Chapter XCII: Asiatic Campaigns of Alexander

During Alexander’s reign, the history of Greece is nearly a
blank. To what extent the Asiatic projects of Alexander belonged
to Grecian history. — Pan-hellenic pretences set up by Alexander.
The real feeling of the Greeks was adverse to his success. —
Analogy of Alexander’s relation to the Greeks — with those
of the Emperor Napoleon to the Confederation of the Rhine. —
Greece an appendage, but a valuable appendage, to Macedonia. —
Extraordinary military endowments and capacity of Alexander.
— Changes in Grecian warfare, antecedent and contributory to
the military organization of Macedonia. — Macedonian military
condition before Philip. Good and firm cavalry: poor infantry.
— Philip re-arms and reorganizes the infantry. Long Macedonian
pike or sarissa. — Macedonian phalanx — how armed and arrayed.
— It was originally destined to contend against the Grecian
hoplites as organized by Epaminondas. — Regiments and divisions
of the phalanx — heavy-armed infantry. — Light infantry of
the line — Hypaspistæ, or Guards. — Light troops generally —
mostly foreigners. — Macedonian cavalry — its excellence — how
regimented. — The select Macedonian Body-guards. The Royal Pages.
— Foreign auxiliaries — Grecian hoplites — Thessalian cavalry —
Pæonians — Illyrians — Thracians, etc. — Magazines, war-office,
and depôt, at Pella. — Macedonian aptitudes — purely military
— military pride stood to them in lieu of national sentiment.
— Measures of Alexander previous to his departure for Asia.
Antipater left as viceroy at Pella. — March of Alexander to
the Hellespont. Passage across to Asia. — Visit of Alexander
to Ilium. — Analogy of Alexander to the Greek heroes. — Review
and total of the Macedonian army in Asia. — Chief Macedonian
officers. — Greeks in Alexander’s service — Eumenes of Kardia.
— Persian forces — Mentor and Memnon the Rhodians. — Succession
of the Persian crown — Ochus — Darius Codomannus. — Preparations
of Darius for defence. — Operations of Memnon before Alexander’s
arrival. — Superiority of the Persians at sea: their imprudence
in letting Alexander cross the Hellespont unopposed. — Persian
force assembled in Phrygia, under Arsites and others. — Advice of
Memnon, to avoid fighting on land, and to employ the fleet for
aggressive warfare in Macedonia and Greece. — Arsites rejects
Memnon’s advice, and determines to fight. — The Persians take
post on the river Granikus. — Alexander reaches the Granikus, and
resolves to force the passage at once, in spite of the dissuasion
of Permenio. — Disposition of the two armies. — Battle of the
Granikus. — Cavalry battle. — Personal danger of Alexander. His
life saved by Kleitus. Complete victory of Alexander. Destruction
of the Grecian infantry on the side of the Persians. — Loss
of the Persians — numbers of their leading men slain. — Small
loss of the Macedonians. — Alexander’s kindness to his wounded
soldiers, and severe treatment of the Grecian prisoners. —
Unskilfulness of the Persian leaders. Immense impression produced
by Alexander’s victory. — Terror and submission of the Asiatics
to Alexander. Surrender of the strong fortress of Sardis. — He
marches from Sardis to the coast. Capture of Ephesus. — He finds
the first resistance at Miletus. — Near approach of the Persian
fleet. Memnon is made commander-in-chief of the Persians. — The
Macedonian fleet occupies the harbor of Miletus, and keeps out
the Persians. Alexander declines naval combat. His debate with
Parmenio. — Alexander besieges Miletus. Capture of the city. —
The Persian fleet retires to Halikarnassus. Alexander disbands
his own fleet. — March of Alexander to Halikarnassus. Ada
queen of Karia joins him. Strong garrison, and good defensive
preparation, at Halikarnassus. — Siege of Halikarnassus. Bravery
of the garrison, under Ephialtes the Athenian. — Desperate sally
of Ephialtes — at first successful, but repulsed — he himself is
slain. — Memnon is forced to abandon Halikarnassus, and withdraw
the garrison by sea, retaining only the citadel. Alexander enters
Halikarnassus. — Winter campaign of Alexander along the southern
coast of Asia Minor. — Alexander concludes his winter campaign at
Gordium. Capture of Kelænæ. — Appendix on the Macedonian Sarissa.
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