Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (6)

[I-40] The plan was to seize Bustamante, Auditor de Guerra
Ibañez, Archbishop Casaus, and all the high military
officers; after which the Granadan prisoners were to be
liberated, and the country's independence proclaimed. The
royal officials chose to add that the parties had harbored
'incendiary and horrible schemes of plunder and devastation.'

[I-41] _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 16; _Romero_,
_Bosq. Hist._, 42; _Mem. Hist. Cent. Am._, 2, 3.

[I-42] Julian Ibarra, Andrés Dardon, Manuel de San José,
Manuel Yot. The names of the other six do not appear.
_Pineda de Mont_, in _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, iii. 347-8;
_Rodriguez_, _Problema Hist._, in _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._,
1875, Apr. 1 and May 23. The author of _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._,
7, who was evidently blinded by prejudice against Barrundia
and against the cause, says that the latter lost credit for
being mixed up in the Betlen affair with 'hombres sin luces,
sin crédito, y sin costumbres;' and forfeited the character
for firmness he had held in public estimation by needlessly
petitioning for a pardon when he had not been imprisoned, and
could at any time have left the country without risk. Lorenzo
Montúfar, a statesman and writer, tells us, in rebuttal,
that these men were of good intelligence and position;
that Barrundia's peril was imminent all the time of his
concealment, and as only Spanish vessels visited the ports,
it would have been risky to attempt escape upon one of them.
Moreover, it was impossible to foresee when independence
would be attained. Under the circumstances, Barrundia
had to ask for pardon when he could get it. _Costa R._,
_Gaceta_, Sept. 2, 1854. Villar, the prosecuting officer,
became notorious in 1817 for cruelties and wanton murders of
unfortunate inhabitants of Petén-Itzá, when he was commandant
there. _Fajardo_, _Inf. al Min. de Rel._, Campeche, 1828, sm.
4to, 17 pp.

[I-43] He was the father of Alejandro Marure, born in
Guatemala, and one who had attained a respectable rank in
letters, at a very early age, in his country. At the time he
began to figure in its political affairs he was a master of
philosophy. _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 14-15.

[I-44] Arce began to figure in the rebellion of 1811. After
the organization of the federal régime he was the first
constitutional president of the republic. _Rev. Cent. Am._,
3; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, 1875, Feb. 13.

[I-45] In disregard of the rank and standing of the
'excelentísima diputacion,' he would append only his media
firma, or surname, to its decrees and documents, when he
should have used his name and surname—a serious breach of
etiquette in those times.

[I-46] The chamber now had but a short time to live. Manuel
Micheo had presented his credentials in Jan. 1814, and been
admitted to his seat as deputy from Chimaltenango, Guatemala.
Luis Aguirre's claim to admission was referred back on the
petition of citizens of Chiquimula for his election to be
declared null. _Córtes_, _Act. ord._, 1814, Jan. 21, i. 487,
March 20, ii. 121.

[I-47] Several accusations had been preferred hitherto
against Bustamante; all remained unheeded, so far as it ever
became known. One more was that of Juan Argüello of Granada,
in Nicaragua, who charged the governor with unjust treatment
of him in 1814, and demanded his trial and punishment. This
case was before the córtes Oct. 20, 1820. But as the second
constitutional epoch was so short-lived, Argüello's demand
for justice had no better result than preceding ones. A
memorial of the ayuntamiento of Guatemala, on the political
condition of the province, expressing fear that the harshness
extended to men for political opinions might lead to evil
consequences, and asking for the pardon of prisoners, was
presented March 24, 1814, to the córtes. It was referred to
a committee, and that was all the action taken, till the king
in 1817 granted an amnesty. _Córtes_, _Act. ord._, March 24,
1814, ii. 152; _Id._, _Diario_, Oct. 20, 1820, ix. 4.

[I-48] Concluded Dec. 11, 1813.

[I-49] Upon the news of the king's acts becoming known in
Guatemala, the archbishop and his clergy, and the other
authorities, offered thanks to God for his release and
restoration to the throne. _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. xii.

[I-50] The pope lent his support with an encyclical letter
of Aug. 15, 1814, against freemasonry and other secret
societies, which was published June 2, 1815. All persons
affiliating in such organizations were required to sever
their connection with them. _Fern. VII._, _Decretos_, 27-32.

[II-1] A native of Habana, Cuba. He had filled several high
offices, the last being that of governor of Santo Domingo.
_Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. ix.-x.; _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Apr. 1, 1875, 4.

[II-2] Convulsions of nature had been constantly occurring in
Quezaltenango during two months, which greatly alarmed the
population. On the 17th of Jan., 1818, a hill on the south
of the town burst open and threw out enormous quantities of
ashes, covering the whole country, even to the distance of 35
leagues, and flames were occasionally seen. _Cózar_, _Carta_,
in _Noticioso Gen._, March 16, 1818, 4.

[II-3] The Spanish official account published by the
government of Guatemala, May 1 and 13, 1820, and copied in
the _Gaceta_ of Mex. of June 17th, same year, has it that the
attempt resulted in the discomfiture of the assailants.

[II-4] The commander's ship hoisted a flag with two blue bars
and a white one between them showing an escutcheon.

[II-5] The Spanish official account sets the enemy's
casualties at 40 killed and wounded on shore; those on board
could not be ascertained. The Spanish loss is given at one
killed and two wounded.

[II-6] _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1820, ii. 19; Apr. 30, 1821,
extra, xvi. 15-16; _Id._, _Act. Púb._, i., June 26, 1820, 6;
Aug. 2, 1820, 2.

[II-7] A congratulatory address from the newly created
corporation was received with marks of satisfaction.
_Córtes_, _Diario_, June 17, 1821, xxii. 6.

[II-8] From the ecclesiastic state, Juan José Batres and
José María Álvarez, with Pedro Ruiz de Bustamante for a
substitute. From the secular class, Pedro Molina, José
Barrundia, and Lic. Venancio Lopez. Secular substitutes,
licenciados Francisco Javier Barrutia, Felipe Neri del
Barrio. _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1820, ii. 228-9.

[II-9] A native of Choluteca, in Honduras. _Rev. Cent. Am._,
1. He was auditor de guerra. Valle was undoubtedly an able
man; a speech of his on equality before the law is spoken of
with high commendation. _Observ. de la Rep. Mex._, ii., Oct.
3, 1827, 128-33. Subsequently was a deputy to the imperial
congress of Mexico, and when Iturbide was on the eve of
succumbing under the blows of the republicans, he appointed
Valle his minister of state, which office ceased with the
fall of the empire. Valle returned to Guatemala and figured
prominently in the government. In 1826-29 he was a federal
deputy, and died on the 2d of March, 1834, soon after being
elected president of the republic. The assembly on the 21st
of March of the same year decreed honors to his memory.
_Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, iii. 338-9, 348. Salvador did the
same in April. A likeness of Valle is given in _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist. Cent. Am._, ii. 160. Valle had been honored
with the friendship of Bentham and other European savans; and
he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences. _Marure_,
_Efemérides_, 35.

[II-10] The same man who afterward appointed himself bishop
of Salvador. _Suarez y Navarro_, _Hist. Méj._, 386.

[II-11] They cajoled the artisans with the promise of
checking the trade with Belize, and of prohibiting the
importation of foreign manufactures.

[II-12] He was born in Guatemala on the 29th of Apr., 1777;
studied humanities under Father Goicoechea, one of the lights
of his time, and received his diploma of a licentiate of
medicine and surgery at the age of 22; served in Nicaragua
as surgeon of the batallon fijo early in the century, and
returned with it to his native city in 1811. He afterward
filled the position of professor of medicine in the
university. The degree of doctor was given him in 1817, and
the office of protomédico, or head physician of the province
of Guatemala. _Salv._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 12, 1854.

[II-13] He adjured all to free themselves from party
influences, and to give their suffrages only to men who
had their country's interests at heart. He demanded of
all citizens to love their country, to be true to the
constitution, and to respect the legitimate authorities.

[II-14] _Urrutia_, _Modelo_, 2-3. Constant complaints had
been made to the national government since 1813 against
the foreign trade. The regulations of 1778 had been made
to appear advantageous to Spain and her American colonies.
Foreign trade was declared a means of corruption which placed
arms in the hands of Spain's foes. In the report now before
me, the mechanics of the country are represented as hostile
to the foreign trade. _Arrillaga_, _Informe_, in _Cedulario_,
66-7.

[II-15] The latter had three suffragans—Leon, Comayagua, and
Ciudad Real de Chiapas. It had also 20 vicars, 161 curacies
in 424 towns, 85 valleys, 23 doctrinas under missionaries, of
which 16 were in charge of Dominicans, 4 of Franciscans, and
3 of the order of Mercy.

[II-16] Deputy José Mariano Mendez, from Sonsonate, gave
the province of Guatemala 116 leagues from the Pacific to
Santo Tomás, and a width of 100 leagues in some parts, and
less in others, with two cities and about 294 towns. _Mem._,
12-13, 20; _Memoria del estado político y eclesiástico de la
capitanía general de Guatemala_, Mad., 1821, sm. 4to, 30 pp.,
gives data on the economical, political, and ecclesiastical
condition of Central America in general, and of each of the
divisions or provinces, including Chiapas in particular, and
proposing to the Spanish government reforms deemed advisable.

[II-17] A native of Habana, at which university he received
the degree of doctor. _Juarros_, _Guat._, i. 296-7.

[II-18] He consecrated in his cathedral, on the 12th of
Sept., 1802, the treasurer of the diocese, the licentiate
of theology, Ambrosio Llano, as bishop of Ciudad Real de
Chiapas.

[II-19] He had been bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in
Peru. At the time of his death he was 55 years old. The
remains were interred in the cathedral. _Juarros_, _Guat._,
i. 297; _Diario Méx._, xii., Jan. 26, 1810, 104.

[II-20] He was a native of Jaca, in Aragon; took the
Dominican habit in Zaragoza, and completed there his
education; joined the province of Santiago in Mexico at the
age of 23; became a lecturer in Porta Cœli college, and a
professor in the university of Mexico, by which he was made
a doctor, and by his order a maestro. On the 9th of Nov.,
1806, as bishop of Rosen in partibus infidelium, he was
made bishop-coadjutor of Oajaca, and consecrated on the 2d
of Aug., 1807. _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. p. xi.-xii.;
_Córtes_, _Diario_, xviii. 395; _Puerto_, _Convite_, p. iii.
1.

[II-21] The payments were to begin no later than one year
after the installation of the autonomic government. The
allowance was to be increased when the condition of the two
countries should become improved.

[II-22] Positive news of Iturbide's defection had not yet
reached Guatemala. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 2.

[II-23] He is represented as a fickle man, one easily
influenced, and likely to act under the impressions of the
moment. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 21; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, 1875, Apr. 1, 4. Events showed he was a man
of no settled principles or character, who proved himself,
first a traitor to his king and country, and next, for
self-aggrandizement, betrayed the men that in an evil hour
placed their trust in him.

[II-24] This plan is described in _Hist. Mex._, iv. 709-10,
this series.

[II-25] The order was a dead letter, however. Gainza
evidently issued it to cover his responsibility in Madrid;
at any rate, no one was arrested, and the manifesto was soon
after retired, public affairs being allowed to take their
course. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 4; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 21-2.

[II-26] Gainza on the 13th had exacted of all the superior
military officers a renewal of their oath of fidelity to the
king. _Id._, i. 23.

[II-27] The diputacion, on motion of Simeon Cañas, had acted
at the instance of the ayuntamiento, whose síndico, Mariano
de Aycinena, had called for an extra session to petition for
immediate independence. Gainza, with the view of averting
such a declaration, attended personally to preside over
the meeting; but he finally submitted to the inevitable,
and weakly assented to the convocation of the authorities,
without first obtaining Urrutia's approbation. He thus
ignored the real chief authority in the country. _Mem. Rev.
Cent. Am._, 4-5; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 21.

[II-28] Archbishop Casaus, oidores Miguel Moreno and José
Valdez, Luis Escoto, prelate of the Dominicans, Félix
Lagrava, Juan Bautista Jáuregui, José Villafañe, and others
of less note. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 23-7.

[II-29] The supporters of this resolution were: Canon Doctor
José María Castilla, Dean Doctor Antonio García Redondo;
Regente of the audiencia Francisco Vilches, oidores Miguel
Larreinaga and Tomás O'Horan; deputies from the university,
doctors Mariano Galvez and Serapio Sanchez; deputies from
the college of lawyers, José Francisco Córdoba and Santiago
Milla; Antonio Rivera Cabezas, Mariano Beltranena, J.
Mariano Calderon, Rev. Doctor J. Matías Delgado, M. A.
Molina, members of the diputacion provincial; Mariano and J.
Antonio Larrave, Isidoro Castriciones, Pedro Arroyave, and
Mariano de Aycinena, members of the ayuntamiento; Lorenzo
Romaña, government secretary; Domingo Dieguez, secretary of
the meeting; Friars Mariano Perez and José Antonio Taboada,
prelates respectively of the Recollects and Franciscans. Some
Spaniards also recorded their names in favor of such action.
_Id._ The _Memorias de las Revoluciones de Centro América_
give among the members of the diputacion José Valdés, and
leave out M. A. Molina, 5.

[II-30] 297 years, 3 months, and 19 days from June 24, 1524,
when Pedro de Alvarado arrived with his 300 conquistadores.

[II-31] Article 2d, speaking of the congress, says: It is to
decide upon the point of 'independencia general y absoluta,
y fijar, en caso de acordarla, la forma de gobierno y ley
fundamental que deba regir.' Marure, who gives the text
of the acta, asserts that the declaration actually was for
an 'independencia absoluta de Méjico y de cualquiera otra
nacion;' and that Gainza, who favored annexation to Mexico,
had beforehand prepared an oath to support it. _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 27, and ap. ii., iii.; _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._,
v. 346-8; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 21; _Squier's Trav._, ii. 378;
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 67; _Cuevas_, _Porvenir de Méx._, 252.
Another vital clause in the instrument was that the Roman
catholic religion which the Central Americans had professed
in past centuries, 'y profesaremos en los siglos venideros,'
must be preserved 'pura é inalterable,' its ministers
respected, and protected in their persons and property. The
prelates of the various religious communities were invited to
coöperate in behalf of peace and harmony, endeavoring to do
away with personal passions. The whole proceeding was novel,
this of Spanish officials, presided over by the chief agent
of the king, meeting with natives of the country to decide
whether Guatemala should cast off the old mother country
or not. Several other things worthy of notice happened
then among them. Canon Castilla, though a friend of the
archbishop, his prelate, who had advocated anti-independence,
favored the separation. Many of the officials declared for
secession, chief among their number the gazista leader José
del Valle, who held the high office of auditor de guerra.
_Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 5-6.

[II-32] The following names appear in the acta: Gavino
Gainza, Mariano de Beltranena, José Mariano Calderon, José
Matías Delgado, Manuel Antonio Molina, Mariano de Larrave,
Antonio de Rivera, José Antonio de Larrave, Isidoro de Valle
y Castriciones, Pedro de Arroyave, Mariano de Aycinena.
Secretaries, Lorenzo de Romaña, Domingo Dieguez. _Pineda
de Mont_, _Recop. Ley. Guat._, i. 1-14. The news of this
declaration reached Spain, and mention was made of it in the
córtes Dec. 15, 1821, by Deputy Navarrete. _Córtes_, _Diario
extraord._, vi., 1821, Dec. 15, 34; _Córtes_, _Diario_,
viii., 1822, Feb. 12, 5; _Romero_, _Bosq. Hist._, 43-4,
66-130; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 6-9.

[II-33] This clause gave rise to much trouble afterward.

[II-34] The authorities were to be apprised of any plots
against the new régime by persons becoming aware of them, or
the latter would be held as aiders and abettors of treason.
Carrying concealed weapons, ringing of bells other than
for religious service, and injuring or destroying public
or private property, under any pretext, would be severely
punished. _Méx._, _Gac. Imp._, Dec. 1, 1821, 260-3.

[II-35] The additional members were Miguel de Larreinaga,
José del Valle, J. Antonio Alvarado, Marqués de Aycinena,
José Valdés, José M. Candina, and Antonio Robles. Domingo
Dieguez and Mariano Galvez were made the secretaries.
_Marure_, _Efemérides_, 59.

[II-36] The acta was signed at Gainza's house on the 16th,
and the extra members were appointed. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._,
6.

[II-37] Ciudad Real, the capital, had in the city proper
6,000, chiefly Spaniards; the outside districts and suburbs
swelled the population to 14,000. _Mazariegos_, _Mem.
Hist. Chiapa_, 51. The canon of Chiapas, Mariano Robles
Dominguez de Mazariegos, being the deputy from his province
in the Spanish córtes in 1813, laid before the chamber
an interesting memorial, which was afterward given to the
press at Cádiz, in one volume, 18mo, of 71 pages, under the
title of _Memoria Histórica de la Provincia de Chiapa_. He
suggested means to develop the commerce of the province on
its navigable rivers, and particularly with Guatemala and
Vera Cruz. His recommendations were heeded, and several ports
and rivers were opened to trade. _Id._, 33-4, 54-9; _Córtes_,
_Diario_, 1813, xix. 392; _Noticioso Gen._, Aug. 30, 1816.
Mazariegos' successor was also a clergyman, Fernando Antonio
Dávila, who took his seat in November, 1813. _Córtes_, _Act.
ord._, i. 275.

[II-38] From the time of the conquest there existed in all
Indian towns ayuntamientos called cabildos, and composed as
follows: a gobernador, who was a cacique or noble Indian,
generally for life, though 'sin jurisdiccion,' appointed
formally in writing by the principal executive of the
province; two alcaldes; four, six, or eight regidores,
according to population; and some officers called in some
places mayores, and in others alguaciles, who aided the
regidores, took care of the cabildos' houses, and furnished
supplies to travellers going through their towns. They were
elected on the first day of January of each year, and were
subject to the alcalde mayor and the teniente of each town,
by whom they were too frequently badly treated. _Mazariegos_,
_Mem. Hist. Chiapa_, 28-29.

[II-39] In some Indian towns, so-called maestros were
salaried from the community funds of the inhabitants. Such
maestros could scarcely read and write, and most of them
were immoral and given to drunkenness. Of course no good
results could be obtained from such teachers. The Spanish
córtes in 1813 decreed the adoption of measures for promoting
public instruction, and on the 24th of October enacted the
establishment of a university in the province. _Mazariegos_,
_Mem. Hist. Chiapa_, 51-53; _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1813, xix.
392; _Id._, _Act. ord._, 1813, i. 113, 141.

[II-40] The cathedral chapter was composed of four
dignitaries, one simple canon, six choir chaplains.
The revenue of the diocese was limited. The number of
its parishes was forty-seven, which included the eleven
of the capital and suburbs. _Mazariegos_, _Mem. Hist.
Chiapa_, 48. From 1819 to 1836, according to Larrainzar,
religious, educational, and general affairs had attained
much improvement. In the diocese there were, besides the
cathedral, three convents of friars and one of nuns; a
hospital, founded by Bishop Juan Álvarez de Toledo; an
ecclesiastic college, founded by Bishop Bravo de la Serna;
primary schools and a university. Since 1819 existed
the Sociedad de Amigos del País, to develop agriculture,
industry, and learning. The inhabitants of the capital were
quite cultured. _Discurso_, 17-18. In 1813 the Spanish
córtes, among other measures for the benefit of Chiapas,
decreed that the friars of Guatemala should undertake the
conversion of the Indians of Palenque. _Córtes_, _Diario_,
1813, xix. 392.

[II-41] Soconusco cacao being considered the best of America,
some loads of it were sent every year to Spain for the use of
the royal family.

[II-42] On the 20th of Dec., 1817, he congratulated the
viceroy of Mexico on the triumphs of the royal arms. The
capture of Mina and other successes were enthusiastically
celebrated in Ciudad Real. _Noticioso Gen._, Feb. 14, 1818,
4; _Gaz. de Méx._, 1818, ix. 141-2.

[II-43] The bishop of Chiapas, Salvador San Martin, incurred
the wrath of the córtes, when he was acting as deputy from
Porto Rico, for his support of the royal decree of 1814, that
overthrew the national constitution. San Martin was dead when
Chiapas followed the example of Mexico in 1821. _Alaman_,
_Hist. Méj._, v. 344; _Méx._, _Gaceta Imp._, i. 11, 173.

[II-44] In Ciudad Real, Iturbide was called 'padre salvador
de la religion y de la patria.' _Id._, 10-12.

[II-45] The act of independence was signed by Juan N. Batres,
José Ignacio Larrainzar, José Diego Lara, Julio José Flores,
José Nicolás Osuna, Estévan Gordillo, and Lic. José Vives.

[II-46] Soon after this act that desire began to assume
proportions. _Larrainzar_, _Notic. Hist. Soconusco_, 28.

[II-47] For particulars on the final separation of Chiapas,
and incorporation as a state of the Mexican confederation,
see _Hist. Mex._, v. 22-4, this series. The clergyman Pedro
Solórzano was the agent appointed under the resolution
referred to in the text, and he accordingly repaired to the
city of Mexico. _Larrainzar_, _Notic. Hist. Soconusco_, 29;
_Méx._, _Gaceta Imp._, i. 169-73, 270-1, 319-23, 337-9.

[III-1] They were Lorenzo Romaña, who was made colonel of
the battalion of regulars, superseding the Spaniard Félix
Lagrava, and Manuel Arzú, who obtained the command of the
artillery, with the same rank. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, i. 28.

[III-2] A writer of the opposite party asserts that the
practice caused much confusion, arising from ignorance. The
populace abused the privilege, and had finally to be excluded
from the chamber. The same author speaks disparagingly of the
three leaders. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 7. It is said of them
that they often addressed from the gallery petitions to the
junta, demanded removals of officials, and had disputes with
its members or with Gainza. I have already given some account
of Barrundia and Molina. Córdoba had suffered imprisonment
and prosecution for being concerned in the revolutionary
movements of 1811.

[III-3] 'Acorde al fin en sus sentimientos, se reunió
últimamente en la opinion que debió siempre ser el vínculo
estrecho de su voluntad. Así consta del testimonio que
acompaño á V. E.' The last sentence must refer to a copy
of the acta de independencia. _Mex._, _Gaceta Imp._, i.
60-2. And yet, another journal of Mexico, alluding to that
letter, after erroneously giving the writer's name as Gabriel
Quinia, actually asserted its contents to be that Guatemala,
like Chiapas, had submitted to Mexico, party spirit having
been powerless to disturb the peace or general will of the
inhabitants! _Méx._, _Noticioso Gen._, Oct. 19, 1821.

[III-4] Decree of Sept 20, 1821.

[III-5] Decrees of Sept. 26 and 27, 1821. They were given two
months' extra pay. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 6-7.

[III-6] This act was effected amidst great enthusiasm, and
rejoicing at its accomplishment without bloodshed. Persons
then residing in the city who had favored the movement had
their names inserted in a book. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, i. 27-30.

[III-7] Another committee was to count the population in
order to apportion the deputies to congress. _Gracias_,
_Cuad. Estad._, 28.

[III-8] Before the news reached Spain of the change in
Guatemala, Deputy Milla spoke, on the 18th of Nov., in
the córtes of the insufficiency of Spanish bottoms for
the transportation of American produce, and demanded the
privilege of using foreign vessels therefor. He alluded
also to the inability of the royal navy to protect Spanish
merchantmen, in proof of which he stated the fact that five
vessels had been carried off by insurgent privateers from
Nicaraguan ports. _Córtes_, _Diario Extraord._, Nov. 18,
1821, iv. 12-13.

[III-9] Men who had relations with Delgado, one of the junta
in Guatemala. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 9-10.

[III-10] Delgado assumed authority on his arrival at Santa
Ana, and used it effectively, though without violence.
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 36-7. The extent of
the province of Salvador was 50 leagues long and 30 wide;
it was divided into the partidos of Santa Ana, San Salvador,
San Vicente, and San Miguel, with three cities, five villas,
and 140 pueblos. _Mendez_, _Mem._, 9-10. The following were
the signers of independence: Pedro Barriere, Casimiro García
Valdeavellano, José Ignacio Saldaña, José Rosi, Millan
Bustos, Gerónimo de Ajuria, Francisco del Duque, Santiago
Rosi, Trinidad Estupinian, Juan B. de Otonto, Francisco
Ignacio de Urrutia, Narciso Ortega, and Pedro Miguel Lopez,
secretary. _Ruiz_, _Calend. Salv._, 67-8; _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Jan. 26, 1875, 5; _Bustamante_, _Cuad. Hist._, vi.,
no. 187, 1-29; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 2, 9-10. Alaman has it
that Delgado seized the government by a revolution in 1822.
_Hist. Méj._, v. 474-5.

[III-11] In the Spanish córtes, March 29, 1813, was read
and passed to a committee a petition of the ayuntamiento of
Comayagua, objecting to the limited scope of the decree of
May 24, 1812, which authorized the establishment of only
two diputaciones in the whole of Guatemala, and asked for
one in Comayagua with Omoa, Trujillo, and the partido of
Tegucigalpa, and that of San Miguel in Salvador, within
its jurisdiction, which would give the new diputacion a
territory of 140 leagues from N. to S., and as many from
E. to W. _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1813, xviii. 61. I have no
evidence as to when Honduras was granted the diputacion,
but the fact appears that it had such a corporation in
September 1821. The province was larger than Nicaragua,
and divided into the partidos of Comayagua and Tegucigalpa,
and the nine sub-delegations of Gracias á Dios, San Pedro
Zula, Tencoa, Yoro, Olanchito, Olancho Viejo, Tegucigalpa,
Choluteca, and Trujillo, having within it the ports of Omoa,
Puerto Caballos, Puerto Sal, Triunfo de la Cruz, Trujillo,
and Cartago. The bishopric of Comayagua embraced the whole
intendencia, with 35 parishes, one mission, and 145 churches.
_Mendez_, _Mem._, 8, 21. In 1821 there lived in Trujillo
about 2,500 Caribs, the original inhabitants of Saint
Vincent, later occupying the island of Roatan, whence they
removed to Trujillo. They were a rather industrious, honest
people. _Coggeshall's Voy._, 2d ser., 161-3.

[III-12] Omoa by Captain Bernardo Caballero, P. Pedro Brito,
and others, who seized and imprisoned the commandant, Antonio
Prado. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 35.

[III-13] The junta in Guatemala passed an act on the 11th of
Dec. to reward the villa of Tegucigalpa, raising it to the
rank of a city, and bestowing on its ayuntamiento the title
of 'patriótico.' _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 35.

[III-14] As a matter of fact, ill feeling had always
existed in the provinces against the capital. This hatred
was intensified by the respective intendentes in forwarding
their ambitious purposes. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 2. Lieut-col
Miguel Gonzalez Saravia, son of the old lieut-gen. shot
in Oajaca, was the gov.-intendente of Nicaragua since
1818. Naturally he hated the independents for his father's
execution. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 34; _Ayon_,
_Apuntes_, 22; _Juarros_, _Guat._ (Lond. ed. 1823), 337-8.

[III-15] They would remain independent of the Spanish crown,
they said, until the clouds disappeared. _Mem. Rev. Cent.
Am._, 8; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 34; _Ayon_,
_Apuntes_, 22; _Suarez y Navarro_, _Hist. Méj._, 387;
_Bustamante_, _Cuad. Hist._, vi., no. 187, 1-29; _Alaman_,
_Hist. Méj._, v. 346-8; _Wells' Hond._, 468. Tomás Ayon,
_Apuntes sobre algunos de los acontecimientos políticos de
Nicaragua_, Leon, 1875, 8vo, 50 pp., gives a few important
memoranda on the political events of Nicaragua in 1811-24, in
a clear, concise, and apparently impartial manner.

[III-16] Saravia kept up a sort of underhanded war against
Granada, obstructing her relations with Guatemala. _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 35. The extent of the province
of Nicaragua was 85 leagues long by 75 wide; detaching
Nicoya, there were four partidos, Leon, Realejo, Sutiaba,
and Matagalpa, with 88 towns in all. _Mendez_, _Mem._,
7. According to Miguel G. Saravia, _Bosquejo político
estadístico de Nicaragua_, its population in 1813 was of
149,751, a very imperfect census. _Squier's States Cent.
Am._, 50. The bishopric of Leon comprised all the intendencia
of Costa Rica, with 40 parishes, 3 missions, and 88 churches.
_Mendez_, _Mem._, 20. A considerable military force had
been, since 1796, kept at San Juan del Norte; and in 1821
additional defences were erected, by government order of
May 2d. This force was expelled after the declaration of
independence by the patriots. _Squier's Trav._, i. 83.

[III-17] On the 11th of Nov. he answered in similar terms the
diputacion at Comayagua. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._,
i. 44-6.

[III-18] Its members were to be chosen by electors appointed
by the ayuntamientos supporting the Granada régime. These
members to choose every month from their own number the
president. _Perez_, _Biog. Sacasa_, 5-6. _Perez, Jerónimo_,
_Biografía del coronel Don Crisanto Sacasa_, 1875, fol., 18
pp., furnishes important data on the origin and life of a
man who figured prominently and honorably in the affairs of
Nicaragua from 1821 to his death in 1824. In connection with
them appear several official letters on events during the
period between secession from Spain and annexation to Mexico.

[III-19] The people acted prudently; they could but reap
trouble from the political complications. _Mem. Rev. Cent.
Am._, 2; _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa Rica_, 4-5, 17-18; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, May 23, 1875; _Lond. Geog. Soc._, vi. 135.

[III-20] It had, from the time of the conquest, a civil and
military government of its own, but under dependence of the
audiencia and captain-generalcy at Guatemala. In matters
ecclesiastic and financial it had been under Leon. _Molina_,
_Bosq. Costa Rica_, 92; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 2. The Spanish
constitution gave it, together with Nicoya, a diputacion
provincial. _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 54. In 1812 the
province had 22 towns—12 of Indians and 10 of white and black
men—besides farms, large estates, etc. The extent in 1821 was
160 by 60 leagues. The cities were Cartago and Esparza; the
villas, San José de Ujarráz, Villa Vieja, and Villa Hermosa;
the villages, Espíritu Santo, Pueblo Nuevo, Escasu, Alajuela,
Bagasses, Las Cañas, Barba, San Fernando, and the Indian
towns and settlements; adding Nicoya and Guanacaste, there
would be 27 towns. The population was computed at between
60,000 and 70,000, besides the three nations of heathen
Indians in the mountains and northern coasts, and known
respectively as indios de la Talamanca, indios del norte,
and indios Mosquitos, all quite numerous. _Córtes_, _Diario_,
1813, xix. 404-5. In 1813 the deputy from Costa Rica in the
Spanish córtes petitioned for a bishopric; but at the time
of the separation the matter had not been acted on. _Mendez_,
_Mem._, 7.

[III-21] Juan de Dios Mayorga and the provincial of la
Merced, Fray Luis García, were selected for Comayagua; the
prelate of the Franciscans, Fray José Antonio Taboada, for
Leon; the prebendado José María Castilla, Pedro Molina, and
José Francisco Barrundia, for Mexico. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 37-9.

[III-22] Some of them asked for titles, decorations, and
other rewards for their services in harnessing their country
to Mexico's imperial car. _El Progreso_, Apr. 11, 1850. The
organ of the empire spoke of the chimerical ideas of the
republicans and federalists, adding that the opposition to
them was large, and to be found in the officials, the higher
classes, and indeed all sensible persons, who well knew how
small was the number of the educated among them. It claimed
that the journals published in Guatemala expressed the
views of only a few deluded men, whose ranks were becoming
thinner every day. That same organ had given to the public
certain letters from the ayuntamiento of Comitan, in Chiapas,
objecting to the 2d art. of the Guatemalan acta of Sept.
15th, on the ground that the country had no resources to
sustain a separate government, which had been evident since
the yearly allowance of $12,000 ceased; superadded to which,
they said, the safety of Mexico might be imperilled should
Spain at some future time recover possession of Cent. Am.,
which the latter, if independent, could not prevent, and
vindicate her authority over the former. _Méx._, _Gaceta
Imp._, i., Nov. 24 and Dec. 8, 1821, 202-7, 281-2.

[III-23] Dated Oct. 19th, and brought by José de Oñate.

[III-24] 'Guatemala no debia quedar independiente de Méjico,
sino formar ... un gran imperio bajo el plan de Iguala,
y tratados de Córdoba: que Guatemala se hallaba todavía
impotente para gobernarse por sí misma, y que podría ser
por lo mismo objeto de la ambicion extranjera.' _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 39-41. The aristocrats, now sure
of Iturbide's aid, grew bolder in their plotting. _Squier's
Trav._, ii. 378; _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 35-9.
Iturbide directed the conde de la Cadena, on the 20th of
Nov., to write very courteously to Mariano de Aycinena, who
was well connected and had addressed a communication to the
liberator. _Bustamante_, _Cuad. Hist._, vi., no. 187, 28;
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, iv. 20-2, 35-9.

[III-25] The circular directed the ayuntamientos to read at a
public sitting Iturbide's letter, and express their opinion
upon each point embraced in his proposal. Their answers
as to whether they wanted annexation at once, or to await
the action of congress, were to be in Guatemala city on or
before the 31st of Dec., 1821. _Petén-Itzá_, _Manif. de la
Just._, 2. This circular was drawn up by Valle. The elections
for members of the congress that had been called to meet in
February were to be made as formerly directed. In Guatemala
the votes of heads of families were taken at each house by
municipal agents in the presence of a notary public, and duly
registered. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 10-11; _Alaman_, _Hist.
Méj._, v. 475-6.

[III-26] The exile of Barrundia, Molina, and others was
demanded by Pedro Arroyave, síndico of the ayuntamiento.
Gainza was suspected of inciting certain imperialists to
prefer charges against these parties.

[III-27] A number of republicans, when acclaiming their
principles near San José church, were fired upon by an armed
force patrolling the town with the alcalde Mariano Larrave,
and two killed outright, Mariano Bedoya and Remigio Maida.
Several were wounded; some arrests were made. _Salv._,
_Gaceta_, Oct. 12, 1854; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, i. 41-2, 47; _Dicc. Univ. Hist. Geog._, app., i. 342;
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 157.

[III-28] _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i., ap. v.; _Mem.
Rev. Cent. Am._, 11; _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, v. 474.

[III-29] His arguments were not founded on fact. Subsequent
events proved it. Men of greater weight than Gainza, such
as Mora, Pecchio, and Zavala, have since contradicted his
assertions. Zavala said that Guatemala gained nothing by
the union, and that it had resources of its own to exist
as an independent nation. He added that the provinces
viewed with dislike the course of the aristocrats at the
capital. It could not be otherwise. Where was the advantage
of a connection with the city of Mexico, which was almost
inaccessible to them? But the rich men of Guatemala would
have it, regardless of consequences. _Ensayo Hist. Revol.
Mex._, i. 186-7.

[III-30] See _Hist. Mex._, iv. 710, 728-9, this series.

[III-31] The junta had on the 3d indicated to Iturbide that
its duty was to annex the country to Mexico; 'como ya se le
indicó en oficio de tres del corriente.' Other reasons were
given by it for the action taken, the chief one being the
necessity of preserving the country's entirety and repose,
which had been in danger of a rupture. The names affixed to
the manifesto are: Gavino Gainza, Marqués de Aycinena, Miguel
de Larreinaga, José del Valle, Mariano de Beltranena, Miguel
Antonio Molina, Antonio Rivera, José Mariano Calderon, José
Antonio Alvarado, Angel Mª. Candina, Eusebio Castillo,
José Valdés; José Domingo Dieguez and Mariano Galvez,
secretaries. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 14-16; _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i., ap. iv.-vi.; _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, iv. 18-23, 40-2; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 8-9, 11;
_Bustamante_, _Cuad. Hist._, vi., no. 187, 1-29; _Alaman_,
_Hist. Méj._, v. 476; _Suarez y Navarro_, _Hist. Méj._,
386-7; _Lastarría_, in _La América_, 249; _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Feb. 13, 1875, 4, and March 28, 1876, 603; _Rivera_,
_Hist. Jalapa_, ii. 218; _Squier's Trav._, i. 383: _Kewen's
Nic._ and _Walker_, MS., 33-6; _Romero_, _Bosq. Hist._,
103-6.

[III-32] 'Las ideas de prosperidad, objeto de la
independencia, van á substituirse á los partidos ominosos
... neutralizar las tentativas del poder arbitrario y de los
movimientos populares.' _Gainza_, _Manifiesto_, _Gaceta Gob.
Guadal._, 1822, March 2, 302-4; _Méx._, _Gaceta Imp._, ii.
657-9; _Kewen_, _Nic. and Walker_, MS., 30-6.

[III-33] He now gives himself a long list of titles,
viz.: knight of justice of the sacred religion of St John
of Jerusalem; lieutenant-general by acclamation of the
independent army of Guatemala; decorated with the banda
nacional; her captain-general; inspector-general of all
her arms; superior political chief, intendent-general,
and president of the junta provisional consultiva. _Méx._,
_Gaceta Imp._, i. 557-9; _Gaceta Gob. Guadal._, March 2,
1822, 304.

[III-34] Only two months earlier the diputaciones of
Comayagua and Leon were told that neither the junta
consultiva nor any other body then existing had any such
power.

[III-35] It was rumored, and doubtless believed by the
people, that a formidable force was on the way—5,000
men—which Central America in its present divided condition
could not resist; hence the premature submission with an
apparent good grace. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 10-11.

[III-36] _Gaceta Imp._, i. 162-3. According to Bustamante,
_Cuad. Hist._, vi., no. 187, 1-29, the party in favor of
absolute independence in Guatemala sustained itself till
a Mexican force was sent, and it was by this means the
absorption was effected. The force had not arrived, but was
certainly expected. Luis G. Cuevas, a Mexican senator, tells
us that the people of Cent. Am. were mostly very enthusiastic
for Iturbide, and at the same time anxious to rid themselves
of the liberal party, whose members he calls an unbridled set
of demagogues. Moreover, they wanted to belong to a nation
having so much credit abroad, and such large resources to aid
them. _Porvenir de Méx._, 252.

[III-37] Conde de la Cadena was first in command, but he
resigned it on account of sickness. _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._,
v. 474-8; _Suarez y Navarro_, _Hist. Méj._, 387-8; _Filisola
á la Junta Soberana_, note 3.

[III-38] Squier, _Guat._, 580-1, has it 700.

[III-39] The 3d. It was installed March 29, 1822. _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 47; _Id._, _Efemérides_, 5.

[III-40] Among them were José del Valle, Juan de Dios
Mayorga, and Marcial Zebadúa. _Zavala_, _Ensayo Hist. Rev.
Mex._, i. 187. Suarez y Navarro says that Mayorga had a
secret mission from Salvador near the Mexican government.
_Hist. Méj._, 387.

[III-41] _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 11-12. The province was ruled
by a junta gubernativa, one of whose members was Antonio José
Cañas, one of the most distinguished among Cent. Americans.
He soon after became the second in command of the 'batallon
fijo,' organized to resist Iturbide's pretensions. _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, Feb. 13 and 19, 1875.

[III-42] Gainza had meantime stationed troops in Sonsonate,
a town which hitherto belonged to the province of Guatemala
proper, and afterward became a part of Salvador.

[III-43] _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 12-13.

[III-44] The rest of the province had accepted that
arrangement. Gov. Tinoco had made himself master of Omoa, but
a revolution released it from his grasp. His authority over
Trujillo ceased about the middle of January 1822. _Id._, 7-9.

[III-45] The inhabitants were influenced to that course
by Canon Nicolás Irias and Juan Lindo. The diputacion sent
Tinoco to Mexico to report the state of affairs in Honduras.
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 37.

[III-46] There was, in consequence, a bitter correspondence
between Saravia and Gainza. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 14.

[III-47] This man was of the lowest class; had been a common
servant, and afterward an artilleryman. He was once confined
in a dungeon at Trujillo, from which he escaped. When he
began to figure in politics his wit made him popular with the
citizens. It was said that he had some knowledge of medicine,
and had written some creditable poetry. He was, however,
given to cards and free-love, but abstained from the bottle.
He was twice married, but left no children. _Perez_, _Biog.
Sacasa_, 8; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 14; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 73-4.

[III-48] Ordoñez had Sacasa and others confined in irons
in Fort San Cárlos. Public opinion accused him of being the
most active instigator of hatred between the white and other
races. _Id._, 74; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 14; _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Feb. 19, 1875.

[IV-1] His orders were to take the city of San Salvador on or
before the 5th of April. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 12.

[IV-2] They claimed that their declaration of independence
did not imply hostility to Guatemala, and in support of
it expressed a willingness to furnish hostages. Their
representations were of no effect, however; 'habia empeño
en sojuzgar á San Salvador, y á este interés se sacrificaba
todo.' _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 51.

[IV-3] Against Filisola's expressed wishes. That general was
then in Chiapas, and had forbidden all military operations
till his arrival. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 13; _Alaman_, _Hist.
Méj._, v. 478; _Filisola á la Junta Soberana_, note 6.

[IV-4] He went in by the road sloping from the volcano to
the west, from which quarter, owing to the roughness of the
ground, no attack had been expected.

[IV-5] The casualties were not heavy on either side. _Mem.
Rev. Cent. Am._, 12-13.

[IV-6] It was chiefly on the superiority exhibited on this
occasion that Salvador subsequently based her claim to a
prominent place in the councils held upon Cent. American
affairs. Many of the internal wars which for a number of
years ravaged the country may be traced to this pretended
superiority.

[IV-7] To answer charges preferred against him. _Id._,
15; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 53, followed by
_Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, v. 478. Cuevas, _Porvenir de Mex._,
253-4, makes the doubtful assertion that Gainza went of his
own accord. At any rate, he afterward was made a lieut-gen.
of the imperial army, and an aide-de-camp of Iturbide's.

[IV-8] His proclamation of July 8, 1822, expressed his desire
to be guided only by the best interests of the country.
_Méx._, _Gaceta Imp._, 1822, 657-9.

[IV-9] Duly authorized agents of Salvador were to go for that
purpose to Mexico in Nov. 1822; the districts of San Miguel
and Santa Ana being permitted to recognize the government
at Guatemala till an understanding should be arrived at in
Mexico. Other clauses referred to the surrender of arms
seized by Arce in Sonsonate, to the commercial interests
of the two provinces, and to rules to be observed before
renewing hostilities. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._,
56-7.

[IV-10] Oct. 31, 1822. See _Hist. Mex._, v., this series.

[IV-11] _Filisola á la Junta Soberana_, notes 9, 10.

[IV-12] His force consisted of about 2,000 men, chiefly from
Guatemala, Santa Ana, San Miguel, Sonsonate, and Honduras.

[IV-13] _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 60-1; _Molina_,
_Costa Rica_, 93; _Squier's Travels_, ii. 383. The decree
never went into effect, however.

[IV-14] The principal conditions were: establishment in
Mexico of a representative government; Salvador's absolute
independence from Guatemala; participation of her delegates
in framing the national constitution; continuation in office
of the present incumbents; and erection of an episcopal see.
For less important terms demanded on that occasion, see also
_Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 16-17; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, 62.

[IV-15] It seems that he again asked for instructions from
the emperor, who peremptorily directed him not to lose more
time in negotiations. 'V. S. no es mas que un soldado que
debe atacar la ciudad, posesionarse de ella y tratar á los
cabecillas como perturbadores del órden.' _Mem. Rev. Cent.
Am._, 17. Filisola himself confirmed the above in his address
to the junta soberana of Cent. Am. of June 24, 1823, note 10.

[IV-16] Squier, in his _Travels_, ii. 383-4, rather
emphatically comments on this 'step expressive of sympathies
and sentiments which still exist.'

[IV-17] 'With a declaration that he was not waging war on the
U. S., he continued his operations.'

[IV-18] Feb. 7, 1823. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 17-18.

[IV-19] Filisola issued passports to all who wished to quit
the country, and even furnished them money to leave. To
the poor soldiers he afforded every facility to reach their
homes.

[IV-20] It must be acknowledged that to the gallantry and
constancy of the sons of this little province, Central
America owed to a great extent its existence as a sovereign
commonwealth. _Zavala_, _Rev. N. Esp._, i. 142. See also
_Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, v. 476; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, i. 47; _Suarez y Navarro_, _Hist. Méj._, 387; _Mem.
Rev. Cent. Am._, 11-12.

[IV-21] Col Felipe Codallos was appointed governor of the
province.

[IV-22] Tinoco had gone to Mexico.

[IV-23] _Hist. Mex._, v., this series.

[IV-24] Filisola's course has been open to criticism. Some
attributed it to a conviction that Cent. Am. could not
be held as a province dependent from a republic, which
was practicable as a dependence of an empire. Others have
supposed that he was prompted by personal ambition. Marure,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 73, and _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 19,
claim that it was the unavoidable result of the situation,
which is not exactly true. With the force at his command,
he might have maintained supremacy for a considerable time
at least. Filisola himself said that his object had been
to avert civil war. In his address of July 24, 1823, to the
junta of Guatemala, he assured that body that his recognition
of its sovereignty had been with the sanction of the supreme
executive government of Mexico, communicated to him on the
18th of June. _Filisola á la Junta Soberana de Guat._, 1-8;
_Id._, _El Ciudadano_, 16-17.

[IV-25] Among others, that of seizing, without any legal
formality, the Spanish vessel _Sinacam_, whose cargo he sold
to procure provisions and other supplies for his garrison.
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 75; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_,
22-3.

[IV-26] It was installed at Leon on the 17th of April, 1823.
_Marure_, _Efem._, 6.

[IV-27] On the 15th of April. _Marure_, _Efem._, 6.

[IV-28] Several of the conspirators were imprisoned at the
capital, though only for a short time. _Molina_, _Costa
Rica_, 94; _Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 12.

[IV-29] According to Marure, _Efemérides_, 6, reserving
the liberty of recognizing anew Iturbide as the legitimate
emperor, should he be again restored to the imperial throne.

[IV-30] Deputies from Cent. Am. to the Mexican congress
complained of outrages committed by Filisola's soldiers,
to which his attention was called to correct them by the
executive of that republic.

[IV-31] Cuevas, _Porvenir de Méx._, 254-6, laments it,
considering it an act injurious to Cent. America's best
interests.

[IV-32] The imperialists 'se limitaron á oponerles algunas
maniobras sordas, no teniendo ánimo de disputarlas á cara
descubierta.' _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 82-3. The
independents 'contrajeron sus planes á ganar las elecciones,
y á hacer odiosas las tropas mejicanas, procurando á toda
costa, y por todos los medios posibles, hacerlas evacuar la
república.' _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 20.

[IV-33] The 1st of June had been the date originally fixed
upon, but some preliminary work not having been completed
in time, the installation was necessarily delayed. _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 83.

[IV-34] Chiapas was not represented, that province having
continued detached from Cent. Am.

[IV-35] It is said that Filisola installed the congress, the
Mexican troops taking part with the native ones in paying
honors to the national representatives. Till the organization
of an executive, the first decrees were addressed to
Filisola, as superior political chief, for their execution.
_Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 20. That body, the first as well as
the most numerous, was at the same time the most enlightened
that the republic ever had. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, i. 83; _Id._, _Efem._, 7; _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i.
16-24.

[IV-36] The full text with the names of the delegates
present appears in _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i.
xiii.-xviii.; and _Rocha_, _Código Nic._, i. 19-23. Its
principal clauses were: 'That the said provinces ... are
free and independent from old Spain, from Mexico, and every
other power, alike of the old and the new world, y que no son
ni deben ser el patrimonio de persona ni familia alguna.'
Translations into other languages may be seen in _Revue
Américaine_, i. 377-97; _Democratic Rev._, i. 486-7. The act
was drawn up by the deputy José Francisco Córdoba, who was a
member of the committee to whom the matter had been referred.
_Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 21.

[IV-37] _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 24-32.

[IV-38] Aug. 20, 1824. _Dublan_ and _Lozano_, _Leg. Mex._, i.
713; _Alaman_, _Mem. á las Cám._, 9.

[IV-39] Decree of July 15, 1823. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i.
32-3.

[IV-40] The party was mainly composed of members of the
so-called noble families, Spaniards, civil and military
officers, the clergy, and the most ignorant class of the
population. It was therefore the most numerous. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 259.

[IV-41] As he was then in the United States, the canon
Antonio de Larrazábal was to be his substitute during his
absence. Larrazábal having declined the position, it was
given to Antonio Rivera Cabezas. _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_,
i. 164-70; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 88; _Id._,
_Efem._, 8; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 22.

[IV-42] The moderados wanted José Dionisio Herrera of
Honduras, in the triumvirate, to avoid the undue influence
Salvador would exercise, having two of her citizens in the
executive, and because they considered Herrera intellectually
superior to Villacorta. No one thought of José del Valle,
who was then in Mexico. Cuevas, _Porvenir de Mex._, 256-7,
erroneously states that the supreme authority was offered
Filisola and he declined it. He declined the office of jefe
político of Guatemala.

[IV-43] Just in some instances, no doubt; but it became known
that Guatemalans disguised as Mexicans committed hostile acts
to bring the soldiers into discredit. Filisola certainly
strove to maintain order and discipline. _Marure_, _Bosq.
Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 89-93; _Filisola_, _El Ciudadano_, 22-8.

[IV-44] José Francisco Barrundia, of whom prominent mention
is made in this history, severely attacked Filisola's
course in a pamphlet, which was replied to in a small book
entitled _El Ciudadano ... Vicente Filisola á José Francisco
Barrundia_, Puebla, 1824, 132 p. The author defends himself,
employing strong invective against his accuser, charging him
with hypocrisy and cowardice. The book gives some historical
data, but owing to its bitterness, must be received with
caution. Filisola after that time figured as a prominent
soldier of the Mexican republic in Texas, and during the war
of the U. S. and Mexico in 1846-8.

[IV-45] _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 877-8.

[IV-46] Practically, the word 'don' never fell into disuse.
The manner of ending official letters was changed from the
former 'Dios guarde á ... muchos años,' to 'Dios, Union,
Libertad.' _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 94; _Id._,
_Efem._, 7.

[IV-47] Decrees of the national assembly of Aug. 21 and Nov.
5, 1823. _Rocha_, _Código Nic._, i. 162; _Guat._, _Recop.
Leyes_, i. 54-5.

[IV-48] _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, i. 33-8, 461-3; _Méx._,
_Col. Dec. Sob. Cong._, 219.

[IV-49] Even the statistics that might have served as a
basis for establishing imposts were not to be found. It was
said that they had all been forwarded to Mexico during the
imperial rule.

[IV-50] He was offended at not being appointed commanding
officer of the battalion.

[IV-51] The author of _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 23-7, accused
the government of allowing the conspiracy to assume serious
proportions with the view of obtaining larger powers,
including that of levying forced loans.

[IV-52] The 14th and 15th had been designated to commemorate
the independence.

[IV-53] A number of persons were killed and others wounded
in the street fight. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i.
102-3. On the 10th of Jan. following those who perished in
defence of the assembly were declared 'beneméritos de la
patria en grado heróico.' _Id._, _Efem._, 8.

[IV-54] Marure, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 104, gives the
almost incredible account that the soldiery behaved in an
orderly manner.

[IV-55] His principal assistant and second in command, Manuel
Estrada, was imprisoned and executed. An erroneous account of
Ariza's revolt is given by Puydt and Binckum, _Colonisation_,
118-19, who place it in 1825, and assert it was effected by
order of the government in Spain.

[IV-56] It found support among some of the deputies who
had not been present at the election of the members of the
executive. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 25.

[IV-57] The last named being a foreigner, congress repealed
the law which admitted only natives to the executive
power, passed July 8th, when Filisola had been proposed as
a candidate. Foreigners who had rendered services to the
republic were made eligible. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, 107.

[IV-58] Villacorta at first declined the position, on the
ground that to exercise, as a mere substitute, the functions
he had just been discharging as proprietary in the office,
affected his honor, 'era un paso que lastimaba su honor.' A
unanimous resolution, however, of the congress, directing him
to fill the office, induced him to accept it. _Id._, 107-8.
It has been said of him for his final acceptance: 'Tuvo la
falta de delicadeza de admitir la suplencia.' _Mem. Rev.
Cent. Am._, 26.