Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (12)

[XIII-82] Under this law the president was to be chosen for
four years by a general assembly composed of the house of
representatives, the archbishop, justices of the supreme
court, and the members of the council of state. He might be
reëlected. Before being placed in possession of the executive
office, he was to be sworn by the archbishop who presided,
for the occasion, over the house of representatives. The
executive was clothed with almost absolute powers, being
authorized, among other things, to issue, in accord with the
council of state, decrees having the force of law, to raise
loans, declare war, make peace, ratify treaties, etc. In the
event of his death or permanent disability, the executive
duties devolved temporarily on the ministers in their order
of seniority; and in default of them, on the members of the
council; until the house of representatives, to be forthwith
summoned, could meet and make a choice in general assembly.
During temporary absences of the president, the government
devolved on the council of ministers. The council of state
was formed of the cabinet ministers, eight members chosen by
the congress, and such others as the executive might appoint.
They held office for four years and might be reëlected. The
following functionaries might also be called by the executive
to take part in the deliberations and vote, namely: the
archbishops, bishops sojourning in the capital, regente of
the supreme court, president of the ecclesiastical chapter,
rector of the university, prior of the consulado, president
of the sociedad económica, and comandante general. The house
of representatives consisted of 55 deputies elected for four
years. The cabinet ministers had seats in the house, which
was to open its session Nov. 25th, and close it Jan. 31st.
The administration of justice was intrusted to a supreme
and lower courts. The former consisted of a regente, six
justices, and one fiscal or attorney-general, all chosen by
the congress for four years, one half being renewed every two
years, but all might be reëlected. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._,
i. 79-87; _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 181-2; _El Siglo_, June
18, 1852; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 483.

[XIII-83] Those of the judiciary, consulado, university, and
sociedad económica. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 140-50.

[XIII-84] _Salv._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 31, 1851.

[XIII-85] This was the result of public meetings held in
the departments by the garrisons, officials, and parish
priests, at which it was made to appear that it was the will
of the people that Carrera should be president for life,
with the privilege of selecting his successor, and that
other amendments should be made to the acta constitutiva,
as permitted by its 15th art. It is understood that at
the meeting of officials in the capital there was but one
dissentient vote to the proposition. He had in a manifesto of
June 22d expressed a weak objection to the proposed change,
but it was evidently a preconcerted plan of the aristocrats
and the military element. _Guat._, _Gaceta_, May 12 to Sept.
15, 1854, passim; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 87-90; _Costa
R._, _Gaceta_, July 1-29, 1854; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, July
27, 1854; March 17, 1855; _Carrera_, _Manifiesto_, in _Cent.
Am. Pamph._, v. no. 21; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 514. Carrera
before this received honors from foreign governments; he was
a knight grand cross of the papal order of St Gregory the
Great; the same of the Mexican order of Guadalupe; and knight
commander of the Belgian order of Leopold. _Guat._, _Recop.
Ley._, i. 90.

[XIII-86] This amendment conferred still larger powers on the
president, and made the term of the representatives, and of
the councillors chosen by them, seven years instead of four.

[XIII-87] As he had no knowledge of the science of
government, the direct management of public affairs was left
to those supposed to possess it. Carrera did not govern;
he merely represented the unity of government. 'Sin embargo
que su voluntad prevalecia en todo.' _Astaburuaga_, _Cent.
Am._, 82. The reform in regard to the presidential tenure was
personal, and exclusively in favor of Carrera. Thus at his
death the constitutional provision was restored, the minister
of relations, Pedro de Aycinena, assuming the reins, and at
once summoning the legislative body, which was de facto and
de jure a return to constitutional order. _Pineda de Mont_,
_Nota_, in _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 87.

[XIII-88] The govt decreed that their portraits should be
placed in the hall of the council of state. Pavon's widow,
Victoria Zebadúa, got a pension of $900 a year. _Guat._,
_Recop. Ley._, ii. 638-9; iii. 351.

[XIII-89] The government, whose temporary chief was Pedro
de Aycinena, as senior cabinet minister, decreed April 4th
that the funeral should take place on the 17th at 9 A. M.,
the remains to be interred in the cathedral church. _Guat._,
_Recop. Ley._, iii. 351-2; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 29, May
6-20, 1865.

[XIII-90] It has been asserted that even his ministers
trembled for their lives when Carrera was in his cups. Though
they knew he would commit outrages, they often induced him
to visit the departments, in order to have a little peace
themselves.

[XIV-1] They conclude offering to the assembly the 'swords
which aided to triumph in Guat. and Los Altos over the tyrant
Morazan.'

[XIV-2] Cañas, considering himself the only lawful executive,
though set aside by the military on Sept. 20th, also made his
resignation.

[XIV-3] The decree greatly displeased the people, and had no
effect. But it revealed the plot of the aristocrats of Guat.
They appointed commissioners to the diet of Cent. Am., who
were to pretend that they favored a reformed union; but their
real aim was an absolute separation. _Marure_, _Efem._, 54.

[XIV-4] Its support was sworn to on the 11th of April.

[XIV-5] In a proclamation he stated that the expelled
senators and deputies were working to restore the order of
affairs existing at the time of Morazan's departure. His
suspicions were partially confirmed on Morazan appearing at
La Union about the middle of Feb. 1842. _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iv. 63-4; _Marure_, _Efem._, 54-5; _Astaburuaga_,
_Cent. Am._, 74-5.

[XIV-6] They promised to confine their action to only such
objects as were of absolute necessity, namely, to rid the
government of surrounding obstacles, make amendments or
additions to the constitution, and pass such laws as would
conduce to its development. After doing this they purposed
to close their ordinary session, and await the election of
the constitutional chief of the state. It would then be the
proper time to deliberate upon calling a constituent assembly
to review the constitution.

[XIV-7] Cañas had been chosen on the 1st of Feb., but
afterward resigned it. His health was poor, and he died at
the hacienda del Jocó on the 24th of Feb., 1844. The assembly
honored his memory in a special decree. _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Feb. 14, 1875; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 509.

[XIV-8] It was this govt that rejected Morazan's proposals
when he appeared at La Union. While appreciating his
patriotic purposes, it could not disregard its obligations
toward the other states. Hence, together with Malespin, it
set the other govts in motion against Morazan, whom Malespin
called 'el enemigo comun.'

[XIV-9] Even private correspondence was forbidden.
Postmasters had orders to deliver to governors of departments
all letters received at their offices from Costa Rica.

[XIV-10] His ideas were commended as 'justas, sanas,
salvadoras.' _Guat._, _Gac._, Oct. 18, 1842.

[XIV-11] Even Malespin had favored the act of the govt;
for though uncultured, he was a Salvadoran; and now that
Morazan was dead, he began to listen to the advice of his
more enlightened fellow-citizens, and to understand the
Machiavelism of Aycinena, Pavon, and their ally Chatfield.

[XIV-12] J. J. Aycinena repeatedly said that the revolt
could not be quelled, and it were better to accede to the
wishes of the volcaneños. This will explain the object of
a doc. dated Oct. 18, 1843, and published at Comayagua at
the govt printing-office under the signature of Manuel José
Arce. The ex-president had taken advantage of an amnesty
decree to return to Central America. He was now very old,
but still ambitious of power. In that manifesto, addressed
to the states of Cent. Am., he endeavors to demonstrate the
necessity of their again uniting under one govt. He spoke
of Guzman and Malespin trying to hold power for life; of
intrigues to make the latter president, even if some of his
opponents had to be shot; of abuses he had been subjected
to; the war those men were planning, with the aid of Nic.,
against Guat. and Hond., on the false charge that Carrera
intended to annex Salv. to Guat. He accused Malespin of
atrocities, and yet praises Carrera, who placed Malespin in
Salv. The full text of the manif. is in _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iv. 222-5.

[XIV-13] The min. of state, Agustin Morales, reminded him
that freedom of the press was a palladium of liberty in
England, adding his surprise that her consul should want
such a precious boon to disappear from Salvador. Chatfield
threatened to refer the subject to his govt, and was told to
do so, not failing to accompany the answers he had received.

[XIV-14] The circulation of _El Amigo del Pueblo_ in Guat.
was forbidden; but many numbers got out, and were read by
artisans, students, officials. Chatfield often found it on
his desk without knowing how it came there.

[XIV-15] Several Salvadorans were murdered, and it was proved
that the murderers had come from Jutiapa. The govt of Guat.
pretended to have had no agency in these acts.

[XIV-16] In later years he was bishop of Panamá, but much
toned down.

[XIV-17] _El Amigo del Pueblo_ invited him to discuss public
questions, but not from the pulpit, where he could not be
answered. Vazquez did not heed it, and went on with his
wrathful sermons.

[XIV-18] In his letter of Dec. 5th, he uses these words:
'Jorge de Viteri no será obispo de farsa, ni permanecerá
jamás en un suelo, en que la potestad humana coarte las
amplias facultades que le conceden, y de que le hacen
responsable los sagrados cánones.' The correspondence, and
his secretary's address to the people, are given in _Id._,
351-4, 373.

[XIV-19] The president blamed him for leaving the capital
at a time of disturbance. He, on his part, demanded the
government's return to S. Salv. to attend to the bishop's
complaints. He accused the president, in a manifesto, of
attempting to disturb the public peace.

[XIV-20] The ecclesiastical fueros were restored; the govt
was authorized to allow monasteries established, and the
bishop to demand the aid of the secular arm to enforce his
orders in ecclesiastical affairs. This last act was, however,
issued, as it appears, with much reluctance, judging from the
number of restrictive clauses in it.

[XIV-21] Guzman had waged war against Malespin, not for his
own aggrandizement, but to do away with arbitrary rule, and
to restore the authority of the constitution. This being
accomplished, he resolved to return to private life.

[XIV-22] A physician by profession, and a modest, honorable
citizen, actuated by the purest motives; an excellent family
man and friend; but unfortunately, as events showed, he was
weak when firmness and resolution were demanded to uphold his
position. Aguilar, in his later years, after losing his wife,
was ordained as a priest.

[XIV-23] Eustaquio Cuéllar, J. M. San Martin, J. M. Zelaya,
the clergyman, Isidro Menendez, and Indalecio Cordero.

[XIV-24] He hinted that he had power to annex the state
to the archdiocese of Guat. The text of his letter is in
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, v. 54-5.

[XIV-25] The officer Anjelino, sent to reënforce the guard
of the jail, was waylaid, and nearly murdered, and in that
condition taken to the bishop's house, where the bishop
abused him by word of mouth, and turned him over to the
rabble, by whom he was stabbed, beaten, and kicked. He was,
however, rescued by the priest M. Serrano, and taken back
into the bishop's house. These facts were testified to by
Anjelino, in the criminal prosecution of Viteri.

[XIV-26] _Nic._, _Registro Ofic._, 330; _Dunlop's Cent. Am._,
249-50; _Iris_, _Esp._, Oct. 3, 1846.

[XIV-27] It is given in full in _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._,
v. 70-4.

[XIV-28] The decree was dated July 27, 1846, and referred to
articles 210-13, 304-9.

[XIV-29] The Salvadoran govt published a decree against
seditious persons from Hond. _Nic._, _Registro Ofic._, 272-3.
The authorities of Hond. solemnly promised that Viteri should
not be allowed to reside near the Salv. frontier; but the
promise went for nothing; Viteri and Malespin being aided
from that state. They found material assistance in Nacaome,
Tegucigalpa, Sensenti, and Guarita. Guardiola's note of Aug.
31, 1846, to the min.-gen. of Salv., in _Id._, v. 87, 254-7.

[XIV-30] His decree of Feb. 23, and pastoral of June 10,
1845.

[XIV-31] His execution left a bad impression in the public
mind. Ignacio Malespin had been a friend of Morazan, served
with him in 1840, and was one of the heroes of the capture
of Guatemala as well as of the subsequent escape. He was
gentle, kind, and sociable, and but for Viteri's influence
never would have joined the revolution. He ought to have
been spared. The women of San Salvador, both old and young,
pleaded for a commutation of his sentence, but the govt was
relentless.

[XIV-32] The head was for some time exposed in an iron cage,
to the disgust of the community. It was finally delivered to
the family for interment.

[XIV-33] He obtained 13,222 votes out of a total of 19,215.
Being governor of San Vicente, where he was exceedingly
popular, he could not, under the constitution, be a candidate
in that department.

[XIV-34] Vasconcelos had been a friend of Morazan, and
prominent in Guat. at the time the liberal party was divided
into ministerialists and oppositionists.

[XIV-35] Chatfield's pressure against Hond. and Nic. inspired
them with hopes. Vasconcelos was a partisan of Central
American unification for various reasons, not the least of
which was that of checking the preposterous claims of the
Brit. agent. This explains the origin of future questions
between Chatfield and Pavon on one side, and Vasconcelos on
the other. In 1849, the latter was made to appear before the
other states as an innate foe of Guat., whose debasement
and destruction he strove for. The govt of Salv. gave
explanations on its course denying the charges. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, v. 801-8.

[XIV-36] Even Lindo of Hond., a militant in the reactionary
ranks of Guat., though acknowledging the republic, did
so with the proviso that Hond. left intact and in force
Guatemala's engagements and duties toward other states as
regarded the reëstablishment of a gen. govt. Guardiola's note
of Aug. 10, 1847, to min. of relations of Guat., in _Id._,
260.

[XIV-37] He favored the restoration of the state of Los
Altos, in order to divide the power of Guat., and counted
on the coöperation of Guatemalan liberals; but the spirit
of provincialism was strong with them, and a large portion
opposed him.

[XIV-38] It was bitterly censured by the leading liberals of
Salv., Nic., and Hond., and not a few of those of Guat., such
as Pineda de Mont and Rivera Caberas.

[XIV-39] Gomez was a Salvadoran, educated abroad, and well
versed in political economy and literature.

[XIV-40] He committed an error in supposing that Zaldaña
would care more for him and his party than for Archbishop
García Pelaez, who was influenced by Canon Larrazábal, the
mouthpiece of Guatemalan aristocracy.

[XIV-41] The following is a brief synopsis of the
constitution: No ecclesiastic or military man in active
service could hold any civil office. Congress consisted
of the house of representatives, chosen annually, and the
senate, elected one half every second year; it met on the
1st of Jan. of each year, and its sessions were limited to
40 days. The president must not be under 32 years of age nor
over 60; must have been a resident of the state for the five
years preceding the election, and own property within the
state worth at least $8,000. He had to receive an absolute
majority of votes; otherwise congress should choose one of
the two candidates having the largest number of votes. Term
of office two years, without the privilege of two terms in
succession.

[XIV-42] Félix Quiróz was chosen his substitute. _Nic._,
_Cor. Ist._, Feb. 16, March 7, 1850; _Costa R._, _Gaceta
Gob._, March 2, 1850. Art. 44 of the constitution,
prohibiting reëlections, was revived by an act of Feb. 25,
1851. _Cent. Am. Pamph._, iv. no. 20.

[XIV-43] The minister of foreign affairs, in his annual
report to the Salvador assembly, Jan. 29, 1850, speaking
of Chatfield's course, says: 'Desatenciones, violencias,
bloqueos; he aquí las relaciones y conducta que ha observado
el Sr. cónsul inglés.' _Salv._, _Mem. Rev._, 1850, 5.

[XIV-44] The British had also seized, with Tiger Island
belonging to Hond., several isles of Salvador in the gulf
of Fonseca. _Salv._, _Gaceta_, May 17, 1850; _Nic._, _Cor.
Ist._, Dec. 1, 1849; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 30, 1849; _U. S.
Govt Doc._, 31st cong. 2d sess., Sen. Doc., 26-99.

[XIV-45] Immediate fulfilment of the convention of Nov. 12,
1849; and a formal contradiction in a note to him of all
accusations in official organs of the Salvador government
against Great Britain and her officials.

[XIV-46] It offered to submit the questions at issue to
the arbitration of the U. S. or any of their agents, or to
accept some other device that might promise an impartial
decision. The note making the offer, dated Aug. 17th, was
sent to Chatfield by special courier, but he refused to
receive it because it had not been transmitted through the
hands of Idígoras, the Brit. consular agent at San Salvador.
_Nic._, _Cor. Ist._, Sept. 5, 26, Nov. 7, 21, 1850; _Salv._,
_Gaceta_, Aug. 23, Sept. 6, 1850; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 16,
1850; _Cent. Am. Pamph._, vi. no. 7; _El Progreso_, Sept. 5,
1850.

[XIV-47] _Salv._, _Mem. Relaciones_, 1851. The blockade
was removed at the friendly mediation of the American and
Prussian consuls and others. _Nic._; _Cor. Ist._, March 20,
1851.

[XIV-48] Besides arrangements with sister states, the
republic maintained treaties of friendship, commerce, and
navigation with Belgium, the U. S., France, Great Britain,
Spain, Germany, and nearly all the nations of America.
A concordat on ecclesiastical affairs was concluded with
the pope in 1862. _Squier's Cent. Am._, 313; _Cent. Am._,
_Miscel. Doc._, 48; _Costa R._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 7,
1855; _El Rol_, Oct. 27, 1854; Feb. 9, 1855; _Nic._, _Cor.
Ist._, March 21, 1850; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 17, 1836;
_Salv._, _Gaceta_, March 8, Apr. 12, 1850; Aug. 5, 12,
Nov. 25, 1853; _Id._, _Diario Ofic._, Feb. 24, 1875; _Id._,
_Concordato_, 1-20; _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guat._, 319-37;
_Annals Brit. Legis._, 1866, 334; _Mex._, _Mem. Rel._, 1878,
7, 11, 45-54, 119; _U. S. Govt Doc._, 43d cong. 1st sess., H.
Ex. Doc. 1, pt 1, 112, pt 2, 796, 821; _Id._, 48th cong. 1st
sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1, pt 1, 236-7.

[XIV-49] Congress was installed Feb. 18th, and one of the
first acts of the house of deputies was to pass an act of
impeachment against Vasconcelos, and the senate constituted
itself as a court to try him upon the charge of violation
of the constitution. On the 22d of February, pleading not
guilty, he demanded a trial. The result was against him.
_Salv._, _Sen. y Cám. de Dip ... á sus comit._, in _Cent. Am.
Pamph._, vi. no. 9; _Vasconcelos al Sen._, in _Id._, no. 13.

[XIV-50] During Vasconcelos' absence the office had been in
charge of Senator Francisco Dueñas.

[XIV-51] Thus we see that Dueñas, whose wont it was while
he was working for popularity to use energetic language on
behalf of liberalism, now that he has reached the goal of his
ambition, changes his tune and calls for the assistance of
Carrera against Honduras. _Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, June 10,
1853.

[XIV-52] Public education was duly attended to, new codes
and ordinances implanted to render more regular the national
administration.

[XIV-53] This was the seventh time the capital was destroyed;
the previous ones being in 1575, 1593, 1625, 1656, 1798, and
1839; none of these, however, were to be compared in violence
with the one of 1854. It had been supposed at first that at
least one fourth of the population had been buried under the
ruins, but it was subsequently ascertained that the number
of killed did not exceed one hundred, and of wounded fifty;
among the latter were the bishop, Dueñas, and a daughter
of Pres. San Martin. The wells and fountains were filled up
or made dry. The cathedral and other churches were greatly
damaged; the college of the Asuncion and the university
building were ruined. Only a few dwelling-houses remained
standing, and all were rendered uninhabitable. Money was
raised by subscription for the benefit of the destitute, the
government of Guat. sending a donation of $5,000. _Pineda de
Mont_, _Nota_, in _Guat. Recop. Ley._, iii. 349-50; _Squier's
Cent. Am._, 304-7, 350; _Salv._, _Gaceta_, May 26, 1854;
_Id._, _Diario Ofic._, Jan. 26, 1875; _El Rol_, Dec. 1,
1854; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 28, May 19, 1854; _Costa R._,
_Gaceta_, June 10, July 29, 1854; _Packet Intelligencer_,
June 17, 1854. The city and about 20 surrounding towns
were destroyed March 19, 1873; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Apr.
8, 1873; _El Porvenir_, Apr. 6, May 11, 25, 1873; _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Apr. 5, 1873.

[XIV-54] Campo on the 10th of May, 1857, warmly congratulated
his fellow-citizens on the end of the campaign in Nic. when
the news came of Walker's surrender. _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._,
May 28, 1857.

[XIV-55] _Am. Cyclop._, xiv. 611; _La Nacion_, Apr. 14,
1857. The Salvador flag is required to be 4 varas in length,
with horizontal stripes, five blue and four white, the
uppermost and lowermost being blue; and a red union with 14
white stars, covering a space up and down equivalent to that
occupied by the four upper stripes, and to the extent of 1⅝
varas. The flag-staff is 20 varas high, exhibiting the same
arrangement of colors as the flag.

[XIV-56] On the 10th Barrios and a committee of officers
had demanded of Campo that the troops should be ordered to
Cojutepeque to receive thanks for their services, adding that
a dissolution of the force implied distrust of the general.
Campo disregarded this, and also a number of propositions
from Barrios, reiterating his order for the disbandment.

[XIV-57] Astaburuaga, _Cent. Am._, 75-6, assures us it was
so, highly commending Dueñas. The president was supported by
public opinion, and many of the officers that had taken part
in the pronunciamiento afterward tendered him their services.
_Guat._, _Boletin de Noticias_, June 18, 1857.

[XIV-58] 'No hizo otra cosa que rendir la espada ante la
autoridad de Campo.' _Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Rev. Nic._, 2d pt,
214.

[XIV-59] One half of the deputies were to be renewed every
two years. The assembly was to meet biennially. _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, Feb. 21, 1875.

[XIV-60] Convention concluded Aug. 9, 1859, between Guat. and
Hond. to recognize the constitutional authority established
in Salvador, and to repress any attempt to disturb it. Hond.
declared herself disposed to keep the peace with Salv., and
Guat. guaranteed reciprocity on the part of the latter. This
convention was ratified by Carrera, Sept. 20, 1859, and by
Barrios and his minister M. Irungaray, Sept. 30th, the same
year. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 439-43.

[XIV-61] In his inaugural address, Feb. 1, 1860, he promised
a conservative policy: 'Órden, progreso, libertad bien
entendida.... La paz y el órden en el interior, la amistad
con los estados vecinos.' _Barrios_, _Discurso_, 6-7. But,
as it will be shown, his policy both in the interior and in
regard to the other states of Cent. Am. met with disastrous
results from the animosity it engendered. He had had himself
made a captain-general, and was accused by his enemies of
inordinate vanity, insincerity, fondness for unrestricted
power, and lukewarm patriotism; and finally came to be looked
upon as a disturber of the peace for his own aggrandizement.
He accepted, without leave of the assembly, a decoration
tendered him by the king of Sardinia. _Nic._, _Cap. Gen.
Barrios_, 3-14; _Arriola_, _Rep. del Salv._, 2.

[XIV-62] May 13, 1862. _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, July 19,
1862.

[XIV-63] Barrios was said to entertain the plan of
partitioning Hond., which was not effected because of
Carrera's disapproval; but the murder of Guardiola had
afforded him an opportunity to harness Hond. to his car.
He was likewise accused of scheming with the aid of Máximo
Jerez to control Nic. _Barrios_, El por qué de la caida,
3-4; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, March 23, May 23, June 6, 1863.
Barrios claimed that he was striving to secure the rights of
Salvador, supporting at the same time the patriotic aims of
the Nicaraguan liberals to establish a government in their
country.

[XIV-64] The Capuchin friars had also been expelled.

[XIV-65] The course of the Salvadoran govt was not to the
pope's liking. _Arriola_, _Rep. del Salv._, 2. However,
the bishop, at papal suggestion, offered to return to his
diocese, and was told there had never been any objection to
his exercise of episcopal functions. _Barrios_, _Procl. á los
Pueblos_, 1-8.

[XIV-66] A treaty of alliance was concluded with him by
Samayoa and Dueñas, both Salvador refugees, acting for Guat.

[XIV-67] Notes of E. O. Crosby, U. S. minister, Feb. 2, 1863,
and Geo. B. Mathew, Brit, minister, Feb. 8, 1863, to Pedro
de Aycinena, minister of foreign affairs of Guat. _Barrios'
Manifesto_, 44-52.

[XIV-68] 'Il ne vit dans cette dernière lutte qu'un duel
d'homme à homme.' _Belly_, _Le Nicaragua_, i. 118-19.

[XIV-69] This was on the 24th of Feb., 1863. _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Apr. 8, 1876; _Belly_, _A Trav. l'Am. Cent._, 119-20.
_Barrios_, in his _Manifiesto_, 32, asserts that his own
force was 4,000 men, and Carrera's 6,500.

[XIV-70] The army was in three divisions, two of which were
under generals Zavala and Cruz.

[XIV-71] _Nic._, _Discurso ... prim. aniv._, 3. The
Salvadoran contingent in the action was 1,117 men under
General Eusebio Bracamonte; but Jerez had the chief command
of the allied force. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 18, May 9, 16,
20, 23, June 6, Sept. 12, 1863; _Nic._, _Boletin del Pueb._,
July 11, 1863.

[XIV-72] June 16, 1863. _Nic._, _Boletin del Pueb._, July 4,
1863.

[XIV-73] Sonsonate declared against Barrios June 29th,
Cojutepeque July 27th, Zacatecoluca Aug. 14th.; _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Aug. 22, Sept. 19, 1863; _Id._, _Boletin del
Pueb._, July 23, 1863. For map of Hond. and Salv., see
_Squier's Cent. Am._

[XIV-74] It has been said that Tallien de Cabarrus, the
French chargé, endeavored, after Carrera's defeat at
Coatepeque, to persuade a number of French officers who were
with Barrios to leave him, which they refused to do.

[XIV-75] Carrera's official report of July 4, 1863, in
_Nic._, _Boletin del Pueb._, July 17, 23, 1863; _Id._,
_Gaceta_, Aug. 22, 1863.

[XIV-76] He established his headquarters in Coatepeque.
Zavala marched on and occupied Santa Tecla, about 12 miles
from San Salvador; Col Iraeta was stationed at Chalatenango;
and Col Parker in Ilobasco. _Salv._, _Pronunc._, 1; _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Oct. 8, 1863. Dueñas in a proclamation at Santa
Ana, July 18th, promised that Carrera and his army, after
fulfilling their mission, would return to Guat. leaving the
Salvadorans to reorganize a friendly government, in lieu of
the turbulent one of Barrios, with the assistance of Bishop
Zaldaña. Barrios accused Dueñas, at Panamá Dec. 8, 1863, of
having offered Carrera $100,000 for his assistance to get
him into the presidential chair; to pay which a forced loan
was decreed. He added that at one time Carrera had made war
against the govt of Hond. for $30,000 that Guardiola offered
him. _Barrios_, _El Presid. legít._, 3-4.

[XIV-77] Sept. 18, 1863, Zavala, commander of the besieging
army, and Dueñas demanded a surrender, and submission to the
provincial govt. Dueñas claimed to be recognized as president
by Guat., Nic., and Hond. _Nic._, _Boletin del Pueb._, Oct.
3, 1863; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 17, 1863.

[XIV-78] Carrera not long after had M. Irungaray, minister
of state, Yarzun, treasurer, Gen. Perez and his brother, and
colonels Abelar and Luna shot, for the sole offence of having
served in Barrios' administration.

[XIV-79] Carrera, Oct. 30th, called it a 'vergonzosa fuga.'
_Carrera_, _Procl._, 1. Barrios was subsequently in 1865
allowed by Costa R. to reside in her territory against the
remonstrances of the other Cent. Am. states. These suspended
relations with her. Previous to this time he had resided in
N. York, where he made many friends. Nic. reopened, through
the mediation of the U. S. of Colombia, on the 31st of May,
1865, relations with Costa R., Barrios having departed.
_Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 458-9; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, June 17,
1865; _Id._, _Col. Dec._, 1865, 8-9, 52-3.

[XIV-80] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 6, 14, 1863. The outrages
committed by Carrera and his men are said to have been almost
beyond description. One of his acts was to cause Morazan's
grave to be broke open, and his ashes to be scattered to
the winds. He insulted, plundered, and persecuted citizens,
and carried off the Salvadoran artillery and trophies. He
took with him to Guat. the prisoners of rank, and confined
them many months in the castle of San Felipe situated on the
deadly northern coast.

[XIV-81] Cabañas had gone off to Pan. in the steamer
_Guatemala_. Particulars of the rebellion, and measures
against its authors, in _Nic._, _Gaceta_, May 6, June 10,
July 1, 1865.

[XIV-82] The vessel was sailing without the papers required
by law, as was certified by the U. S. consul in Corinto.
_Nic._, _Col. Acuerd. y Dec._, 61-2; _Id._, _Boletin del
Pueb._, July 4, 1863.

[XIV-83] The Salv. minister solemnly accepted this condition,
and the Nicaraguan govt then delivered Barrios on board the
brig _Experimento_. _Nic._, _Convenio 14 de Julio_, 1-18;
_Nic._, _Docs. Rel. á la recl._, 1-19; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, July
29, 1865.

[XV-1] He had been the sole candidate, obtaining 3,400 votes,
which did not constitute a majority. Ferrera was of obscure
parentage, and of inferior ability. He was educated by a
reactionary priest named Garin, who, wishing him to become
a musician of the parish church at Cantarranas, sent him to
Tegucigalpa to take lessons on the violin; but the boy made
no progress in that direction, and finally was made sacristan
of Cantarranas, which position he held a long time, till the
revolutionary movements drew him into military life, and he
began upholding liberal principles. He figured afterward as
vice-jefe, hating his chief, Joaquin Rivera, because he was
a democrat. Now we see the sacristan of Cantarranas made
president of the state. Francisco Güell, Francisco Zelaya,
and Santiago Bueso were recognized as his substitutes in the
order named. It was also decreed by the chamber that in the
event of a vacancy, absolute or temporary, if the substitutes
should be unable to assume the executive duties, the latter
should devolve on the ministers of state. _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iv. 191-203. _Wells' Hond._, 494; _Squier's Trav._,
ii. 449.

[XV-2] We are assured there were 44 te deum masses on that
day.

[XV-3] He was credited with having, by his energy, wisdom,
and disinterested patriotism, saved the state from civil war
and anarchy.

[XV-4] The govt justly attributed the movement to Ex-jefe
Rivera, Orellana, Álvarez, Castro, and others, believing the
centre of it to be in Leon. It demanded satisfaction from
Nic., but obtained none.

[XV-5] The whole was published in _El Descubridor_, official
journal of Hond. Every one of Rivera's letters counselled
discipline, moderation, and honorable dealing, so as to save
the cause from obloquy.

[XV-6] Decree of Dec. 13, 1844.

[XV-7] I mentioned elsewhere the defeat this year at Nacaome
of a Nicaraguan force by the garrison under Commandant
Morales. The credit of this victory was given to Ferrera, who
happened to be in the place at the time, by the ministers in
charge of the executive office awarding him a gold medal with
the inscription, 'A la heroicidad del General Ferrera en la
batalla de Nacaome.' The supreme court had compared him with
Alexander, Octavius, Augustus, and Napoleon. The soldiers
of Hond. made him a Miltiades, Temistocles, and Demosthenes.
And finally, the official journal pronounced him superior to
Julius Cæsar. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 576-9.

[XV-8] Guardiola was a rough and cruel soldier.

[XV-9] His substitutes were Francisco Güell, Leonardo Romero,
and Manuel Emigdio Vazquez.

[XV-10] Rivera, Landa, and Martinez were shot together.

[XV-11] Decrees of Feb. 4 and March 19, 1846.

[XV-12] This proceeding was communicated to the governor
of Chiapa for the information of his government. The
proclamations were published in Mexico, and probably
elsewhere; but I am not aware that the American government
took any action upon them. _Id._, 236-7; _Sun of Anáhuac_,
Sept. 14, 1847; _El Arco Iris_, Sept. 22, Oct. 4, 17, 1847;
_El Razonador_, Oct. 30, 1847; _El Sonorense_, Nov. 12, 1847.

[XV-13] It provided for only one chamber, and he wanted
another for the aristocracy. It recognized freedom of
conscience and religion, which to his mind was heresy.

[XV-14] It contained 114 articles; recognized the people
as the source of power and sovereignty. All persons born
in the states of Cent. Am. and residing in Hond. were given
the privileges of full citizenship. Foreigners might become
naturalized. The right of suffrage was given to citizens
over 21 years of age who could read and write. The state
recognized no other religion than the Roman catholic,
excluding the public exercise of all others. The government,
declared to be popular and representative, was vested in
three powers, namely, legislative, executive, and judicial.
The executive was placed in charge of a president for
four years, and not eligible for two consecutive terms. He
appointed his ministers, who had a seat in the legislature.
There was a council of state provided, its members being
one senator chosen by the gen. assembly, one justice of the
supreme court, the minister of the interior, the treasurer,
and two citizens elected by the gen. assembly. The assembly
was formed of one chamber with 14 deputies, being two for
each department, and the senate with 7 members. The judiciary
consisted of the supreme and lower courts. The supreme
court was divided into two sections, of three justices
each, one to sit in Comayagua, and the other in Tegucigalpa.
Each department had a jefe político at its head. _Hond._,
_Constit. de 1848_, 1-21; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 258-65.

[XV-15] The next term would begin on the 1st of Feb., 1852.

[XV-16] _Nic._, _Cor. Ist._, Aug. 1, 1849; _La Union_ (S.
Salv.), June 15, 1849.

[XV-17] The following were the terms agreed upon: a general
amnesty; the confederate diet was to meet at Nacaome,
protected by 200 Salvadorans and as many Nicaraguans at the
expense of Hond.; and the state assembly also to redress
certain alleged grievances; and Jáuregui's conduct in Costa
R. to be investigated. All of which was done. _Cent. Am._,
_Miscel. Doc._, nos. 29-33, 36-43, 50-5; _Salv._, _Gaceta_,
March 15, Apr. 4, 18, May 10, 1850; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_,
March 2, 1850; _Nic._, _Cor. Ist._, Apr. 4, May 2, 16,
1850; _Guardiola_, _Carta Ofic._, March 30, 1850; _Squier's
Travels_, ii. 182. The chambers on the 29th of June declared
Lindo a benemérito de la patria, conferring on him the rank
of general of division for life, from the expiration of his
presidential term. _Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Aug. 31, 1850.

[XV-18] The Spaniards knew but little of this region,
believing it unhealthy, and had hardly made any attempts
themselves to cut wood there. Cancelada, _Tel. Mexicano_,
104-11, computed at nearly twenty-two million dollars the
loss sustained by Spain to 1812, including in that sum the
original cost, and the resulting profits which had accrued,
mostly to the English.

[XV-19] They were likewise forbidden to cultivate sugar,
coffee, or cacao, or to engage in manufactures; and they were
not to supply arms or ammunition to the Indians dwelling on
the frontiers of the Spanish possessions. _España e Ingl.
Covenio_, July 14, 1786, in _Cent. Am. Pamph._, no. 4, 1-7.

[XV-20] Certain acts of that body in 1817 and 1819, in
consequence of measures adopted to punish crimes committed
in Belize, declared that the crimes could not be punished
under British laws, because that territory was not a portion
of the United Kingdom. _Peniche_, _Hist. Rel. Esp. y Mex. con
Ingl._, in _Ancona_, _Hist. Yuc._, iv. 223.

[XV-21] The treaty of 1826, with the annexed treaties and
conventions of Spain with England and other nations having
any bearing on the subject may be found in _Mex._, _Derecho
Intern._, i. 437-524.

[XV-22] Villiers, Brit. min. in Madrid, asked the Sp. govt
in 1835, and again in 1836, to cede to England any right of
sovereignty she might have over Brit. Honduras. The request
was not granted, but it implied that England in 1836 did
not consider herself to possess the full sovereignty over
Belize. Villarta, Mexican min. of foreign affairs, refers
to Villiers' efforts in a note of March 23, 1878, to the
Brit. govt. The latter, however, in 1836, claimed a larger
extent of territory, including the whole coast as far south
as the River Sarstoon, and as far inland as the meridian of
Garbutt's Falls on the Belize River.

[XV-23] Details in _Bustamante_, _Hist. Iturbide_, 161;
_Squier's Travels_, ii. 412-14; _Id._, _Cent. Am._, 582-4,
627-8; _Arrangoiz_, _Méj._, ii. 306; _Méx. Soc. Geog._,
_Boletin_, 2d ep., iv. 698-710; _Annals Brit. Legis._, ii.
84; _Suarez_, _Informe_, 32-6; _U. S. Govt Doc._, For. Aff.
(Mess, and Doc., pt 1, 65-6, pt iii. 360-1), Cong. 39, Sess.
1.; _Id._, _Foreign Rel._, i. 656-61, Cong. 43, Sess. 1.;
_Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Nov. 21, 1878; _La Voz de Méj._,
Jan. 31, 1865; Sept. 19, Nov. 1, 1882.

[XV-24] The settlement, as it was called, for it had not even
the name of a colony, was ruled by a code of laws established
in 1779 by Sir W. Burnaby. Justice was administered by
a board of seven magistrates chosen annually. The chief
authority was the superintendent, a position always held by
a military officer, combining the duties both of first civil
magistrate and commander of the forces. _Henderson's Brit.
Hond._, 75-9.

[XV-25] He entitled himself then her Majesty's superintendent
and commander-in-chief in and over her possessions in Hond.

[XV-26] M'Donald then appointed an executive council. He also
assumed control of the finances. Not satisfied with the right
of veto, he legislated in his own person by proclamation,
assuming the right of punishing any one acting against
his authority or obstructing his mandates. The inhabitants
protested against his usurpation of powers, and appealed
to the British government and parliament, obtaining some
trifling relaxation. They also petitioned that the government
should openly assume the sovereignty, so that they might
possess their lands without reservation in respect to Spain
or Mexico. Their petitions did not receive any direct reply.
However, the govt in 1845, sent out a chief justice, a
queen's advocate, and other judicial appendages. _Crowe's
Gospel_, 205-6.

[XV-27] The coat of arms of Belize is read as follows: Chief
dexter-argent—the union jack, proper. Chief sinister, on
the proper—the chief divided from the body of the shield by
a chevron-shaped partition from the fess of the dexter and
sinister base. Points—the intermediate space azure—a ship
with set sails on the sea, passant proper. Crest, mahogany
tree. Motto, 'Sub umbra floreo.' Supporters, negroes; that to
the left, with a paddle; the other to the right, with an axe
over his shoulder. _Stout's Nic._, 258.

[XV-28] One of the superintendents—supposed to be Col
Fancourt—had relations with the ferocious Cecilio Chí, which
was officially communicated by Mexico to the Brit. chargé,
Doyle, March 12, 1849. _Ancona_, _Hist. Yuc._, iv. 234;
_Yuc._, _Expos. Gob. Créditos_, 98-102.

[XV-29] The population about 1804 was set down at not more
than 200 white persons, 500 free colored, and 3,000 negro
slaves. The white pop. gradually decreased. In 1827-8, the
pop. was between 5,000 and 6,000; in 1838, 8,000; in 1850,
15,000; in 1863, 25,000. _Squier's Cent. Am._, 587-8; _Dunn's
Guat._, 13-14; _Osborne's Guide_, 234; _Valois_, _Mexique_,
150; _Pim's Gate of the Pac._, 20. The town of Belize,
at the mouth of the river of the same name, generally has
6,000 inhabitants. The dwellings of the wealthy class are
large and comfortable. Besides the govt houses, court-house,
barracks, and jail, there are several churches, episcopal,
methodist, baptist, and presbyterian, and some large and
costly fire-proof warehouses. The town has experienced two
destructive conflagrations, one in 1854 and another in 1863.
_Packet Intelligencer_, June 17, 1854; _Guat._, _Gaceta_,
Sept. 7, 22, 1854; _La Voz de Méj._, May 9, 1863.

[XV-30] It was effected without disturbance, and attended
with the happiest results. _Crowe's Gospel_, 205.

[XV-31] Much smuggling was carried on to and from it.

[XV-32] _Annals Brit. Legis._, iii. 368; v. 263; vii. 228;
x. 386-7; 391-2; xii. 139-40; xiv. 304; _U. S. Comm. Rel._,
1863-77, passim. _The Encyclop. Brittan._, xii. 136-7.

[XV-33] He concluded to proceed to Jamaica for further
instructions. _El Revisor_, Jan. 5, Feb. 16, 1850; _Hond._,
_Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 19, 1849.

[XV-34] Chatfield, the Brit. chargé, was present at the
act. _Id._, Nov. 30, 1849; _Stout's Nic._, 278; _Salv._,
_Gaceta_, Feb. 15, 1850. The object of the seizure was to
secure Honduras' proportion of the indebtedness of Cent. Am.
to Brit. creditors.

[XV-35] Under a convention in three articles concluded at
Leon Sept. 28, 1849. The cession was for 18 months, and had
been made known the same date to all diplomatic agents in
Cent. Am. _Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 19, 1849; _Nic._,
_Cor. Ist._, Nov. 16, 1849. The corresp. of the govt of Hond.
with the Brit. chargé appears in _Cent. Am. Correspond., Isla
de Tigre_, 1-8; _Cent. Am._, _Miscel. Doc._, nos. 21, 25,
28; _U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 31, Sess. 2, Sen. Doc. 43, 1-26;
_Id._, Cong. 31, Sess. 1, H. Jour., 1739, 1801.

[XV-36] _Nic._, _Cor. Ist._, Jan. 16 and suppl., Feb. 16,
1850.

[XV-37] 1st. Great Brit. recognized the independ. of Hond.
as a sovereign republic, pledging her good offices to avert
any attempts against that independ. Hond. at this time was a
member of a confederacy with Salvador and Nicaragua, and was
made to bind herself not to dispose of any portion of her
territory before she had definitely settled Brit. claims.
2d. Hond. was to accredit within six months a commissioner
in Guat. to conclude a treaty of friendship, commerce,
and navigation with G. Brit. 3d. Hond. recognized the
indebtedness of $111,061. 4th. She bound herself to pay that
sum in yearly instalments of $15,000 at Belize. The other
articles were of less importance. _Salv._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 5,
1850; _Hond._, _Ligeras Observ._, 1-10.

[XV-38] Jáuregui, March 24, 1850, in a pamphlet issued
at Leon, defended his conduct, alleging that he had ample
powers. _Justific._, in _Cent. Am. Pamph._, i. no. 7.

[XV-39] Independent of £1,425 paid for her proportion of
Cent. Am. indebtedness to Finlay, Hodgson, & Co. of London.
_Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Jan. 30, 1853.

[XV-40] The British seized Roatan June 3, 1830, driving
away the small Central American garrison. Similar attempts
have been made since 1743 by British subjects, though
unsuccessfully. The seizure of 1830 lasted only a short time,
having been disallowed by the British government. _Crowe's
Gospel_, 212; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iii. 424-7; iv.
71-5.

[XV-41] 'Whose territorial right is indisputable,' he
alleged. He based his action on the treaty of April 19,
1850, between the U. S. and Great Britain, under which
neither power was to have colonies or settlements in Central
America. The U. S. took part in defence of Honduras' rights
and overthrew the British pretensions. _Squier's Cent. Am._,
621-6, 740-8; _Democratic Rev._, xxx. 544-52.

[XV-42] Under a decree of the superintendent of Belize. The
comandante of Trujillo, by order of his government, protested
against the occupation Sept. 13, 1852. _Hond._, _Gaceta
Ofic._, Dec. 15, 1852; _El Siglo_, Jan. 1, 1853.

[XV-43] Art. 1. Great Britain recognized the islands to
belong to Hond. The latter pledged herself not to cede them
to any other nation. Art. 2. The former power recognized as
part of Hond. the country till then occupied or possessed by
the Mosquito Indians within the frontier of the republic,
whatever that frontier might be. _La Union de Nic._, March
9, 1861; _Pim's Gate of the Pac._, 412-15. Further details in
connection with the Bay Islands question may be seen in _Bay
Islands, Queen's Warrant, etc._; _La Nacion_, Nov. 9, Dec.
26, 1856; _Brit. Quart. Rev._, xcix. 270-80; _Caicedo_, _Lat.
Am._, 76-80.

[XV-44] The grounds alleged for this violent action were:
1st, That the Brit. vice-consul's residence had been broken
into by Hond. troops, and robbed; 2d, That Omoa was sacked
by these troops, and goods to the value of $100,000 had been
stolen from British subjects; 3d, That some British subjects
had been drafted into the army, and an Englishwoman unjustly
imprisoned. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 25, 1873; _El Porvenir de
Nic._, Sept. 21, 1873; _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, July 27, 1874.

[XV-45] Streber, who commanded the troops accused of these
abuses, defends the rights of Honduras in the controversy, in
_Exposic. Doc. Suc. Omoa_, 30-44, 66-103.

[XV-46] She had to settle, in 1850, claims of French
citizens, and in 1851 of Prussian subjects. _Hond._, _Gaceta
Ofic._, Aug. 31, 1850; Jan. 15, 1852; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_,
Nov. 16, 1850.

[XV-47] Nic. had claimed on the N. E. the river Patuca to its
mouth, Hond. claimed the Coco to its mouth. The commissioners
agreed upon a compromise line between those rivers, namely,
the summit of the Dilpito cordillera, from the point where it
becomes detached from the main body, which divides the waters
running to both oceans; and from the point where it and the
line continues eastwardly to the waters of the Atlantic in
lat. 15° 10' N., and long. 83° 15' W. of Greenwich. _Nic._,
_Mem. Rel._, 1871, 5-7.

[XV-48] About this time he was on the Nic. frontier mediating
for peace between the belligerents of that state. His
efforts proving successful, he was warmly congratulated by
his friends on his return. _Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Nov. 26,
1851; _El Siglo_, Dec. 13, 1851; _Cent. Am. Pamph._, vii. no.
2.

[XV-49] _Cabañas_, _El Presid ... á sus Conciud._, 1-6. The
office had been provisionally in charge of Senator Francisco
Gomez. _El Siglo_, Feb. 21, March 19, 1852.

[XV-50] Cabañas was of diminutive stature, but of erect
mien. He was aged about 50 at this time. His face was pale
and mild; his gestures were in keeping with the intelligent
play of his features; his manners gentle, almost womanly,
but beneath this placid exterior was a stern, indomitable
spirit. After many years of prominence as a leader, during
an anarchical period, even his enemies never accused him of
selfishness or rancor. _Squier's Trav._, ii. 177; _Wells'
Hond._, 184. Cabañas was a brave soldier, but could not be
called a successful general. Perez, a political opponent,
speaking of him as the chief of the coquimbo party, says:
'Mal general, excelente soldado, nunca vencedor, siempre
con prestigio, y uno de los mas fogosos promotores de la
nacionalidad centro Americana.' _Mem. Hist. Rev. Nic._, 16.
The assembly, May 21, 1851, had conferred on him the title of
'soldado ilustre de la patria.' His death occurred Jan. 8,
1871. _El Siglo_, June 12, 1851; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 19,
1851; Jan. 29, 1871.

[XV-51] Astaburuaga attributes this war to Cabañas' attempts
to promote an insurrection in Guat. against his old enemy
Carrera. _Cent. Am._, 70-1.

[XV-52] The Guatemalans took the fort and city of Omoa,
and carried away all the useful artillery, against the
stipulations agreed upon at the surrender. _Wells' Hond._,
507-8; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 16, 23, 1853.

[XV-53] This Lopez commanded at Omoa when the place was given
up in 1853 to the Guat. Col Zavala, since which he had been
suspected of treachery. _Wells' Hond._, 515; _Costa R._,
_Gaceta_, Jan. 15, 1854; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, Dec. 30,
1854; _Hond._, _Gaceta Ofic._, May 10, 1854, to Feb. 10,
1855, passim; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 3, Dec. 22, 1854.

[XV-54] He had received no aid from Salv., owing to Carrera
having falsely reported his intention to sell territory to a
foreign power.

[XV-55] The executive office went, Oct. 14, 1855, into the
hands of Vice-president S. Bueso, who pleading ill health
left it in charge of Senator Francisco Aguilar. _Guat._,
_Gaceta_, Nov. 9, 1855, Feb. 16, 1856.

[XV-56] _Perez_, _Mem. Hist. Campaña Nac._, 13.

[XV-57] Guardiola was a dark-colored, stout-built, and
rather corpulent zambo, a man of fiendish instincts, but
popular with his soldiers, whom he indulged in every way.
He possessed all the vices and was guilty of about all the
crimes known to man. When in his cups he would order men to
be shot by way of pastime. At the mention of his approach to
a town, the inhabitants would flee to the woods. He was the
tiger of Cent. Am. _Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 237; _Wells' Hond._,
517; _Wappäus_, _Mex. und Cent. Am._, 306-7. William V.
Wells, _Explorations and Adventures in Honduras_, New York,
8vo, 588 pp., with maps and illustrations, went to Honduras
with the object of obtaining from her government leave to
work gold placers, and of opening commercial relations. He
visited several places, both in Nicaragua and Honduras,
which he describes quite accurately, together with the
manners and customs of their inhabitants. His information
on mines and mining is valuable. There are in the work three
chapters devoted to history from 1821 to 1857, the groundwork
of which is mostly from other authors, and one chapter is
filled with data on commerce, revenue, debt, etc., and still
another treats of coins and currency, weights and measures,
and productions, with illustrations. The style is good, the
work readable and instructive. Portions are evidently taken
from Squier, and the illustrations are mostly identical
with those of Squier's _States of Central America_. The same
author gave to the press in New York, a 12mo, with 316 pp.,
map and portrait, under the title of _Walker's Expedition
to Nicaragua_. This work, as the title implies, is almost
entirely devoted to Walker's career in this country, which is
justified as well as praised. Here and there he mentions some
historical facts on British pretensions in Mosquito, a short
résumé on Nicaragua, the Nicaragua transit route, and a short
review on colonization, commerce, and mining, compiled from
several sources. There is no system or arrangement, having
been, as the author alleges, 'written, published, and put in
circulation in twenty days,' a feat few authors would go out
of their way to boast of. But taken all in all, the book is
well worth perusing.

[XV-58] Decree of Jan. 5, 1861. _La Union de Nic._, Feb. 2,
March 9, May 25, 1861.

[XV-59] Chiefly in Nacaome and Choluteca.

[XV-60] _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, Jan. 25, March 22, 1862.
This deed was said by the enemies of Pres. Barrios of Salv.
to have been instigated by him. _Id._, _Boletin Pueb._,
July 11, 1863. There was no ground for the charge. The
government of Guat. proposed to other states to recognize
no administration of Honduras until the criminals, who had
been arrested, should suffer punishment. _Costa R._, _Informe
Rel._, 1862, 24.

[XV-61] Nic. despatched P. Zeledon as mediator, but the
motives of his gov. were bitterly denounced by the press of
Comayagua.

[XV-62] Feb. 4, 1862. _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 22,
1862.

[XV-63] Castellanos declined going to the capital, and Medina
went to his residence and formally surrendered the executive
authority to him.

[XV-64] This was the result of the defeat of the troops of
Salv. and Hond. by the forces of Guat. and Nic. on the plain
of Santa Rosa.

[XV-65] This decree is signed by Medina as 'presidente de la
república de Honduras,' July 20, and rescinded Sept. 8, 1863.
_Nic._, _Boletin Pueb._, Aug. 9, Oct. 9, 1863.

[XV-66] His senatorial term having expired. _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
Feb. 13, 1864.

[XV-67] The election of Xatruch was afterward declared
unconstitutional, Feb. 26, 1865. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, April 1,
1865.

[XV-68] Its sittings lasted from Sept. 7th to Oct. 29th. The
sovereignty of the people was recognized. The catholic, any
other kind of public worship being forbidden, was declared
the state religion. The executive authority was vested in a
president for four years, with a council of state consisting
of his two ministers, one senator chosen by both houses of
the assembly, and the chief justice. The legislative power
rested in a senate and house of deputies. The existing
political division of the republic was left unchanged.
_Id._, Nov. 11, 1865; _Camp's Year-Book_, 1869, 527; _The Am.
Cyclop._, viii. 790.

[XV-69] He had temporarily, pleading ill health, left the
executive in the hands of Crescencio Gomez. The assembly
appointed, as substitutes of Medina, Saturnino Bogran, C.
Gomez, and Francisco Medina.

[XVI-1] Also with the view of extending the area of African
slavery, as had been successfully carried out in Texas.