Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (20)

[XXX-38] The Marquis José de Aycinena, who had expected the
appointment, was balked in his ambition, but was made bishop
of Trajanapolis in part. infid.; he died Feb. 17, 1865. A few
months earlier, Aug. 23, 1864, occurred the death of another
prelate, a native of Guat., named José M. Barrutia y Cróquer,
bishop of Camaco in part. infid. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept.
24, 1864; March 18, 1865. Antonio Larrazábal, who had also
been made a bishop in part. infid., had died Dec. 2, 1853.
_Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 7, 1854; _Belly_, _A trav. l'Amér.
Cent._, i. 136-7.

[XXX-39] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 16, 1867; _Pan. Mercantile
Chronicle_, Feb. 17, 1867.

[XXX-40] Piñol died at Habana, June 24, 1881; Urruela's
demise was on June 8, 1873, at Leon. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, June
14, 1873; _Voz de Méj._, July 28, 1881.

[XXX-41] In 1872 the Capuchin friars of La Antigua, who were
natives of Spain, were sent out of the country; all convents
of friars were closed, and the property of the several
orders was confiscated. In 1873 the consolidation of mortmain
property, proceeding from pious endowments, capellanías, and
legacies to the church and benevolent establishments, was
decreed. In 1874 nunneries were closed, and the confiscation
of their estates went on. The government agreed to allow
pensions to the nuns and native friars for their support.
At the same time all communities of religions of either sex
under any form whatever were forbidden forever. The fuero
eclesiástico was abolished, and the most unlimited freedom
of religion proclaimed. Civil marriage was declared legal,
and where the parties desired a religious ceremony the former
must precede it. Ecclesiastics were forbidden to appear
with frocks or other official insignia in public out of the
church. Cemeteries were secularized. _Barrios_, _Mensaje_,
Sept. 11, 1876; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley. Gob. Democ._, i.
159-61, 192-6; ii. 13-14, 23-7, 58, 64-5, 205; _El Porvenir
de Nic._, Apr. 20, 27, 1873; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex.
Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 2, i. 99-101, 106, 147; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Oct. 23, 1873; _Salv._, _Diario_, Dec. 21, 1878;
_Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Gobern. y Just._, 1880, 2-5; 1882, 11-12.

[XXX-42] In 1883 a protestant chapel was established in the
capital, in charge of Rev. Mr Hill. _Pan. Star and Herald_,
March 23, 1883.

[XXX-43] There had been before him, from 1539 to 1810,
twenty bishops, the immediate predecessor of Barranco being
Manuel Julian Rodriguez, who ruled till 1810. Bernardo Pavon
was appointed but died before his consecration. _Juarros_,
_Guat._, i. 181; _Mex._, _Compend. Concilio III. en Mex._,
418-21; _Morelli_, _Fast. Nov. Orb._, 107.

[XXX-44] _Nic._, _Corr. Ist._, Dec. 1, 1849; _Guat._, _Gac._,
Nov. 30, 1849.

[XXX-45] Formerly there were convents of Franciscan, Merced,
and Carmelite orders.

[XXX-46] The church has no property whatever; the priests
are generally poor, and entirely dependent on fees, and on
contributions of the devout for festivals, etc.

[XXX-47] _Wells' Hond._, 551-2, 555; _Wappäus_, _Mex. und
Cent. Am._, 305.

[XXX-48] The papal bull to erect the diocese of San Salvador
is dated 4th day of the Kalends of Oct., 1842. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 171-85.

[XXX-49] He was a strong, finely formed, and pretentious
individual; a count palatine, and attendant on the
pontifical throne, one who had a right to be preceded by a
tintinnabulum. He was not like the poor, meek man who was
born in a stable at Bethlehem.

[XXX-50] _Id._, _Reseña Hist._, v. 649, 661-2; _Salv._,
_Gac._, July 29, 1853; _Id._, _Diario Ofic._, Nov. 4, 1875;
_Nic._, _Corr. Ist._, May 23, 1851.

[XXX-51] _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Aug. 8, 13, 1875.

[XXX-52] The most noted were: Friar Benito de Baldonado,
1620-9, who founded two hospitals; he died in Leon; Diego
Morsillo Rubio de Auñon, 1704-9, who being afterward
transferred to La Paz, was twice viceroy and captain-general
of Peru; Isidro Marin de Bullon y Figueroa, 1746-8, who
began the construction of the cathedral of Leon, and died
in Guatemala; Estévan Lorenzo de Tristan, 1775-83; in 1780
he finished and inaugurated the cathedral, and it is added
that through his exertions Cent. Am. obtained the privilege
of free trade; José Antonio de la Huerta Casso, 1795-1804,
notable for his efforts in developing education. Montúfar
makes severe comments on some of the prelates. _Reseña
Hist._, iv. 136-9. Nicolás García Jerez, a Dominican, became
bishop in 1810, and figured prominently in the revolutionary
period. He had to emigrate in 1824 to Guatemala, where he
died in 1825. Vicar Cuadra was guardian till 1851, when
under a reconstruction of the diocese, Costa R. having
been detached, Jorge Viteri y Ungo was transferred to it
from Salvador. He died July 25, 1853. The see had no bishop
till the appointment of Bernardo Piñol y Aycinena. It took
place in Nov. 1855, and the papal bulls reached Granada in
1856, where, owing to Walker's war, they were kept in the
parish church, and finally destroyed with the city. Piñol
was consecrated in Guat. July 17, 1859, and performed his
functions till Sept. 14, 1868, when he departed for Guat.
as archb. During his rule Manuel Ulloa was made bishop of
Lemira, in part. infid., and coadjutor; he was made bishop
of Nic. in 1871, and resigned the office in 1883. _El
Costaricense_, Nov. 10, 1849; _Salv._, _Gaceta_, March 8,
1850; Aug. 12, 1853; _Pio IX._, _Carta_; _Squier's Trav.
Cent. Am._, i. 391; _Nic._, _Corr. Ist._, Feb. 6, March 7,
June 20, Dec. 12, 1850; _Id._, _Gac._, Aug. 13, Sept. 3,
1853, Dec. 16, 1865; Jan. 6, Apr. 21, 1866; _Id._, _Semanal
Nic._, Oct. 10, 1872; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, Apr. 12, 1862;
_Id._, _Dec. y Acuerdos_, 1859, ii. 162; 1863, 215; 1865,
136; _El Rol_, March 15, 1855; _Decreto sobre la bula de
S. S._; _Perez_, _Mem. Rev. Nic._, i. 8-9; _El Porvenir de
Nic._, Feb. 25, 1872; _Levy_, _Nic._, 62-6; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, July 2, 1883.

[XXX-53] In 1871 a number of jesuits expelled from Guat.
managed to get into the country, and were allowed to remain
several years, but were finally sent away. Details have been
given in a former chapter. In 1872 several friars expelled
from other parts tried to enter the country, but were not
permitted to stay. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 1, 1871, to
Feb. 16, 1873, passim; _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, June 18, 1872;
_Id._, _Mem. Min. Gobern._, 1875, 23-4; 1883, 25-6, annex B,
27-8, F, 1-4.

[XXX-54] For the seminary $2,000; the bishop $3,000; the
chapter and other ecclesiastics $4,158; music $1,000;
other expenses about $4,000. The chapter consists of dean,
archdeacon, chancellor, three canons, and six or seven other
officials. The church gets the first-fruits from farmers.
Tithes have been abolished since 1862. 300 or 400 priests
without parishes depend entirely on fees. The cathedral has
no valuables, having been sacked several times. _Nic._,
_Boletin Ofic._, Dec. 6, 1856; March 1, 1862; _Union_,
_Nic._, March 2, 1861; _Nic._, _Dec. y Acuerdos_, 1857-8,
261-5; _Id._, _Gac._, Aug. 6, 1870; _Lévy_, _Nic._, 383-4.

[XXX-55] See treaty with France of Apr. 11, 1859.

[XXX-56] Appointments of parish priests, and publications
of papal bulls or briefs, and decrees of ecclesiastical
councils must first obtain an exequatur from the president
of the republic. Parish priests before assuming their offices
must take the oath to support the constitution, and to do no
act against the nation's independence or the public peace.
_Nic._, _Mem. Min. Fomento_, 1869, 13-16; 1871, 9-10; _Id._,
_Mem. Min. Rel._, 1871, 7-10, 25-8; _Id._, _Gaceta_, May 30,
1868; Oct. 29, Nov. 5, 1870.

[XXX-57] Anselmo Llorente y Lafuente was the first called
to fill the position of bishop of San José de Costa Rica,
April 10, 1851. He had not been long in office when he tried
to collect tithes on coffee, but failed, and his course
greatly displeased the people and lowered their regard for
the church. The matter was finally settled by a concordat
entered into at Rome, Oct. 2, 1852, and tithes were declared
abolished. He died in 1872; and the government soon after
proposed a successor, who was not approved of by the Roman
curia. Finally, Oct. 11, 1879, the government nominated
Bernard August Thiel, a native of Germany, and professor
of the university of Costa Rica, for the office, and he was
confirmed by the pope Feb. 27, 1880. During the vacancy the
see was under the guardianship of the bishop of Abydos, in
part. infid. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, v. 155-60; _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Rev. Cent. Am._, 208; _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, ii. 247-9; _Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1851, 1-2,
10-12; 1854, 11-12; _Id._, _Informe Sec. Rel._, 1872, 19-20;
1873, 19; 1874, 12; 1880, 19-20; _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa R._,
63, 111-12; _El Siglo_, July 18, 1851.

[XXX-58] For the bishop $3,000, the ecclesiastical chapter
$3,000, and the Colegio Tridentino $3,000. _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, ii. 207; _Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1859,
11; _Id._, _Gac. Gob._, July 16, 23, 30, 1853; _Hond._,
_Gac. Ofic._, Jan. 24, 1853, suppl.; _Salv._, _Gac._,
Aug. 12, 1853; _Guat._, _Gac._, Sept. 16, Oct. 14, 1853;
_Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 49-50.

[XXX-59] _Costa R._, _Mem. Sec. Rel._, 1884, 31.

[XXX-60] The clergy have, indeed, lost much of their
influence. The mode of life of the majority of them cannot
inspire respect. Letter from Costa R. by a British consul,
quoted in _Squier's Cent. Am._, 468-9; _Wappäus_, _Mex.
und Cent. Am._, 360. Laferrière, writing for 1873, gives a
discreditable picture of the church, its priests and feasts.
_De Paris à Guatém._, 56.

[XXX-61] There is a protestant church and cemetery in San
José. The government cordially upholds the liberal laws on
the subject of religion. _Costa R._, _Mem. Sec. Rel._, 1884,
32.

[XXX-62] His salary was also suspended. _Costa R._, _Mem.
Sec. Rel._, 1885, 17.

[XXX-63] Of whom 39 received their offices during the
colonial period, the last one being Friar Higinio Duran, of
the order of Mercy and a native of Lima. He took possession
in 1818, and died in Chepo on the 22d of Oct., 1823.
This bishop was one of the signers of the declaration of
independ. of the Isthmus in 1821. His successors were Manuel
Vasquez, Juan J. Cabarcas Gonzalez, Juan F. del R. Manfiedo
y Ballestas, Friar Eduardo Vasquez, who died in Rome, Jan.
2, 1870, Ignacio Antonio Parra, who took possession June 3,
1871. _Hernaez_, _Extracto del Libro de la Comp. de Jesus_,
in _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít de Pan._, MS., 34-5; _Pan._,
_Col. Docs._, MS., nos. 125-6; _Pan. Docs._; _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, iv. 344; _Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, Nov.
1, 1862; _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 4, 1869; _Id._,
_Gaceta_, June 6, 1871. Parra held the office only a few
years, and was succeeded by Telésforo Paúl, who occupied it
till Dec. 1884, when he repaired to Bogotá, his native city,
to fill that archepiscopal see. The assembly of the state
on the 22d of Dec., 1884, adopted a resolution recognizing
his efforts to promote harmony, and appointed a committee
to escort him as far as Barranquilla. _La Estrella de Pan._,
Jan. 1, 1885; _El Cronista_ (Pan.), Jan. 3, 1885.

[XXX-64] _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 242. The congress of Nueva
Granada in 1837 fixed the bishop's salary at $4,000. _N.
Granada_, _Registro Ofic._, 21.

[XXX-65] Originally there were 11 churches, 4 convents of
friars, one nunnery, a cathedral, and one ecclesiastical
college established by the government of Old Colombia under
a rector, vice-rector, and assistant, with a sufficient
revenue. A law of New Granada provided for the sale at
auction of all property that had formerly belonged to the
jesuits not required for national use. _Pan._, _Crón. Ofic._,
Aug. 5, 1852. Stories are related of buried treasures having
been disinterred in after years by jesuit agents, from the
ground of their old house, and from the orchard of T. M.
Feuillet. These stories bear some semblance of truth. See
Memoranda, in _Maldonado_, _Apuntes_, MS., 36 et seq.

[XXX-66] The bishops in the exercise of their functions,
and administration of church property, had the assistance of
the civil authorities, who carried out their orders without
questioning them.

[XXX-67] Every New Granadan or Colombian assigned, to the
prejudice of his heirs, a certain amount to the church for
masses and other supposed benefits it could do to his soul.
Successive descendants followed the example. The priests
often threatened the dying with the penalties of hell if they
did not purchase their salvation. Clerical intolerance knew
no limits.

[XXX-68] Excepting only cathedrals, the chief church of each
parish, and the sacred vessels and ornaments. _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 3-5, 15, 17.

[XXX-69] The bishop of Panamá left, and his priests followed
his example one by one. Panamá was thus left without a
priest; the dead had to be buried without the offices
of a minister; for more than a year the churches had no
bell-tolling or officiating minister. An English catholic
missionary, passing to San Francisco, ventured to say mass
and baptize in private. He was arrested, though finally
allowed to embark. _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 238-43.

[XXX-70] The laws were modified in May 1864. The govt
reserved the right of inspection, but made the oath of
submission obligatory on the chief of the church having
authority as such. Bulls or orders emanating from any one
residing in a foreign country could not be published or
enforced without first obtaining permission from the national
executive. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Jan. 16, 1868.

[XXX-71] Under Mosquera's decrees when he was dictator, the
few nuns—four aged and one young—occupying the convent of La
Concepcion in Panamá were made to abandon it in Sept. 1862.
_Nic._, _Boletin Ofic._, Oct. 4, 1862. These women would
not forsake the cloister, but sought an asylum in Lima. With
tearful eyes they exiled themselves from their home, and from
friends, many of whom had received their education from them.
Their departure caused no little feeling in the pub. heart.
_Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 18.

[XXX-72] Dec. 15, 1868, a charter was granted by the state
govt to a protestant church association. _Pan._, _Boletin
Ofic._, Feb. 18, 1869.

[XXXI-1] Some of the alcaldes mayores had in 1810 only
$300 allowed them yearly, others $500, and the highest
paid received $1,200. The system did not recommend itself.
_Guat._, _Apunt._, 65-71. There was also a consulado or
tribunal of commerce established in Guat. April 30, 1794.
_Juarros' Stat. and Comm. Hist. Guat._, 142-3.

[XXXI-2] Royal decree of July 25, 1814. _Fernando VII._,
Dec., 12.

[XXXI-3] The king ratified it June 4, 1820. The Indians were
benefited thereby, for even priests were strictly forbidden
to flog them. _Id._, 301-2.

[XXXI-4] Those desirous of studying the judiciary of Guat.
as it existed down to 1872 may find information in _Guat._,
_Recop. Ley._, i. 241-2, 603-4; ii. 21-45, 51-69; iii.
215-29, 365-6; _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, ii. 242-3; _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist._, ii. 336-41; _Guat._, _Boletin Ofic._, 132-7.

[XXXI-5] The first complete reorganization was by the law
of May 22, 1872. The creation of the superior court at
Quezaltenango was by law of July 29, 1872. _Guat._, _Recop.
Ley. Gob. Democ._, i. 88-9, 114-15. On the 15th of Oct.,
1876, a supreme court, composed of a president and four
magistrados, was established, because the organization of
the superior courts hindered the prompt administration
of justice. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 13, 14, 1876.
Subsequently, there was an increase in the number of
justices, the court was divided into five sections or
chambers, of which the fifth was suppressed March 29, 1882.

[XXXI-6] Trial by jury had been decreed, on the promulgation
of the Livingston code in Jan. 1837, under the law of Aug.
27, 1836. It was suspended by decree of March 13, 1838, on
the ground of its impracticability in a country so unprepared
for it as Guat. then was. _Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, ii.
289-343; iii. 63-84; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Feb. 14, 1875;
_Pineda de Mont_, _Nota_, in _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 464;
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 192; _Squier's Trav. Cent. Am._, ii.
419, 426.

[XXXI-7] In consequence 350 reformatory articles were adopted
in connection with the civil code, and the reforms to the
code of procedure in civil cases were almost as extensive;
a few were also made to the commercial; and a considerable
number to the penal code, and to that of procedure in
criminal causes. _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Gobern., etc._, 1880-3.

[XXXI-8] _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1880, 38-9, 65-6,
1885, 53, and annex 13.

[XXXI-9] During 1881 the supreme court, issued 1,995
sentences in criminal cases, only two of them were capital,
one of which was commuted; in 1882, 1,467; 1883, 1,726; 1884,
2,489 offences were classified as crimes, and 10,130 as mere
misdemeanors; of the former 1,321, and of the latter 1,460,
were acquitted; 1,168 of the former and 8,670 of the latter
were sentenced, none to death, and only two to extraordinary
imprisonment.

[XXXI-10] It was notorious that escaped criminals freely
moved, menacing the lives of those who had had any agency
in their arrest. The facility for evading the action of the
law was such that criminals did not fear it. _Hond._, _Mem.
Ministro Gen._, 1852, 9-10.

[XXXI-11] A robber and murderer named Umansor, who effected
his escape from the fort at Omoa, survived under 400 blows on
two occasions; but 200 blows on the bare back generally ended
the sufferings of the culprit when applied with that design.
_Wells' Hond._, 229-30.

[XXXI-12] _Presid. Soto_, _Mensaje_, May 27, 1877.

[XXXI-13] _Salv._, _Mem. Sec. Gobern._, 1875; _Id._, _Diario
Ofic._, March 17, 1875.

[XXXI-14] Trial by jury in criminal cases was first
established in Aug. 1832, but being found impracticable,
owing to the ignorance of the masses, it was abolished.
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 186. The system was restored by the
constitution of 1872. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Oct. 17, 1875.

[XXXI-15] The supreme court is composed of eleven
magistrados, one of whom is the president. In San Salv. there
are two chambers of 2d resort with two justices in each, and
one of 3d resort composed of the president and the two senior
justices. A majority of the magistrados constitutes the
full supreme court. There is also a chamber of 2d instance
in San Miguel, and another in Santa Ana. Seven suplentes
or substitutes fill temporary absences of the incumbents,
three for the capital, and two for each of the others. No
magistrado, or judge of a court of first resort, can hold
office in the executive or legislative departments of the
government. The supreme court-martial was abolished by law of
Aug. 31, 1875. Military courts of first instance existing in
the depts were suppressed, excepting that in the capital, and
their functions devolved on the comandantes. _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Sept. 3d-8th; _Id._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Sept. 13, 1876.

[XXXI-16] _Presid. Zaldívar_, _Mensaje_, Jan. 14, 1878.

[XXXI-17] The 1st chamber of 2d instance in the capital,
1,736; the 2d, 1,889; that of Santa Ana, 2,323; and the one
at San Miguel, 1,370. _Salv._, _Mem. Sec. Rel. Just., etc._,
1879; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, June 26, 28, July 4, 13, 1878.

[XXXI-18] The Livingston code of Louisiana with trial by jury
was established in 1836, but suspended in 1845. _Dunlop's
Cent. Am._, 192; _Sandoval_, _Rev. Polít._, 22. The organic
law of the courts is dated July 4, 1857, and underwent
modifications Sept. 3, 1858. _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, ii.
167-98; _Nic._, _Dec. y Acuerdos_, 1859, ii. 27-8; _Informe_,
_Min. Gobern._, 1859.

[XXXI-19] The former has jurisdiction over the depts of
Leon, Chinandega, and Segovia; and the latter over those of
Granada, Rivas, Chontales, and Matagalpa. _Lévy_, _Nic._,
344.

[XXXI-20] There is in each department or district a court
for civil and criminal affairs; but in largely populated
departments there is also a court of criminal jurisdiction.
_Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, ii. 217, 244-316. There should also be
a juez de agricultura, and a juez de la mesta, under existing
laws. Cases involving only $100 are acted upon verbally; all
others in writing.

[XXXI-21] _Nic._, _Informe Min. Fomento_, 1869; _Id._, _Dec.
y Acuerdos_, 1871, 123-33; _Id._, _Gaceta_, March 18, Apr. 1,
22, June 3, 1871; _El Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 22, 1871; Feb.
25, 1872; _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Hac._, 1872; _Id._, _Informe
Min. Gobern._, 1875.

[XXXI-22] 'Los pleitos, por decirlo así, se eternizan, y
es muy raro ver uno que llegue á concluirse.' _Mensaje del
Presid._, Marzo 1871.

[XXXI-23] _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Oct. 16, 1873.

[XXXI-24] _Marure_, _Efem._, 49. It has been asserted that
as a rule offenders are not vigorously prosecuted, and for
various reasons often go unpunished.

[XXXI-25] _Ley de presidios_, Aug. 18, 1858; _Ley de Palos_,
Sept. 1, 1858. Prisoners sentenced to hard labor serve out
their terms on the works in forts San Juan and San Cárlos,
by president's order of Oct. 6, 1880. _Nic._, _Mem. Min.
Gobern._, 1883, 22-3, and annex B, 27.

[XXXI-26] Of which 578 resulted in conviction; 244 were
dismissed; and 1,087 were pending. _Id._, annex G, no. vi.

[XXXI-27] _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, iii.-xxii., passim; _Id._,
_Mem. Min. Gobern._, 1857 and 1859; _Montúfar_, _Reseña
Hist._, v. 344, 348.

[XXXI-28] The yearly salaries are: chief president, $2,160;
the other presidents, $2,040 each; justices, $1,800 each;
secretary, $1,200. The yearly appropriation for the supreme
court is nearly $43,000. _Costa R._, _Mem. Sec. Gobern._,
1884, annex D.

[XXXI-29] Suits for sums not exceeding $100 and trivial
offences are attended to by alcaldes and jueces de paz.
There is also a special court of hacienda to adjudicate upon
claims of the treasury against private parties, and for the
trial of offences against the revenue, including also the
counterfeiting of coin. The expense of this court is nearly
$700 per month. In Limon there is an alcalde who acts as
judge. The civil and criminal judges of San José receive $105
a month each; the other judges, $125; the alcalde at Limon,
$50. The yearly expenditure of the judiciary, including
the supreme court, fiscal agencies, casa de reclusion $720;
presidio de San Lúcas $11,560; and contingents for the year
1884 was a little over $90,100. In former years, when the
ecclesiastic and military fueros were recognized, each had
its own courts, the system being an inheritance from the old
Spanish rule. It has been abolished.

[XXXI-30] _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Int._, 1860 and 1865.

[XXXI-31] This was recognized by the min. of justice in
his report of May 15, 1884. _Costa R._, _Mem. Soc. Just. y
Gracia_, 1884, 29.

[XXXI-32] The commissions began their labors at once, but had
not completed them in July 1885. _Costa R._, _Mem. Just. y
Gracia_, 1872-85.

[XXXI-33] A law of July 10, 1873, introduced the jury system
in criminal causes. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xxii. 52-69;
_Id._, _Informe Sec. Just._, 1873, 23-4; 1876, 19-20.

[XXXI-34] The prison on Coco was first decreed July 3, 1874,
but the law not having been carried out, it was reiterated
Jan. 21, 1878. The regulation of Feb. 25, 1874, for San Lúcas
placed it under the control of the governor of the comarca
of Puntarenas. _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, xxii. 35-48, 89-90;
_Id._, _Inf. Sec. Gobern._, 1874, 28; 1879, 16-18; _Id._,
_Col. Dispos. Leg._, 1878, 92-3.

[XXXI-35] Composed of three justices, whose terms of office
are of four years. There are substitutes to fill temporary
vacancies.

[XXXI-36] The alcaldes and regidores have charge of the
preservation of order in their respective districts, and
initiate proceedings for offences against the laws, and after
the investigation has been completed, pass the papers to the
proper court. These officials also have jurisdiction over
civil causes not exceeding $200 in value. When the claim
does not exceed $25, the court's decision is final. If it
does, the court hears the parties, receives the testimony
of witnesses, and renders a decision, which may be appealed
from to the superior court. Judges and alcaldes in former
years were greatly respected by the people, and their decrees
obeyed without demur. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._,
MS., 2, 5.

[XXXI-37] Other penalties: imprisonment, banishment,
deprivation or suspension of political rights, surveillance
of the authorities, fines, etc. Credits are allowed prisoners
for good behavior. Trial by jury in criminal cases exists. A
jury of seven meet at the chief town, hear the evidence, and
by an absolute majority convict, qualifying the offence, or
acquit. _Pan._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 30, to Sept. 24, 1863; Feb.
19, 1880; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, Nov. 18, 1865.

[XXXI-38] The civil, penal, procedure, military, and
commercial codes. _Id._, Sept. 5, 1868; _Id._, _Inf. Mem.
Sec. Est._, 1872, 13; 1877, 33.

[XXXI-39] He drew the conclusion that the jury system, in the
state of ignorance so general among the masses, instead of
being a safeguard for society served to afford impunity to
criminals. _Id._, _Mem. Sec. Jen. Est._, 1876, 19-22; 1879,
102-3.

[XXXI-40] _Pan._, _Ley._, 1879-80, 52-5.

[XXXI-41] _Pan._, _Informe Gobernador_, 17-19.

[XXXI-42] A decree of Dec. 23, 1879, fixed the force at 140
with the officers; a second of March 1, 1880, ordered the
organization of the battalion Ancon no. 1 with 95 to 125;
another of Feb. 22, 1881, reduced it to 75. The pay of the
rank and file was fixed in 1880 as follows: 1st sergt, $27;
2d sergt, $24; 1st corporal, $21; 2d corp., $18; private,
$15. No rations allowed. _Pan._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 8, March 21,
May 9, June 24, 27, 1880; Sept. 15, 25, 1881. The force was
greatly augmented during the disturbances of 1885. _Pan. Star
and Herald_, Dec. 22, 1885.

[XXXI-43] A law of 1881 established the ranks of
gen.-in-chief, gen. of division, gen. of brigade, colonel,
lieut-col, major, capt., lieut, and sub-lieut. On the 1st of
Dec., 1877, there were 8 generals, 43 colonels, lieut-col,
and majors, and 254 from captains down. The appropriations
for 1877 and 1878 were $64,000 each, of which $45,000 was for
pay. _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Jen. Est._, 1878, p. xxvii.-xxxii.;
_Id._, _Id._, _Hacienda_, 1878, annex X.

[XXXI-44] Laferrière, writing for 1873, says that the
regulars did not count for much as to numbers, though the
country had been of late years under a military gov. _De
Paris à Guatém._, 55-6.

[XXXI-45] _Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Guer._, 1883 and 1884.

[XXXI-46] There were garrisons in Managua, Granada,
Leon, Corinto, San Cárlos, Castillo Viejo, and Matagalpa,
aggregating with the officers 506 men. The revenue guards
and police number about 460. _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Guer._, 1883.
The battalions stationed at Managua, the capital, bears the
name of guardia de los supremos poderes, being the guard
of honor of congress or the executive. The officers and
soldiers are well dressed. The other troops merely get a pair
of pants and a shirt. The bright trimmings distinguish them
from civilians. As to pay, the general of division in active
service receives $5 per day; the private only 30 cts per day
and no rations. _Lévy_, _Nic._, 343-4.

[XXXI-47] In 1882 the monthly appropriation for pensions was
$1,188. _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Guer._, 1883.

[XXXI-48] The army might be raised to 30,000 or 40,000
men. _Pan. Star and Herald_, June 2, 1886. The practice has
been to send out press-gangs, to seize men and force them
into the ranks, thus forming as motley a set as can well be
imagined; some have shirts, some jackets, and others neither.
Most of them probably have breeches, but exceedingly short
at the legs. _Wells' Hond._, 238-40; Laferrière, _De Paris
à Guatém._, 100-1; _Squier's Trav._, ii. 183-4.

[XXXI-49] The eastern, furnished by the departments of San
Miguel, Usulutan, La Union, and Gotera; the central, by San
Vicente, Cabañas, Cuscatlan, and Chalatenango; the western,
by Santa Ana, Sonsonat, and Ahuachapan; and the reserve, by
San Salvador, La Paz, and La Libertad. Each division was
formed with four brigades, and another of artillery; each
brigade to have 1,000 men in two battalions; five companies
of 100 men to form a battalion. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr.
6, May 16, July 9, 10, 1879.

[XXXI-50] Divisions to be commanded by generals of division,
brigades by generals of brigade; battalions to have colonels
and lieut-colonels; and each company a capt., 1st lieut,
2d lieut, and 2 sub-lieuts, 5 sergeants, and 8 corporals.
Brevets were recognized in all grades of commissioned
officers, under an executive decree of 1875. _Id._, Aug. 13,
1875.

[XXXI-51] The pay of a gen. of div. was $150 per month, of
a gen. of brig. $125, col $100, lieut-col $90, capt. $57,
lieut $45, sub-lieut $37.50, serg. $15, corporals, $13⅛, and
private $11.25. The new organization given the army at that
time was said to secure a saving of $200,000 a year. _Salv._,
_Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 7, 11, 1876.

[XXXI-52] The scale was fixed in March 1877, from $50 for a
general of division down to $10 for a sub-lieut, sergeants
$7 and $6, corporals $5, and privates $4. The same scale
standing for widows and orphans to whom pensions might be
allowed. _Id._, Feb. 16, March 6, 1877.

[XXXI-53] It went into effect on the 15th of that month and
year. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Jan. 2-14, 1880.

[XXXI-54] A few paid for their exemption till 1892. _Guat._,
_Mem. Sec. Hac._, 1883, 24, and annex 19.

[XXXI-55] The ranks of captain-general and lieutenant-gen.,
created for Miguel García Granados and J. Rufino Barrios
respectively, soon after the overthrow of the oligarchs,
were suppressed by the latter in his decree of Feb. 9,
1873, together with the grade of mariscal de campo formerly
existing. He likewise annulled the grade of sargento mayor,
creating in lieu thereof those of segundo comandante and
primer comandante. _Guat._, _Recop. Ley. Gob. Democ._, ii.
12-13, 25.

[XXXI-56] The pay of a private is three reales per day, out
of which he supports and clothes himself.

[XXXI-57] The secretary of war said of it: 'Este
establecimiento promete mucho para el porvenir.' And indeed,
a number of its graduates were already engaged in engineering
work on the northern railroad, in running the boundary line
with Mexico, and in instructing the several battalions. Some
had been also assigned to the artillery department. _Guat._,
_Mem. Sec. Guer._, 1884, 6, annex no. 1.

[XXXI-58] Officers in active service cannot marry without
leave from the sec. of war, which is not granted if their
marriage may prove detrimental to the service. _Id._, 1882,
5, 13-14.

[XXXI-59] It has been properly kept, with beneficial results.
_Id._, 1882, 15; 1883, 6-7, annex 3; 1884, 9-10, doc. 3.

[XXXI-60] _Id._, 1884, annex no. 1. Other authorities
containing information on military affairs of Guat. from 1822
to 1873: _Thompson's Guat._, 496-504; _Dunlop's Cent. Am._,
168-9; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, ii. 639-759, passim; _Id._,
_Gob. Democ._, i. 6, 103-5, 132-7; _Id._, _Decretos_, nos.
11, 23, 36-7; _Id._, _Mem. Sec. Guer._, 1837, 24-6, table 6;
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 516-17; _Boddam Whetham's Across Cent.
Am._, 205-8.

[XXXII-1] Humboldt estimated the production at the value
of $4,500,000. _Essai Polit._, ii. 446; _Guat._, _Apunt._,
17-20; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, vi. 70-1, 293-337, passim.

[XXXII-2] The yearly products of Cent. Am. were estimated in
1826 at $52,529,450. _Ocios Esp. Emigr._, v. 3-11.

[XXXII-3] _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 658-89, 744-60.

[XXXII-4] Though land was free to all, agriculture was so low
that even on the richest soil staples were scarcely produced
in sufficient quantities for the consumption. _Berendt_, in
_Smithsonian Rept_, 1867, 424.

[XXXII-5] The annual export was estimated at nearly
$1,100,000, but chemical substances having been discovered to
take its place for coloring, the decadence of the industry
soon followed. Cochineal could not fetch over 2 to 3 francs
per kilogr. in France. _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._,
247.

[XXXII-6] It had young trees planted in every department,
and for the further increase of the staple, exempts the
product from interior taxation and export dues. _Pan. Star
and Herald_, May 29, 1886.

[XXXII-7] _Presid. Barrios_, _Mensaje_, Sept. 11, 1876.

[XXXII-8] _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Gobern. y Just._, 1880; _Id._,
_Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1880-2; _Id._, _Sec. Hac._, 1882-3;
_Pan. Star and Herald_, March 2, May 29, 1886.

[XXXII-9] Cochineal, reduced from 67,709 qls in 1860-4
to 2,845 in 1879-83. Coffee, 1860-4, none; crop of 1883-4
was 495,385 qls; next year's estimated 520,000, valued at
$5,291,074. Sugar, 1860-4, 115,486 qls; the production of
1883 of sugar, panela, muscovado, and molasses valued at
$976,902; 1884, $1,058,551; 1885, $915,789. Rubber, 1879-83,
9,074 qls. Sundries, 1879-83, 115,999 qls. Flour, 1884,
probable production 931,144 qls. Tobacco cult. progressing.
Live-stock, 1884, horses, 107,187; mules and asses, 41,386;
neat cattle, 441,307; sheep, 417,577; goats, 27,618; swine,
177,118. Total value, $15,112,233. _Guat._, _Mem. Sec.
Fomento_, 1885-5; _El Guatemalteco_, Jan. 1, Sept. 15, 1884;
_Pan. Ev'g Telegram_, May 26, 1886.

[XXXII-10] As early as 1800 there were 9,600 trees of China
cotton. _Quinta Junta Púb._, 14-15; _Juarros_, _Guat._, i.
38-46.

[XXXII-11] _Viag. Univ._, xxvii. 172-4. The Sp. gov. had all
the vines destroyed for fear of injury to the wine industry
of the mother country. _Squier's Cent. Am._, 273; _W. Ind._,
_Descr. Sp. Settlers_, 45.

[XXXII-12] _Squier's Cent. Am._, 192-204; _Laferrière_, _De
Paris à Guatém._, 97.

[XXXII-13] They do not yield a high income, however, the
consumption at home being comparatively small, and the demand
of the neighboring states limited. _Id._, 209-11, 272. Gov.
is endeavoring to improve the breed.

[XXXII-14] Comparative values: Indigo—as early as 1630 the
yield was 10,000 quintals a year; the production from 1791 to
1800 was 8,752,562 ℔s. at $2 a ℔.; 1864, $1,129,105; 1877,
$2,146,423. Coffee—1864, about $80,000; 1877, $2,115,669.
Maize—1877, $2,786,433. Sugar and muscovado—1877, $334,361.
Rice—1877, $154,728. Hides and deer-skins—1876, $444,805.
Cattle—1876, $672,948. Aggregate values for 1876-7—including
rum made from molasses, and set down at $925,457—were
$15,448,794. These figures are from official sources, but may
not be altogether reliable. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Oct. 21,
1875; _Id._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Feb. 7, 24, 1877; Feb. 19, 1878.

[XXXII-15] The cotton is of superior quality, and grown
in considerable quantities; the cacao is second only to
Soconusco; the sugar-cane is indigenous, and yields beautiful
sugar; the indigo has a high reputation; the coffee is fully
as good as Costa Rica's, and flourishes well in the higher
grounds. The same may be said of tobacco. Maize and rice grow
in perfection and abundance. _Stout's Nic._, 73-85, 345-53;
_Dunlop's Cent. Am._, 265-7; _Baily's Cent. Am._, 120-4;
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 363-4, 377-8, 663; _Id._, _Trav._, i.
34-9, 158-63; _Id._, _Nic._, 620-2; _Lévy_, _Nic._, 458-81;
_Wells' Hond._, 141-3; _Id._, _Walker's Exped._, 116;
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 77-80; _U. S. Gov. Doc._,
H. Ex. Doc., 75, 210-12, 216, vol. x. Cong. 31, Sess. 1;
_Pan. Star and Herald_, March 13, 1886.

[XXXII-16] Exempting them from taxation and otherwise.
_Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i. 191-4, 206-11; ii. 106-11; _Nic._,
_Reg. Ofic._, 328-9; _Id._, _Dec. y Acuerdos_, vol. for
1851-61, passim; _Ley de Agric._, Feb. 18, 1862; _Nic._,
_Boletin Ofic._, Feb. 15, 1862; _Id._, _Gaceta_, years
1865-74, passim.

[XXXII-17] Mahogany abounds, especially on the margins of
the branches of the large rivers. The cutters are mostly
Mosquitos and Caribs, who hire themselves for the season at
$10 to $15 a month and fed. In 1862-9 the govt adopted the
plan of farming out the privilege of cutting mahogany. The
caoutchouc trees were by law declared in 1860 govt property.
_Nic._, _Mem. Min. Hac._, 1862; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 1,
1865; _El Nacional_, Nov. 10, 1860.

[XXXII-18] Nutritious grasses and water are scarce in the
summer. On the other hand, an immense quantity of vermin
constantly torment the animals, and disease takes hold of
them, killing many. Cows yield only a small quantity of milk.
A dairy possessing 150 to 200 milch cows is said to do well
if they yield 50 lbs. of cheese per day. _Lévy_, _Nic._, 478.

[XXXII-19] Said to be as good as that of Soconusco; but the
country is generally too high and cold for cacao culture;
nor is the climate favorable for cochineal, cotton, or grape,
owing to excessive rains. _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa R._, 30-1;
_Astaburuaga_, _Cent. Am._, 37. Spec. laws have been passed
for the promotion of cacao and indigo culture. _Costa R._,
_Col. Ley._, xi. 299-301; xii. 216-17; _Id._, _Col. Ley._,
1866, 161-2; _Id._, xix. 184-6.

[XXXII-20] As late as 1829 her sole article of export was
Brazil wood. The miserable condition of the country made
its name ridiculous. But in a few years the situation became
changed. An act was passed Sept. 7, 1831, to promote coffee
culture, and in 1835 the first export of the article took
place. Another decree for the same purpose was issued in
1843. _Id._, iii. 94-6; _El Nicaragüense_, Jan. 9, 1856.
In 1845 no less than 45,000 quintals were produced; in 1848
double that quantity; and in 1850, 140,000 qls; from 1854 to
1856 there was no increase, owing to cholera, locusts, and
the Walker war in Nic. However, the crop of 1856 was about
55,200 qls. _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 26, 1850; July 1 to
Sept. 23, 1854; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, June 29, 1854; _Id._,
_Mem. Sec. Rel._, 1856, 10-12; _Guat._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 7,
1853; _Wagner_, _Costa R._, 41, 307-21; _Squier's Cent. Am._,
454-72; _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 48-9; _Belly_, _A
trav. l'Amér. Cent._, i. 397-400.

[XXXII-21] In 1862 there was a fair crop: 1873, 333,843 qls;
1874, about 300,000 valued in Puntarenas port at $15.50 per
quintal of 100 lbs.; 1876, a scanty crop; 1877, 186,000;
1877, 180,652; 1879, excessive rains caused heavy loss; 1884,
about 375,000 quintals; but 1885 only yielded 125,000 or
130,000. _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Interior_, 1862, 10-11;
_Id._, _Sec. Agric._, 1874, 28; 1876, 20-1; 1878, 14; 1879,
22; _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 34; _Jülfs_, _Die
Seehäfen_, 18; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Apr. 9, 23, 1885.

[XXXII-22] The manufacture of rum from sugar-cane is a
government monopoly. The cultivation of tobacco has been for
many years under the strictest regulations; its manufacture
and sale was exclusively in the hands of govt agents. In
1850 it was declared free from Jan. 1, 1852, but the law was
repealed June 23, 1851. In 1869 the monopoly was abolished,
but restored again by law of Feb. 4, 1884. _Molina_, _Bosq.
Costa R._, 30; _Costa R._, _Col. Ley._, x. 132-40; xi. 331-3;
_Id._, _Col. Ley._, 1869, 15-17, 219-20; _Id._, _Mem. Sec.
Hac._, 1852-3; _Id._, _Mem. Sec. Gobern. Hac., etc._, 1884,
25-6.

[XXXII-23] The U. S. govt evinced in 1863 a disposition to
promote its cultiv. See correspond. of agric. dept. with U.
S. consul in Pan. _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 268-70.

[XXXII-24] Exempting from taxation, and by other privileges.
_Pan. Ley._, 1876-7, 7; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 7, 1877;
_Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 264-72; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex.
Doc. 113, vol. vi. 1-2, 35-7, Cong. 41, Sess. 2.

[XXXII-25] Tobacco, 2,770 quintals; grain, 197,320 qls;
cacao, 261 qls; sugar, 155 qls; panela, 29,445 qls; molasses,
4,694 jugs; coffee, 2,853 qls; rubber, 80 qls; sundries,
354,285 qls; medicinal roots, 390 qls. Total value, $518,662.
_Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1882, annex L.

[XXXII-26] No sheep are raised, and the goats, sometimes
killed, are a poor substitute. The pork is excellent.
Live-stock said to exist on the Isthmus in 1882: neat cattle,
114,157; mules and asses, 470; horses, 9,942; goats, 24,732;
hogs, 203,209. Total value, $1,270,945. _Id._

[XXXII-27] It would take too much space to enumerate them;
but a list may be found in the report on the physical and
polit. geog. of the state of Pan., drawn up by a commission
despatched thither for that purpose, by the govt of New
Granada, in 1859. See also report of Martin, New Granada
minister in London, May 1858, in _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._,
322-40.

[XXXII-28] Silver ores are the most abundant, and chiefly
located on the Pac. group of mountains, whereas the gold
washings, if not the gold mines proper, are most numerous on
the Atlantic side. The mineral districts in the departments
of Tegucigalpa, Choluteca, and Gracias are very rich in
silver in various combinations. The upper or old mine of
Coloal yielded 58 per ct. of copper, and 78 to 84 ounces
of silver to the ton; the ores of the new mines of Coloal,
a combination of chloride of silver, a little sulphuret
of silver, oxide of iron, and antimony, mixed with earthy
matter, yielded 8,470 ounces per ton of 2,000 lbs. Gold mines
abound in Hond., but only a few have been worked. The chief
supplies have been drawn from the washings of Olancho. The
rivers of Guayape and Jalan, as well as the streams running
into them, are decidedly the richest in auriferous sands. The
finest gold is from the Guayape, Jalan, and Mangualil, and
from the Sulaco, Caimito, and Pacaya, in the dept of Yoro.
The southern districts bordering on Nic. have rich placers.
Hond. has also mines of copper, iron, platina, cinnabar,
zinc, and coal. Very productive opal mines are worked to some
extent in Gracias. Amethysts are said to be found in Campuca.
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 145-51, 178-89; _Id._, _Hond. R. R._,
85-94; _Montgomery's Narr._, 1134; _Baily's Cent. Am._,
100-2; _Hond. Gac. Ofic._, Feb. 20, March 10, 1853; _Wells'
Hond._, 233-539, passim.

[XXXII-29] Foreigners are allowed to work and own mines,
under the federal law of June 27, 1825. The ordenanzas of New
Spain regarding mines were declared to be in force June 17,
1825. _Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i. 209; _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_,
i. 238.

[XXXII-30] The absence of roads and difficulty of travel make
mining unprofitable as yet. _Presid. Soto_, _Mensaje_, Feb.
19, 1883; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 23, 1883; Feb. 23,
1886; _H. S. Davys' Gold Fields along the Guayape, etc._, in
_Cincinnati Enquirer_.

[XXXII-31] Combined with lead and copper, and also as a
sulphide of silver. Materials convenient for working them
were at hand. The Central Am. Mining Co. operating on the
locality sold between 1858 and 1865 ore and bar silver to
the amount of 621,000 ounces, worth over $700,000. _U. S.
Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 40, Sess. 2, pt 1, 212-14;
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 526; _U. S. Land Off. Rep._, 1867,
116-17, 131-2, 188-90; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 28, 1866.

[XXXII-32] Early in the present century nuggets of 22 carats
were found near Chol. In some mines the ore treated with
quicksilver yielded one ounce of gold to the 100 ℔s., or $320
to the ton of 2,000 ℔s. _Blazquez_, _Opinion_, in _Doc. Orig.
Chiapas_, 5.

[XXXII-33] Gold placers in the dept. of Izabal were being
worked on a large scale. Several silver mines promise large
yields when they become exploited. The Indians of Zunil
repeatedly offer for sale in Quezaltenango quicksilver
obtained from a mine which they keep strictly secret. In the
departments of Quiché, Alta, Vera Paz, and Huehuetenango are
salt springs and deposits; in Chimaltenango peat and lignite;
between Guastoya and Izabal, marble; and in several places on
the Atlantic slope, coal. The government had a mineralogical
survey of the country made. _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Hac._, 1882,
28; 1883, 34, 72-4; _Id._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1884, 42;
_Wagner_, _Costa R._, 36; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan. 17,
1883.

[XXXII-34] Among them must be mentioned zinc, iron, copper,
lead, tin, antimony. The mines of lead, iron, and copper
are believed to be inexhaustible. They are situated in a
fertile, cool, healthy, and picturesque region, affording
every other facility for working them. The whole northern
frontier abounds in silver, a little of it being obtained
by primitive processes. Quicksilver mines, though not rich,
are common. The gold veins of Nic. come from Hond., running
along the cordillera to the San Juan River, where they become
somewhat ramified before crossing it, and reappear in Costa
R. The chief one crosses the Machuca River. The gold is
almost pure when washed from river-beds, and more or less
mixed with silver when dug out of the earth. In the districts
of Juigalpa and Libertad hundreds of mines have been entered.
The Jícaro mines near Trinidad, and those of Santa Rosa,
Achuapa, San Francisco, etc., have been famous. The Potosí
and Corpus in colonial times yielded large quantities of
gold. The whole upper region of the Coco River is rich. It
may be asserted that the mines of Nic. are excellent, but
the miners are generally incompetent. They use the crowbar,
avoiding gunpowder as too expensive. Men are easily procured,
who work steadily though slowly and by primitive methods,
earning $8 to $10 per month, and their rations. The mills
are mostly poor. Sixteen carat gold is worth at the mine
$12 an ounce, but the average price paid by factors was
$8 or $9. Considerable quantities of gold are taken by the
Indians from river sands and bed, and washed in pans. _Lévy_,
_Nic._, 160-6, 482-6; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 364, 392-400;
_Id._, _Nic._, 653-6; _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Fomento_, 1871;
_Id._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1875; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex.
Doc., 212-13, vol. x., Cong. 31, Sess. 1; _Belly_, _Nic._, i.
340-6; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 11, 1865; May 26, 1866, suppl.;
Sept. 7, 1867; Jan. 11, July 18, Aug. 8, 1868.

[XXXII-35] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, March 1, 1873; _Rocha_, _Cód.
Nic._, i. 163-72; _Nic._, _Correo Ist._, Aug. 29, 1850.

[XXXII-36] It is said their yield was 47 to 2,537 oz. of
silver to the ton. Dunlop has it that they yielded at one
time $1,000,000 annually, though worked rudely and without
machinery, and the chief one of them once produced $200,000
annually. _Trav. in Cent. Am._, 277. A French company
undertook to work the Tabanco and Encuentros, invested a
large capital, and sustained losses. The Loma Larga and
Divisaderos, though represented as richer, probably fared
not much better. _Dunn's Guat._, 225-6; _Baily's Cent. Am._,
92-3; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 291-4; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._,
Dec. 1, 2, 1875; Jan. 23, 1876; Jan. 28, 1879; _Id._, _Gaceta
Ofic._, Oct. 24, 1875; Jan. 30, Aug. 15, Nov. 11, 1877.

[XXXII-37] _Squier's Coal-mines of Riv. Lempa_, 3-13.

[XXXII-38] It is believed that the Tisingal, which gave the
country its name, lies near the Colombian frontier on the
Atlantic. _Molina_, _Bosq. Costa R._, 33.

[XXXII-39] _Squier's Cent. Am._, 457; _Lond. Geog. Soc._,
_Jour._, vi. 128; _Thompson's Guat._, 214-15; _Dunlop's Cent.
Am._, 42; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, July 15, 1854; _Id._, _Inf.
Sec. Hac._, 1872; _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 36;
_Wheelright's Isth. Pan._, 7.

[XXXII-40] Information for the years preceding 1800 may
be gleaned from _Juarros_, _Guat._, 16-79, passim; _Id._,
_Stat. and Com. Hist. Guat._, 21-105, passim; _Montanus_,
_Die Nieuwe Weereld_, 275-7; _Arevalo_, _Compend._, 175;
_Russell's Hist. Am._, 191, 391-2; _Churchill's Coll._, viii.
764-5; _Dunn's Guat._, 222-5; _Squier's Trav._, i. 39-40;
_Id._, _Guat._, 586-7. To the end of the Spanish rule most
of the precious metals from Hond. were smuggled out through
Belize and Mosquito, probably one third only reaching the
mint at Guat. The coinage in 1817-18, was $983,225; 1820-4,
$1,319,106. _Thompson's Guat._, 217, 520. The superintend.
of the old Guat. mint calculated the coinage in gold and
silver for the 15 years anterior to 1810 at $2,193,832, and
for the 15 years posterior at $3,810,382, adding that much
of the production had been exported in its native state
or manufactured. He estimated the actual products of the
mines in those 30 years at ten times the amount coined;
his estimate could probably bear some deduction. _De Bow's
Review_, Jan. 1855, 77-8.

[XXXII-41] The Guat. mint has coined in the years 1879-83
$974,957, all in silver pieces from one dollar down to 3⅛
cents. _Guat. Mem._, _Sec. Hac._, 1880-4, in tables 6, 11,
14, 20, 18, respectively. The coinage of the Costa Rican
mint from 1829 to 1880, both inclusive, was as follows:
gold, $2,351,808; silver, $568,648; copper, $1,682; total,
$2,922,138. _Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Hac._, 1883, table 11.

[XXXII-42] 'Hay oro en mucha cantidad; están descubiertos
veinte rios, y treinta que tienen oro salen de una sierra
que está fasta dos leguas de esta villa.' _Carta_, _Eno 20,
1513_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. Viages_, iii. 363.

[XXXII-43] They were several times plundered by buccaneers.
Harris in 1684 took away 120 lbs. of gold. Dampier speaks
glowingly of them in that year; 'the richest gold mines ever
yet found in America.' _New Voy. round the World_, i. 158-9.
Another exped. in 1702 carried off 50 lbs.

[XXXII-44] An extensive and able report by the governor,
many years after, gives much information on the whole Darien
region, especially on its mineral wealth, making particular
mention of the Cuque gold mine, and of a silver one in the
country of the Curias Indians, who allowed no whites to visit
it. _Ariza_, _Comentos de la rica y fertilísima Prov. del
Darien_, Apr. 5, 1774, MS., 2, 12, 19-21, 32-7; _Id._, in
_Anales Instruc. Púb. Colombia_, May 1883, 369, 380, 687-9,
397-401.

[XXXII-45] _Gisborne's Isth. Darien_, 173; _Pan._, _Boletin
Ofic._, July 4, Aug. 1, 1867.

[XXXII-46] _Restrepo_, _Minas de Oro y Plata de Colombia_,
in _Anales Instruc. Púb. Colombia_, Mar. 1884, 230-45. Many
rivers are represented to contain abundance of gold, namely,
Marea and Balsas in Darien, Coclé, Belen, Indios, and their
tributaries. Their are mines in Las Tablas, etc. Gold has
also been taken from Indian graves. _Seemann's Narr._, i.
242-3; _Pan._, _Crón. Ofic._, March 6, 1853; _Id._, _Gaceta
del Est._, Dec. 15, 1855; June 14, 1856; June 22, 1857; Sept.
23, Oct. 22, 1859; May 4, 1860; _Id._, _Gac._, Sept. 6, 1873;
Feb. 20, 1876, to May 8, 1881, passim; _U. S. Govt Doc._, 54,
169-72, vol. ix., Cong. 40, Sess. 3.

[XXXII-47] Six hundred and four millions in gold and
auriferous silver, and 26 millions in silver. _Restrepo,
Vicente_, _Industria Minera_, in _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan.
2, 1884.

[XXXII-48] _Bogotá_, _Gaceta Ofic._, Feb. 6, 1848; _Pan._,
_Gac. Estado_, Aug. 4, 1855; Jan. 5, 1856; May 10, 1862;
_Id._, _Gac._, Aug. 22, 1874; Feb. 27, 1875; Jan. 12, 1876;
Nov. 7, 1880; _Id._, _Boletin Ofic._, Dec. 7, 1867; _Id._,
_Star and Herald_, Feb. 28, 1876; _Wheelright's Isth. Pan._,
8; _Pan. Rept on Coal Bocas del Toro_, in _Costa R. Bound_,
3-19; _Selfridge's Explor._, 177-80; _U. S. Gov. Doc._,
H. Ex. Doc., 41, 45-53, vol. vi. Cong. 36, Sess. 2; _S. F.
Bulletin_, July 26, 1873.

[XXXII-49] They were known, however, from the earliest times,
and the needs of the inhabitants in cotton and woollen goods,
pottery, etc., were mostly supplied at home. The decline of
cotton manufactures began in 1773, after the destruction
of old Guat. city, and was completed when permission was
given a little previous to 1799, for the importation of
foreign manufactured goods. _Diario_, _Méx._, March 29,
1806; _Juarros_, _Guat._, i. 16-82, passim; _Saravia_, _Bosq.
Polít. Est._, 12; _Guat._, _Apuntam._, 12, 138-9.

[XXXII-50] Exempting from taxation, establishing schools
of mechanic arts, introducing skilful mechanics, granting
subsidies, etc. _Montúfar_, _Resúmen Hist._, i. 321; _Guat._,
_Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1880-4; _Batres_, _Sketch_, 53, 60.

[XXXII-51] Guat. has been creditably represented at several
international exhibitions; she has also entered into
conventions with several foreign powers to secure patents
for inventions. _Costa R._, _Mem. Sec. Rel._, 1884, annex 8;
_El Guatemalteco_, Sept. 24, Oct. 12, Nov. 1, 1884; _Voz de
Méj._, Sept. 14, 1878; _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1885,
36-8.

[XXXII-52] A cotton rebozo may be had for $4 or $5, and a
silk one for $12, the finest selling at from $16 to $20.
_Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 209-10.

[XXXII-53] Some machinery for refining sugar, ginning cotton,
distilling liquors, cleaning coffee, sawing lumber, and
extracting fibres have been introduced. _Nic._, _Mem. Min.
Fomento_, 1871, 3.

[XXXII-54] Mats, baskets, palm-leaf and maguey hats,
and cordage. The hammocks of Masaya and Sutiaba are much
esteemed. Cotton fabrics are coarse but strong, and dyed
with permanent colors, and of original design. They also
make good rebozos, but the silk in some of them is imported.
Hides enter into the manufacture of several common articles.
Rum is made and sold by the govt. The miller's art is in its
infancy. _Lévy_, _Nic._, 486-91; _Squier's Cent. Am._, 373;
_Rocha_, _Cód. Nic._, i. 188-90; _Nic._, _Reg. Ofic._, 328-9;
_Sandoval_, _Rev. Polít._, 58.

[XXXII-55] Aside from some furniture, arms, etc., their
hammocks, nets, cotton goods, and pottery, are all made
in a very primitive manner. There is no skill whatever.
_Fernandez_, _Col. Doc._, iii. 366-8; _Costa R._, _Censo_,
1864, p. xxv. Beer and rum are also made, the latter said
to be a good imitation of Jamaica; distilling rum is a govt
monopoly. _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatém._, 53; _Costa R._,
_Col. Ley._, v. 122-45; xi. 331-46.

[XXXII-56] Subsidies granted in 1885 for silk culture and
manufacturing paper, rebozos, cotton goods, and sacks.
_Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 2, 5, 12, 13, 1885; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Sept. 9, 1885.

[XXXII-57] An official report for 1882 gave the following
as about the extent of such industry in that year: 1,600
rush hats and 1,600 of jipijapa, 200 M tiles, 7 M jars, 525
M bricks. _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1882, annex L. It is
said that a factory for making carriages was opened in 1885.
_Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan. 5, 1886.

[XXXIII-1] Two or three vessels at most came every year to
Acajutla from Peru with wines, olive oil, and other articles
for the table, and 200,000 or 300,000 pesos in specie for the
purchase of indigo. From Cuba came eight or ten vessels with
petty cargoes of rum, onions, etc., the average worth being
$5,000 or $6,000. They each took back, besides indigo, 30,000
or 40,000 pesos in coin and in gold and silver bullion.
_Mex._, _Gaceta_, 1804-5, xii. 178-80; _Cancelada_, _Ruina
N. Esp._, 48-9; _Córtes_, _Col. Doc._, ii. 341; _Henderson's
British Hond._, 30-1, 35; _Guat._, _Apuntam._, 136-41;
_Nic. y Hond._, _Docs._, 11-12; _Arrillaga_, _Informe_, in
_Cedulario_, iv. 60-1; _Urrutia_, _Modelo_, 2-3; _Guat._,
_Gaz._, vii. 293-320, passim; iii. 70, 464, 504.

[XXXIII-2] This hybrid commerce was effected through Belize
and Curaçoa; and also by foreign whalers at Realejo and
Acajutla, where they were wont to enter with the pretext of
procuring water and fresh stores, and while in port sold
English goods, receiving in return copper, wool, sugar,
cacao, etc. _Humboldt_, _Essai Polít._, ii. 467-73.

[XXXIII-3] _Bustamante_, _Voz de la Patria_, iv. no. 18, 4-8;
_Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, i. 745-7; ii. 301; _U. S. Gov. Doc._,
H. Ex. Doc., 75, 215-16, x., Cong. 31, Sess. 1; _Squier's
Trav._, i. 44-5.