to Nicaragua. The
government, by a decree of July 2, 1836, declared him and
others outlawed, and one of them was executed. _Costa R._,
_Col. Leyes_, iv. 325-30, 349-58. Guanacaste, later known as
Liberia, and Nicoya, for their loyalty, were rewarded, the
former being made a city, and the latter a villa. _Molina_,
_Costa R._, 100; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 230-6.

[IX-73] Carrillo held the executive office till March 1837,
when, his term having expired, he surrendered it to Joaquin
Mora, a brother of the former jefe, Juan Mora, who ruled only
one month, and began his administration by opposing some of
Carrillo's measures. _Id._, 312.

[IX-74] Aguilar had political enemies who accused him of
friendship for Cartago, Heredia, and Alajuela, thereby
exposing San José to new assaults. With this pretext a plan
was formed to assault the barracks at San José on the night
of Aug. 26th. _Id._, 318-20.

[IX-75] Carrillo was recognized as jefe by a special decree
of the assembly on the 26th of June, and remained at the
head of affairs till 1842, when he was overthrown in his
turn. _Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_, iv. 241; _Marure_, _Efem._,
64; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii. 322-3. Miguel Carranza,
Carrillo's father-in-law, became vice-jefe. _Stephens_,
_Cent. Am._, i. 359.

[IX-76] He established a reign of despotism, in which
his will was law, restricting the press and punishing his
political opponents with expatriation and otherwise, though
they were pardoned in 1838. _Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_, iv.
320-1, v. 96-100, 193-4. His course made him many enemies,
whom he treated with the utmost harshness. His change from
a liberal ruler to an arbitrary one was quite marked. He
was known by the sobriquet of Sapo de Loza. A number of
charges against him appear in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iii. 561-79. During his former administration, in 1836, he
restored the tithes and the excessive number of holidays of
the church.

[IX-77] The assembly had, in April 1838, passed a resolution
inviting the federal congress to call a national convention
for the exclusive purpose of reforming the federal
institutions. _Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_, v. 196-8.

[IX-78] Carrillo could not rule with the liberal constitution
of 1825. To do away with this obstacle he used as a
pretext the decree of the federal congress of May 30,
1838, empowering the states to reconstitute themselves. The
assembly of Costa Rica accepted the decree on the 16th of
July, 1838, and Carrillo seized the opportunity to get rid
of a fundamental law that did not suit him. It was at his
suggestion that the assembly, by decree of July 14, 1838,
called the constituent convention. _Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_,
iv. 248-51, 279-84; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 266-7.

[IX-79] A treaty of friendship and alliance was concluded
July 1, 1839, with Honduras; another of the same character
one month later with Guatemala. Both are given in
_Convencion_, in _Cent. Am. Constitutions_, 13-14, 23-5.

[IX-80] The coat of arms was a star with rays, placed in the
centre of a sky-blue circle, and had at the circumference
the inscription 'Estado de Costa Rica.' The flag consisted
of three horizontal stripes, the uppermost and lowest white,
and the central one sky-blue, with the coat of arms on the
latter. The flag of the mercantile marine was not to have
the coat of arms, but instead of it, in silver letters on the
centre stripe, the inscription 'Estado de Costa Rica.' _Costa
R._, _Col. Leyes_, vi. 316-20.

[IX-81] President Morazan's decree of April 20, 1842,
restored the flag, arms, and coins as before the promulgation
of Carrillo's.

[X-1] Articles 8th and 9th of this treaty stipulated that
the ports of both states were to be closed to British trade
until Great Britain should restore to Central America the
island of Roatan, the seizure of which, together with its
consequences, is treated of in another part of this volume.
Chatfield, who had been favoring the views of Guatemala
against Los Altos, declared to the latter that these articles
were offensive to his government. The government of the new
state, being anxious to avert any interruption of friendly
relations, by its minister, Aguilar, assured the consul, on
the 18th of Jan., 1840, that the objectionable articles would
be rescinded.

[X-2] The state assembly passed a decree to that end April
17, 1841, and appointed the deputies to represent it, the
appointees being Francisco Castellon, Gregorio Juarez, Benito
Rosales, Ex-jefe José Nuñez, and Hermenegildo Zepeda. The
last named was represented by Sebastian Salinas. Castellon's
selection by the assembly was a blow at Buitrago, the two
being bitter opponents.

[X-3] In the protest they set forth the machinations brought
to bear to defeat them. Nicaragua and Salvador had asked
Guatemala and Costa Rica to enter the convention. Ferrera,
the executive of Honduras, played a double game. He had
representatives in the convention, while he was leagued
with the aristocrats of Guatemala, who spurned the idea of
reorganization. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 144.

[X-4] Meantime the convention named the supreme delegate
and the members of the council. The duties of the executive
officer were multifarious, involving foreign and internal
affairs. Among the foreign affairs was the negotiating of a
concordat with the pope, and of a treaty with Spain for her
recognition of Central American independence. He was also
to procure the reassembling of the American diet. _Squier's
Trav._, ii. 444-5; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 147-8;
_Reichardt_, _Nic._, 73-4; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Feb. 14,
1875.

[X-5] Act of the constituent assembly, dated July 20, 1842.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 304-5.

[X-6] The act consisted of 77 articles, and was an
amplification of the former act. Art. 4 said that
the confederate states recognized the principle of
non-intervention by one or more states in the internal
affairs of the others. They bound themselves never to
resort to arms for the settlement of disputed points, nor
to permit the annexation of towns of alien jurisdiction
without the express assent of their sovereign. The other
states of the late union were granted the privilege of
joining the confederacy with equal rights and representation.
Art. 14 prescribed that the government was to be exercised
through delegates for the general objects of common benefit
expressly set forth in the instrument. Art. 15. The executive
authority was to be in charge of a supremo delegado, with
a consultive council formed with one member from each
state. Art. 16. The judicial power was intrusted to a court
composed of members chosen by the state legislatures. The
delegates who subscribed the act were: J. Nuñez, G. Juarez,
Francisco Castellon, Pedro Zeledon, and Sebastian Salinas
for Nicaragua; Manuel Barberena, and José M. Cornejo for
Salvador; Manuel E. Vazquez, Mónico Bueso, and Jacobo Rosa
for Honduras. _Cent. Am._, _Pacto de Confed._, 1-12; _Niles'
Reg._, lxiv. 2; _La Union_, June 15, 1850; _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 266-82; _Pabellon Nac._, Oct. 19, 1844,
27; _Froebel's Cent. Am._, 143.

[X-7] An act was passed by the constituent assembly on the
28th of July, 1841, purporting to have in view a restoration
of the union. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 454-5.

[X-8] _Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_, viii. 28-36. This treaty
was called by the nobles 'tratado de union.' Carcache
produced a note of June 17, 1843. from Aycinena reiterating
his government's protest against the expediency and
practicability of establishing in Central America 'una forma
de gobierno unitario,' which in its opinion would entail
upon the country still greater misfortunes. Castellon, for
the Nicaragua executive, replied on the 5th of Aug., denying
that any offence had been committed by entertaining opinions
favorable to the late government. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iv. 151-2.

[X-9] Rivera Paz' decree, in _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i.
46-8.

[X-10] Costa Rica appointed delegates to the diet. _Costa
R._, _Col. Leyes_, viii. 57-9, 92-8, 188-9. The minister
of Guat. had proposed to Costa Rica a convention of
commissioners from all the states, appointed in the manner
he suggested, namely, all the commissioners were to be of
Guatemala, and directed by him to review the compact of
Chinandega. The proposition was rejected. The reports of the
committees in the assemblies of Guatemala and Costa Rica are
given in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 283-97, 380, 407-9.

[X-11] This would save them from such blows as the lieut-gen.
inflicted on them at Pinula and Villa de Guadalupe, early in
1844.

[X-12] They were to be paid for by the confederate states.

[X-13] These facts appear in the official report to the state
government on May 6, 1844.

[X-14] José Antonio Azmitia became minister of the treasury,
and Manuel Ubico under-sec.-gen.

[X-15] He could not deny Arce's invasion of Salvador,
but pretended that no prominent man of the govt or of the
aristocratic party had any knowledge of his intention to
invade, or of the source from which he obtained his supplies.
Pavon knew well enough, but prevarication was convenient. The
fact is, Juan A. Alvarado, Guatemalan agent in San Salvador,
had given his government timely information of the intended
invasion. Arce's departure was open. In order to put an
innocent appearance on the affair, the govt decreed, May
12, 1844, that Arce should leave the city within 24 hours,
and the state within 20 days. In an address to the people
on the 2d of June, Rivera Paz says that Salvador emissaries
had been detected trying to rouse the people of Los Altos
to insurrection, and that the plan was intended to avenge
the defeat of 1840. This is hardly true; for Malespin had
been then on Carrera's side against Morazan, and his tool
in Salvador ever since. The aristocrats had, when it suited
their purposes, published letters of liberal leaders falling
in their hands; and yet they never brought out those said to
have been taken from the emissaries at Los Altos.

[X-16] The two notes are given in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iv. 531-41.

[X-17] Col. Vicente Cruz, commanding the advance force of
Carrera's army, attributed the defeat to fear, which was not
altogether devoid of truth.

[X-18] The commissioners were: José D. Dieguez, Luis Batres,
and José M. Urruela for Guat.; Bishop Viteri and Narciso
Monterey for the sup. del.

[X-19] Art. 2 stipulated that all property removed from Guat.
to Salv. by the latter's forces should be restored, or its
value made good. This article was a hard one for Malespin,
and yet Viteri accepted it. This arrangement was completed in
May 1846. _Id._, v. 18; _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 408-15;
_Crowe's Gospel_, 159; _La Abeja_, Oct. 18, 1844; _Defensor
Integ. Nac._, Nov. 2, 1844; _El Constituc._, Apr. 23, 1844;
_Pabellon Nac._, Oct. 19, 29, 1844.

[X-20] He insisted on certain amendments, his commissioners
having exceeded their instructions, and humiliated Salvador,
which was irresponsible for the movement on Jutiapa. And yet
Guatemala declared the convention to be obligatory.

[X-21] The object then in view was to unite Malespin and
Ferrera for a dash upon Nicaragua. With the Guatemalan
commissioners went Viteri, and he had a princely reception.

[X-22] He added that by sacrificing a great portion of her
rights Salv. had obtained peace.

[X-23] The commissioners who negotiated it were: Cayetano
Bosque for Salvador; Canon Doroteo Alvarenga and Juan Lindo
for Honduras. The object of the arrangement was evidently a
league against Nicaragua, though it cannot be said to have
been against the party called 'coquimbos,' for generals Saget
and Espinosa were now serving with Malespin. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 567-8, 581-2.

[X-24] The confederate executive had ordered a force of
Nicaragüenses to come into Salvador through the department
of Choluteca, Lieut-col Aguado being charged with their
transportation.

[X-25] The troops could not come by sea, the port of La Union
being then blockaded by a British frigate. Copy of Aguilar's
note, dated Aug. 11, 1844, in _Id._, 569-71.

[X-26] Muñoz' report sets the enemy's loss at 156 killed,
besides many prisoners, and over 200 muskets, etc.

[X-27] The place was defended by upwards of 700 men under
Juan Morales.

[X-28] Guzman could not grant such authority, as it was
of the exclusive province of the state congress. It was,
besides, unnecessary, as neither Salvador nor Honduras was
invaded.

[X-29] For his own security, in his absence, he placed his
brother, Calixto Malespin, as comandante general, near
Vice-president Guzman. This man used to open Guzman's
correspondence, and deliver him only such despatches as
he thought expedient. See circular of Jimenez, Guzman's
minister, to governors of departments, of Feb. 12, 1845, in
_Id._, 717-18.

[X-30] He was the constitutional chief. _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 4;
_Semanario Nic._, Apr. 24, 1873.

[X-31] A pompous title, which rendered him ridiculous in
the eyes of many, while it excited jealousy on the part of
others. _Squier's Trav._, ii. 449. Fonseca is represented as
a drunkard, ignorant, and the most brutal tyrant Nicaragua
ever had. Life and property were subject to his nod.
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 224-5; _Wells' Hond._, 494.

[X-32] It should be known that Chamorro had not been a
Morazanista, or even a liberal. He was the chief of the
conservative party in Nic. On March 29, 1845, his term having
expired, and there being no legal successor, he decreed
that the office of supremo delegado ceased to exist, and
communicated the fact to the governments of the several
states. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 122.

[X-33] Oct. 31, 1844. The object of the war, he said, was to
avenge the insult inflicted by Nic. on Hond., and it was to
be waged till a lasting peace could be secured.

[X-34] Here the invaders were joined by Gen. Manuel Quijano
and 64 dragoons who had deserted from Leon.

[X-35] The commissioners were Hermenegildo Zepeda and
Gerónimo Carcache. Malespin himself acted for Salv. and Hond.
Art. 1 required Nic. to pay Salv. and Hond. all the expenses
of the present war, and to Salv. those incurred in the war of
April last against Guat., because Nic. had failed to furnish
her contingent of troops. This last payment was waived by
Salv. in art. 6. Art. 2 calls for the surrender by Nic.
of all arms within her territory belonging to the allies.
Art. 3 made it the duty of Nic. to deliver to the allied
forces the 'facciosos' Joaquin Rivera, Máximo Orellana,
Miguel Álvarez, Trinidad Cabañas, Gerardo Barrios, Diego
and Ramon Vijil, if found in the state, and if they were
out of it, not to allow them to reside therein without the
consent of the allied governments. Art. 7 throws upon Nic.
the expense of supporting the allied troops from the date of
the ratification of the treaty till they should have reached
their quarters in their respective states. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 592-4.

[X-36] Guardiola became intoxicated and abused the deserters;
whereupon half of them abandoned the allied camp, and he was
placed under arrest.

[X-37] Among the slain was Cruz Guardiola, a brother of the
general.

[X-38] It will be well to record here that Muñoz, to whom
Leon owed her present tribulation, was a Nicaraguan by birth.

[X-39] The negotiators for Nic. were Canon Desiderio Cortés
and Anselmo Alarcon; for Salv. and Hond., Gen. Nicolás
Espinosa and J. T. Muñoz. Under this capitulation the terms
agreed to in the former one at Zatoca were to be enforced as
regarded payment of war expenses and surrender of arms. Nic.
bound herself to expel from the state Casto Fonseca, Cabañas,
Rivera, Orellana, Barrios, Álvarez, Diego, Ramon and José
Antonio Vijil, Domingo Asturias, José Antonio Milla, and José
Antonio Ruiz; and furthermore, to deliver to Malespin some
Salvadorans who revolted against him at San Miguel on the 5th
of Sept., 1844.

[X-40] Granada took Malespin's side, and was followed by
Rivas and other places. It seemed as if all the actas had
been written by the same hand. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iv. 600, 635-6.

[X-41] The most humiliating part of this arrangement was
the 3d clause, wherein the eastern and southern departments
recognize Malespin as 'protector de los Nicaragüenses,'
and general-in-chief of the united armies, including one
organized by those departments, till the end of the war.
_Id._, iv. 600-2; _Nic._, _Registro Ofic._, 12, 14, 55-6, 65,
69, 110-15; _Sandoval_, _Rev. Polít._, 9, 15-18.

[X-42] Several officers were shot, among them a number
taken by Saget, on the vessel _Carolina_. Malespin issued
stringent orders against rendering aid to the besieged. An
official report from Nagarote of Jan. 23d, to the comandante
at Managua, speaks of a defeat of troops of the govt at Leon,
with the loss of 200 killed, 300 wounded, and many prisoners,
together with 3 pieces of cannon and other arms, etc. _Nic._,
_Registro Ofic._, 4.

[X-43] It is related that Pedro Zeledon, a Costa Rican
residing in Chichigalpa, Nic., wrote Muñoz, depicting the
horrors of the war and the need of peace. Malespin made Muñoz
invite Zeledon to a conference, and when he had him in his
power, demanded a ransom of $1,000, but did not get anything,
and Zeledon obtained his liberty.

[X-44] The only house exempted from plunder was Manning's.
Many houses were razed to the ground, or burned purposely.

[X-45] On the first day the acting director, Emiliano Madrid,
Crescencio Navas, cols Francisco Lacayo and Balmaceda, Capt.
Valle, José M. Oseguera, and Father Crespin were shot.
Crespin's offence was to have begged the infamous Manuel
Quijano, at the door of the hospital for the wounded, to
spare them. Canon Cortés was put to death afterward. Casto
Fonseca, captured on the coast, was tried by court-martial
and shot. An eye-witness declared that 24 persons were
executed by Malespin in Leon. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iv., table no. 5, 636; _Sandoval_, _Revista Polít._, 7-15;
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 227, 230-3; _Nic._, _Registro Ofic._,
4-6, 14; _Crowe's Gospel_, 159-61; _Niles' Reg._, lxviii.
193. Bustamante, _Mem. Hist. Mex._, MS., ii. 77, speaks of
Malespin's acts of horrible cruelty, adding that according
to the newspapers of Guat. Malespin had caused to be
assassinated over 1,000 persons.

[X-46] Eighty-five prisoners were released from the jail,
many of whom had been confined there for alleged political
offenses.

[X-47] He was a son-in-law of Vice-president Guzman. They
differed in politics, but Barrios fully believed that Guzman
was the person to overthrow Malespin, and must be aided with
some bold stroke.

[X-48] He called a large number of his friends to his house
and armed them with pistols—he had not a single musket at
his command. He then called the comandante general, and the
mayor de plaza, Antonino Arévalo, and made prisoners of them
without resistance. The two escaped afterward, but Malespin
was recaptured, with a wound.

[X-49] Acta of the capital on Feb. 2, 1845. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 719-24; _Monit. Constit. Indep._, May 2,
1845; _La Minerva_, May 22, 1845.

[X-50] Costa R. had heard of it by a vessel from Acajutla,
and sent her recognition before the circular reached her.
The govt of Nic., created by Malespin, recognized Guzman. The
nobles of Guat. had to do the same; and believing themselves
endowed with extraordinary good sense, added their advice
with all the gravity of pedagogues. _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iv. 678.

[X-51] On the ground of unconstitutionality, he being in
command of the state forces at the time the election took
place. Circular Feb. 24, 1845, in _Id._, 725; _El Salvador
Regenerado_, no. 2.

[X-52] Guzman was a Costa Rican by birth, but had lived many
years in San Miguel, Salv. He entertained liberal ideas from
his earliest political life. His military service, under
Morazan, began soon after the battle of Gualcho, and he was
present as a captain in the actions of San Miguel and Las
Charcas. He accompanied that leader to Guat. In the invasion
of Cent. Am. from Mex. by Arce in 1832, Guzman did gallant
service at Jocoro, and entered San Salvador with Morazan.
Again during San Martin's rebellion he served under his
chief as a lieut-col. The chambers of Salvador, on the 19th
of May, 1845, declared Guzman a 'benemérito de la patria,'
and awarded him a gold medal, at the same time promoting
him to general of division. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv.
693-4; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, May 21, 1875. Dunlop, _Cent.
Am._, 116, says of him: He was 'more remarkable for cunning
than honor or courage. His manners are gentlemanly; he has
no mixture of colored blood, and is rather good-looking,
though he appears to possess but little talent or education.'
I am inclined to think that Dunlop misrepresented Guzman's
character, for Guzman proved himself a good and pure ruler,
and his name is revered in the state and throughout Cent. Am.
by all lovers of freedom and enlightenment.

[X-53] On the 23d of Feb., 1845, grounded on the execution
of priests at Leon. The decree forbids the faithful of the
diocese to have any intercourse, verbal or written, with
Malespin, or to uphold or defend him in any manner. Full
text in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 679-81; _Bustamante_,
_Mem. Hist. Mex._, MS., ii. 78.

[X-54] They were Cayetano A. Molina and Juan Antonio
Alvarado. They asked not merely for Carrera's neutrality,
but for his active aid, and were referred to the ministers,
by whom they were dealt with as children. The ministers
pretended that their request could not be acceded to without
an express sanction of the legislature, which was not then in
session for lack of a quorum. The plea was a ridiculous one,
when we consider that Carrera had never before consulted the
wishes of the assembly to act his own will.

[X-55] Malespin had been acting there as president, under
Hond. support; but on Guzman's approach his troops disbanded,
and he fled.

[X-56] In March 1845 the president of Hond. took Malespin
and his companions under the protection of his govt. _Nic._,
_Registro Ofic._, 53-4.

[X-57] The commissioners of Hond. were Sebastian Salinas
and Leonardo Romero; those of Salv., José Félix Quiroz
and Nicolás Angulo. The treaty was ratified by Salv., but
rejected by the other contracting party. Text of the treaty
and Dueñas' additional clause, in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
iv. 726-32.

[X-58] Concluded by Cayetano A. Molina and Juan A. Alvarado
for Salv., and Alejandro Marure and José M. de Urruela for
Guat., April 4, 1845; approved by the constituent congress of
Guat. on the 23d of the same month, and published by Acting
President Duran the next day. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i.
415-19; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, July 8, 1853; _Monit. Constit.
Ind._, May 21, 1845; _La Minerva_, May 22, 1845.

[X-59] Dueñas was then considered a liberal, though he was
a Dominican friar when the convents were closed in 1839, for
which reason the government of Guat. would not trust him. It
was deceiving him. He was, however, the one most likely to
succeed in keeping Carrera from aiding Hond. in the present
emergency. Hond. had sent Felipe Jáuregui and Pablo Orellana
to Guat. The former was Ferrera's mentor, and in the councils
of Pavon, Aycinena, and Batres. At first he was alarmed at
the liberalism of the constituent congress, which had voted
assistance to Salv. But he received assurances that no aid
would be sent except to quell revolts in the interior; and,
moreover, that the foes of Hond. would be stricken from the
Salvador administration. Jáuregui now understood the game,
and wrote his government that the vote of aid by congress
practically amounted to nothing. A note containing these
assurances was published in Comayagua. Guat. concluded a
treaty of friendship and alliance with Hond. on the 19th of
July, 1845. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 419-23.

[X-60] Dr Aguilar and Father Monterey. _Nic._, _Registro
Ofic._, 61-2, 123-34. Gen. Muñoz, who so efficiently aided
Malespin at Leon, was now the com. gen. and most prominent
man in Nic.

[X-61] Ferrera claimed another victory on the 7th at Santa
Rosa, but it was unfounded. _Id._, 83, 88; _Monitor Constit.
Ind._, May 21, 1845; _Crowe's Gospel_, 166-7.

[X-62] He demanded on the 11th of July, as compensation
for alleged damages to Hond. by the invasion of Cabañas and
Cordero, that Salv. should cede to Hond. all the arms and
other war material deposited in the latter state by Malespin,
and pay, besides, $100,000 in specie, to be collected by
Hond. in instalments at the port of La Union, which, until
the payments should be completed, was to be held by Hond.;
or, in lieu of that sum, cede to the latter the department of
San Miguel, or that portion of the department of Cuscatlan
lying outside of the territory enclosed by the Lempa on
the south and south-west. He also required the exile from
Cent. Am. of a number of persons. This note was published
in _Guat._, _Gaceta Ofic._, no. 15, Aug. 28, 1845. In July
a project was entertained of a confederation of Hond. with
Nic., Guat., and Salv. _Nic._, _Registro Ofic._, 93-5, 102-8,
118-21, 136-8.

[X-63] One house containing British property was spared.
The houses of two French merchants, whose nation's flag was
flying over them, were plundered. _Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 239.

[X-64] In his report he tried to cover up this serious
disaster. But the fact was, that he escaped with only about
300 men, leaving on the field upward of 300 muskets, and a
large number of slain, wounded, and prisoners. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 700-1.

[X-65] Hond. troops entered Salv. after that and were
defeated. Guardiola with 350 men attacked Carballo, who had
only 39, and murdered them. It is said that this act was
commended by Ferrera in his report to the chambers of Hond.

[X-66] Guzman then returned to Hond. a number of prisoners
who had been represented by his enemies as murdered.

[X-67] So long as they remained in Hond. the latter was
to compel them to live at a great distance from the Salv.
frontier. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 736-8; _Dunlop's
Cent. Am._, 239-43; _Nic._, _Registro Ofic._, 132, 172,
221-2; _El Tiempo_, March 12, 1846.

[X-68] Each of the contracting parties was to appoint two
commissioners to meet at Sonsonate on the 30th of Aug., and
was to urge upon the other three states a consideration of
the lamentable state the republic was in, suggesting how best
to do away with such a condition of affairs; and proposing
therefor the convocation and assembling of a constituent
power, or such other measure as it might deem conducive to
the desired end. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 30-1.

[X-69] Duran well understood the policy of his government.
Padilla did not, and volunteered to represent in San Salvador
the ardent wishes of Guat. for the restoration of the union.
He did so in a patriotic speech that gave him a good name in
Salv. and a bad one in Guat., where the _Gaceta_ rebuked him.

[X-70] 'Un delirio de imaginaciones enfermas,' it was
pronounced to be. Delegates from Costa R., Salv., and Guat.
were at Sonsonate on the 17th of Feb., 1846, and fixed the
15th to the 20th of April for conferences, but they did not
take place. On the 15th of June Costa R., Hond., and Salv.
only were represented. Nic. and Costa R. signified their
willingness to meet the other states at any place they might
select, Hond. having suggested Nacaome, as Sonsonate was no
longer deemed safe. The whole plan failed at last because
of the action of Guat. Much interesting information on the
subject and official correspondence appear in _Guat._, _Gac.
Ofic._, no. 26; _Costa R._, _Col. Leyes_, ix. 51-3, 58,
203-4, 212-14, 345-6; x. 115-17, 123-4; _Nic._, _Reg. Ofic._,
236-350, passim; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 316-18,
334-5; _Froebel's Cent. Am._, 143; _Dunlop's Cent. Am._,
253-4; _Niles' Reg._, lxix. 34.

[X-71] Signed by Rafael Carrera, and countersigned by José
Antonio Azmitia, minister of relations. _Guat._, _Recop.
Leyes_, i. 73-6; _Costa R._, _Informe Relaciones, etc._,
1848, 4; _El Universal_, June 8, 1849; _Niles' Reg._, lxxii.
208; _The Californian_, S. F., Nov. 24, 1847, ii. 3.

[X-72] The document bore Carrera's name, but it was no
production of his own mind. The authorship was attributed
to Alejandro Marure; that is to say, he drew it up from
the materials that had been collecting for years. _La
Revista_, the organ of the Sociedad Económica, declared it
the offspring of long meditation, and indeed it was, for the
aristocrats of Guat. had been planning it since 1828. The
full text is given in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 196-207.

[X-73] Manuel Pineda de Mont, compiler of _Guat._, _Recop.
Leyes_, i. 453, claims, however, that Guat. was the last of
the five states to set aside the federal govt, the last to
secede, the last to continue bearing the general burdens of
the system, especially the pecuniary ones to sustain even
the semblance of authority; and that she only adopted the
resolution of March 21, 1847, after exhausting every effort,
and losing all hope of seeing her wishes realized. The reader
will judge between his statements and the facts as they have
been fairly given by me.

[X-74] Joaquin Bernardo Calvo and Juan Antonio Alvarado.
The ruler of Costa Rica, Dr Castro, was, however, of the
opinion that the five Central American states would be better
off as separate nations. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v.
266-7; _Nacaome_, _Dictamen_, in _Cent. Am. Pamph._, no. 5;
_Froebel's Cent. Am._, 143.

[X-75] Among them was the deputy Nazario Toledo, an intimate
friend of the president. Felipe Molina was another, and his
opinions are clearly defined in his _Bosq. Costa R._, 108-9.

[X-76] The decree bears the signatures of Juan Rafael Reyes,
vice-president, and Nazario Toledo and Santiago Fernandez,
deputies and secretaries of congress. _Costa R._, _Col.
Leyes_, x. 336-8; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 526-7.

[X-77] The arrangement looked to a consolidation for the
purpose of conducting foreign relations, and to an early
union on the plan of a federation. _Cent. Am. Miscel. Doc._,
46; _Costa R._, _Gac. Gob._, March 2, Apr. 20, 1850; _Hond._,
_Gac. Ofic._, Aug. 31, 1850; _El Siglo_, Apr. 22, 1851;
_Nic._, _Corr. Ist._, Dec. 16, 1849, March 21, Oct. 3, 1850;
_La Union_, Jan. 1, 15, 1850; _Guat._, _Gac._, Nov. 30, 1849;
_Salv._, _Gac._, Dec. 7, 1849.

[X-78] Consul-gen. Chatfield was officially advised of
the new organization on the 21st Jan., 1851, and ignored
Sec. Buitrago's note. On being reminded of it, May 22d,
he returned an insulting reply July 13th, refusing his
recognition, when the government decreed, on the 24th of
July, to cancel his exequatur as consul-gen. in the states
belonging to the confederation, and to inform his govt of
the cause. _Cent. Am. Docs._, 1-6. The British officials
also resorted to other means to defeat what they called Am.
policy. _Squier's Cent. Am._, ii. 135; _El Universal_, Feb.
19, March 26, 1850; _Salv._, _Gac._, Dec. 21, 1849; _Dem.
Rev._, Nov. 1850, 452.

[X-79] Guat. and Costa R. had refused to join. _Salv. Gac._,
March 8, 22, 1850, Oct. 12, 1854; _Nic._, _Corr. Ist._, Jan.
16, 30, 1851.

[X-80] The act of installation was accompanied with religious
and civic ceremonies, the govt of Hond., at whose head was
Trinidad Cabañas, heartily joining them. Congratulatory
messages came from all friends of the union. _El Siglo_, S.
Salv., Oct. 29, 30, Nov. 1, 4, 10, 14, 16, 19, 1852; _Hond._,
_Gac. Ofic._, Oct. 30, Nov. 15, 1852; _Perez_, _Mem. Hist.
Revol. Nic._, 17; _El Porvenir_, nos. 6, 7.

[X-81] The assembly also elected a vice-jefe and four
substitute councillors to fill the executive chair, in the
event of the jefe or members of the executive council dying
or becoming disabled.

[X-82] It set forth the duties of the jefe supremo and
councillors, the independence between the federal and state
authorities, the rights of citizens, responsibilities of
public officials, and organization of the federal judiciary.
_Hond._, _Gac. Ofic._, Nov. 30, 1852.

[X-83] Salv. on the 21st of March, and Nic. on the 30th of
April. The congress, acting too precipitately, overstepped
the bounds of its powers. _Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Revol. Nic._,
17-18.

[X-84] More details on the confederation scheme are contained
in _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 110-16; _El Nacional_, Nov.
27, Dec. 25, 1858; _Nic._, _Bol. Ofic._, July 30, 1869;
_Id._, _Gac._, March 2, 9, 1872; _Id._, _Seman. Nicar._, Nov.
21, Dec. 12, 1872, Feb. 6, Oct. 16, 1873; _Los Anales_, Dec.
1, 1872; _Mex._, _Diario Ofic._, Nov. 2, 1871; _U. S. Gov.
Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., 42d Cong. 2d Sess., i., pt 1, 680-3;
_Costa R._, _Inf. Rel._, 1876, 12-14; _Salv._, _Gac. Ofic._,
June 10, July 6, Aug. 19, Oct. 26, 27, 1876; _Id._, _Diario
Ofic._, March 17, Oct. 5, 13, 1875, Jan. 27, 30, Feb. 2-6,
1876; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 2, 1876; _Caicedo_,
_Lat. Am._, 60-2; _Cent. Am._, _Contest. al Voto_, 1-23;
_Chamorro_, _Cuestion Nacional_, 1-7; _Harper's Monthly
Mag._, xvii. 691.