Chapter XXXVI: Appendix (1)

ON ISSUS AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD, AS CONNECTED WITH THE WAR.

The exact battle-field of Issus cannot be certainly assigned, upon the evidence accessible to us. But it may be determined, within a few miles north or south; and what is even more important—the general features of the locality, as well as the preliminary movements of the contending armies, admit of being clearly conceived and represented.

That the battle was fought in some portion of the narrow space intervening between the eastern coast of the Gulf of Issus and the western flank of Mount Amanus—that Alexander’s left and Darius’s right, rested on the sea, and their right and left respectively on the mountain—that Darius came upon Alexander unexpectedly from the rear, thus causing him to return back a day’s march from Myriandrus, and to reoccupy a pass which he had already passed through and quitted—these points are clearly given, and appear to me not open to question. We know that the river Pinarus, on which the battle was fought, was at a certain distance _south_ of Issus, the last town of Kilikia before entering Syria (Arrian, ii. 7. 2)—ἐς δὲ τὴν ὑστεραίαν προὐχώρει (Darius from Issus) ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμὸν τὸν Πίναρον—Ritter erroneously states that Issus was _upon_ the river Pinarus, which he even calls _the Issus river_ (Erdkunde, Theil iv. Abth. 2. p. 1797-1806). We know also that this river was at some distance _north_ of the maritime pass called the Gates of Kilikia and Assyria, through which Alexander passed and repassed.

But when we proceed, beyond these data (the last of them only vague and relative), to fix the exact battle-field, we are reduced to conjecture. Dr. Thirlwall, in an appendix to the sixth volume of his history, has collected and discussed very ably the different opinions of various geographers.

To those whom he has cited, may be added—Mr. Ainsworth’s Essay on the Cilician and Syrian Gates (in the Transactions of the Geographical Society for 1837)—Mützel’s Topographical Notes on the third book of Quintus Curtius—and the last volume of Ritter’s Erdkunde, published only this year (1855), ch. xxvii. p. 1778 _seqq._

We know from Xenophon that Issus was a considerable town close to the sea—two days’ march from the river Pyramus, and one day’s march northward of the maritime pass called the Gates of Kilikia and Syria. That it was near the north-eastern corner of the Gulf, may also be collected from Strabo, who reckons the shortest line across Asia Minor, as stretching from Sinôpê or Amisus _to Issus_—and who also lays down the Egyptian sea as having its northern termination _at Issus_ (Strabo, xiv. p. 677; xvi. p. 749). The probable site of Issus has been differently determined by different authors; Rennell (Illustrations of the Geography of the Anabasis, p. 42-48) places it near Oseler or Yusler; as far as I can judge, this seems too far distant from the head of the Gulf, towards the south.

In respect to the maritime pass, called the Gates of Kilikia and Syria, there is much discrepancy between Xenophon and Arrian. It is evident that, in Xenophon’s time, this pass and the road of march through it lay between the mountains and the sea,—and that the obstructions (walls blocking up the passage), which he calls insurmountable by force, were mainly of artificial creation. But when Alexander passed, no walls existed. The artificial obstructions had disappeared during the seventy years between Xenophon and Alexander; and we can assign a probable reason why. In Xenophon’s time, Kilikia was occupied by the native prince Syennesis, who, though tributary, maintained a certain degree of independence even in regard to the Great King, and therefore kept a wall guarded by his own soldiers on his boundary towards Syria. But in Alexander’s time, Kilikia was occupied, like Syria, by a Persian satrap. Artificial boundary walls, between two conterminous satrapies under the same master, were unnecessary; and must even have been found inconvenient, during the great collective military operations of the Persian satraps against the revolted Evagoras of Cyprus (principally carried on from Kilikia as a base, about 380 B. C., Diodor. xv. 2)—as well as in the subsequent operations against the Phenician towns (Diodor. xvi. 42). Hence we may discern a reason why all artificial obstructions may have been swept away before the time of Alexander; leaving only the natural difficulties of the neighboring ground, upon which Xenophon has not touched.

The spot still retained its old name—“The Gates of Kilikia and Syria”—even after walls and gates had been dispensed with. But that name, in Arrian’s description, designates a difficult and narrow point of the road _over hills and rocks_; a point which Major Rennell (Illustrations, p. 54) supposes to have been about a mile south of the river and walls described by Xenophon. However this may be, the precise spot designated by Xenophon seems probably to be sought about seven miles north of Scanderoon, near the ruins now known as Jonas’s Pillars (or Sakal Tutan), and the Castle of Merkes, where a river called _Merkes_, _Mahersy_, or _Kara-su_, flows across from the mountain to the sea. That this river is the same with the Kersus of Xenophon, is the opinion of Rennell, Ainsworth, and Mützel; as well as of Colonel Callier, who surveyed the country when accompanying the army of Ibrahim Pacha as engineer (cited by Ritter, Erdk. p. 1792). At the spot here mentioned, the gulf indents eastward, while the western flank of Amanus approaches very close to it, and drops with unusual steepness towards it. Hence the road now followed does not pass between the mountain and the sea, but ascends over a portion of the mountain, and descends again afterwards to the low ground skirting the sea. Northward of Merkes, the space between the mountain and the sea gradually widens, towards Bayas. At some distance to the north of Bayas occurs the river now called Delle Tschai, which is considered I think with probability, to be the Pinarus, where the battle between Alexander and Darius was fought. This opinion however is not unanimous; Kinneir identifies the _Merkes_ with the Pinarus. Moreover, there are several different streams which cross the space between Mount Amanus and the sea. Des Monceaux notices six streams as having been crossed between the Castle of Merkes and Bayas; and five more streams between Bayas and Ayas (Mützel ad Curtium, p. 105). Which among these is the Pinarus, cannot be settled without more or less of doubt.

Besides the Gates of Kilikia and Syria, noted by Xenophon and Arrian in the above passages, there are also other Gates called _the Amanian Gates_, which are spoken of in a perplexing manner. Dr. Thirlwall insists with propriety on the necessity of distinguishing the _maritime_ passes, between Mount Amanus and the sea—from the _inland_ passes, which crossed over the ridge of Mount Amanus itself. But this distinction seems not uniformly observed by ancient authors, when we compare Strabo, Arrian, and Kallisthenes. Strabo uses the phrase, _Amanian Gates_, twice (xiv. p. 676; xvi. p. 751); in both cases designating a _maritime pass_, and not a pass _over_ the mountain,—yet designating one maritime pass in the page first referred to, and another in the second. In xiv. p. 676—he means by αἱ Ἀμανίδες πύλαι, the spot called by modern travellers Demir Kapu, between Ægæ and Issus, or between Mopsuestia and Issus; while in xvi. 751—he means by the same words that which I have been explaining as the Gates of Kilikia and Syria, on the eastern side of the Gulf of Issus. In fact, Strabo seems to conceive as a whole the strip of land between Mount Amanus and the Gulf, beginning at Demir Kapu, and ending at the Gates of Kilikia and Syria—and to call both the beginning and the end of it by the same name—the Amanian Gates. But he does not use this last phrase to designate the passage over or across Mount Amanus; neither does Arrian; who in describing the march of Darius from Sochi into Kilikia, says (ii. 7, 1)—ὑπερβαλὼν δὴ τὸ ὄρος Δαρεῖος τὸ κατὰ τὰς πύλας τὰς Ἀμανικὰς καλουμένας, ὡς ἐπὶ Ἴσσον προῆγε, καὶ ἐγένετο κατόπιν Ἀλεξάνδρου λαθών. Here, let it be observed, we do not read ὑπερβαλὼν τὰς πύλας—nor can I think that the words mean, as the translator gives them—“transiit Amanum, _eundo per Pylas Amanicas_.” The words rather signify, that Darius “crossed over the mountain where it adjoined the Amanian Gates”—_i. e._ where it adjoined the strip of land skirting the Gulf, and lying between those two extreme points which Strabo denominates _Amanian Gates_. Arrian employs this last phrase more loosely than Strabo, yet still with reference to the maritime strip, and not to a _col_ over the mountain ridge.

On the other hand, Kallisthenes (if he is rightly represented by Polybius, who recites his statement, not his words, xii. 17) uses the words _Amanian Gates_ to signify the passage by which Darius entered Kilikia—that is, the passage _over_ the mountain. That which Xenophon and Arrian call the _Gates of Kilikia and Syria_—and which Strabo calls _Amanian Gates_—is described by Polybius as τὰ στενὰ, καὶ τὰς λεγομένας ἐν τῇ Κιλικίᾳ πύλας.

It seems pretty certain that this must have been Darius’s line of march, because he came down immediately upon Issus, and then marched forward to the river Pinarus. Had he entered Kilikia by the pass of Beylan, he must have passed the Pinarus _before_ he reached Issus. The positive grounds for admitting a practicable pass near the 37th parallel, are indeed called in question by Mützel (ad Curtium, p. 102, 103), and are not in themselves conclusive; still I hold them sufficient, when taken in conjunction with the probabilities of the case. This pass was, however, we may suppose, less frequented than the maritime line of road through the Gates of Kilikia and Syria, and the pass of Beylan; which, as the more usual, was preferred both by the Cyreians and by Alexander.

Respecting the march of Alexander, Dr. Thirlwall here starts a question, substantially to this effect: “Since Alexander intended to march through the pass of Beylan for the purpose of attacking the Persian camp at Sochi, what could have caused him to go to Myriandrus, which was more south than Beylan, and out of his road?” Dr. Thirlwall feels this difficulty so forcibly, that in order to eliminate it, he is inclined to accept the hypothesis of Mr. Williams, which places Myriandrus at Bayas, and the Kiliko-Syrian Gates at Demir-Kapu; an hypothesis which appears to me inadmissible on various grounds, and against which Mr. Ainsworth (in his Essay on the Cilician and Syrian Gates) has produced several very forcible objections.

I confess that I do not feel the difficulty on which Dr. Thirlwall insists. When we see that Cyrus and the Ten Thousand went to Myriandrus, in their way to the pass of Beylan, we may reasonably infer that, whether that town was in the direct line or not, it was at least in the _usual_ road of march—which does not always coincide with the direct line. But to waive this supposition, however—let us assume that there existed another shorter road leading to Beylan without passing by Myriandrus—there would still be reason enough to induce Alexander to go somewhat out of his way, in order to visit Myriandrus. For it was an important object with him to secure the sea ports in his rear, in case of a possible reverse. Suppose him repulsed and forced to retreat—it would be a material assistance to his retreat, to have assured himself beforehand of Myriandrus as well as the other seaports. In the approaching months, we shall find him just as careful to make sure of the Phenician cities on the coast, before he marches into the interior to attack Darius at Arbela.

Farther, Alexander, marching to attack Darius, had nothing to gain by haste, and nothing to lose by coming up to Sochi three days later. He knew that the enormous Persian host would not try to escape; it would either await him at Sochi, or else advance into Kilikia to attack him there. The longer he tarried, the more likely they were to do the latter, which was what he desired. He had nothing to lose therefore in any way, and some chance of gain, by prolonging his march to Sochi for as long a time as was necessary to secure Myriandrus. There is no more difficulty, I think, in understanding why he went to Myriandrus, than why he went westward from Tarsus (still more out of his line of advance) to Soli and Anchialus.

It seems probable (as Rennell, p. 56, and others think), that the site of Myriandrus is now some distance inland; that there has been an accretion of new land and morass on the coast.

The modern town of Scanderoon occupies the site of Ἀλεξανδρεία κατ᾽ Ἴσσον, founded (probably by order of Alexander himself) in commemoration of the victory of Issus. According to Ritter (p. 1791), “Alexander had the great idea of establishing there an emporium for the traffic of the East with Europe, as at the other Alexandria for the trade of the East with Egypt.” The importance of the site of Scanderoon, in antiquity, is here greatly exaggerated. I know no proof that Alexander had the idea which Ritter ascribes to him; and it is certain that his successors had no such idea; because they founded the great cities of Antioch and Seleukeia (in Pieria), both of them carrying the course of trade up the Orontes, and therefore diverting it away from Scanderoon. This latter town is only of importance as being the harbor of Aleppo; a city (Berœa) of little consequence in antiquity, while Antioch became the first city in the East, and Seleukeia among the first: see Ritter, p. 1152.

END.

INDEX

_Abantes_, iii. 165.

_Abdêra_, the army of Xerxes at, v. 42.

_Abrokomas_, ix. 27, 31.

_Abydos_, march of Xerxes to, v. 28;
revolt of, from Athens, viii. 94;
Athenian victory at, over the Peloponnesians, viii. 110;
Athenian victory over Pharnabazus at, viii. 121;
Derkyllidas at, ix. 310 _seq._;
Anaxibius and Iphikrates at, ix. 369 _seq._

_Achæan_ origin affected by Spartan kings, ii. 11;
league, xii. 391.

_Achæans_, various accounts of, i. 104, 105;
effect of the Dorian occupation of Peloponnesus on, ii. 12;
Homeric view of, ii. 12;
of Phthiôtis and Peloponnesus, ii. 275;
of Peloponnesus, ii. 284, 303.

_Achæmenes_, v. 96.

_Achæus_, i. 101, 199.

_Achaia_, ii. 269;
towns and territory of, ii. 465 _seq._;
Epaminondas in, B. C. 367, x. 266;
proceedings of the Thebans in B. C. 367, x. 268;
alliance of, with Sparta and Elis, B. C. 365, x. 313.

_Acharnæ_, Archidamus at, vi. 131 _seq._

_Achelôus_, i. 282.

_Achillêis_, the basis of the Iliad, ii. 175 _seq._

_Achillês_, i. 291 _seq._, 297 _seq._

_Achradina_, capture of, by Neon, xi. 157.

_Acropolis at Athens_, flight to, on Xerxes’s approach, v. 114;
capture of by Xerxes, v. 117 _seq._;
visit of the Peisistratids to, after its capture by Xerxes, v. 118;
inviolable reserve fund in, vi. 138 _seq._

_Ada_, queen of Karia, xii. 94, 99.

_Adeimantus_, of Corinth, and Themistoklês, at Salamis, v. 122, 124.

_Admêtus_ and Alkêstis, i. 113 _seq._

_Admêtus_ and Themisoklês, v. 283.

_Adranum_, Timoleon at, xi. 148, 156.

_Adrastus_, i. 256, _seq._, 268; iii. 34.

_Adrastus_, the Phrygian exile, iii. 152.

_Adrumetum_, captured by Agathokles, xii. 419.

_Æa_, i. 250 _seq._

_Æakid_ genealogy, i. 184 _seq._, 189.

_Æakus_, i. 184 _seq._

_Æêtês_, i. 115;
and the Argonauts, i. 231 _seq._;
and Circê, i. 251.

_Ægæ_, iii. 190.

_Ægean_, islands in, ii. 214;
the Macedonian fleet master of, xii. 141.

_Ægean_ islands, effect of the battle of Chæroneia on, xi. 504.

_Ægeids_ at Sparta, ii. 361.

_Ægeus_, i. 205; death of, i. 221.

_Ægialeus_, i. 82.

_Ægina_, i. 184;
war of, against Athens, at the instigation of the Thebans, iv. 171,
173, 315;
submission of, to Darius, iv. 315;
appeal of Athenians to Sparta against the Medism of, iv. 318;
attempted revolution at, by Nikodromus, v. 47 _seq._;
from B. C. 488 to 481, v. 47, 48 _seq._, 53;
and Athens, settlement of the feud between, v. 58;
removal of Athenians to, on Xerxes’s approach, v. 108;
Greek fleet at, in the spring of B. C. 479, v. 147;
war of Athens against, B. C. 459, v. 321;
subdued by Athens, v. 331;
expulsion of the Æginetans from, by the Athenians, vi. 136;
and Athens, B. C. 389, ix. 371 _seq._;
Gorgôpas in, ix. 373 _seq._;
Teleutias in, ix. 373, 376.

_Æginæan_ scale, ii. 319 _seq._, 325; iii. 171.

_Æqinetans_, and Thebans, i. 184;
and the hostages taken from them by Kleomenês and Leotychidês,
v. 46 _seq._;
pre-eminence of, at Salamis, v. 145;
at Thyrea, capture and death of, B. C. 424, vi. 366.

_Ægistheus_, i. 162 _seq._

_Ægospotami_, battle of, viii. 217 _seq._;
condition of Athens and her dependencies after the battle of,
viii. 223, 225, 227 _seq._

_Ægyptos_, i. 87.

_Æimnestus_ and Dionysius, x. 468.

_Æneadæ_ at Skêpsis, i. 316.

_Æneas_, i. 293, 315 _seq._

_Ænianes_, ii. 286.

_Æolic_ Greeks in the Trôad, i. 335;
emigration under the Pelopids, ii. 19;
Kymê, custom at, in cases of murder, ii. 94 _n._;
and Doric dialects, ii. 335;
cities in Asia, iii. 190 _seq._;
emigration, iii. 191, 193;
establishments near Mount Ida, iii. 195.

_Æolid line_, the first, i. 107 _seq._;
the second, i. 112 _seq._;
the third, i. 119 _seq._;
the fourth, i. 123 _seq._

_Æolis_, iii. 195;
the subsatrapy of, and Pharnabazus, ix. 206 _seq._

_Æolus_, i. 95 _seq._, 103.

_Æpytus_, i. 176.

_Æschinês_, at the battle of Tamynæ, xi. 342;
proceedings of, against Philip, after his capture of Olynthus,
xi. 366;
early history of, xi. 366;
as envoy of Athens in Arcadia, xi. 367;
desire of, for peace, B. C. 347, xi. 368;
and the embassies from Athens to Philip, xi. 381 _seq._, 406, 410,
413 _seq._, 422;
and the motion of Philokrates for peace and alliance with Philip,
xi. 391 _seq._;
fabrications of, about Philip, xi. 398, 408, 409, 412 _seq._;
visit of, to Philip in Phokis, xi. 422;
justifies Philip after his conquest of Thermopylæ, xi. 425;
corruption of, xi. 430 _seq._;
at the Amphiktyonic assembly at Delphi, B. C. 359, xi. 470 _seq._;
on the special Amphiktyonic meeting at Thermopylæ, xi. 479;
conduct of, after the battle of Chæroneia, xi. 506;
accusation against Ktesiphon by, xii. 286 _seq._;
exile of, xii. 293 _seq._

_Æschylus_, Promêtheus of, i. 78, 381 _n._;
his treatment of mythes, i. 379 _seq._;
Sophoklês, and Euripidês, viii. 317 _seq._

_Æsculapius_, i. 178 _seq._

_Æsôn_, death of, i. 114.

_Æsymnête_, iii. 19.

_Æthiopis_ of Arktinus, ii. 156.

_Æêthlius_, i. 99.

_Ætna_, foundation of the city of, v. 229;
second city of, v. 236;
reconquered by Duketius, vii. 123;
conquest of, by Dionysius, x. 468;
Campanians of, x. 497.

_Ætolia_, legendary settlement of, i. 137;
expedition of Demosthenes against, vi. 296 _seq._

_Ætolian_ genealogy, i. 138.

_Ætolians_, ii. 290;
rude condition of, ii. 292;
emigration of, into Peloponnesus, ii. 325 _seq._;
and Akarnanians, iii. 411;
and Peloponnesians under Eurylochus attack Naupaktus, xi. 291;
contest and pacification of, with Antipater, xii. 332;
Kassander’s attempt to check, xii. 370.

_Ætolo-Eleians_ and the Olympic games, ii. 317.

_Ætôlus_, i. 102, 103;
and Oxylus, i. 153.

_Africa_, circumnavigation of, by the Phenicians, iii. 283 _seq._;
expedition of Agathokles to, against Carthage, xii. 410 _seq._, 444.

_Agamêdês_ and Trophonius, i. 129.

_Agamemnôn_, pre-eminence of, i. 154 _seq._, 161 _seq._, 163;
and Orestes transferred to Sparta, i. 165;
and the Trojan expedition, i. 289, 293.

_Agaristê_ and Megaklês, iii. 38.

_Agasias_, ix. 145, 147 _seq._

_Agathokles_, first rise of, xii. 397;
distinction of, in the Syracusan expedition to Kroton, xii. 398;
retires from Syracuse to Italy, xii. 398;
exploits of, in Italy and Sicily, about B. C. 320, xii. 285;
first ascendency of, at Syracuse, xii. 399;
his readmission to Syracuse, xii. 400;
massacres the Syracusans, xii. 401 _seq._;
constituted despot of Syracuse, xii. 402;
his popular manners, and military success, xii. 404 _seq._;
and the Agrigentines, xii. 404, 406, 407;
and Deinokrates, xii. 407, 440, 446 _seq._;
massacre at Gela by, xii. 408;
defeat of, at the Himera, xii. 409;
expedition of, to Africa, xii. 410 _seq._, 444;
capture of Megalêpolis and Tunês by, xii. 414;
victory of, over Hanno and Bomilkar, xii. 416 _seq._;
operations of, on the eastern coast of Carthage, xii. 419 _seq._;
mutiny in the army of, at Tunês, xii. 426;
in Numidia, xii. 427;
and Ophellas, xii. 427, 431 _seq._;
capture of Utica by, xii. 436;
goes from Africa to Sicily, B. C. 306-305, xii. 438, 439;
in Sicily, B. C. 306-305, xii. 439 _seq._;
returns from Sicily to Africa, where he is defeated by the
Carthaginians, xii. 441;
deserts his army at Tunês, and they capitulate, xii. 443, 444;
barbarities of, at Egesta and Syracuse, after his African
expedition, xii. 445;
operations of, in Liparæ, Italy, and Korkyra, xii. 448;
last projects and death of, xii. 449 _seq._;
genius and character of, xii. 450 _seq._

_Agavê_ and Pentheus, i. 261 _seq._

_Agêma_, Macedonian, xii. 63.

_Agên_, the satiric drama, xii. 296 and _n._ 2.

_Agenôr_ and his offspring, i. 257.

_Agesandridas_, viii. 71, 74 _seq._

_Agesilaus_, character of, ix. 242, 246, 280;
nomination of, as king, ix. 244 _seq._;
popular conduct and partisanship of, ix. 246;
expedition of, to Asia, B. C. 397, ix. 257 _seq._;
humiliation of Lysander by, ix. 260 _seq._;
Tissaphernes breaks the truce with, ix. 261;
attacks of, on the satrapy of Pharnabazus, ix. 261, 273 _seq._;
his enrichment of his friends, ix. 262;
humanity of, ix. 263;
naked exposure of Asiatic prisoners by, ix. 265 _seq._;
at Ephesus, ix. 266;
victory of, near Sardis, ix. 267;
negotiations of, with Tithraustes, ix. 269;
appointed to command at sea and on land, ix. 269, 271;
efforts of, to augment his fleet, ix. 273;
and Spithridates, ix. 274;
and Pharnabazus, conference between, ix. 277 _seq._;
large preparations and recall of, from Asia, ix. 280, 286,
308 _seq._;
relations of Sparta with her neighbors and allies after the
accession of, ix. 284;
on the northern frontier of Bœotia, ix. 312;
victory of, at Koroneia, ix. 313 _seq._;
and Teleutias, capture of the Long Walls at Corinth, and of Lechæum
by, ix. 339 _seq._;
capture of Peiræum and Œnoê by, ix. 344, 345 _seq._;
and the Isthmian festival, ix. 344;
and the envoys from Thebes, ix. 346, 352;
and the destruction of the Lacedæmonian _mora_ by Iphikrates,
ix. 348, 352;
expedition of, against Akarnania, ix. 354;
and the peace of Antalkidas, ix. 385 _seq._;
miso-Theban sentiment of, x. 28, 34;
his defence of Phœbidas, x. 62;
subjugation of Phlius by, x. 70 _seq._;
and the trial of Sphodrias, x. 100;
expeditions of, against Thebes, x. 127 _seq._;
and Epaminondas, at the congress at Sparta, B. C. 371, x. 170;
and the re-establishment of Mantinea, x. 205 _seq._;
feeling against, at Sparta, B. C. 371, x. 207;
march of, against Mantinea, x. 211 _seq._;
vigilant defence of Sparta by, against Epaminondas, x. 221, 330;
in Asia, B. C. 366, x. 294, 296;
in Egypt, x. 362 _seq._, and the independence of Mêssêne, x. 360;
death and character of, x. 363 _seq._

_Agesipolis_, ix. 356 _seq._; x. 35 _seq._, 67, 70.

_Agêtus_ and Aristo, iv. 326.

_Agis II._, invasion of Attica by, B. C. 425, vi. 313;
advance of, to Leuktra, B. C. 419, vii. 64;
invasion of Argos by, vii. 71 _seq._;
retirement of, from Argos, vii. 74 _seq._;
at the battle of Mantinea, B. C. 418, vii. 81 _seq._;
invasion of Attica by, vii. 288, 353;
movements of, after the Athenian disaster in Sicily, vii. 364;
applications from Eubœa and Lesbos to, B. C. 413, vii. 365;
overtures of peace from the Four Hundred to, viii. 44;
repulse of, by Thrasyllus, viii. 128;
fruitless attempt of, to surprise Athens, viii. 156;
invasions of Elis by, ix. 225 _seq._;
death of, ix. 241.

_Agis III._, ii. 387 _seq._, 127, 281 _seq._

_Aglaurion_, v. 117 _n._

_Agnonides_, xii. 351.

_Agones_ and festivals in honor of gods, i. 51.

_Agora_, Homeric, ii. 67 _seq._; and Boulê, ii. 75.

_Agoratus_, viii. 235, 240.

_Agrigentine_ generals, accusation and death of, x. 427.

_Agrigentines_, and Agathokles, xii. 404, 406, 425;
defeat of, by Leptines and Demophilus, xii. 440;
defeat of, by Leptines, xii. 441.

_Agrigentum_, iii. 366;
Phalaris of, iv. 378, v. 204;
and Syracuse, before B. C. 500, v. 205;
prisoners sent to, after the battle of Himera, v. 225;
and Syracuse, B. C. 446, vii. 126;
after the Theronian dynasty, vii. 127;
and Hannibal’s capture of Selinus, x. 408;
defensive preparations at, against Hannibal and Imilkon, x. 422;
strength, wealth, and population of, B. C. 406, x. 423 _seq._;
blockade and capture of, by the Carthaginians, x. 425 _seq._;
complaints against the Syracusan generals at, x. 427, 431,
433 _seq._;
declaration of, against Dionysius, xi. 6;
Timoleon and the fresh colonization of, xi. 187;
siege of, by Agathokles, xii. 406.

_Agylla_, plunder of the temple at, xi. 25.

_Agyrium_, Dionysius and Magon at, ix. 7.

_Agyrrhius_, ix. 368.

_Ajax_, son of Telamôn, i. 187, 299.

_Ajax_, son of Oïleus, i. 189, 305, 310.

_Akanthus_, iv. 25;
march of Xerxes to, v. 43;
induced by Brasidas to revolt from Athens, vi. 406 _seq._;
speech of Brasidas at, ix. 193 _seq._;
opposition of, to the Olynthian confederacy, x. 52 _seq._, 57.

_Akarnan_ and Amphoterus, i. 282.

_Akarnania_, Demosthenês in, B. C. 426, vi. 296;
expedition of Agesilaus against, ix. 354.

_Akarnanians_, ii. 292 _seq._, iii. 407 _seq._;
and Athens, alliance between, vi. 120;
under Demosthenês save Naupaktus, vi. 303;
and Amphilochians, pacific treaty of, with the Ambrakiots, vi. 311.

_Akastus_, wife of, and Pêleus, i. 114.

_Akesines_, crossed by Alexander, xii. 230.

_Akræ_ in Sicily, iii. 366.

_Akragas_, iii. 366.

_Akrisois_, Danaê and Perseus, i. 89 _seq._

_Akrotatus_, xii. 404.

_Aktæôn_, i. 260.

_Aktê_, Brasidas in, vi. 421.

_Akusilaus_, his treatment of mythes, i. 390.

_Alæsa_, foundation of, x. 469.

_Alalia_, Phokæan colony at, iv. 205.

_Alazônes_, iii. 239.

_Alcyone_ and Kêyx, i. 135.

_Alêtês_, ii. 9.

_Aleus_, i. 176.

_Alexander of Macedon_, and Greeks at Tempê, on Xerxes’s invasion,
v. 69;
embassy of, to Athens, v. 150 _seq._;
and the Athenians before the battle of Platæa, v. 151.

_Alexander the Great_, his visit to Ilium, i. 326, xii. 69;
successors of, and Ilium, i. 326;
comparison between the invasion of, and that of Xerxes, v. 240;
birth of, xi. 241;
at the battle of Chæroneia, xi. 500;
quarrels of, with his father, xi. 513, xii. 3;
accession of, xi. 517, xii. 1, 7;
character, education, and early political action of, xii. 2 _seq._;
uncertain position of, during the last year of Philip, xii. 5;
Amyntas put to death by, xii. 8;
march of, into Greece, B. C. 336, xii. 11;
chosen Imperator of the Greeks, xii. 13;
convention at Corinth under, B. C. 336, xii. 13;
authority claimed by, under the convention at Corinth, xii. 15;
violations of the convention at Corinth by, xii. 16 _seq._;
expedition of, into Thrace, xii. 22 _seq._, 25, _n._;
embassy of Gauls to, xii. 26;
victories of, over Kleitus and the Illyrians, xii. 27 _seq._;
revolt of Thebes against, xii. 29 _seq._;
march of, from Thrace to Thebes, xii. 36;
capture and destruction of Thebes by, xii. 37 _seq._;
demands the surrender of anti-Macedonian leaders at Athens, xii. 45;
at Corinth, B. C. 335, xii. 48;
and Diogenes, xii. 48;
reconstitution of Bœotia by, xii. 48;
Grecian history a blank in the reign of, xii. 50;
connection of his Asiatic conquests with Grecian history, xii. 50,
179 _seq._;
Pan-Hellenic pretences of, xii. 51;
analogy of his relation to the Greeks with those of Napoleon to the
Confederation of the Rhine, xii. 51, 52 _n._;
military endowments of, xii. 52;
military changes in Greece during the sixty years before the
accession of, xii. 53 _seq._;
measures of, before going to Asia, xii. 67;
his march to the Hellespont and passage to Asia, xii. 69, 78;
analogy of, to the Greek heroes, xii. 71;
review of his army in Asia, xii. 72;
Macedonian officers of his army in Asia, xii. 73;
Greeks in his service in Asia, xii. 74;
defensive preparation of Darius against, xii. 76;
victory of, at the Granikus, xii. 81 _seq._;
submission of the Asiatics to, after the battle of the Granikus,
xii. 89;
and Mithrines, xii. 90, 207;
capture of Ephesus by, xii. 90;
capture of Miletus by, xii. 92 _seq._;
debate of, with Parmenio at Miletus, xii. 92;
disbands his fleet, xii. 94;
capture of Halikarnassus by, xii. 94 _seq._;
conquest of Lykia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia by, xii. 99;
at Kelænæ, xii. 101;
cuts the Gordian knot, xii. 104;
refuses to liberate the Athenians captured at the Granikus,
xii. 105;
subjugation of Paphlagonia and Kappadokia by, xii. 111;
passes Mount Taurus and enters Tarsus, xii. 111 _seq._;
operations of, in Kilikia, xii. 113;
march of, from Kilikia to Myriandrus, xii. 114;
return of, from Myriandrus, xii. 117;
victory of, at Issus, xii. 118 _seq._;
his courteous treatment of Darius’s mother, wife and family,
xii. 124, 153;
his treatment of Greeks taken at Damascus, xii. 129;
in Phœnicia, xii. 130 _seq._, 150;
his correspondence with Darius, xii. 130, 140;
siege and capture of Tyre by, xii. 132 _seq._;
surrender of the princes of Cyprus to, xii. 138;
his march towards Egypt, xii. 141, 142, 145;
siege and capture of Gaza by, xii. 142 _seq._;
his cruelty to Batis, xii. 145;
in Egypt, xii. 146 _seq._;
crosses the Euphrates at Thapsakus, xii. 150;
fords the Tigris, xii. 151;
continence of, xii. 158 _n._ 2;
victory of, at Arbela, xii. 155 _seq._;
surrender of Susa and Babylon to, xii. 168;
his march from Susa to Persepolis, xii. 171;
at Persepolis, xii. 172 _seq._;
subjugation of Persis by, xii. 177;
at Ekbatana, xii. 181, 246 _seq._;
sends home the Thessalian cavalry, xii. 181;
pursues Darius into Parthia, xii. 181 _seq._;
disappointment of, in not taking Darius alive, xii. 186;
Asiatizing tendencies of, xii. 188, 215, 267;
at Hekatompylus, xii. 187;
in Hyrkania, xii. 188;
his treatment of the Grecian mercenaries and envoys with Darius,
xii. 188, 189;
in Aria and Drangiana, xii. 189 _seq._, 200;
Parmenio and Philotas put to death by, xii. 190 _seq._;
in Gedrosia, xii. 200, 236;
foundation of Alexandria ad Caucasum by, xii. 200;
in Baktria and Sogdiana, xii. 201 _seq._;
and Bessus, 12, 202, 208;
massacre of the Branchidæ by, xii. 203 _seq._;
at Marakanda, xii. 204, 207 _seq._;
and the Scythians, xii. 206, 213;
Kleitus killed by, xii. 208 _seq._, 213, 216 _seq._, 222 _seq._;
capture of the Sogdian rock and the rock of Choriênes by, xii. 214;
and Roxana, xii. 214, 215;
and Kallisthenes, conspiracy of royal pages against, xii. 221;
reduces the country between Hindoo Koosh and the Indus,
xii. 225 _seq._;
crosses the Indus and the Hydaspes, and defeats Porus,
xii. 227 _seq._, 228 _n._ 2, and _n._ 1 page 229;
conquests of, in the Punjab, xii. 227 _seq._;
refusal of his army to march farther, xii. 231;
voyage of, down the Hydaspes and the Indus, xii. 234;
wounded in attacking the Malli, xii. 234;
posts on the Indus established by, xii. 235;
his bacchanalian procession thro’ Karmania, xii. 236;
and the tomb of Cyrus the Great, xii. 237;
satraps of, xii. 239 _seq._;
discontents and mutiny of his Macedonian soldiers, xii. 241 _seq._;
Asiatic levies of, xii. 243;
sails down the Pasitigris and up the Tigris to Opis, xii. 243;
partial disbanding of his Macedonian soldiers by, xii. 245;
preparations of, for the conquest and circumnavigation of Asia,
xii. 245, 250;
his grief for the death of Hephæstion, xii. 247, 253;
extermination of the Kossæi by, xii. 248;
his last visit to Babylon, xii. 248 _seq._;
numerous embassies to, B. C. 323, xii. 248;
his sail on the Euphrates, xii. 250;
his incorporation of Persians in the Macedonian phalanx, xii. 251;
his despatch to Kleomenes, xii. 253;
forebodings and suspicion of, at Babylon, xii. 253, 254 _n._ 3;
illness and death of, xii. 254 _seq._;
rumored poisoning of, xii. 256 _n._ 2;
sentiments excited by the career and death of, xii. 258 _seq._;
probable achievements of, if he had lived longer, xii. 259 _seq._;
character of, as a ruler, xii. 261 _seq._;
absence of nationality in, xii. 264;
Livy’s opinion as to his chances, if he had attacked the Romans,
xii. 260;
unrivalled excellence of, as a military man, xii. 261;
not the intentional diffuser of Hellenic culture, xii. 265 _seq._;
cities founded in Asia by, xii. 267;
Asia not Hellenized by, xii. 269;
increased intercommunication produced by the conquests of,
xii. 272 _seq._;
his interest in science and literature, xii. 274;
state of the Grecian world when he crossed the Hellespont, xii. 275;
possibility of emancipating Greece during his earlier Asiatic
campaigns, xii. 276;
his rescript directing the recall of Grecian exiles,
xii. 310 _seq._;
his family and generals, after his death, xii. 319 _seq._;
partition of the empire of, xii. 319, 337;
list of projects entertained by, at the time of his death, xii. 320.

_Alexander_, son of Alexander the Great, xii. 333, 340, 342, 366, 367,
371.

_Alexander_, son of Polysperchon, xii. 366, 368, 369.

_Alexander_, son of Kassander, xii. 389.

_Alexander_, king of the Molossians, xii. 396 _seq._

_Alexander_, son of Amyntas, x. 248, 249.

_Alexander of Epirus_, marriage of, xi. 515.

_Alexander_, the Lynkestian, xi. 517 _seq._

_Alexander of Pheræ_, x. 248;
expeditions of Pelopidas against, x. 248, 263, 303, 307 _seq._,
309 _n._ 3;
seizure of Pelopidas and Ismenias by, x. 282 _seq._;
release of Pelopidas and Ismenias by, x. 285;
subdued by the Thebans, x. 309 _seq._;
naval hostilities of, against Athens, x. 370;
cruelties and assassination of, xi. 203 _seq._

_Alexandreia Trôas_, i. 326.

_Alexandria_ in Egypt, xii. 146;
ad Caucasum, xii. 200;
in Ariis, and in Arachosia, xii. 200 _n._ 4;
ad Jaxartem, xii. 205, 206.

_Alexandrine_ chronology from the return of the Herakleids to the
first Olympiad, ii. 304.

_Alexiklês_, viii. 64, 67, 68.

_Alkæus_, Herodotus’s mistake about, iii. 155 _n._;
his flight from battle, iii. 199;
opposition of, to Pittakus, iii. 199, iv., 90 _seq._;
collected works of, iv. 90 _n._ 4;
subjective character of his poetry, i. 363.

_Alkamenês_, son of Têleklus, ii. 420.

_Alkamenês_, appointment of, to go to Lesbos, vii. 365;
defeat and death of, vii. 369.

_Alkestis_ and Admêtus, i. 113 _seq._

_Alketas_, x. 139, 147 _n._, 153, xi. 54.

_Alkibiades_, reputed oration of Androkidês against, iv. 151, _n._ 3,
vi. 7, _n._ 2;
alleged duplication of the tribute-money of Athenian allies by,
vi. 7, _n._ 2;
at the battle of Delium, v. 397;
education and character of, vii. 30 _seq._;
and Sokratês, vii. 35 _seq._;
conflicting sentiments entertained towards, vii. 40;
attempts of, to revive his family tie with Sparta, vii. 42;
early politics of, vii. 42;
adoption of anti-Laconian politics by, vii. 43;
attempt of, to ally Argos with Athens, B. C. 420, vii. 43;
trick of, upon the Lacedæmonian envoys, vii. 46 _seq._;
display of, at the Olympic festival, vii. 53 _seq._, 59 _n._;
intra-Peloponnesian policy of, B. C. 419, vii. 62 _seq._;
expedition of, into the interior of Peloponnesus, B. C. 419,
vii. 63;
at Argos, B. C. 418, vii. 75, and B. C. 416, vii. 98;
and Nikias, projected contention of ostracism between,
vii. 104 _seq._;
his support of the Egestæan envoys at Athens, B. C. 416, vii. 146;
and the Sicilian expedition, vii. 148, 152 _seq._, 160 _seq._;
attack upon, in connection with the mutilation of the Hermæ,
vii. 175, 207 _seq._;
the Eleusinian mysteries and, vii. 175 _seq._, 211 _seq._;
viii. 150;
plan of action in Sicily proposed by, vii. 191;
at Messênê in Sicily, vii. 193;
at Katana, vii. 193;
recall of, to take his trial, vii. 195, 211 _seq._;
escape and condemnation of, vii. 211 _seq._, 235 _n._ 2;
at Sparta, vii. 235 _seq._;
Lacedæmonians persuaded by, to send aid to Chios, vii. 367;
expedition of, to Chios, vii. 370 _seq._;
revolt of Milêtus from Athens, caused by, vii. 375;
order from Sparta to kill, viii. 2;
escape of, to Tissaphernês, viii. 3;
advice of, to Tissaphernês, viii. 3;
acts as interpreter between Tissaphernês and the Greeks,
viii. 5 _seq._;
oligarchical conspiracy of, with the Athenian officers at Samos,
viii. 6 _seq._;
counter manœuvres of, against Phrynichus, viii. 12;
proposed restoration of, to Athens, viii. 12, 13;
negotiations of, with Peisander, viii. 15, 20 _seq._;
and the Athenian democracy at Samos, viii. 49 _seq._, 51, 52 _seq._;
at Aspendus, viii. 100;
return of, from Aspendus to Samos, viii. 116;
arrival of, at the Hellespont, from Samos, viii. 117;
arrest of Tissaphernês by, viii. 120;
escape of, from Sardis, viii. 120;
and the Athenian fleet, at the Bosphorus, viii. 126;
attack upon Chalkêdon by, viii. 126;
occupation of Chrysopolis by, viii. 127;
and Thrasyllus, at the Hellespont, viii. 130;
capture of Chalkêdon by, viii. 132;
and Pharnabazus, viii. 133;
proceedings of, in Thrace and Asia, B. C. 407, viii. 144;
return of, to Athens, B. C. 407, viii. 145 _seq._;
expedition of, to Asia, B. C. 407, viii. 150 _seq._;
dissatisfaction of the armament at Samos with, viii. 153;
accusations against, at Athens, B. C. 407, viii. 153;
alteration of sentiment towards, at Athens, B. C. 407,
viii. 156 _seq._;
and Nikias, different behavior of the Athenians towards, viii. 158;
dismissal of, from his command, B. C. 407, viii. 158;
at Ægospotami, viii. 217;
position and views of, in Asia, after the battle of Ægospotami,
viii. 313 _seq._;
assassination of, viii. 314 _seq._;
character of, viii. 316 _seq._

_Alkidas_, vi. 237, 239 _seq._, 266 _seq._

_Alkmæôn_, i. 278 _seq._

_Alkmæônids_, curse, trial, and condemnation of, iii. 82;
proceedings of, against Hippias, iv. 120;
rebuilding of Delphian temple by, iv. 121;
false imputation of treachery on at the battle of Marathon, iv. 356;
demand of Sparta for the expulsion of, vi. 97.

_Alkman_, iv. 77, 82, 85 _seq._

_Alkmênê_, i. 91.

_Allegorical_ interpretation of mythes, i. 418 _seq._, 425, 436.

_Allegory_ rarely admissible in the interpretation of mythes, i. 2.

_Alôids_, the, i. 136.

_Alos_, sanguinary rites at, i. 125.

_Althæa_ and the burning brand, i. 144.

_Althæmenês_, founder of Rhodes, ii. 30.

_Althæmenês_ and Katreus, i. 224.

_Alyattês_ and Kyaxarês, iii. 230;
war of, with Milêtus, iii. 255 _seq._;
sacrilege committed by, iii. 256;
long reign, death and sepulchre of, iii. 257.

_Amaltheia_, the horn of, i. 150.

_Amanus_, Mount, march of Darius to, xii. 115.

_Amasis_, iii. 328 _seq._;
death of, iv. 229.

_Amasis_ and Polykratês, iv. 241.

_Amastris_, xii. 467 _seq._

_Amazons_, legend of, i. 209 _seq._

_Ambrakia_, iii. 404, 405.

_Ambrakiots_, attack of, upon Amphilokian Argos, vi. 180;
attack of upon Akarnania, vi. 192 _seq._;
projected attack of, on Amphilochian Argos, vi. 302;
defeat of, at Olpæ, vi. 304;
Menedæus’s desertion of, vi. 305 _seq._;
Demosthenês’s victory over, vi. 307 _seq._;
pacific convention of, with the Akarnanians and Amphilochians,
vi. 311.

_Ambrysus_, re-fortification of, xi. 494.

_Ammon_, Alexander’s visit to the oracle of, xii. 147.

_Amnesty_ decreed by Solon, iii. 98;
proposed by Patrokleidês, viii. 225;
at Athens, B. C. 403, viii. 293, 299 _seq._

_Amompharetus_, v. 174 _seq._

_Amorgês_, vii. 375;
capture of, vii. 388.

_Amphiaraus_, i. 272, 275.

_Amphiktyon_, i. 98, 99, 103.

_Amphiktyonic assembly_, i. 100, ii. 243 _seq._, xi. 241;
condemnation of Sparta by, x. 202 _seq._;
accusation of Thebes against Sparta before, xi. 242;
accusation of Thebes against Phokis before, xi. 243;
resistance of Phokis to, xi. 244 _seq._;
sentence of, against the Phokians, and honors conferred upon Philip
by, xi. 425, 429;
at Delphi, B. C. 339, xi. 470 _seq._

_Amphiktyonies_, or exclusive religious partnerships, ii. 243 _seq._,
248.

_Amphiktyons_, punishment of the Kirrhæans by, iv. 61;
establishment of the Pythian games by, iv. 63;
violent measures of, against the Amphissians, xi. 474 _seq._

_Amphiktyony_ at Kalauria, i. 133.

_Amphilochian Argos_, Eurylochus’s projected attack upon, vi. 302.

_Amphilochians_ and Akarnanians, pacific treaty of, with the
Ambrakiots, vi. 211.

_Amphilochus_, i. 278;
wanderings of, i. 313.

_Amphiôn and Zethus_, i. 263 _seq._;
Homeric legend of, i. 257.

_Amphipolis_, foundation of, vi. 11 _seq._;
acquisition of, by Brasidas, vi. 406 _seq._;
proceedings of Brasidas in, vi. 420;
policy of Kleon and Nikias for the recovery of, vi. 457 _seq._;
Kleon’s expedition against, vi. 462 _seq._;
topography of, vi. 464 _seq._;
battle of, vi. 471 _seq._;
negotiations for peace after the battle of, vi. 489;
not restored to Athens, on the peace of, Nikias, vii. 4;
neglect of, by the Athenians, vii. 104, xi. 215;
claim of Athens to, x. 245 _seq._, 294;
Iphikrates at, x. 251, 299;
failure of Timotheus at, x. 301;
nine defeats of the Athenians at, x. 302 _n._ 2;
Kallisthenes at, x. 370;
Philip renounces his claim to, xi. 212;
siege and capture of, by Philip, xi. 232 _seq._;
Philip’s dealings with the Athenians respecting, xi. 235.

_Amphissa_, capture of, by Philip, xi. 497.

_Amphissians_, accusation of, against Athens, xi. 470 _seq._;
violent proceedings of the Amphiktyons against, xi. 473 _seq._

_Amphitryôn_, i. 91.

_Amphoterus_ and Akarnan, i. 283.

_Amyklæ_, ii. 327;
conquest of, ii. 419.

_Amykus_, i. 169.

_Amyntas_, and the Peisistratids, iv. 19.

_Amyntas, father of Philip_, x. 48 _seq._, 243 _seq._;
and the Olynthian confederacy, x. 50, 56, 58, 65;
and Iphikrates, x. 108;
and Athens, x. 243, 245;
death of, x. 243;
assistance of Iphikrates to the family of, x. 250.

_Amyntas_, son of Antiochus, xii. 9, 116, 125.

_Amyntas_, son of Perdikkas, xii. 8.

_Anaktorium_, iii. 402 _seq._, vi. 360.

_Anaphê_, i. 240.

_Anapus_, crossing of, by Dion, xi. 91.

_Anaxagoras_, vi. 101.

_Anaxandrides_, bigamy of, ii. 386.

_Anaxarchus_ of Abdera, xii. 213, 215, 217.

_Anaxibius_, ix. 150 _seq._, 156 _seq._;
in the Hellespont, ix. 369;
death of, ix. 371 _seq._

_Anaxikratês_, v. 335.

_Anaxilaus_, v. 211, 230.

_Anaximander_, iv. 381 _seq._

_Anaximenês_ of Lampsakus, i. 409.

_Andokidês_, reputed oration of, against Alkibiadês, iv. 151 _n._ 1,
vi. 6 _n._ 1;
de Mysteriis, iv. 123 _n._ 3;
and the mutilation of, the Hermæ, vii. 196, 200 _seq._

_Androgeos_, death of, i. 211.

_Androklus_, iii. 175.

_Andromachê_ and Helenus, i. 305.

_Andromachus_, xi. 146.

_Andrôn_, story of, respecting Krête, ii. 29.

_Andros_, siege of, by Themistoklês, v. 141;
siege of, by Alkibiadês and Konon, viii. 151.

_Animals_, worship of, in Egypt, iii. 319.

_Ankæus_, i. 177.

_Antalkidas_, embassy of, to Tiribazus, ix. 374 _seq._;
embassies of, to Persia, ix. 383, x. 157;
in the Hellespont, ix. 384;
the peace of, ix. 385 _seq._, x. 1 _seq._

_Antandrus_, expulsion of Arsakes from, viii. 114;
the Syracusans at, x. 386.

_Ante-Hellenic_ inhabitants of Greece, ii. 261;
colonies from Phœnicia and Egypt not probable, ii. 267.

_Antênôr_, i. 304, 315.

_Antigonê_, i. 276.

_Antigonus_ and Perdikkas, xii. 334;
and Eumenes, xii. 338;
great power of, xii. 367;
alliance of Kassander, Lysimachus and Ptolemy against, xii. 367,
372, 383, 387;
measures of, against Kassander, xii. 369, 370;
pacification of, with Kassander, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, xii. 371;
Roxana and her son Alexander put to death by, xii. 371;
murders Kleopatra, sister of Alexander, xii. 372;
Athenian envoys sent to, xii. 380; death of, xii. 387.

_Antigonus_ Gonatas, xii. 390.

_Antilochus_, death of, i. 298.

_Antimachus_ of Kolophon, i. 268.

_Antiochus_ at Samos and Notium, viii. 152, 153.

_Antiochus_, the Arcadian, x. 280.

_Antiopê_, i. 257 _seq._

_Antipater_, embassy of, from Philip to Athens, xi. 386, 387, 390,
397, 401;
made viceroy of Macedonia, xii. 67, 68;
and Olympias, xii. 68, 254;
defeat of Agis by, xii. 284;
submission of all Greece to, xii. 285;
Grecian hostilities against, after Alexander’s death,
xii. 313 _seq._;
and Kraterus, xii. 321 _seq._, 335;
victory of, at Krannon, xii. 321, 322;
terms imposed upon Athens by, xii. 324 _seq._;
remodels the Peloponnesian cities, xii. 332;
contest and pacification of, with the Ætolians, xii. 332;
made guardian of Alexander’s family, xii. 337;
death of, xii. 338;
last directions of, xii. 339.

_Antipater_, son of Kassander, xii. 389.

_Antiphilus_, xii. 319, 321.

_Antiphon_, viii. 18, 30 _seq._, 57 _seq._, 78 _seq._

_Antiquity_, Grecian, a religious conception, i. 445;
stripped of its religious character by chronology, i. 446.

_Antisthenês_, at Kaunus, vii. 397.

_Antistrophê_, introduction of, iv. 89.

_Anytus_, viii. 130, 242.

_Aornos_, rock of, xii. 225 _n._ 2, 227.

_Apatê_, i. 7.

_Apaturia_, excitement at the, after the battle of Arginusæ,
viii. 193 _seq._

_Aphareus_, i. 168, 169.

_Apheidas_, i. 176.

_Aphepsion_, and Mantitheus, vii. 200.

_Aphetæ_, Persian fleet at, v. 97, 98, 101.

_Aphroditê_, i. 5, 52.

_Apis_, i. 83.

_Apodektæ_, iv. 137.

_Apollo_, i. 10;
legends of, i. 45 _seq._, 50;
worship and functions of, i. 49 _seq._, iii. 168;
and Laomedon, i. 57, 285;
and Hermês, i. 59;
types of, i. 61;
and Admêtus, i. 113;
and Korônis, i. 176;
Sminthius, i. 337;
evidence of the Homeric Hymn to, as to early Ionic life, iii. 168;
temple of at Klarus, iii. 184;
reply of Delphian to the remonstrance of Crœsus, iv. 189.

_Apollodôrus_, his genealogy of Hellên, i. 106 _seq._

_Apollodôrus_ and the Theôric fund, xi. 348.

_Apollokratês_, xi. 105, 107, 117.

_Apollonia_, iii. 402 _seq._;
and the Illyrians, iv. 6 _seq._;
and the Olynthian confederacy, x. 52.

_Apollonides_, xii. 142, 149.

_Apriês_, reign and death of, iii. 323 _seq._

_Apsyrtus_, i. 238.

_Arabia_, Alexander’s projects with regard to, xii. 245, 250.

_Arachosia_, Alexander in, xii. 200.

_Aradus_, surrender of, to Alexander xii. 130.

_Arbela_, battle of, xii. 155 _seq._

_Arbitration_ at Athens, v. 354.

_Arcadia_, ii. 299;
state of, B. C. 560, ii. 441 _seq._;
and Sparta, ii. 444 _seq._, v. 315;
proceedings in, after the battle of Leuktra, x. 204 _seq._;
invasions of, by Archidamus, x. 265, 310 _seq._;
mission of Epaminondas to, x. 288;
dissensions in, x. 322 _seq._;
embassy of Æschines to, xi. 368.

_Arcadians_, ii. 301, 433 seq;
sympathy of, with Messenians, ii. 427;
impulse of towards a Pan-Arcadian union, x. 208;
application of, to Athens and Thebes, for aid against Sparta,
x. 213;
Epaminondas and the consolidation of, x. 215;
energetic action and insolence of, x. 259 _seq._;
envoy to Persia from, x. 278, 280;
protest of, against the headship of Thebes, x. 281;
alliance of Athens with, x. 287;
and Eleians, x. 314 _seq._, 323;
occupation and plunder of Olympia by, x. 314, 320 _seq._;
celebration of the Olympic games by, x. 318 _seq._;
seizure of, at Tegea, by the Theban harmost, x. 324 _seq._

_Archagathus_, xii. 438, 439, 443.

_Archêgelês_, Apollo, i. 50.

_Archelaus_, x. 46 _seq._;
siege of Pydna by, viii. 118.

_Archeptolemus_, viii. 84 _seq._

_Archias_, œkist of Syracuse, iii. 363.

_Archias_, the Theban, x. 82, 85.

_Archias_, the Exile-Hunter, xii. 326 _seq._

_Archidamus II._, speech of, against war with Athens, vi. 80 _seq._;
invasions of Attica by, vii. 126 _seq._, 152, 221;
his expedition to Platæa, vi. 185 _seq._

_Archidamus III._, invasions of Arcadia by, x. 265, 316 _seq._;
and the independence of Messênê, x. 291, 360;
and Philomelus, xi. 254;
expedition of, against Megalopolis, xi. 306;
aid to the Phokians at Thermopylæ under, xi. 419, 421; xii. 281,
394.

_Archilochus_, i. 362; iv. 26, 73, 76 _seq._

_Archinus_, decrees of, viii. 299, 308.

_Architects_ at Athens, under Periklês, vi. 20.

_Architecture_, Grecian, between B. C. 600-550, iv. 98.

_Archonides_, x. 469.

_Archons_ after Kodrus, iii. 49;
the nine, iii. 75;
judges without appeal till after Kleisthenês, iii. 129;
effect of Kleisthenês’s revolution on, iv. 137 _seq._, 142 _seq._;
limited functions of, after the Persian war, v. 276;
limitation of the functions of, by Periklês, v. 355, 358, 365.

_Ardys_, iii. 223.

_Areopagus, senate of_, iii. 73;
and the Ephetæ, iii. 79;
and the Eumenides of Æschylus, iii. 80 _n._;
powers of, enlarged by Solon, iii. 122;
under the Solonian and Kleisthenean constitutions, iv. 141;
in early Athens, v. 352 _seq._;
oligarchical tendencies of, v. 354;
venerable character and large powers of, v. 359;
at variance with the growing democratic sentiment, B. C. 480-460,
v. 361;
a centre of action for the oligarchical party, v. 361;
power of, abridged by Periklês and Ephialtês, v. 366 _seq._

_Arês_, i. 10.

_Aretê_, xi. 55, 56, 82, 129.

_Argadeis_, iii. 50.

_Argæus_ and Philip, xi. 212.

_Arganthonius_ and the Phokæans, iv. 199.

_Argeian_ Demos, proceedings of, vii. 99.

_Argeian_ genealogies, i. 81.

_Argeians_, attempts of, to recover Thyrea, ii. 447;
defeat and destruction of, by Kleomenês, iv. 321;
trick of, with their callendar, vii. 65;
Epidaurus, vii. 69, 70, 88;
at the battle within the Long Walls of Corinth, ix. 333;
manœuvres of, respecting the holy truce, ix. 344;
and the peace of Antalkidas, ix. 387;
and Mardonius, v. 157.

_Argês_, i. 5.

_Argilus_, acquisition of, by Brasidas, vi. 406 _seq._

_Arginusæ_, battle of, viii. 173 _seq._;
recall, impeachment, defence, and condemnation of the generals at
the battle of, viii. 181, 210;
inaction of the Athenian fleet after the battle of, viii. 215.

_Argô_, the, i. 231.

_Argonautic expedition_, i. 231 _seq._;
monuments of, i. 241 _seq._;
how and when attached to Kolchis, i. 251;
attempts to reconcile the, with geographical knowledge,
i. 254 _seq._;
continued faith in, i. 255;
Dr. Warton and M. Ginguené on the, i. 481 _n._

_Argos_, rise of, coincident with the decline of Mykênæ, i. 165;
occupation of, by the Dorians, ii. 6;
and neighboring Dorians greater than Sparta, in 776 B. C., ii. 307;
Dorian settlements in, ii. 308, 309, 311;
early ascendency of, ii. 312, 320;
subsequent decline of, ii. 321;
acquisitions of Sparta from, ii. 448 _seq._;
military classification at, ii. 460;
struggles of, to recover the headship of Greece, ii. 463 _seq._;
and Kleônæ, ii. 464;
victorious war of Sparta against, B. C. 496-5, iv. 221 _seq._;
prostration of, B. C. 496-5, iv. 324;
assistance of, to Ægina, v. 49;
neutrality of, on the invasion of Xerxes, v. 64 _seq._;
position of, on its alliance with Athens about B. C. 461,
v. 319 _seq._;
uncertain relations between Sparta and, B. C. 421, vii. 3;
position of, on the peace of Nikias, vii. 11 _seq._;
the Thousand-regiment at, vii. 11;
induced by the Corinthians to head a new Peloponnesian alliance,
B. C. 421, vii. 13;
joined by Matinea, vii. 14;
joined by the Corinthians, vii. 17, 19;
joined by Elis, vii. 19;
refusal of Tegea to join, vii. 20;
and Sparta, projected alliance between, vii. 24;
and Bœotia, projected alliance between, vii. 24 _seq._;
conclusion of a fifty years’ peace between Sparta and,
vii. 28 _seq._;
and Athens, alliance between, vii. 44, 51 _seq._;
embassy from, for alliance with Corinth, vii. 61;
attack of, upon Epidaurus, vii. 65, 69;
invasion of, by the Lacedæmonians and their allies, B. C. 418,
vii. 71 _seq._;
Alkibiadês at, B. C. 418, vii. 75;
political change at, through the battle of Mantinea, B. C. 418,
vii. 89 _seq._;
treaty of peace between Sparta and, B. C. 418, vii. 92 _seq._;
alliance between Sparta and, B. C. 418, vii. 94;
renounces alliance with Athens, Elis and Mantinea, vii. 94;
oligarchical revolution at, vii, 96, 97;
restoration of democracy at, vii. 100;
renewed alliance of, with Athens, vii. 101;
Alkibiadês at, B. C. 416, vii. 101;
Lacedæmonian intervention in behalf of the oligarchy at, vii. 101,
102;
envoys from, to the Athenian Demos at Samos, viii. 53;
alliance of, with Thebes, Athens, and Corinth, against Sparta,
ix. 284;
consolidation of Corinth with, ix. 332;
expedition of Agesipolis against, ix. 355 _seq._;
violent intestine feud at, x. 199 _seq._

_Argos, Amphilochian_, capture of, by Phormio, vi. 121;
attack of Ambrakiots on, vi. 180;
Eurylochus’s projected attack upon, vi. 302.

_Argus_, destruction of Argeians in the grove of, iv. 321.

_Aria_, Alexander in, xii. 189.

_Ariadnê_, i. 220 _seq._

_Ariæus_, flight of, after the battle of Kunaxa, ix. 47;
and Klearchus, ix. 52, 54;
and the Greeks after the battle of Kunaxa, ix. 54, 56, 62, 78.

_Aridæus_, Philip, xii. 319, 320, 334.

_Ariobarzanes_, intervention of, in Greece, x. 261;
revolt of, x. 294 _seq._;
at the Susian Gates, xii. 171;
death of, xii. 172.

_Arion_, iv. 78 _seq._

_Aristagoras_ and Megabatês, iv. 284;
revolt of, iv. 285 _seq._, 292;
application of, to Sparta, iv. 286 _seq._;
application of, to Athens, iv. 289;
march of, to Sardis, iv. 290;
desertion of the Ionic revolt by, iv. 296 _seq._

_Aristarchus_, the Athenian, viii. 82.

_Aristarchus_, the Lacedæmonian, ix. 164 _seq._

_Aristeidês_, constitutional change introduced by, iv. 145;
character of, iv. 338 _seq._;
elected general, iv. 341;
banishment of, by ostracism, v. 50;
and Themistoklês, rivalry between, v. 50, 273;
restoration of, from banishment, v. 110;
joins the Greek fleet at Salamis, v. 130;
slaughters the Persians at Psyttaleia, v. 136;
equitable assessment of, upon the allied Greeks, v. 264 _seq._;
popularity of, after the Persian war, v. 278;
death and poverty of, v. 289.

_Aristeus_, vi. 70, 73 _seq._ 182.

_Aristo_ and Agêtus, iv. 326.

_Aristocrats_, Grecian, bad morality of, vi. 287.

_Aristodêmus_, ii. 2 _seq._

_Aristodêmus_, king of Messenia, ii. 476.

_Aristodêmus Malakus_, iii. 359.

_Aristodêmus_, “the coward”, v. 94, 188.

_Aristodêmus_, the actor, xi. 373.

_Aristodikus_, iv. 201.

_Aristogeitôn_ and Harmodius, iv. 111 _seq._

_Aristoklês_ and Hipponoidas, vii. 85, 89.

_Aristokratês_, king of Orchomenus, ii. 428, 437.

_Aristokratês_, the Athenian, vii. 368.

_Aristomachê_, x. 480.

_Aristomenês_, ii. 421, 428 _seq._

_Aristonikus_ of Methymna, xii. 142, 149.

_Aristophanês_, viii. 327;
his reason for showing up Sokratês, viii. 408;
his attack upon the alleged impiety of Sokratês, i. 400 _n._;
and Kleon, vi. 482 _seq._, 488.

_Aristoteles_ the Spartan, xi. 2.

_Aristotle_ on Spartan women, ii. 387;
on the Spartan laws of property, ii. 408;
meaning of the word Sophist in, viii. 354;
formal logic of, viii. 429;
novelties ascribed to Sokratês by, viii. 424;
and Hermeias, xi. 441, 441 _n._;
instruction of Alexander by, xii. 3;
and Alexander, political views of, compared, xii. 265 _seq._

_Aristoxenus_, of Tarentum, xi. 154.