Chapter XXXIV: Interoceanic Communication (17)

[XXV-5] In proof of the assertion, Colombia was to furnish
15,250 men of the three arms, one line-of-battle ship of 70
to 80 guns, one frigate of 64, and two of 44. These vessels
would cost her nearly two and a quarter million dollars,
besides the expense to maintain them armed, manned, and
otherwise thoroughly equipped. Where was Colombia, already
burdened with a considerable annual deficit, to get the means
for supporting such an army and navy?

[XXV-6] On the 8th of Aug., 1826, he wrote to Gen. Paez from
Lima: 'The congress of Panamá, an admirable institution were
it more efficacious, resembles the Greek lunatic that wanted
to direct from a rock the sailing of ships. Its power will
be but a shadow, and its decrees mere counsels.' _Caicedo_,
_Union Lat. Am._, 33-10, 97-110.

[XXV-7] There were doubtless other reasons, such as the
agitations menacing Colombia, fear of an invasion by France
in the name of the holy alliance; or the bad climate and lack
of facilities in Panamá. _Méx._, _El Sol_, no. 1203; _Guat._,
_Redaitor Gen._, suppl. to no. 27; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 138-9.

[XXV-8] The enemies of Bolívar accused him of aiming, through
an American league, at the control of all Spanish America
to make himself its ruler. The following authorities have
also treated more or less fully of the Panamá congress:
_Mora_, _Revol. Mej._, i. 354-8; _La Palanca_, Sept. 14,
Oct. 26, 1826; _Zavala_, _Revol. Mex._, i. 389-90; _Cuevas_,
_Porvenir_, 387-497; _Mex._, _Mem. Rel._, 1827, Doc. 2,
11-13; _Bustamante_, _Voz de la Patria_, ii. no. 15, 2-3;
_Amigo del Pueblo_, ii. no. 5, 132-3; iii. 395-419; iv.
223-4; _Cor. Fed. Mex._, Nov. 28, 1826; _Rivera_, _Hist.
Jalapa_, ii. 395-6; _Tornel_, _Breve Reseña_, 48-50; _Gaz.
Mex. Extraord._, 1826, i. no. 5; _Mex._, _Gac. de Gob._, July
4-Sept. 21, 1826, passim; _Tucker's Monroe Doctrine_, 23-36.

[XXV-9] The capital of Spanish Guiana, near the Orinoco and
Old Guiana.

[XXV-10] Among the governors of Veragua were, in Jan. 1823,
José M. Chiari; in June 1823, Miguel A. Figueredo; in 1824-5,
Pedro Guillen; and in 1828, F. Fábrega. Gov. of Panamá,
1826, J. J. Argote. Intendente and comandante general of
the departm. of the Isthmus in 1827, Col Man. Muñoz; in June
1828, J. Sardá. _Veraguas_, _Gob._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Col.
Doc._, MS., no. 29, 34; _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., no.
2, 80, et seq.

[XXV-11] José Vallarino of Panamá was one of its members,
and soon after was made vice-president, and a little later
councillor of state. A popular man in his section, he was
at one time thought of for a senatorship, and at another for
the presidency of the republic. In 1816 he had been the royal
treasurer, an office conferred on him as a reward of his own
past services, as well as of those of his father, Bernardo,
and his uncle, Bruno, who had been a member of the council
of the Indies. At the separation from the mother country he
joined the independent movement, afterward holding several
honorable positions. His descendants live on the Isthmus.
_Id._, no. 1, 1-8.

[XXV-12] Since 1829 Nueva Granada had been divided into
departments with a prefect at the head of each. The prefect
of Panamá was J. Sardá. His rule was despotic, involving the
abuse of prominent citizens, and levying a forced loan for
pretended defence of the Isthmus. _Sardá, J._, _Decreto_, May
25, 1829. He was executed at Bogotá in 1833 under sentence of
the law for a plot to murder the president. _Necrología_, in
_El Constitucional del Istmo_.

[XXV-13] Their functions were those of the former prefect.
_Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 62.

[XXV-14] The constitution of 1830, of the old republic,
had been in force till now. _Obando, J. M._, _Decreto_,
in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Miscell. Pap._, no. 14; _El
Constitutional del Istmo_, Jan. 14, 28; Apr. 21, May 7, 14,
28, 1832; _Veraguas_, _Recop. Ordenanzas_, 20.

[XXV-15] The following authorities appear in official
documents: Province of Panamá, 1832-3, Gov. Juan José Argote;
in 1834, acting gov., M. A. Hurtado; in 1836-8, Gov. Pedro
Obarrio. Prov. of Veragua, in 1874, Gov. M. J. Guisado;
in 1835-7, Gov. Manuel de Ayala. In 1836 Veragua had a
provincial legislature. _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., no.
25, no. 31, p. 4, 12, 18, 38, 40, 75, 91; nos. 59, 65, 78,
104; _El Constitutional del Istmo_, May 7, 14, 1832; Oct.
30, 1824; Aug. 30, 1836; _Registro Ofic._, _N. Gran._, 8;
_Veraguas_, _Esposic._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS.,
no. 76.

[XXV-16] For which he was awarded thanks. _El Constitutional
del Istmo_, Dec. 28, 1831.

[XXV-17] Dec. 3, 1831. _Id._, Dec. 21, 1831.

[XXV-18] Lieut Melchor Duran, and Brevet Sub-lieutenant F.
Casana of the battalion No. 9. _Id._, March 14, 1832.

[XXV-19] During the past nine years the Isthmus seems to
have enjoyed comparative quiet. In Sept. 1833, the provincial
legislature chose Agustin Tallaferro deputy to the national
congress, and Juan de la Cruz Perez his suplente. _Id._,
Sept. 15, 1833.

[XXV-20] He accompanied resolutions of the officials, heads
of families, and other citizens of Santiago to remain under
the national authority, and lend no aid to any attempt to
sever the connection or promote public disturbance. _El
Constitucional de Cundinamarca_, March 27, 1842.

[XXV-21] He said: 'Marcharé hasta donde sea necesario para
arreglanos con Veraguas definitivamente.' Though hoping that
for the common interest, the voice of peace will be heeded,
'la fuerza alcanzará lo que se le ha negado á la fraternidad
y á los principios.' _Gaceta del Istmo_, Sept. 15, 1840, in
_Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, no. 3; _Herrera_, _Decreto_, in
_Pinart_, _Miscell. Pap._, no. 13.

[XXV-22] Costa Rica recognized the independence of the
Isthmus, and entered with Obarrio into a convention of amity
and trade. The boundary question was left open for future
settlement. _Gaceta del Istmo_, Oct. 20, 1841; _Costa R._,
_Col. Ley._, vii. 234-6.

[XXV-23] This was acknowledged on the 16th of October,
1841, by F. W. Byrne, acting Brit. consul, in a note to Sec.
Arosemena.

[XXV-24] Meantime José Agustin Arango, sec. of war, had been
engaged in regulating the national guard. _Id._, Sept. 20,
1841.

[XXV-25] It is understood that the commissioners were not
even clothed with sufficient powers; but the chief men
surrendered the Isthmus to them. The men of the revolution,
José Obaldía, Pedro de Obarrio, Mariano Arosemena, Cárlos de
Icaza, José Agustin Arango, and others, now left Herrera to
the consequences.

[XXV-26] Gen. Herrera fell in battle, not in the state of
Panamá, on the 4th of Dec., 1854, in defence of liberal
institutions. The legislature of Pan., Sept. 22, 1855,
decreed that several of his portraits should be placed in
official halls. In Oct. 1857 it appropriated $3,000 to bring
his remains to Panamá; in May 1868 a monument was decreed.
A statue of the general was placed in the cathedral plaza
of the city of Panamá. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 29,
1855; _Id._, Oct. 15, 1857; _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Jan. 8,
May 12, 1868.

[XXV-27] Gen. Tomás C. Mosquera, commander-in-chief of the
forces on the coast, Aug. 1, 1842, at Panamá, granted in
the name of his government an amnesty to the revolutionists.
Again, March 15, 1845, congress passed a general amnesty law,
including all persons who participated in the rebellion from
1839 to 1842. _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., no. 31, 183-5;
_N. Gran._, _Ley. y Dec._, 1-2; _Seemann's Hist. Isth. Pan._,
in _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 14, 1868. The rulers of the
provinces of Panamá and Veragua in the following years are
given in continuation: Gov. of Panamá in 1843, Miguel Chiari;
in 1844-5, Col Anselmo Pineda; in 1845, Joaquin M. Barriga,
with José Agustin Arango as government secretary. Intendente
gen. de hacienda in 1848, Mariano Arosemena. Gov. of Veragua
in 1840-2, Cárlos Fábrega; acting-gov. in 1843, José Fábrega
Barrera; in 1843-5, Antonio del Rio; in 1845-9, Escolástico
Romero; in June 1849, Diego García; in Aug. 1849, Ricardo de
la Parra; in 1850-2, J. Fábrega Barrera; in 1852, Francisco
de Fábrega; in Oct. 1853, Eustasio Fábrega; in 1855, Agustin
Lopez; May 15, 1855, Francisco Fábrega. Appointed gov. Aug.
1855, Agustin Lopez. _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Docs._, MS., nos.
17, 21, 31, 53, 57-8, 68-75, 79, 105; _El Movimiento_, Dec.
29, 1844; _Veraguas_, _Recop. Ordenanzas_, 2-66; _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, Aug. 28, 1855; _N. Gran._, _Ley. y Dec._,
1-3.

[XXV-28] Aug. 1, 1849, the electoral junta chose one
proprietary senator, Antonio Villeros, and his suplente,
Nicolás Lopez; one deputy, Domingo Arosemena, and his
substitute, Gabriel Diez, to the national congress; seven
deputies and an equal number of suplentes, to constitute the
provincial legislature. The first local legislature met Sept.
15th, and closed the session on the 24th of Oct. From this
time the new province had the following governors, namely:
July 24 to Dec. 20, 1849, Pablo Arosemena; Dec. 20, 1849,
acting gov. Juan Man. Gallegos; June 1850, P. Arosemena
again in office till Aug. 1851, when Rafael Nuñez succeeded
ad int.; Sept. 1851 to 1852, Francisco Esquivel; Sept.
1852, Escolástico Romero; 1854, Santiago Agnew; Aug. 1855,
Domingo Obaldía, against whom complaints were made of abuses
of power. _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., 2-11, 31, 46-8,
83-93; _U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 36, Sess. 2, House Ex. Doc.,
vi. 41, p. 59; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Dec. 1, 1855.

[XXV-29] The first official doc. I have found with the
name of Fábrega in a decree of the gov. of July 25, 1850.
_Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 89, p. 59-60.

[XXV-30] Chiriquí's capital, David; Veragua's, Santiago;
Azuero's, Villa de los Santos. The first gov. of Azuero,
receiving like the rest his appointment from the gen.
government, was Juan Arosemena, in 1851. Antonio Baraya
became gov. in April 1852. _Gobn. Prov. Azuero_, in _Pinart_,
_Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 43.

[XXV-31] Annexed to Veragua. _Sac. Daily Union_, May 18,
1855; _Veraguas_, _Ord. y Resol._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll.
Doc._, no. 6; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 15, 1855.

[XXV-32] Dated June 22, 1850. _Chiriquí_, _Ofic. de la
Gobn._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 84;
_Chiriquí_, _Decretos_, in _Id._, MS., no. 89; _Chiriquí_,
_Inf. Gen. del Canton_, in _Id._, MS., no. 41.

[XXV-33] The local authorities were paid out of the national
treasury. Chiriquí could not tax the inhabitants.

[XXV-34] The vice-consul's release; restoration with all
respect and publicity to the consulate of its archives and
other effects, together with satisfaction to the British
government, and a compensation of £1,000 to Russell. _Peña y
Peña_, _Práctica Forense_, iii. 375-94; _Scarlett's S. Am._,
ii. 257-9; _Mensaje_, _Presid. N. Gran._, 1837.

[XXV-35] British war vessels made a demonstration at Panamá
the following year. _S. F. Alta Cal._, Dec. 1, 1856; _S. F.
Even. Bulletin_, Jan. 2, May 16, 1857.

[XXV-36] They said it was notorious that no passenger arrived
at either end of the route without being abused, robbed,
or otherwise maltreated; many had been wounded, and not a
few murdered; hardly a party passed without their baggage
being plundered; women were insulted, and even outraged. No
effort had been made by the authorities to ferret out the
perpetrators of such crimes. _Pan._, _La Crónica Ofic._,
March 1, 1854.

[XXV-37] The governor did not fail to mention that in several
instances his troops had done valuable service in protecting
treasure and recovering stolen property, without claiming or
receiving pay.

[XXV-38] Runnels acted with characteristic energy. Without
scandal or noise, he captured one by one the banditti that
infested the roads, and out of sight and without witnesses,
other than his own men, had the criminals hanged and buried.
Those of this class that did not fall into the hands of
the Isthmus guard made haste to leave the country, which
soon was cleared of foreign evil-doers. This object being
accomplished, the guard was dissolved, its valuable services
being fully appreciated. The governor had no authority for
his action, but no fault was found with him. The measure had
been one of absolute necessity; 'fué redentora.' _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, 9. Runnels in after years lived in
Nicaragua, and died of consumption in Rivas, July 7, 1882,
aged 52. _Pan. Star and Herald_, July 22, 1882.

[XXV-39] Jefe Superior Justo Arosemena wrote Consul Ward a
courteous letter of explanation on the 29th of Sept. _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, Oct. 3, 1855.

[XXV-40] Ships and passengers had been paying a moderate
sum, and when the official's greed was aroused to levy a
burdensome tax, formal objection to it was made.

[XXV-41] It added that the policy of demanding such a tax
would be detrimental to the interests of the Isthmus. The
whole correspondence appears in _Pan. Crón. Ofic._, March 10,
Apr. 10, May 23, 1854; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Nov. 3, 10,
18, 1855; _Id._, Dec. 11, 1856; _S. F. Alta_, Sept. 20, 1856;
_Sac. Union._, Sept. 22, 1856; _S. F. Bulletin_, Sept. 30,
1856; Minister Herran to Sec. Marcy, Dec. 8, 1856, in _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, March 28, 1857.

[XXV-42] It must be confessed that the impression caused
by the influx of foreigners, parading the streets, many of
them armed with bowie-knives and revolvers, often incited by
intoxication and gambling to acts of lawlessness, was not a
favorable one. They often appeared to the natives as lawless
invaders. The laws were not framed for the emergency, and the
authorities were powerless to stop the scandals occurring
every day in the streets. Robberies and other crimes among
the foreigners themselves were common. Gambling-houses, in
violation of law, were publicly kept, exhibiting strange
signs, such as Card Room, Owls' Club, etc. Once a crowd of
Americans fell upon the small guard of the jail, disarmed it,
and set free some of their countrymen. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 2, 5-6. A writer relates that he saw
ruffians in 1850 throw filth on religious processions. Once
an American rode a mule into the cathedral, and tried to make
it drink from the baptismal font. Fortunately Theller, an
American resident, interfered. 'Often the dirty red-shirted
fellows would stride into the chapels and light their cigars
at the altar.' _Cal. Chronicle_, May 20, 1856.

[XXV-43] The trouble originated in the act of a drunken man
named Jack Oliver, who seized a slice of watermelon from a
fruit stall, and refused to pay for it. Simultaneously and
without preconcertion, fights occurred between parties of
passengers and the colored population in various parts of
the town. The city was soon in commotion. Residents retired
to their homes and barred themselves in. The fights lasted
about three hours, when the foreigners were driven into
the depot. The negroes, who had formerly been humble and
submissive to the whites, remembered on that day the abusive
treatment often received by them at the hands of transient
foreigners; but did not confine their expressions of
hatred to foreigners only, for they transversed the streets
crying, Mueran los blancos! They were now ungovernable. They
rushed to the Panamá depot—at a moment when from 250 to 300
passengers of both sexes and all ages, landed at Colon from
the steamship _Illinois_, were procuring their tickets for
San Francisco—and began firing at the building, hitting one
man. The doors were then closed, and some of the passengers
armed themselves. It has been stated by eye-witnesses that
some of the armed passengers went out and discharged their
arms at the black mob before any shot had been fired at
the building; but the weight of testimony is against this
assertion. U. S. Consul Ward came on horseback, saying that
the government at his request would soon send a force to
quell the disturbance. The force did come, but instead of
affording protection to the passengers huddled in the depot,
fired a volley of musketry in their midst, and followed it
by others, besides stray shots. The only reasons assigned
for this conduct of the force were that it sympathized with
the mob, or was awed by it. The latter was the real cause.
The active firing from the outside continued about one and
a half hours even after it had ceased from the inside. The
mob for a time did not succeed in entering the building, but
finally broke into the baggage-room, killing and wounding
several persons. Fortunately, the rabble was bent more on
plunder than slaughter. It is said that even the wounded had
their boots pulled from their feet and carried away. Many
robberies had also been committed by the negroes in the city,
principally in shops and barrooms. _S. F. Bulletin_, May 1-3,
17, Aug. 30, Oct. 14, Dec. 17, 1856; _Cal. Chronicle_, May
20, 1856; _Sac. Union_, May 5, 13, 1856; _S. F. Alta_, May 2,
3, 18, 1856.

[XXV-44] Totten, chief engineer of the railroad, and Ward,
in their protests held Fábrega's government responsible,
and claimed damages. They also demanded protection for the
passengers and treasure then expected from California on
the _Golden Gate_. Fábrega, upon the latter point, gave
the required assurances, recommending that the railroad
officials should also adopt precautionary measures. In his
report to the supreme government on the 22d of April, 1856,
he denied the charges preferred against him by Totten and
Ward, declaring that the whole affair had been sudden and
unpremeditated; and he, as well as the gens d'armes had the
best intentions to protect the passengers, and the firing
upon them had been unauthorized, though resulting from the
fact that the passengers had continued shooting. He kept to
himself, however, that fear for the lives of himself and the
few other white people of the city, which were in great peril
from the infuriated blacks, had deterred him from attacking
the mob. The latter was calmed and dispersed only through the
good offices, called for by Fábrega, of the influential men
among the negro population. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Apr.
26, May 3, 10, 27, 1856.

[XXV-45] On their landing at Colon, the other steamship was
ready at Panamá to receive them and put off as soon as they
were on board. They traversed the Isthmus without scarcely
setting foot on the soil. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._,
MS., 11-12.

[XXV-46] _Corwine's Rep. and Coll. of Evidence_, 1-69; _U.
S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 34, Sess. 1, vol. xi., H. Ex. Doc., no.
103, 154-76.

[XXV-47] It stipulated a board of arbitration composed
of commissioners of both governments to award upon claims
presented prior to Sept. 1, 1859. The total amount of awards
N. Granada would pay in equal semiannual instalments, the
first, six months after the termination of the commission;
and the whole payment to be completed within eight years;
each of the sums bearing interest at 6 per cent per annum.
To secure said payments, N. G. govt appropriated one half
of the compensation accruing to her from the Panamá railroad
company; if such fund should prove insufficient, it was then
to provide for the deficit from its other sources of revenue.
_U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 36, Sess. 2, Sen. Miscell., no. 13,
1-7. After the riot the federal government endeavored to have
a force on the Isthmus to protect foreign interests, which it
should have done before. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._,
MS., 10-11.

[XXV-48] _U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 35, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Dec.,
no. 2, 21, 22, vol. ii. pt i.; _Id._, Id., Sen. Doc., no. 33,
x. 1-3.

[XXV-49] Thomas Savage, U. S. acting consul-general at
Habana, had sent timely notice of their plans. They were
taken with arms, munitions of war, and written proof of their
intent.

[XXV-50] Calancha, president of Panamá, pleaded that he had
no authority to allow it; the national constitution reserving
to the general government of Colombia the control of the
foreign relations. _Bidwell's Pan. Isth._, 207-11.

[XXV-51] They were sentenced by court-martial, their chief
to death, and the others to imprisonment at hard labor; the
sentence of the first was commuted, and all were released
at or before the termination of the war. _Hogg et al._ v.
_U. S._, 1-22; _S. F. Call_, Nov. 26, 1864; May 25-31, June
6-8, July 6, 16, 1865; _S. F. Bulletin_, Nov. 28, 29, Dec. 7,
1864; May 22, 1865.

[XXV-52] This affair took place about one month prior to that
of the prisoners arrested on the _Salvador_. _Bidwell's Pan.
Isth._, 206.

[XXV-53] Questions of neutrality with Spain during the Cuban
revolution in 1871-2; and in 1880, at the time of the war of
Chile against Peru and Bolivia, on the subject of contraband
of war passing through for the uses of either belligerent.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Sept. 21, 1871; Apr. 12, 1872; July 4, 15,
Sept. 2, 16, Nov. 7, 1880.

[XXV-54] _Pan. Star_, March 29, 1850; _Polynesian_, vii. 42,
50; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, 83; _S. F. Alta_, Mar. 22,
Apr. 3, 1851; _S. F. News_, Apr. 3, 1851. The most serious
one was on the 22d and 23d of Oct., 1851, at Chagres, among
boatmen and passengers, in which several lives were lost,
and the town was much damaged. _Pan. Star_, Oct. 28, 1851;
_S. F. Alta_, Nov. 18, 20, 1851; _S. F. Daily Herald_,
Nov. 18, 1851. The official report of the jefe político
on the 3d of Nov. said there were two or three killed and
a number wounded. _Bogotá_, _Gaceta Ofic._, Dec. 3, 1851.
The vigilants of the Isthmus had a thief well flogged at
Chagres in 1851. _S. F. Courier_, Jan. 21, 1851. Another
case of lynch law occurred on the island of Tabogá in 1855.
The carpenter of the American steamship company was one
morning dragged out of bed and murdered. As there was no
police on the island, the employés of the company captured
the murderers, one of whom made full confession, and their
captors without more ado hanged them. The state authorities
took no notice of the matter, other than issuing, some time
after, a full pardon to the executioners. _Bidwell's Isth. of
Pan._, 216; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 29, 1855.

[XXV-55] This occurred on the Cruces route. The escort
was fired upon, two arrieros were mortally wounded. The
banditti endeavored to run off one of the laden mules, but
were prevented by the escort and passengers. _Holinski_, _La
Californie_, 83-4; _S. F. Alta_, Oct. 18, 1851; _S. F. Daily
Herald_, Oct. 18, 1851.

[XXV-56] A mere alcalde met with no difficulty whatever to
have his orders carried out.

[XXV-57] Judges and alcaldes were not only civil officials,
but also agents of the ecclesiastical authorities. Their
double rôle insured them great influence with a people
'barbarizado por la ignorancia y el fanatismo.' _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 3.

[XXV-58] Public documents speak in general terms of outrages
committed by the revolutionists. They marched from Veragua
against Los Santos in Azuero, and were defeated. _Pan.
Gobern._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 43, 5-9.
An amnesty was decreed in favor of the revolutionists Sept.
29, 1856, excepting a few leaders, who were finally pardoned
in a later one of Sept. 12, 1857. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._,
Sept. 16, 23, 1857. The following authorities appear in pub.
docs. July 23, 1852, Gen. Manuel M. Franco, appointed from
Bogotá, comandante general, in place of Gen. Antonio Morales,
deceased. Aug. 6, 1852, Gov. Manuel M. Diaz summoned the
provincial legislature to hold its yearly session. Sept. 1,
1853, Bernardo Arce Mata took possession of the office of
gov. Jan. 1, 1854, José María Urrutia Añino, who had been
chosen gov. of the prov., assumed his duties. _Pan._, _Crón.
Ofic._, Aug. 22, 29, 1852; Sept. 4, 1853; Jan. 4, 1854;
_Pan._ _Gobern._, in _Pinart_, _Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 43,
11. This governor seems to have been elected wholly by votes
of the interior departments, which greatly displeased the
citizens of the capital, who had hitherto controlled affairs.
Añino was an honorable and just man, and fairly intelligent;
but was made the object of ungenerous hostility and ridicule,
and on one occasion, at least, his life was in danger. In
1855, under the pretext of an official visit in the interior,
he went to his home and never returned. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 10. The vice-gov., Manuel M. Diaz, took
the executive chair on the 19th of May, and occupied it till
the 18th of July. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, July 28, 1855.

[XXV-59] This arrangement seems to have been against the
wishes of the three last named. The national congress having
asked the provinces for their opinion, the legislature of
Chiriquí, on the 19th of Oct., 1852, approved a report
of Nicolás Lopez to the effect that Veragua, Chiriquí,
and Azuero should not be harnessed to the car of Panamá.
_Chiriquí_, _Ordenanzas_, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._,
MS., no. 96, p. 64.

[XXV-60] The gen. govt ceded to Panamá the buildings that
had been used as custom-houses till 1849 in Portobello and
Panamá; also two others in the plazuela de armas and calle
de Jirardot in Pan.; and likewise the fortresses of Panamá,
Chagres, and Portobello, excepting the esplanades and
artillery. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, July 20, 1855.

[XXV-61] The governor's salary was fixed at $400 per month.
The new order of things was formally communicated to the
foreign consuls, all of whom offered their congratulations,
etc. Id., July 28, Aug. 4, 1855; _Veraguas_, _Ordenanzas y
Resol._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Docs._, MS., no. 68, p.
68; _Correoso, B._, _Statemt_, MS., 3; _Heraldo de Lima_,
Oct. 10, 1855. A decree of the assembly of Sept. 12, 1855,
divided the state into seven departments: Colon, Panamá,
Coclé, Herrera, Los Santos, Fábrega, and Chiriquí. Their
respective chief towns were to be Colon, Panamá, Natá, Pesé,
Los Santos, Santiago, and David. Governors were appointed by
the executive, to enter upon their duties on the 1st of Aug.
_Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 15, 1855.

[XXV-62] This assembly was the most able and responsible body
of men that ever came together in Panamá, excepting only that
which proclaimed the independence from Spain. _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 12-13. The officers on the
day the constitution was signed were: Mariano Arosemena,
president; Dionisio Facio, vice-president; Santiago de
la Guardia, designado; Manuel Morro, deputy for Panamá,
secretary. Among the other signers were Bernardo Arce Mata,
José Arosemena, Bartolomé Calvo, Jil Colunje, Fermin Jované,
José de Obaldía, Ramon Vallarino, four Fábregas, nearly
all of whom have since held high office in the republic and
the state. A general amnesty was also decreed on the 6th of
Oct., for all political offences to Sept. 30th, whether the
persons were sentenced or not. This included some who had in
July last disturbed the peace in Azuero. _Pan._, _Gaceta del
Estado_, Sept. 20, Oct. 13, 1855.

[XXV-63] It is understood that Fábrega accepted the jefatura
superior only on condition that Bartolomé Calvo should assume
the government secretaryship, which had been thrown up by
Icaza Arosemena. Calvo became the secretary. _Id._, Oct. 3,
10, 27, 1855; _Correoso_, _Statemt_, MS., 3.

[XXV-64] Previous to it the executive had to go with troops
to quell a disobedience to the authorities in Los Santos.
No opposition being encountered, some prisoners were made,
who afterward received a pardon on the 6th of March. _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, Feb. 2, 25, March 24, 1856.

[XXV-65] Some deputies of the opposition were arrested in the
legislative chamber, and despotically exiled.

[XXV-66] This vessel hauled into shore and landed her marines
to protect the whites. _S. F. Alta_, Oct. 2, 14, 1856.

[XXV-67] _Pan. Star_, Sept. 16, Oct. 1, 1856; _Pan._, _Gaceta
del Est._, Nov. 20, 1856; _Correoso_, _Statemt_, MS., 3-4.

[XXV-68] 'Dejó el puesto sin haber merecido imputacion de
que hubiese tomado del tesoro público otra cosa mas que sus
sueldos.' _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 14.

[XXV-69] He had been meantime elected attorney-general of
the republic, and his residence had to be in Bogotá. _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, May 20, 1858.

[XXV-70] He showed weakness during his short occupancy of
the presidential seat at Bogotá, and afterward as governor of
Panamá. He was also lazy and negligent.

[XXV-71] Capt Navarro and one soldier were killed, and two
others wounded. The governor himself was struck on the head
with a stone. An Am. force of marines landed from their ship,
but had no occasion to use their arms. No damage was done to
property. _Id._, Apr. 24, 1859; _S. F. Alta_, May 8, 1859.

[XXV-72] On the 29th it being feared that there would be
another disturbance, the more timid of the citizens sought
refuge in the foreign consulates. The intendente general, J.
M. Hurtado, then asked the commanders of the _Clio_, and U.
S. sloop of war _St Louis_, to land 100 men. It was done, and
the trouble was warded off for the time. _S. F. Bulletin_,
Oct. 29, Nov. 14, 1860; _U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 36, Sess. 2,
Sen. Doc., 1, p. 15, vol. iii., pt. 1; _Pan Scraps_, 31.

[XXV-73] Member of a respectable family in the interior; he
was an honorable man, and much respected by the whites. He
was conservative, and became the victim of politics when
exerting himself to develop every branch of his country's
resources. _Bidwell's Isth. of Pan._, 200-2; _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 15-16.

[XXV-74] The gov. was authorized by the legislature on the
15th of Oct., 1861, to join the state to the new confederacy.
The state was therefore thus annexed, and the foreign
consuls were formally apprised of it. Justo Arosemena was
appointed on the 8th of Jan., 1862, its plenipotentiary to
the convention. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 27, 1861;
Feb. 26, March 8, 1862.

[XXV-75] The Am. government, though willing to interpose
its aid for the benefit of all nations in the execution of
the neutrality treaty of 1846, feared to become involved in
the revolutionary strife going on in Nueva Granada, besides
incurring danger of misrepresentation by other powers if
it should act without consulting them. The 35th art. of
the treaty of December 12, 1846, says: 'And in order to
secure to themselves the tranquil and constant enjoyment of
these advantages, and as an especial compensation for said
advantages, and for the favors they have acquired by the
4th, 5th, and 6th art. of this treaty, the U. S. guarantee
positively and efficaciously to N. Granada, by the present
stipulation, the perfect neutrality of the before-mentioned
Isthmus, with the view that the free transit from the one to
the other sea may not be interrupted or embarrassed in any
future time while this treaty exists; and in consequence,
the U. S. also guarantee in the same manner the rights of
sovereignty and property which N. Granada has and possesses
over the said territory.' Sec. Seward laid the request of
Gen. Herran before the British and French governments to
ascertain their views. Earl Russell thought there was no
occasion as yet for armed intervention. Should it occur, his
government would coöperate with the U. S. Thouvenel, French
minister of foreign affairs, said if the railway should be in
danger of interruption, he would not deem it improper for the
U. S. to interfere. _U. S. Govt Doc._, Foreign Affairs, 1862,
pp. 132, 164, 380-1.

[XXV-76] This occurred on the 25th of July, 1862. _Pan._,
_Boletin Ofic._, July 27, 1862; _La Voz de Méj._, Aug. 26,
1862.

[XXV-77] At Paso de las capellanías del Rio Chico, or
Matapalo. Towns were shamefully sacked by the victorious
liberals, and several families, especially those of Guardia
and Fábrega, were ruined. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._,
MS., 16; _Gaceta de Pan._, Aug. 11, 1870. Santiago de Veragua
was plundered Aug. 22. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Sept. 6,
1862. The constituent assembly of the state, sitting Aug. 9,
1865, passed an act recognizing that Guardia had lost his
life in defence of right, and honoring his memory. _Id._,
Sept. 11, 1865. Correoso, who served among his opponents,
speaks of Guardia in the highest terms of commendation, and
bewails the loss Panamá suffered with his death. _Sucesos de
Pan._, 3.

[XXV-78] A decree was issued in Sept. for election of
deputies; another calling to arms, for the defence of the
state, all citizens between the ages of 18 and 60. Panamá was
on the 2d of that month declared the provisional capital of
the state. On the 20th of Oct. was convoked a constitutional
assembly which met on the 28th of Nov., on which date the
governor, in a message, made a statement of events. On Oct.
28th was issued an amnesty excepting only such persons as
still refused to recognize the provisional government. _Id._,
Sept. 6, 19, Oct. 1, 22, Nov. 3, 10, Dec. 11, 1862; _S. F.
Bulletin_, Sept. 17, Nov. 26, 1862.

[XXV-79] May 8, 1863. Ratified the same day, by the
representatives of Panamá, who were Justo Arosemena,
Guillermo Figueroa, G. Neira, J. E. Brandao, Guillermo Lynch,
and Buenaventura Correoso. _Colombia_, _Const. Polít._, 1-42;
_Correoso's Statemt_, MS., 2-3; _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, June
25, 1863.

[XXVI-1] Its officers were: Pablo E. Icaza, president; Juan
Mendoza, vice-president; J. J. Maitin, designado; Quintin
Miranda, sec. by appoint. _Id._, May 11, 1863.

[XXVI-2] Dated July 4, 1863, and published the 6th of the
same month. It contained 21 titles covering 112 articles,
and was a most liberal fundamental law, intending to give,
if honestly administered, every possible guaranty of life,
liberty, property, and political rights. The death penalty,
torture, and other cruel punishments were done away with.
Corporal punishment in no case was to exceed ten years.
Nearly all the public functionaries, representative,
executive, and judicial, were made elective by popular vote.
_Id._, July 11, 1863; _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 364-88.

[XXVI-3] Goitia took the presidency on the 5th of July, and
soon after received the congratulations of several foreign
consuls. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, July 17, 1863.

[XXVI-4] Correspond. with foreign consuls and others. _Id._,
Aug. 30, 1863.

[XXVI-5] _Correoso's Statemt_, MS., 4.

[XXVI-6] By the battalion Tiradores, of national troops.
Calancha had no popularity in the country. He has been
accused of scandalous corruption and connivance at robbery.
However, he seems to have confined his peculation to the
public revenue, a practice which was not new since Guardia's
fall. Some time after, Calancha together with Gabriel Neira
invaded the state with a force from Cauca; but while crossing
the river Santa María in the hacienda Las Cruces, they were
met by the government troops under Col Vicente Olarte, and
routed with the loss of many killed, wounded, and prisoners,
Neira being one of the latter. Calancha was again defeated
at San Francisco near Natá, and delivered by his men to the
victors. His brother Francisco was also taken. It is recorded
that Mrs Jane White Ball, an American, together with other
women, provided a hospital and nursed the wounded of both
bands. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Apr. 22, June 7, Sept. 18,
Oct. 10, 1865; _Correoso's Statem._, MS., 4; _Bidwell's Isth.
Pan._, 211.

[XXVI-7] A colored man of good political ability, as he
proved in the high official positions filled under the
national government. He has been accused, however, of immoral
practices. His administration was peaceable, but left evils
that were never eradicated. He inaugurated the corrupt
system of extorting contributions from political opponents,
whereby, as the latter averred, he materially improved his
own financial condition, though he had decreed himself only
the modest salary of $200 per month. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._,
Apr. 1, 1865. Every citizen who had a competency was made
to contribute. One day he had all the respectable citizens
arrested to extort money, for which he never accounted. The
majority of the public employés had to sell their salary
warrants for one half or one fourth of their value. The
country derived no other fruit from his administration than
poverty.

[XXVI-8] The assembly met, and its first act was to confirm
all that Colunje had done. A pardon was decreed to political
offenders on the 28th of Nov. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Apr.
20, 22, July 20, 25, Dec. 6, 1865; _Pan._, _Informe Sec.
Est._, 1866, 1-4.

[XXVI-9] An attempted outbreak in March at Panamá, and one
in August at David, were quelled. _Pan._, _Mensaje Presid.
Est._, 1866, 1-3; _Gaceta Nic._, Apr. 7, 1866; _Pim and
Seemann's Dottings_, 1-11.

[XXVI-10] He belonged to the liberal party; a well-disposed
man, and a friend of peace, which he endeavored to foster,
by trying to heal dissensions. He made himself popular among
the better class of the community by his just proceedings,
and efforts to better the condition of the country, though
not a native of the Isthmus. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít.
Pan._, MS., 20. It has been, however, said of him that he
appropriated considerable amounts from the public treasury,
and placed them in London through the agency of a Jamaican
who lived in Colon.

[XXVI-11] 'Ante la imponente autoridad de su sable á la
cabeza del batallon Tiradores.' _Id._

[XXVI-12] They plotted an assault on the battalion in its
barracks, but were detected by Olarte. The assault was made
at midnight, and a fight ensued, in which the negroes lost
heavily, including almost all their leaders, and among them
Gregorio Sigurvia. _Id._, 20-1.

[XXVI-13] It must be borne in mind that whatever the words
liberal and conservador may mean in other Spanish American
countries, in Panamá the former has been appropriated by the
colored portion of the inhabitants, who have been joined by
a few whites for their own political and pecuniary aims.
The conservador party was made up mostly of white men and
property holders, and they have often been victimized by the
gamonales, or leaders of the other party, whenever the latter
has been in power.

[XXVI-14] The circumstances connected with the sickness and
death of Gen. Olarte and Manuel M. Morro afford presumptive
evidence of foul play. After a banquet in San Miguel, on
the last day Olarte was to be there, wine prepared with fish
poison was served him and his secretary, José M. Bermudez.
The latter, by accident, escaped the fate prepared for him,
and Morro, being invited by Olarte to join him, partook of
the wine. Olarte, having his stomach full of food and wine,
immediately threw up all. Morro, on feeling the effects,
took two doses of ipecacuanha, and succeeded in vomiting.
But neither victim saved himself. Both were taken to Panamá,
where Olarte died in five days, and Morro in about eleven.
The facts have been strenuously denied. Correoso, _Statem._,
MS., 5, asserts that Olarte contracted a fever in his visit
to Darien. The first diagnosis of the physicians, it is
understood, was that the patients were suffering from yellow
fever, or some other malignant disease. Morro was a talented
young man belonging to one of the prominent families of the
city, and much liked by all.

[XXVI-15] Details on his funeral in _Pan._, _Mercantile
Chronicle_, March 4, 1868; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 5,
7, 12, 1868; _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 7, 1868.

[XXVI-16] Amador finally declined the office. _Id._, March 7,
1868.

[XXVI-17] He was afterward exiled, and went to California.
_S. F. Times_, Aug. 3, 1868; _S. F. Bulletin_, Aug. 1, 1868.
The negroes declared Diaz a traitor, but the public never saw
any evidence of it. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS.,
23.

[XXVI-18] The acta appears in full in _Boletin Ofic._, July
8, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, July 25, 1868; _S. F. Times_,
July 25, 28, 31, 1868; _S. F. Call_, July 25, 1868; _S. F.
Bulletin_, July 25, 27, 1868.

[XXVI-19] Ponce's first act was to declare martial law
by a decree of July 6th, countersigned by Dídimo Parra,
as secretary of state. The superior court, in view of
the situation, on the same date adjourned, to escape
participation in the infringement of the constitution, which
had been just perpetrated.

[XXVI-20] Even Chiriquí, which had held back, finally
recognized the new government. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, July
30, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 22, 1868.

[XXVI-21] The Panamá assailed the barracks of the other
troops, and captured it, Captain U. Meza being killed, and
Alejandro Arce and Rafael Aizpuru slightly wounded. Ponce was
seized and carried to the barracks, where much enthusiasm for
him, it is said, was manifested; but he was not satisfied
with the condition of affairs, resigned, and left the
state. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Sept. 5, 1868; _Correoso's
Statement_, MS., 5; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 19, 1868; _Pan.
Star and Herald_, Sept. 1, 10, 1868; _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 24.

[XXVI-22] His public life began when he was 18 years old, and
he has, in the civil service of the state, held every office
from alderman to president or governor, both inclusive. In
the judiciary, he has served as district judge and member
of the superior court. In the military service he began as
a lieut in 1854, and rose to be gen. of division. He was
a deputy of the state legislature, and a senator in the
national congress, and also for a while vice-president of the
republic, besides being a member of several conventions. He
represented his country as minister plenipotentiary near the
five republics of Central America, and always belonged to the
liberal party, and fought for it. _Correoso's Statem._, MS.,
1-2.

[XXVI-23] In assuming the executive office, Correoso
found no money in the treasury. He at once resorted to the
device employed by his predecessor Colunje of arresting
the prominent citizens of the capital, whom he kept in
confinement till they paid the amounts severally demanded.
The same outrage was afterward practised in the interior. The
result was an increase of poverty from day to day.

[XXVI-24] The government was left for the transaction of
local affairs in charge of Juan Mendoza, governor of the
capital. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Oct. 9, 1868. During this
revolution, the U. S. consul was directed by his government
to warn Am. citizens from taking part in the broils of the
country. He was also to see that unoffending Americans were
not compelled to do military service, or to contribute in
the form of forced loans or otherwise. _S. F. Call_, Dec.
4, 1868; _S. F. Times_, Dec. 4, 1868. Nevertheless, the
government doubled the commercial tax against the solemn
protests of foreign consuls, and much foreign property
was seized. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Oct. 24, 1868; _Pan._,
_Boletin Ofic._, Nov. 14, 1868.

[XXVI-25] The fighting took place between 9 and 12 o'clock of
the 12th of Nov. Both sides behaved well, but Correoso's men,
having better arms, were victorious. According to Correoso's
account there were in all about 200 killed and wounded, Gen.
P. Goitia being among the latter. _Correoso's Statemt_, MS.,
6. The negroes with relentless ferocity gave no quarters to
the greater part of the prisoners, who were shot. They also
plundered to their heart's content. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 25. Arístides Obaldía was slain and his
untimely end was much regretted. He was severely wounded
early in the action, and his friends took him out of harm's
way; but during the route some of Correoso's men discovered
and put him to death. His remains were interred with military
honors by Correoso's orders. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Nov. 19,
1868; _Pan._, _Mercantile Chronicle_, Nov. 17, 1868; _S. F.
Times_, Dec. 4, 11, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 28, 1868.

[XXVI-26] Cervera appointed J. M. Lleras his secretary of
state, and on the same day called several officers of the
militia to active service, the chief, Col. Rafael Aizpuru,
being made comandante gen. of the forces of the state.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Apr. 19, 1873.

[XXVI-27] The farce was performed to have Neira chosen
president, and Correoso 1st designado; and then it was
expected that the former would after a while resign, and
enable the latter to again assume the presidency without
violating the constitution. The elections took place as
desired. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Apr. 8, 1873.

[XXVI-28] One hundred men occupied the railway station, and
100 were stationed in the town hall. Capt. Kennedy, of the
Brit. war ship _Reindeer_, offered his coöperation if needed.

[XXVI-29] This arrangement was arrived at through
commissioners; namely, Gregorio Miró and Francisco Ardila
for the Pichincha no. 8; José Agustin Arango and Florentino
Dutari, for Cervera. _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 10, 13,
1873. Correoso claims that upon hearing in Costa Rica,
where he was then accredited as Colombian minister, of the
revolution against Neira, he returned in haste to Panamá, and
by his influence induced the revolutionists to replace Neira.
_Statement_, MS., 6; _S. F. Bulletin_, May 19, 26, June 6,
1873; _S. F. Alta_, May 20, 1873; _S. F. Chronicle_, May 20,
26, June 7, 18, 1873.

[XXVI-30] The latter resigned the command June 23d, _Gaceta
de Pan._, June 7, July 5, 1873. Aizpuru, who had been kept a
prisoner was afterward released.

[XXVI-31] Senators: Pablo Arosemena, B. Correoso, and
Agustin Arias. Representatives: Fernando Casanova, Man. de
J. Bermudez, Juan C. Carranza, Marcelino Villalaz, and José
de la Rosa Jurado. A corresponding number of suplentes or
substitutes was also chosen. _Gaceta de Pan._, July 19, 1873.

[XXVI-32] During its occupation over 500 women and children
sought its protection. The whole force retired about the 7th
or 8th of October. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Sept. 25-30, 1873.

[XXVI-33] The minister reminded the executive of Colombia
that though the American government guaranteed by the
treaty of 1846 the neutrality of the Isthmus, it did not
imply protection to the road against such factions. _Pan._,
_Informe Sec. Est._, 1874, 9-10, annex A.

[XXVI-34] 1st, Gregorio Miró; 2d, J. M. Bermudez; 3d, Mateo
Iturralde; 4th, Tomás Herrera; 5th, Joaquin Arosemena. All
Neira's acts were approved; and thanks were voted to both
the national and state troops for their services. _Gaceta de
Pan._, Oct. 2, 1873.

[XXVI-35] The assembly granted the president additional
powers to restore peace, among which was that of obtaining
$60,000 by means of voluntary or forced loans. Those powers
were rescinded on the 14th of Nov. _Id._, Oct. 11, 18, Nov.
1, Dec. 5, 1873; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43,
Sess. 1, 351.

[XXVI-36] Under this constitution the legislative assembly
appoints the five substitutes of the president of the state,
and also the three justices of the superior court. A council
of state is created, to be composed of the president of the
state, the last president of the legislative assembly, the
president of the superior court, and the attorney-general
of the state. For all important affairs, the executive is to
consult the council. _Id._, Nov. 15, 1873.

[XXVI-37] He made the pledge required by law before the
assembly, the foreign consuls, public functionaries residing
in the city, and a large number of citizens. _Id._, Dec. 5,
1873; Jan. 17, 1874; _Mex._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1875, 10.

[XXVI-38] _Id._, Aug. 7, 15, 1874; _Pan._, _Informe Sec.
Est._, 1874, 30.

[XXVI-39] The persons appointed to fill them were José
M. Bermudez, who had been acting as secretary-general for
sec. of state, and Dionisio Facio for sec. of the treasury.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Apr. 17, 1875.

[XXVI-40] The president on the 25th of Aug., 1875, delegated
his powers to J. M. Bermudez to preserve order in the
interior or restore it as the case might be. _Id._, Sept. 4,
1875; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Aug. 24, 1875.

[XXVI-41] He had been on the 2d of July declared elected
president of the state. At the same time the following
persons were declared to have been chosen to represent Panamá
in the national congress: Senators, Justo Arosemena, José
M. Bermudez, and Marcelino Villalaz; representatives, Juan
J. Diaz, Juan J. Miró, Joaquin Arosemena, B. Asprilla, and
M. R. de la Torre. These were subsequently annulled by the
constituent assembly, Dec. 11th. _Gaceta de Pan._, July 24,
Dec. 16, 1875.

[XXVI-42] Particulars of the insurrection and arrest of
Arosemena appear in Camargos' despatch, in _Colombia_,
_Diario Ofic._, Nov. 13, 15, 1875; _Gaceta de Pan._, Oct. 5,
7, 16, 23, Nov. 13, 17, 23, 1875; _S. F. Call_, Nov. 5, 1875;
_Correoso's Statem._, MS., 7.

[XXVI-43] Oct. 18th, he empowered B. Correoso, comandante
gen., to use his best endeavors to restore order in the
departments of Coclé, Los Santos, Veragua, and Chiriquí. His
government was recognized at once by the foreign consuls.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Oct. 16, 23, 1875.

[XXVI-44] The executive is vested in a president, to be
elected by popular vote for two years. The legislative
assembly elects the justices of the superior court and
their suplentes, the five substitutes of the president,
the attorney-general, and his suplente; also the
administrator-gen. of the treasury, and the contador by
absolute majority. No change was made in the council of
state. _Gaceta de Pan._, Jan. 1, 1876; _Pan._, _Constit.
Polít. del Est. Sobo._, 1-20.

[XXVI-45] His government was soon after recognized by
the national executive. On the 13th of Dec., 1876, the
legislative assembly chose Dámaso Cervera, Francisco Ardila,
José R. Casorla, Quintin Miranda, and M. Losada Plisé,
designados for the presidency, in the order named. _Gaceta de
Pan._, Jan. 8, Feb. 20, Dec. 17, 1876.

[XXVI-46] _Pan. Leyes_, 1876-7, 11.

[XXVI-47] _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Est._, 1876, 1-6. On Sept. 25,
1876, the president assumed personal command of the state
troops. _Gaceta de Pan._, Oct. 15, 1876.

[XXVI-48] The president attempted both recourses; till on the
10th of March the citizens tendered a loan of $30,000. _Id._,
March 1, 8, 22, 1877; _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Feb. 18, 1877.

[XXVI-49] Dec. 30, 1878. _Correoso's Statem._, MS., 9;
_Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Hacienda_, 1878, i.-xl.; _Gaceta de Pan._,
March 10, May 30, July 21, 28, Sept. 26, Oct. 13, Nov. 17,
Dec. 8, 19, 1878; _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Docs._, MS., no. 101;
_Colombia, Diario Ofic._, Jan. 31, 1879; _Pan._, _Mem. Sec.
Gob._, 1878.

[XXVI-50] The object was to upset the state government; but
it was defeated by the state troops, after a fight that
lasted till the 18th, and caused great havoc. Among the
killed were the commander of the battalion, Col Carvajal,
and his son, Lieut Carvajal, who were trying to check the
infuriated soldiery. _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Gob._, 1879, 5-6.

[XXVI-51] The government sent troops against the
revolutionists, and some fighting ensued without decisive
results. At last the contending parties came to an
arrangement by which Aizpuru agreed to surrender the
person of Casorla, and to recognize the 2d designado as the
provisional president. He also agreed to lay down his arms.
The government consented to pay Aizpuru's war expenses, and
to issue a general amnesty. _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Gob._, 1879,
7-12; _S. F. Chronicle_, June 19, 25, 1879.

[XXVI-52] Mateo Iturralde was made secretary of government,
and Juan José Miró of the treasury. Several changes
took place afterward, and the final secretaries were: of
government, Benjamin Ruiz, and of the treasury, Juan B.
Amador. José Vives Leon was government secretary in Sept.
1881.

[XXVI-53] The assembly to be formed of one deputy for every
6,000 inhabitants, and every fraction of 3,500 and upwards.
_Gaceta de Pan._, June 17, 1881.

[XXVI-54] His candidature had been opposed by Correoso, Icaza
Arosemena, Ardila, Ortega, and others, for the sake of union
in the liberal party. _Pan. Canal_, June 25, 1881.

[XXVI-55] His election as first designado by the legislature
was on the 28th of June, 1881. The other substitutes chosen
were the following, in the order named: Miguel Borbúa,
Benjamin Ruiz, José M. Vives Leon, and Antonio Casanova.
_Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1882, 1; _Correoso_, _Sucesos de
Pan._, 5, 6.

[XXVI-56] _Pan. Canal_, Nov. 20, Dec. 6, 1882; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Nov. 20, 1882; Jan. 29, 1883.

[XXVI-57] _Pan. Cronista_, Jan. 3, 1883. Dec. 3, 1882, a
deputation composed of Correoso, Iturralde, and Diaz had
waited on him to request that he should resign his position
of 1st designado and acting president, which he declined.
_Pan. Canal_, Dec. 5, 1882.

[XXVI-58] Nuñez had been chosen for a term ending Oct. 31,
1884. On the other hand, the constitution said that the
president elect should assume office on the 1st day of Nov.
following his election. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan. 29,
1883.

[XXVI-59] His sec.-gen., Victor Dubarry, countersigned the
decree. This measure was intended to rid the government of
an incubus, and to effect a yearly saving of about $16,000.
_Pan. Canal_, March 19, 1883.

[XXVI-60] At Popayan, Aug. 27, 1883. Joaquin M. Perez was
Panamá's commissioner. The convention was ratified Sept.
10th, by Cervera, countersigned by J. M. Casís, sec.-gen.
_Pan._, _El País_, Sept. 21, 1883.

[XXVI-61] He adopted for all his confidence precautionary
measures to preserve public order. _Pan. Cronista_, Oct. 24,
1883.

[XXVI-62] In the first part of 1884 there were about 14,000
men on the canal-works. Still another source of danger was
the mongrel population of Santa Ana and Calidonia districts,
in the city of Panamá, ever disposed to seize opportunities
for plunder, as was made evident in the last fire. J. M.
Rodriguez, of Panamá, moved in the national senate that the
federal force should be increased to 800 or 1,000 men. _Cent.
Am. Miscel._, no. 1.

[XXVI-63] The representatives were, S. Jurado, J. del C.
Pino, Leonidas Flores, Waldino Izasa, and Cárlos Otálora.
_Pan. Cronista_, Oct. 20, 1883.

[XXVI-64] By Juan P. Jaen, president of the superior court.
_Id._ Jan. 2, 1884.

[XXVI-65] Cervera had likewise claimed immunity from
prosecution, as a senator elect.

[XXVI-66] Correoso stated in the _Pan. Star and Herald_
of July 12th that Ruiz' government had been upset 'á
punta de sable' by Porto, whose authority sprang from
the condescension of Ibañez in recognizing as authentic
a telegram received that morning by Porto. He repeats
the charge in his _Sucesos de Pan._, 7. The fact was that
Ibañez' brigade was by the telegram incorporated with the 3d
division, and thus came to be under the control of Porto, who
was chief of staff of that division. _Pan._, _Cronista_, July
9 to Aug. 2, Aug. 13, 1884.

[XXVI-67] In Coclé, Chiriquí, and Panamá. _Gaceta de Pan._,
Oct. 15, 1884; _Cent. Am. Miscel._, no. 2.