Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (16)

[XXII-6] This body was called by the regular congress at
the solicitation, as it was made to appear, of the several
municipalities, and was installed Aug. 8, 1869. On the 13th
it declared that in view of the popular actas in the several
towns proclaiming Medina president for the next term, he
was actually elected. The same day the 33d article of the
fundamental law was amended to read thus: 'The presidential
term shall be of four years, commencing on the 1st of Feb. in
the year of renewal.' On the 19th the convention adjourned
sine die; Medina having warmly thanked it for the trust
reposed in him, and accepted it, with the pledge of not
holding the office a day after the expiration of his term.
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 11, 18, 1869; Feb. 5, 1870; _Pan.
Star and Herald_, Sept. 18, 1869.

[XXII-7] I will, however, repeat here in a few words the
causes alleged by Hond. Salvador had violated the treaty
of Santa Rosa of March 25, 1862, in refusing to surrender
the perpetrators of two atrocious murders. She had abetted
the refugees who, in the last six years, had been fanning
the flame of discord in Hond.; had refused to heed the
remonstrances of the latter; and on the contrary, had placed
a force on the frontier, and generally assumed a hostile
attitude.

[XXII-8] The guaranty was given as a consideration for
certain advantages, which could not accrue till after the
road was finished. The Am. gov. could not therefore be
required to repel an invasion of the route from abroad. The
correspondence between ministers Baxter and Torbert with the
govts of Hond. and Salv., and with their own, appears in _U.
S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42, Sess. 2, i. no. 1, pt
1, 575-8, 685-93.

[XXII-9] _Hond._, _Clarin Ofic._, March 26, 1871; _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Apr. 22, 29, May 13, 1871.

[XXII-10] Particulars in Salv. historical chapter.

[XXII-11] This course was doubtless adopted because of the
dissatisfaction appearing, and of a revolution which was
attempted during the last war. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 1,
1871.

[XXII-12] A full amnesty was granted to all the insurgents.
_U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42, Sess. 3, i. 300-2;
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 2 to Nov. 4, 1871; Feb. 3, 1872; _El
Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 1 to Nov. 12, 1871; Jan. 7, 1872.

[XXII-13] Convention signed at Leon Dec. 18, 1871, by Manuel
Colindres, on behalf of Medina, Ex-pres. Martinez of Nic.,
Miguel Velez, Nicasio del Castillo, Rosalío Cortés, R.
Alegría, Buenav. Selva, Seferino Gonzalez, and three others.
This doc. at first was considered apocryphal, but proved to
be genuine. _El Porvenir de Nic._, June 23, 1872.

[XXII-14] With the avowed object of bringing Hond. under
republican institutions. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Apr. 28 to
Aug. 14, 1872, passim; _Nic._, _El Semanal Nic._, May 30,
1872.

[XXII-15] After this victory the presidents of Guat. and
Salv. had an interview with Arias, and returned with their
troops to their respective countries, leaving 800 men to aid
Arias in reorganizing the country. The campaign had lasted 24
days from the date on which Langue on the Hond. side of the
frontier was occupied.

[XXII-16] _Id._, Aug. 1, 1872; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, _Gob.
Democ._, i. 116-17.

[XXII-17] Juan A. Medina, Gen. Miranda, and a few friends
succeeded in escaping. _Nic._, _El Semanal Nic._, Aug. 8, 29,
1872.

[XXII-18] Further details may be found in _Costa R._,
_Informe Sec. Rel._, 1873, 7-8; _El Porvenir de Nic._, May
26, June 2, 1872; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42,
Sess. 3, i. 303-6; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, June 15 to Nov. 30,
1872; _Id._, _Col. Dec. y Acuerdos_, 1872, 50-1; _Mex._,
_Diario Ofic._, Aug. 9, 1872. Circular of Nic. Min. of For.
Rel., Sept. 5, 1876, referring to his government's fruitless
efforts at mediation between the belligerents, adds that it
finally accepted accomplished facts, and opened relations
with Arias' govt. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 26, 1876.

[XXII-19] Crescencio Gomez, Máx. Aranjo, Casto Alvarado,
Jesús Inestrosa, and a few others were also pardoned, but
required to stay away from Hond. until after the promulgation
of a new constitution. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 30, 1872;
_Id._, _Semanal Nic._, Nov. 26, 1872.

[XXII-20] Life, liberty, equality, security, property,
inviolability of domicile, and correspondence, and writings,
freedom of transit, of peaceable assembling, and of the
press, rights of petition, and of preferring against public
officials.

[XXII-21] Juan N. Venero, of treas. and for. affairs; Miguel
del Cid, of justice, govt, and pub. worship; Andrés Van
Severen, of war.

[XXII-22] Any Honduran in full possession of his civil
rights, having besides property worth $1,000, or upwards,
or being a licentiate, could be chosen. The only exceptions
were the president of the repub., and the military in active
service.

[XXII-23] That expedition sailed from Colon, and was led
by Enrique Palacios, Casto Alvarado, Miranda Baraona, and
others. It landed at Utila, one of the Bay Islands, and
organized a govt for Hond., Colindres and Padilla, ministers
of Medina, assuming the executive under art. 30 of the
constitution of 1865, in view of the events of July 1872
at Omoa. From Utila the exped. proceeded to Trujillo, which
was surrendered June 9th. That part of the plan failed, and
the expedition then went to Puerto Cortés. The invaders had
an understanding with Betancourt, the officer in command at
Omoa, who toward the end of June rebelled with the garrison
of 150 men; but he was attacked and defeated by Streber, of
Arias' govt. It was during this trouble that Streber's troops
pillaged, in July, the mercantile houses of Omoa, foreign as
well as native, which culminated in the bombardment afterward
of the port by a British man-of-war, of which I gave the
details elsewhere. The house of the Am. consul having been
likewise invaded, the government had to give satisfaction,
saluting the U. S. flag March 22, 1874, in the plaza of
Comayagua, in the presence of their representative, troops,
the ministers of state, and others.

[XXII-24] _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, June 28, July 17, 1872.

[XXII-25] The remnants of the insurgents fled by the
railroad. _Id._, Aug. 7, 21, 28, Sept. 18, 1873.

[XXII-26] The constituent congress, called by Arias,
assembled Dec. 14th, and refused to accept his resignation.
It also adopted other measures, which it is unnecessary to
recite here, as they never took effect.

[XXII-27] A circular of the Nic. minister of foreign
affairs of Sept. 5, 1876, alludes to these events. Further
particulars appear in _Arias_, _Mensaje_, Dec. 14, 1873;
_U. S. Govt Docs._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 2, i. 141;
_Barrios_, _Mensaje_, Sept. 11, 1876; _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._,
Jan. 18, 24, Feb, 19, 1874; _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 26,
1876.

[XXII-28] Leiva seemed to be a non-partisan, a man of
intelligent and liberal views, and a popular favorite.

[XXII-29] Guat. objected to the treatment awarded Arias, and
sent Ramon Rosa as confidential agent to Leiva to represent
that Arias had been solemnly pledged security for his life
and liberty, and respect for his high character and personal
merits; against which pledge Arias had been kept in prison
and subjected to prosecution. The gov. of Guat. believed that
the men composing that assembly were not competent to try
Arias, for they were reactionists, and he one of the truest
liberals in Cent. Am. Leiva answered, July 8th, that he had
exerted himself in Arias' favor, and that the exile he was
sentenced to he would have undergone of his own accord; for
he could not live in the country for some time. It was for
his own benefit that the terms of the surrender had been
modified. _U. S. Gov. Docs._, H. Ex. Doc., For. Rel., Cong.
43, Sess. 2, Doc. 1, pt i. 179-80.

[XXII-30] _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Feb. 5, 12, March 3, 11,
Apr. 4, 1875; _Mex. Mem. Min. Rel._, 1875, annex 3, Doc. 7,
p. 36; _Nic._, _Mem. Sec. Rel. Est._, 1875, vi.-xi., app.
7-10.

[XXII-31] The grounds alleged for the revolt were: 1st,
that the liberties of Hond. were under thraldom to Salv.,
which had failed to carry out the objects of the revolution
of 1871; 2d, the deplorable state of the finances, because
Amapala had been made a free port; 3d, that the die of Hond.
had been given to Salvador. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Jan. 4,
5, 21, 30, March 26, 1876; _La Regeneracion_, Oct. 9, 1876.

[XXII-32] Further particulars in _Pan. Star and Herald_,
March 2 to June 1, 1876, passim; _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._,
June 8, Oct. 26, 1876.

[XXII-33] At this time war broke out between Guat. and
Salvador, and the former sent an army under Solares through
Honduras to operate against Salvador's eastern departments.
Details on these events are given in other chapters on
treating of the relations between the two belligerents. At
the conclusion of peace, Hond. joined them in a treaty of
alliance.

[XXII-34] He resigned his portfolio Feb. 26th, with the
understanding that he was to be president of Honduras.

[XXII-35] Negotiated by Cruz Lozano, on behalf of both
Salvador and Medina, and M. Vigil and Luis Bogran for Leiva,
both contestants giving up their claims, and agreeing to
recognize Marcelino Mejía as the provisional president, which
was done. _Id._, June 24, 1876.

[XXII-36] It was said that Soto had been proclaimed in
several places, and that he enjoyed the confidence of the
governments of Guat., Salv., and Costa R.

[XXII-37] Another version is that Roderico Toledo arrived at
Comayagua, as commissioner from Guat. and Salv., and demanded
of Gomez the surrender of the executive to Soto, which is
quite possible, Gomez affecting the surrender through his
former chief, Medina.

[XXII-38] The garrison had declared in his favor on the 21st,
the comandante Col Salvador Ferrandis losing his life.

[XXII-39] _El Porvenir de Nic._, March 18, 1876; _Pan. Star
and Herald_, Apr. 4, 1876; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc.,
44th Cong., 2d Sess., i. 36-9; _Costa R._, _Informe Min.
Rel._, 1876, 11-14.

[XXII-40] _Soto_, _Mensaje_, May 27, 1877; _Salv._, _Gaceta
Ofic._, June 22, 1877.

[XXII-41] The order for their trial was issued by the
comandante general of the republic Dec. 12th, the executive
having first, on the 10th, asked the advice of the supreme
court of justice, which was given on the next day. The crimes
preferred against the prisoners were conspiracy, instigation
to rebellion, high treason, and concealment of government
arms. The officers forming the court-martial were Gen. Emilio
Delgado, president, generals Eusebio Toro and Luis Bogran,
colonels Inocente Solís, Belisario Villela, Manuel Bonilla,
Antonio Cerro; auditor de guerra, Justo Cáliz; prosecuting
officer, Gen. Agustin Aguilar. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._,
suppl., Feb. 28, 1878; _Voz de Méx._, July 17, 1878.

[XXII-42] U. S. Minister Geo. Williamson, in reporting these
executions to his gov., Feb. 16, 1878, uses these words:
'Medina's lack of wisdom in yielding to the selection (as
president) of a man who from the dictates of a cowardly or
cruel policy thought it necessary to select so illustrious a
victim as himself, has led to this deplorable event.... It
is said neither the victims nor any one else believed the
sentence of the council of war would be either approved or
executed.' _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 45, Sess. 3,
i. 79-80. It has been said that the execution of Medina, now
aged and infirm, was in obedience to orders from Barrios. _Un
Guatemalteco_, _Cartas_, 25.

[XXII-43] Had generals Juan Lopez and J. A. Medina carried
out the order to the letter, every inhabitant of Olancho
would have been annihilated. As it was, 200 men were shot and
500 hanged, all without trial. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Nov.
26, 1871.

[XXII-44] _Diario Cent. Am._, Dec. 27, 1880.

[XXII-45] The exhibit of the state of affairs, both present
and prospective, was encouraging, and appeared to be well
founded. A synopsis of the address is given in _Pan. Daily
Canal_, March 20, 1883; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 23,
1883.

[XXII-46] He was permitted to visit the U. S. and Europe,
where, as the majority of the committee to whom the subject
had been referred said, free from official cares he might
place himself under medical treatment, if necessary. Some
members of the committee favored the acceptance, claiming
it as a matter of justice, but the majority thought it
would cause inconveniences in the orderly march of affairs.
A journal, _La Paz_ of Tegucigalpa, remarked: 'Friends
and enemies of Dr Soto, men and parties the most opposite
in ideas, join in considering that the withdrawal of Dr
Soto would be the precursor of political misfortunes and
catastrophes.' _Id._, Apr. 18, 1883.

[XXII-47] To adjust Honduras' share of the old federal
debt, which was still unpaid; and to make some settlement
respecting the loans contracted in London and Paris for
constructing the interoceanic railway.

[XXII-48] A little later Barrios of Guat. claimed that it
was due to his own constant support rather than to Soto's
administration, which he declared to have been bad and
ruinous to Hond.

[XXII-49] In his journey he was accompanied by his kinsman
and former minister of relations, Ramon Rosa.

[XXII-50] 'Hasta el punto de valerse de mi, como del pretexto
mejor para justificar el paso de fuga y desercion que ha dado
y se propone consumar; no piense que ese plan tan ruin se
oculta á ninguno.' Both letters are given in full in _Pan._,
_El Cronista_, Aug. 25, 29, 1883; _La República_ (S. F.),
Sept. 1, 8, 1883.

[XXII-51] _Pan. Star and Herald_, Nov. 17, 1883; _La
República_ (S. F.), Sept. 15, 24, 1883; _Diaz_, _Miscel._,
no. 12, 3.

[XXII-52] Bogran was quite young, energetic, and frank in his
manners, open-hearted and unpretentious. His character was in
keeping with his appearance. He was master of the political
situation.

[XXII-53] Rafael Alvarado, of war, education, and justice;
Jerónimo Zelaya, of foreign affairs; Crescencio Gomez, of
govt; Abelardo Zelaya, of treasury and public credit; and
Francisco Planas, of public works. _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Rel.
Ext._, 1884, 8; _Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1884, 3; _El
Guatemalteco_, Jan. 19, 1884; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan.
18, 1884.

[XXII-54] So said _La República_, of Tegucigalpa, official
organ. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Sept. 10, 1885.

[XXIII-1] All appropriations had been covered, and a portion
of the foreign debt paid. _Presid. Martinez' Mess._, in
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 19, 1867.

[XXIII-2] 'Donde la libertad, la seguridad, y el órden no
sean una quimera.' _Nic._, _Manif._, 1867, 1-7.

[XXIII-3] _Nic._, _Decretos_, 1869-70, 3, 26. It will be
well to mention here that on the 4th of Jan. an attempt had
been made to poison the president with arsenic placed in
pine-apple preserve, of which he, together with his son and
two or three others, partook.

[XXIII-4] It was remarkable that Martinez, an old
conservative, should be acting in conjunction with and under
Jerez, the confirmed radical democrat.

[XXIII-5] The grounds alleged by the insurgents were:
1st. Violation by Guzman of the pledges given at his
inauguration. It was said that as he had detached himself
from the party which raised him to the presidential chair,
and on the other hand, had not shown any predilection for
the old conservatives, who had tried to surround him, the
true liberals had reposed faith in him, but he had not
realized their expectations. Jerez and his associates, on
their return from Costa Rica, had awaited an invitation to
effect a fusion of parties, in order that the people should
see the govt pursuing a liberal and generous policy. Jerez'
advances had been coldly, and even disdainfully, met. Hence
his letter to Guzman of June 26th, telling him that while he
had pretended sympathy for the liberal cause, its friends
had never seen any tangible proof of it. 'Muchas veces V.
ha manifestado simpatías por las causas liberales; pero no
las hemos visto eficaces.' Other charges were: usurpation of
powers, inefficiency, illegal expenditures of public moneys,
nepotism, encouragement to smugglers, etc. At a subsequent
date, after his arms had proved victorious, Guzman denied
that he had done any of the things imputed to him, proudly
asserting that no government had in these latter days
respected the rights of all citizens as his administration
had done, and he challenged one and all to bring forward
proofs that he had before the revolution broke out deprived
any citizen of his life, liberty, or property. Faults may
have been committed by the govt, but it was folly to deny
that republicanism had not become a reality under it. The
knowledge of this by the people confined the revolution
within narrow bounds, and gave victory to Guzman; and it was
by his generosity that the promoters of the rebellion escaped
the consequences of their ill-advised step.

[XXIII-6] 1. Special attention to primary instruction
supported by the gov.; 2. Freedom to teach; 3. Suppression
of monopolies, and establishment of a single tax; 4.
Protection to industry and trade; 5. Americanism, or unity
on the American continent, for the support and progress of
republican liberty; 6. Restoration of the Cent. Am. union, by
force of arms if necessary; 7. Encouragement of immigration
by liberal measures; 8. Liberal principles in religious
matters, as far as willingly accepted by the gen. convictions
of the people; 9. Abolition of the death penalty; 10. Trial
by jury; 11. Direct elections. This plan was signed by
M. Jerez, T. Martinez, Buenav. Selva, and Francisco Baca.
_Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon), July 1, 1869.

[XXIII-7] Holding it till Aug. 11th, when for ill health,
as was made to appear, he turned it over to Martinez. _Id._,
July 30, Aug. 4, 1869. The latter in joining the revolution
said that he had left his retirement 'para ponerme á cubierto
de las demasías y violencias de la administracion.' It
appears, however, that the govt of Guzman had tendered him
the position of minister plenipotentiary in London. _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, June 8, 1867.

[XXIII-8] Martial law established throughout the republic;
passports were required to leave the same, and to go from one
department to another; a forced loan of $100,000; and a board
created to procure resources for the army. _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
July 3, 1869. A number of citizens known or suspected to
favor the rebellion were arrested and their property seized.
Their friends accused the government of having confined
the prisoners 'en calabozos inmundos, oscuros, y malsanos,'
which is not unlikely. Others fled, among them being Gerónimo
Perez.

[XXIII-9] 'Proclamar con los revolucionarios la libertad de
cultos, la separacion de la Iglesia y el Estado, la enseñanza
libre.' _Nic._, _Inf. Min. Neg. Ecles._, 1870, 8.

[XXIII-10] Text of Min. Delgadillo's note in _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Aug. 14, 1869.

[XXIII-11] At any rate, no step was taken to check them,
nor effort made on behalf of peace. When the govern. won a
signal victory, and was on the point of attacking Leon, the
bishop went off to Rome, leaving his flock in tribulation.
At the end of the war the vicar acknowledged the guilt of the
parish priests, and by his edict of Nov. 6th suspended them.
But after a while he allowed them one third of the parochial
fees, and the privilege of exercising priestly functions. The
consequence was that they kept up their disorderly behavior,
as well as their hostility to the govt.

[XXIII-12] Once because the terms proposed by the insurgents
were declared by the government inadmissible; again a
convention was signed Sept. 25th at Masaya, which had
no effect because the authorities at Leon insisted on
amendments. _Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon), Aug. 4, 19, 28,
Sept. 4, 1869; _Id._, _Informe Min. Gobern._, Doc. no. iv.
5-6; _Id._, _Doc. Mediacion_, 1-32; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Aug.
28-Oct. 23, passim; Nov. 6, 1869.

[XXIII-13] They claimed a signal victory, for which their
commander, Seferino Gonzalez, wounded in the fight, was
promoted to gen. of division. _Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon),
July 30, Aug. 4, 1869; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 28, 1869.

[XXIII-14] According to Gen. Jerez' report of Aug. 31st,
the fight lasted from 3 o'clock till dark; Medina's defeat
was complete, losing 360 rifles and 4 pieces of artillery.
The victors also had several prominent officers killed and
wounded. _Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon), Aug. 31, 1869.

[XXIII-15] Sept. 12th. The former gen.-in-chief, J. D.
Estrada, an officer who distinguished himself in the campaign
against Walker, had died Aug. 12th. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept.
18, 1869.

[XXIII-16] _Nic._, _Informe Min. Gobern._, 1870, Doc. iv. 6,
14-15.

[XXIII-17] He also asked them to forsake the cause of those
men. The govt had on the 21st, decreed a full pardon to all
who should voluntarily surrender. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 23,
1869.

[XXIII-18] Convention of Oct. 24th, between Guzman and
Riotte, associated with Francisco Zamora, the representative
of the insurgent chiefs. 1. Full amnesty. 2. Gen. Sebastian
Gutierrez, one of the two officers asked for by the
revolutionists, was to be made military governor of the dept
of Leon. 3. A constituent congress to be convoked within six
months, or earlier, if possible. 4. The constituent congress
to resolve upon the recognition and payment of the debt
contracted by the revolution, the govt being willing to place
it on the same footing with that incurred by it since June
25th. 5. The insurgents were to surrender all public arms and
war material of every kind to the person appointed by Guzman
to receive them. Riotte was authorized to do so. 6. Perfect
freedom in the elections about to be made. 7. The government
to place at the head of the departments only peaceably
disposed men, to promote and maintain conciliation between
political parties. 8. The convention to be definitive from
the moment of its being signed, Riotte promising that the
delivery of arms by the insurgents should begin on the 26th.
This convention was ratified at Managua Oct. 25th by Acting
Pres. Chamorro, countersigned by Antonio Falla, sec. of govt
and war. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 8, March 19, 1870; _Nic._,
_Semanal Nic._, Jan. 2, 1873; _Nic._, _Informe Min. Gobern._,
1870, Doc. iv. In 1870 congress rejected the 3d clause and
approved the 4th. During these troubles the rights of foreign
residents were protected by Min. Riotte. _Id._, _Informe Min.
Rel._, 1870, 1-24. Credit is also due to the efforts of the
commissioners from the other Cent. Am. states to bring about
peace. The revolutionists began the surrender of arms on the
27th, placing at Riotte's command 20 pieces of artillery,
2,292 other fire-arms, etc.

[XXIII-19] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 30, Nov. 20, Dec. 4, 1869.

[XXIII-20] 'Por el tino, firmeza, y energía que supo
desplegar en la emergencia por que acaba de pasar Nicaragua.'
_Id._, Jan. 29, 1870; _Nic._, _Decretos Legisl._, 1869-70,
94.

[XXIII-21] In his inaugural speech, he promised to follow in
the footsteps of his predecessor, whose policy he extolled,
expressing his acknowledgments. His words were: 'Dejando
en práctica principios políticos, y mejoras materiales,
que antes de él apénas se habian ensayado.' _Id._, March
4, 11, 1871; _Id._, _Manif. Disc. Inaug._, no. ix.; _Id._,
_Mensaje_, March 1, 1871, 1-10.

[XXIII-22] Message and reply in _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 8,
1871.

[XXIII-23] The gov. encountered much difficulty to effect a
loan, except on ruinous terms. Meantime, the utmost economy
was observed; nearly all public works were at a stand-still.

[XXIII-24] Their supporters believed that their example would
be beneficial to the morals of the native clergy, which made
a writer remark: 'Debe hacerle mucha cosquilla á nuestros
clérigos, que casi todos son doblemente padres.' _El Porvenir
de Nic._, Dec. 3, 1871.

[XXIII-25] Its opponents abused Quadra for doing what the
condition of the country required. Easing the treasury,
reforming the administrative system, and restoring public
credit. For this they called him a retrogressionist, a
despot, and a fool; for being a respecter of the laws they
claimed he should be censured.

[XXIII-26] It was insinuated that the Pan. R. R. Co. might
be underhandedly promoting discord, to throw obstacles in
the way of an interoceanic canal being made in Nic. The
company had been also suspected of doing so in the late war
between Salv. and Hond., to prevent, or at least retard, the
construction of an interoceanic railway in the latter state.
Such reports probably had no foundation in fact.

[XXIII-27] In Subtiava, dept of Leon, there was a sedition
of Indians, accompanied with murders, and finally the
authorities had to resort to force. _Salgado_, _Mem._, 1-18;
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 12, 19, 1872. There were scandalous
proceedings in Rivas, Chinandega, Chichigalpa, island of
Ometepe, Matagalpa, and elsewhere. In some places the priests
headed the drunken rabble, armed with clubs and crying Viva
la religion! Mueran los herejes! To the native priests and
jesuits were imputed all the troubles. _El Porvenir de Nic._,
Oct. 20, 1872.

[XXIII-28] He spoke of certain exiles, 'individuos de órdenes
monásticas, cuyo establecimiento definitivo en el país no
permiten las leyes, pero que permanecen aún asilados.' _Id._,
Jan. 12, 1873; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 11, 1873; _Id._,
_Semanal Nic._, Jan. 2, 1873.

[XXIII-29] Several members visited him to congratulate him
on the second anniversary of his accession to the executive
office. _Nic._, _Renuncia_, 1-3; _Id._, _Gaceta_, March 8,
1873.

[XXIII-30] By a vote of 10 against 5 in the chamber of
deputies. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Feb. 16, 1873; _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Apr. 12, 1873.

[XXIII-31] Congress acknowledged that Nic. could not remain
a passive spectator of those events. _Nic._, _Mensaje_, 1-8;
_Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Aug. 28, 1873; _El Porvenir de Nic._,
Sept. 7, 1873; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 27, Oct. 4, 18, 1873.

[XXIII-32] The Costa Rican officer Ramon Tinoco was
implicated. The money—some $22,000—was brought by P.
Salamanca, apparently for the purchase of cattle, but really
for revolutionary purposes. Both Salamanca and Tinoco, when
their plan became known, escaped. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._,
Aug. 28, 1873.

[XXIII-33] The memorandum of B. Carazo, minister of Guatemala
and Salvador, had for its main objects the overthrow of the
existing govt of Costa R., and the expulsion of the jesuits
from Nicaraguan territory. After a discussion on the latter
point, Carazo no longer insisted on that action. _Nic._,
_Informe Min. Rel._, in _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 18, 1873. In
the last preceding chapter this subject was also mentioned.

[XXIII-34] _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, _Gob. Democ._, i. 198-200;
_U. S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 2, 112, 117,
123.

[XXIII-35] Máximo Jerez, though a champion of unity, opposed
the treaty on the ground that it violated that of friendship
with Costa Rica, wherein it was stipulated that neither party
should wage war against the other, nor enter into offensive
alliances without first having asked for explanations; which
formality he claimed had not yet been complied with. _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Oct. 18, Nov. 8, 1873. The treaty was approved
in the senate by nine votes against two, the two nays being
those of Jerez and Seferino Gonzalez. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._,
Oct. 9, 1873; _El Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 12, 1873.

[XXIII-36] The loyal people of Nic. at once manifested their
resolve to sustain the govt. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Nov. 20,
29, Dec. 4, 6, 11, 20, 1873; Jan. 3, 10, 1874.

[XXIII-37] Dec. 6th, to Gen. F. Espinosa, the Salvadoran
commander. _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Gobern_, 1875, 3-5; _Id._,
_Semanal Nic._, Nov. 6-20, 1873; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 15,
Dec. 20, 1873; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Dec. 16, 1873.

[XXIII-38] The troops were congratulated on their good
fortune in not being used as 'instrumentos inocentes de
venganzas y pasiones ajenas,' as so many before them had
been. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Jan. 31, 1874. The proprietor
and editor of this journal was A. H. Rivas, the min. of
foreign affairs.

[XXIII-39] There were a few local riots, and the government
was made the subject of violent abuse in flying sheets.
_Nic._, _Mem. Min. Gobern._, 1875, 7-12; _Id._, _Gaceta_,
Oct. 10, Nov. 21, 1874.

[XXIII-40] _Nic._, _Mensaje del Presid._, 1-11; _Id._,
_Contestacion_, 1-2; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Feb. 3, 1875.

[XXIII-41] No policy was laid down by him to be pursued
without deviation, except that in general terms he assured
congress and the people of his disposition to respect the
laws, maintain peace, and do his best for the happiness and
prosperity of his country. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr. 10,
11, 1875.

[XXIII-42] She placed a large force in Guanacaste, and Nic.
had to station another on the frontier under Gen. Joaquin
Zavala. A plot was discovered in March 1876, and about 20
prominent persons concerned in it were expelled, some going
to Costa R., and others to Hond. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._,
March 22, 26, 1876.

[XXIII-43] The govt had endeavored to maintain and
develop the harmony which Quadra had established with the
ecclesiastical authorities. The bishop and his clergy
efficaciously impressed on the masses respect for pub.
authority, love for their institutions, and a spirit of
independence. _Nic._, _Mensaje del Presid._, Jan. 24, 1877.

[XXIII-44] Nov. 15, 1876. Later on the govts of Guat. and
Salv. united their efforts to restore a friendly feeling
betw. Nic. and Costa R., and finally succeeded in their
purpose. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, June 7, 12, 1877. Relations
were reopened in June 1878.

[XXIII-45] A visitation of locusts did great havoc in the
corps; and a succession of gales from the 3d to the 5th of
October caused heavy damages in the city and department of
Managua, in Granada, Rivas, and other parts, including a
large portion of Mosquitia, ruining many valuable estates.

[XXIII-46] _Chamorro_, _Discurso en el acto de entrega_,
March 1, 1879.

[XXIII-47] He based his conclusion on this ground: 'La
trasmision legal y tranquila del Mando Supremo, que viene
repitiéndose desde tantos años en Nicaragua.' _Nic._,
_Discurso Inaug. del Presid. Zavala_, March 1, 1879; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, Sept. 28, Nov. 12, Dec. 12, 22, 1878; Jan.
22, March 13, 1879; _Voz de Méj._, May 6, 1879.

[XXIII-48] The following measures were passed: law of
civil registration; penal code; mode of procedure in
criminal cases; creation of justices of the peace, and
military courts of first resort, to take the place of the
governors of departments, where for greater economy it has
been deemed expedient to suppress these officers, as well
as the respective military garrisons; restoration of the
universities; and the appropriations for the current fiscal
biennial term. It also sanctioned the treaty concluded with
Guat. and Salv. in 1877, and the treaties and conventions
lately entered into with Hond.; namely, amity, commerce,
extradition, exportation of cattle, postal, and telegraphic.

[XXIII-49] Those on the railway decreed by the assembly
of 1876, and begun by the former administration, were
progressing. Two important contracts were made, one for
navigation on the lake by fair-sized steam vessels, and
another for the construction of a railroad from Chinandega
to Moábita or Leon Viejo, and thence to Granada. The section
between Corinto and Chinandega went into operation Jan. 1st.
Telegraphic lines were in working order. A contract had also
been concluded to lay a submarine cable to connect with the
Mexican telegraphs.

[XXIII-50] Excise tax on real estates, export duties, and
certain monopolies were abolished.

[XXIII-51] _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 5, 1881.

[XXIII-52] Among them were one for amending the constitution,
and for abolishing judicial fees, in order to have gratuitous
administration of justice. An act to seize private lands,
by paying for it, for facilitating the construction of
railroads, was passed. _Id._, Apr. 1, 1881.

[XXIII-53] It was proved beyond a doubt. _El Porvenir de
Nic._, May 28, 1881.

[XXIII-54] In exhorting the young to avail themselves of
the advantages the institute would afford them, he said that
christianity was the true basis of education, and added that
liberty of conscience and of speech was necessary for the
perfect education of free men.

[XXIII-55] Several prominent citizens, among whom were
Ex-president Chamorro, and Ex-minister Rivas, urged the govt
to let the jesuits remain; but their arguments could not
stand against Zavala's determination to rid his country of a
dangerous religious and political body. _Nic._, _Mem. Min.
Gobern._, 1883, 5-6, annexes A and B; _Costa R._, June 9,
1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 21, June 16-18, 1883; _S.
F. Bulletin_, July 6, 16, 1881.

[XXIII-56] He was a man about 55 years of age, of small
stature, gray-haired, and wearing spectacles. His sharp,
intelligent eyes showed the man of culture and shrewdness.

[XXIII-57] He organized his cabinet with the following
ministers: Teodoro Delgadillo, of justice and religion;
Francisco Castellon, of foreign affairs and pub. instruction;
Jose Chamorro, of pub. works; Joaquin Elizondo, of war and
marine. _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1884, 8; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Oct. 20, Dec. 1, 1882; March 20, Apr. 17, 1883.

[XXIII-58] Vicente Navas, Enrique Guzman, Gilberto Larios,
and Ladislao Argüello were appointed to represent Nic. at the
conference of delegates of the five republics.

[XXIII-59] Small-pox and dysentery broke out in several
districts, destroying many lives. The town of San Cárlos
was burned down; and the eruption of Ometepe volcano drove
the inhabitants of that island from their homes. The govt
afforded relief to the sufferers. Other places have been
lately injured by earthquakes. _Nic._, _Mensaje Pres.
Cárdenas_, Jan. 15, 1885; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 3, 4,
1885.

[XXIII-60] On the 13th and 14th of March they issued
manifestos to Central Americans in general, as well as
to their own people, inviting them to resist Barrios,
who, as they said, claiming to seek the reconstruction
of the old union, really was bent on conquest for his own
aggrandizement. _Costa R._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 13, 23,
29, Apr. 2, 1885; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, Sen Jour., 1884-5,
568-71; _S. F. Call_, March 13, 1885; _S. F. Chronicle_,
March 13, 1885.

[XXIII-61] _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, June 2, 1885.

[XXIII-62] They fled in disorder on the approach of govt
troops. Costa R. and Hond. had placed forces on the frontiers
to secure their neutrality. _Id._, Nov. 4, 8, 10, Dec. 4,
1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Dec. 29, 1885.

[XXIV-1] Urbina was made a brigadier a few months after he
became governor, and died Feb. 22, 1805, on which day the
teniente rey Mata took the govt. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Oct.
3, 1868.

[XXIV-2] Each province was ruled by a governor and comandante
de armas, and the partidos by alcaldes mayores, all being,
however, under the governor at the capital, in whose hands
were the superior civil government, the real patronato,
and the superintendency of the treasury. _Pan. Docs._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Docs._, MS., no. 36, 6; _Arosemena_, _Apunt.
Hist._, 3-4; _Id._, in _Pan. Bol. Ofic._, Feb. 25, 1868;
_Arosemena, Mariano_, _Apuntamientos Históricos con relacion
al Istmo de Panamá_, Pan., 1868, 8vo, 48 pp. The author, one
of the prominent citizens who took an active part in the
affairs related by him, and was one of the signers of the
independence, kept a diary of events occurring on the Isthmus
during many years, and in 1868, as he tells us, purposed
the publication of his memoranda from 1801 to 1840. I have
succeeded in obtaining a portion of his writings, and find
them important for the period embraced. Mariano Arosemena
died at Panamá on the 31st of May, 1868. He had several sons
and daughters, one of the former being the distinguished
Colombian statesman, Justo Arosemena, who has held high
diplomatic positions in Europe, the United States, and
South American republics, besides some of the most important
offices in his own country.

[XXIV-3] _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 5; _Bol. Of._ (1868), 32. For
the district of Panamá proper, there was, moreover, a high
justice, 'justicia mayor de cruces,' who on entering the city
had power to take cognizance of all affairs laid before the
alcaldes.

[XXIV-4] In addition to the regular troops of one company
of artillery and one battalion of infantry, distributed in
various places, there were militia forces comprising one
battalion of white and one of colored soldiers at Panamá, an
equal force at Natá, one battalion of whites in Veragua, and
seven companies infantry and artillery scattered in different
places. _Bol. Of._ (1868), 32.

[XXIV-5] Arosemena, _Apunt._, 10-11, gives several titles
of such books, of which as specimens may be mentioned _Las
Fábulas de Samaniego_, _El Año Cristiano_, _El Semanario
Santo_.

[XXIV-6] There was a college de propaganda fide of
Franciscans; convents of barefooted Augustinians, Dominicans,
and the order of Mercy; nunneries of la Concepcion and
San Juan de Dios; moreover a hospital, and a charitable
institution, dedicated to Santo Tomás de Villanueva, for poor
women. Hospitals belonging to the order of San Juan de Dios
existed likewise at Natá and Portobello. _Bol. Of._ (1868),
32.

[XXIV-7] The transportation into town was effected at night,
and generally in packages, similar in size and shape to those
used for carrying country products to market. _Arosemena_,
_Apunt._, 8.

[XXIV-8] Prompted by the Franciscans, public processions were
held, at which some persons wore crowns of thorns, others
carried heavy crosses on their shoulders, or ropes round
their necks, etc.

[XXIV-9] Full particulars on this point have been given in
connection with the histories of Mexico and Guatemala for
that period.

[XXIV-10] Distinctions of classes, resulting from differences
of color, were natural enough; but the rivalry was now
intense between natives of Spain, and Americans of pure
Spanish descent.

[XXIV-11] The permission was granted by the governor of
Panamá, and never revoked even though its political influence
became apparent, because of the increase of revenue resulting
from that trade. _Bol. Of._ (1868), 72.

[XXIV-12] A detailed account of the occurrences at Cartagena
is given in _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, ii. 165-8.

[XXIV-13] The governor of Panamá had hastened to send an
auxiliary force of several hundred men, but it arrived too
late. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 19.

[XXIV-14] 'Una expresion indiscreta que el español Don
José Llorente dijo á Don Francisco Morales ... por la que
despreciaba á los americanos.' _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, ii.
174.

[XXIV-15] In August the same junta obliged the viceroy to go
to Cartagena, and thence to Spain. _Id._, 191.

[XXIV-16] Indeed, the authority of the Spanish córtes was
formally recognized by the several provinces as late as
1811, and it was only afterward that thoughts of absolute
independence were expressed.

[XXIV-17] The Spanish party ridiculed the aspirations of the
patriots, because of certain dissensions already cropping out
among them. _Bol. Ofic._, 1868, 75.

[XXIV-18] 'Deben ser el primer objeto de la defensa y de la
tierna solicitud del congreso ... redimiendo las segundas de
las cadenas que hoy las oprimen.' _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 22;
_Bol. Ofic._, 1868, 75.

[XXIV-19] He assumed the government at Portobello, Feb. 19th,
and somewhat later transferred himself to Panamá. _Restrepo_,
_Hist. Col._, viii. 28, followed by Perez, _Jeog._, 109.

[XXIV-20] A letter from the vice-president of the junta
gubernativa at Cartagena to Commandant Ríbon at Mompós let
out the object of the mission. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 24.

[XXIV-21] Gov. Mata had died in 1812, soon after his
promotion to mariscal de campo. He was succeeded by Brigadier
Victor Salcedo, who ruled only a few days.

[XXIV-22] The cause was dissatisfaction of the regency at
Cádiz because he had remained in Panamá instead of selecting
some other place from which he might have reached Bogotá.

[XXIV-23] 'Arrancó el ayuntamiento de Panamá con insidiosos
manejos del gobierno de Cádiz el decreto de que fuese el R.
Obispo removido de su silla.' _Torrente_, _Hist. Rev._, ii.
69. The name of the bishop was Joaquin Gonzalez, who died
in July 1813. His successor was José Higinio Duran y Martel,
mentioned as bishop for the first time in 1814, who was one
of the signers of the independence—_Bol. Of._ (1868), 88—and
still in office in 1821. See also _Pan. Col. Doc._, no. 125,
MS.

[XXIV-24] Other distinctions, among which an addition to
the coat of arms, were also resolved in the same session.
_Córtes_, _Actas Ord._ (1814), ii. 206.

[XXIV-25] His decree of May 4, 1814, was carried out on the
Isthmus in August of the same year. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, no. 36, MS., 8-19.

[XXIV-26] Bustamante, _Cuad. Hist._, iv. 161-3, gives the
number as 10,473, which agrees with the figures given by
Restrepo, _Hist. Col._, vi. 49; but this authority refers
only to the troops.

[XXIV-27] This was the principal object; 'asegurar este istmo
en sujecion perpetua á la España, fuera cual fuese el éxito
final de la guerra de la independencia de las colonias de S.
M. C. en el Nuevo Mundo;' which is confirmed by the words of
the royal order of May 9, 1815, speaking of the expedition as
made in view of 'la importancia de poner en el respetable pié
de defensa que conviene, al Istmo de Panamá, llave de ambas
Américas.' _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 29-30.

[XXIV-28] The vessel carrying Hore and part of his force
was captured near Cartagena by two small ships belonging
to the revolutionists. _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, vi. 95-6;
_Torrente_, _Hist. Rev._, ii. 178-9.

[XXIV-29] It had been held ad interim by Juan Domingo
Iturralde, _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 30-1, who was the governor
of Veragua and adjoining districts. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, no. 36, MS., 8.

[XXIV-30] Arosemena, _Apunt._, 31, speaks of his 'detestacion
de los principios de gobierno representativo,' and says on
page 42 that he was the man employed by Fernando VII. to
dissolve in 1814 the Spanish córtes.

[XXIV-31] The king had decreed the reëstablishment of the
order in Spanish America, but it was not carried out on the
Isthmus, there being no members of the society here, nor any
one willing to join it. 'Andábamos ya algo despreocupados,'
says an authority. The society was already looked on as an
agent of despotism and perpetual state of vassalage. _Bol.
Ofic._, 1868, 112.

[XXIV-32] 'Prometiéndoles ganancias enormes, pero propias de
las circunstancias.' _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, vii. 168.

[XXIV-33] While the assailants had all their attention
centred on Portobello, a Spanish vessel, with $70,000 on
board, passed the port unperceived. _Weatherhead's Darien_,
29.

[XXIV-34] MacGregor had probably never read the adventures of
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.

[XXIV-35] Weatherhead, _Darien_, 43, says that Spanish
officers in disguise fearlessly walked the streets, and
entered the fort to drink with the men. They had passports
issued by the former alcalde, who had returned after the
occupation of the city, and in whom MacGregor foolishly
placed confidence.

[XXIV-36] Such is Weatherhead's version. _Darien_, 57-62.
Hore denied having agreed to the capitulation, adding that
he regarded the men as bandits; and had demanded their
surrender at discretion. Restrepo, giving no credence to
Hore's assertion, declares his proceeding 'accion vil, digna
de los jefes españoles de América.' Arosemena says: 'Bajo
capitulacion, ó sin ella, pues esto no es del todo conocido,
se sindieron.' _Apunt._, 38-9. Santa Cruz, who was made
governor of Portobello, shortly after Hore went to Panamá
captured two vessels which had on board about 100 men brought
from England to reinforce MacGregor; but it is unknown what
became of the prisoners. _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, vii.
173-4, 176.

[XXIV-37] 'Terminó por la ineptitud del gefe esta espedicion
que hizo mucho ruido,' observes Restrepo, _Hist. Col._,
vii. 175. Weatherhead, _Darien_, 63-7, though admitting the
general's incompetency, tries to apologize for his behavior.

[XXIV-38] This was pursuant to general orders from the king.
The same treatment was to be awarded to persons captured
under similar circumstances, 'sin dar cuenta, ni consultar
á esta superioridad hasta despues de haberlo verificado.'
_Doc._, in _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, x. 190.

[XXIV-39] Weatherhead, _Darien_, 96, speaks of 14, while
Restrepo, _Hist. Col._, vii. 177-8, mentions only 10.

[XXIV-40] Restrepo says that only 40 had survived, while
Weatherhead gives the figures as in the text. I have in
most cases preferred to follow the latter authority in his
_An Account of the Late Expedition against the Isthmus of
Darien_, London, 1821, pp. 134, map, by W. D. Weatherhead,
as the work was written under the fresh impression of the
events described, and by one whose position and participation
in the expedition as a surgeon enabled him to obtain the
most reliable information. This is furnished, together with
such other historical data as the author, by means of slight
investigation, could procure in addition to the narrative of
the expedition and descriptions of different places on the
Isthmus. Appended is professional information on diseases,
climates, and state of medical science in the province of
Tierra Firme.

[XXIV-41] The constitution of the Spanish monarchy was
published on the Isthmus about May 1821. Its publication in
Alange took place in that month. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, MS., no. 36, fol. 26.

[XXIV-42] Alcaldes—Luis Laso de la Vega, and Mariano
Arosemena. Regidores—Manuel de Arce Delgado, Juan Manuel
Berguido, Pedro Jimenez, Cárlos Icaza, Juan José Calvo,
Remigio Laso, José Pablo Jimenez, and Tadeo Perez.
Secretary—Manuel Maria Ayala. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 41-2.

[XXIV-43] He died July 8, 1820. Arosemena, _Apunt._, 42,
places the death in Aug. Another trouble was his inability to
pay the soldiers, who clamored for their dues. _Weatherhead's
Darien_, 116-17.

[XXIV-44] The application of municipal revenue to local
purposes; and that the police be composed of citizens under
the control of the cabildo; the military patrols should be
discontinued.

[XXIV-45] Many families abandoned the city to escape his
persecutions.

[XXIV-46] His influence was to be seen, nevertheless, in the
low tone of the press, and in the discontinuance of political
meetings.

[XXIV-47] Their names are given in _Bol. Of._ (1869), 31.

[XXIV-48] _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, viii. 28; _Arosemena_,
_Apunt._, 47.

[XXIV-49] Perez, _Jeog._, 110, calls him Murjea.

[XXIV-50] His arrival at Chagres is set down by Arosemena,
_Apunt._, 47-8, on the 2d of Aug., 1821; others place him
in Panamá on the 17th. _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, viii. 29;
_Perez_, _Jeog._, 110.

[XXIV-51] Porras had been transferred to Yucatan, and his
successor, Brigadier Tomás Cires, had been detained at Puerto
Cabello. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 48. Fábrega was the governor
of Veragua and adjoining districts. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, MS., no. 36, 25.

[XXIV-52] The church lent him some money, and he obtained
$20,000 more from the sale of armament to Peru. _Bol. Ofic._,
1869, 31.

[XXIV-53] Mourgeon had the idea of taking with him some
persons whom he suspected of disloyalty, but desisted.
_Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 48.

[XXIV-54] 'No declararon el gobierno que se daban, ni cosa
alguna sobre los negocios de la transformacion política:
novicios, se contentaron con llamarse independientes.' _Bol._
_Ofic._, 1869, 31.

[XXIV-55] The commissioners were José María Chiari and Juan
de la Cruz Perez.

[XXIV-56] Mollien, _Colombie_, ii. 140-1, asserts that the
officers were induced to desert, partly by threats, and
partly by paying them two months' arrears due them by the
government.

[XXIV-57] Blas, Mariano, and Gaspar Arosemena, and José María
Barrientos.

[XXIV-58] The deserters became so many recruits for an
independent army.

[XXIV-59] 'Panamá, espontáneamente, y conforme al voto
general de los pueblos de su comprension, se declara libre
é independiente del Gobierno español.' Bol. _Ofic._, 1869,
32. The anniversary of the independence has been ever since
celebrated with due honors on the 28th of November.

[XXIV-60] Some had favored absolute independence, and others
union with Peru.

[XXIV-61] The military were left free to stay or leave the
Isthmus. In the latter event they would be furnished means to
go to Cuba, provided they pledged themselves not to use arms
against the independent states of America. Similar provisions
were made for soldiers and officers detained by sickness.
Another document speaks only of defraying the expenses to
Chagres or Portobello, the transfer to be made as soon as the
forts there surrendered. _Pan. Doc._

[XXIV-62] In the _Bol. Of._ (1869), 32, the names of 25
are given, whereas a printed copy of the act in _Pan. Doc._
gives four more. Other copies of the text will be found in
the _Gac._, _Imp. Mex._ (1821), ii. 110-12; _Gac._, _Guad._
(1822), 315-16; _Am. St. Pap._, iv. 832-5; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Nov. 28, 1883.

[XXIV-63] Niles, _S. Am. and Mex._, ii. 118, gives the day
as Dec. 15th, a date also vaguely indicated by Scheffer in
_Revue Amér._, i. 183.

[XXIV-64] The motion had been made by the inhabitants of
Natá, and was adopted by the citizens assembled at Santiago
under the presidency of Casimiro del Bal, the political
chief ad interim. The oath of independence included also
the condition to uphold the Roman catholic religion, and to
defend the purity of the virgin Mary. The full text is given
in _Veraguas_, _Acta de Independencia_, in _Pan. Col. Doc._,
no. 54, a certified manuscript copy of the original record in
the archives of Santiago.

[XXIV-65] 'Otros pensaron que viniera otra espedicion
española sin que tuviéramos previo conocimiento de ella.'
_Bol. Ofic._, 1869, 32.

[XXIV-66] 'Con esta clase de pasaporte zarparon del puerto,
diciendo, sin embargo, que no podian llevar á efecto el
convenio.... Pero mas tarde se entregaron, al fin, al
Gobierno republicano del Perú.' _Bol. Ofic._, 1869, 32.
From that time, it is believed no Spanish war vessel visited
the Isthmus till August 1863, when, though Spain had not as
yet recognized Colombia's independence, a squadron of that
nation entered Panamá Bay. The visit was altogether friendly.
_Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 71.

[XXIV-67] Copies of the various constitutions framed from
1811 to 1821 will be found in _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, i.
135-42; viii. 5-19, 221-44; ix. 5-31; x. 37-54. A French
translation of the last of Aug. 30, 1821, appears in
_Colombia Const._, in _Ancillon_, _Mélanges Pol._, 9-120, and
commented on in _Revue Amér._, i. 186-215.

[XXIV-68] _Veraguas_, _Decretos del Libertador Bolívar,
Presidente de Colombia_, 1827-8, in _Pan. Col. Docs._, MS.,
no. 64.

[XXIV-69] _Pan. Comand. gen. del istmo_, in _Pan. Col. Doc._,
MS., no. 30, p. 3-8, 11. The Spanish córtes, not knowing
what had occurred on the Isthmus, authorized the government,
Apr. 30, 1822, to create an intendencia in Panamá. _Córtes_,
_Diario, _, 1822, v. Apr. 30, 2.

[XXIV-70] _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, v. 581-2; _Méx._, _Col.
Órd. y Dec._, ii. 38-9.

[XXIV-71] _Seemann's Voy._, i. 301. In Veragua orders were
issued, July 23, 1822, to register in future as free all
colored children born of slave mothers. In 1847 there were
only about 380 slaves in the province of Panamá. The national
government in April of that year prohibited the importation
and exportation of slaves. In the latter part of 1849 there
were left in the province of Chiriquí only 32 slaves, and
measures were proposed for their manumission. _Gov. Herrera's
mess._, Sept. 15, 1847, in _Bogotá_, _Gaceta Ofic._, Feb. 6,
1848; _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., nos. 81, 82; _Chiriquí_, _Mem.
de su prim. gobr_, in _Id._, no. 85, p. 10-11.

[XXIV-72] Soon after there were no slaves in the country.
_Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 32-3; _Pan._, _Crón. Ofic._, Jan.
22, March 29, Aug. 29, 1852; _S. F. Daily Herald_, Feb.
9, 1852. It was currently reported, and indeed with good
foundation, that a plot was carried out by certain parties
from Cartagena, in or about 1862, who ran off a number of
colored men and women of Panamá to Cuba, where they were sold
into slavery. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Nov. 27, 1862.

[XXV-1] It was supposed that France, now under an absolute
king, by the prompting of the alliance, had conceived a vast
plan for the conquest of the Spanish American countries,
which till within a few years had been under the catholic
king's domination. Many eminent men in Europe and the U. S.
approved the idea of the American congress, and bestowed
high encomiums on its author. Abbé de Pradt championed it
in his work, _Congrés de Panamá_, saying: 'The congress of
Panamá will be one of the greatest events of our times, and
its effects will be felt to the remotest posterity.' _Pradt_,
_Cong. de Pan._ (Sp. Transl.), 171.

[XXV-2] The plenipotentiaries of the U. S. were R. G.
Anderson, then minister to Bogotá, and J. Sergeant. Anderson
died at Cartagena while on his journey to the Isthmus.
Sergeant arrived too late, but afterward proceeded to Mexico
for the purpose of carrying out his instructions. Full
particulars on the course of the U. S. government will be
found in _Niles' Reg._, xxviii. 131-2; xxix. index 'Panamá'
and 'Congress,' subhead 'Pan.;' xxx. index, p. iv., p. vii.,
54-172, passim, 248; xxxi. index 'Pan.,' 263, 318, 400, 16,
38, 44-7, 65, 129, 312-16; xxxii. 214, 282, 308; xxxvi. index
'Pan.', p. iii., 23-80, passim; _Benton's Thirty Years_, i.
65-9; _Am. St. Pap._, For. Rel., v. 834-40, 899-905, 916-20;
vi. (new set) 356-65, 383-4, 555; _U. S. Cong. Debates_,
1825-6, i. index, p. ii. iii. viii. x.; ii., app. p. 43-105;
_Id._, 1828-9, Index, p. i.; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, Cong. 19,
Sess. 1, H. Doc., 740; _Id._, H. Ex. Doc. 144, viii.; _Id._,
Cong. 19, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Doc. 23, ii. St. Pap.; _Id._,
Cong. 19, Sess. 2, Sen. Doc., i. p. 9, vol. i.; _Id._, Cong.
19, Sess. 1, Sen. Jour., 411-70; _Id._, Cong. 19, Sess. 1,
Rept Commit., ii. Doc. 137, app. nos. 36-41; _Pan. Miss.
Speeches_; _Johnson's Speech on Pan. Miss._; _Hayne's Speech
on Pan. Miss._, _Mayer's Mex. as it was, etc._, 368; _Rev.
Amér._, 111-25, 542-8; _Dem. Rev._, i. 489; _Young's Am.
Statesman_, 352-61; _Lafond_, _Voy._, i. bk. i. 289-90; _N.
Am. Rev._, xxi. 162-76; _Am. Annual Reg._, 1825-6, 79-126;
_Pub. Doc._ 49, 103.

[XXV-3] Dawkins, the British commissioner, according to
Restrepo, _Hist. Revol. Colombia_, acted with commendable
frankness. He limited himself to imparting good advice,
assuring the Sp. Am. plenipotentiaries that his government
would assuredly mediate with Spain; meantime they should
avoid all cause of offence to European powers. Col Van Veer,
the gentleman from Holland, held no public capacity; his
mission was a private one, confined to the expression of his
sovereign's warm wishes for the happiness of the American
republics. _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 186-90.

[XXV-4] Their representatives were: for Colombia, Pedro
Gual and Pedro Briceño Mendez; for Central America, Pedro
Molina and Antonio Larrazábal; for Peru, Manuel de Vidaurre
and Manuel Perez de Tudela; and for Mexico, José Mariano
Michelena and José Dominguez. _Santangelo_, _Cong. Pan._,
1-166.