Chapter LXVIII: Appendix: XIII

GENEVA CONVENTION ACT, 1911
1 & 2 GEO. 5, CHAPTER 20
An Act to make such amendments in the Law as are necessary to
enable certain reserved provisions of the Second Geneva
Convention to be carried into effect.
[_18th August 1911._]

Whereas His Majesty has ratified, with certain reservations, the Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick of armies in the field, drawn up in Geneva in the year one thousand nine hundred and six, and it is desirable, in order that those reservations may be withdrawn, that such amendments should be made in the law as are in this Act contained:

Be it therefore enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:--

[Sidenote: Prohibition of use of emblem of red cross on white ground, &c.]

1.--(1) As from the commencement of this Act it shall not be lawful for any person to use for the purposes of his trade or business, or for any other purpose whatsoever, without the authority of the Army Council, the heraldic emblem of the red cross on a white ground formed by reversing the Federal colours of Switzerland, or the words "Red Cross" or "Geneva Cross," and, if any person acts in contravention of this provision, he shall be guilty of an offence against this Act, and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding ten pounds, and to forfeit any goods upon or in connection with which the emblem or words were used.

(2) Where a company or society is guilty of any such contravention, without prejudice to the liability of the company or society, every director, manager, secretary, and other officer of the company or society who is knowingly a party to the contravention shall be guilty of an offence against this Act and liable to the like penalty.

(3) Nothing in this section shall affect the right (if any) of the proprietor of a trade mark registered before the passing of this Act, and containing any such emblem or words, to continue to use such trade mark for a period of four years from the passing of this Act, and, if the period of the registration or of the renewal of registration of any such trade mark expires during those four years, the registration thereof may be renewed until the expiration of those four years, but without payment of any fee.

(4) Proceedings under this Act shall not in England or Ireland be instituted without the consent of the Attorney-General.

(5) This Act shall extend to His Majesty's possessions outside the United Kingdom, subject to such necessary adaptations as may be made by Order in Council.

[Sidenote: Short title.]

2. This Act may be cited as the Geneva Convention Act, 1911.

INDEX

This Index does not refer to Conventions, &c., printed in the Appendices.

A

Abuse of flag of truce, 281
of neutral asylum, 419, 420-423

Abyssinian War, referred to on:
hostile destination of goods, 505
trial of neutral vessels after conclusion of peace, 556

Acts of force initiative of war, 126-128

Admiralty, origin of Board of, 239

Aerial warfare. _See_ Air-vessels

Aeroplanes, conditional contraband, 506

Africa, case of the, 531

Air-vessels:
invasion by, 207
violence directed from, 150, 192, 227

Alabama, case of the, 406-409

Alaska Boundary dispute (1903), 18

Alexander I. of Russia exacts oath of allegiance in Finland,
205

Alexander II. of Russia, and laws of war, 81

Alexis, case of the, 40

Allegiance, oath of, 173, 205, 212

Alverstone, Lord, 18

Ambulances, _See_ Convoys of Evacuation

American Civil War, referred to on:
blockade, 453, 454, 463, 465, 469
ingress and egress of neutral warships during, 453
contraband, 487, 499, 501
neutral asylum during, 418, 443
political agents on neutral vessel, 519, 530
real war, 63 sale of vessels during, 427
stone-blockade, 450
treatment of prizes in, 243, 557

American-English War (1812), referred to on:
capture in neutral port, 442
destruction of neutral prizes, 243
reprisals, 307

American War of Independence, referred to on:
convoy, vessels under, 536
espionage, 198
reprisals, 306
treatment of prizes during, 243

Amicable settlement of State differences. _See_ State
differences

Amiens, Peace of (1802), 332

Amnesty, 334

Analogous of contraband. _See_ Unneutral service

Andersen _v._ Marten, case of, 555

André, Major, case of, 198

Angary:
derivation of right of, 449
exercise of right of, 385, 510
modern right of, 447
obsolete right of, 446
pre-emption of neutral goods under right of, 449

Anna, case of the, 443

Anne, Empress of Russia, 43

Anspach, troops marched through, 392

Arbitration:
a means of settling State differences, 5
appointment of arbitrator, 17, 26
award, 18, 19, 30
appeal against, 31
binding force of, 18, 25, 30
competence of tribunal of, 29
compulsory, 25
conception of, 16
costs of, 32
early use of, 22
efficacy of, 25
Hague Convention, stipulations concerning, 24
language to be used during, 26, 28
minutes concerning, 28
Permanent International Court of, 22, 23, 26, 27-31, 561
preliminary proceedings in, 27
procedure of tribunal in, 27
rules governing, 27
scope of, 20-21
summary procedure in, 32
treaties of, 16, 18, 20, 26
obligations under, 16, 25
stipulations of, 18
tribunal of Court of, 27
value of, 22, 25

Arbitration Treaties, 16, 20, 21, 26

Area of operations during blockade, 471

Argentina, blockades of (1838) and (1845), 49

Armed Neutrality. _See_ Neutrality

Armistices:
character of, 290
commencement of, 296
competence to conclude, 293
contents of, 294-296
end of, 299
form of, 294
general, 291, 293
hostilities, cessation of, during, 290, 295
kinds of, 290, 291
lines of demarcation during, 296
partial, 293
permissible acts during, 294-296
purpose of, 291
re-victualling during, 295
suspension of arms during, 291
violation of, 297
by private individual, 298
visitation of neutral vessels during, 290, 534

Arnold, General, at West Point, 198

Arrêt de prince, 45

Aryol (or Orel), case of the, 256

Asgill, Captain, case of, 307

Askold, case of the, 422

Assault, 191-193

Asylum. _See_ Neutral Asylum

Atalanta, case of the, 522

Athens, ancient law of, concerning reprisals, 41

Attack on enemy vessels, 225-237. _See also_ Enemy vessels

Aube, Admiral, on naval warfare, 264, 266

Augusta Victoria, case of the, 390

Aurora, case of the, 423

Awni Illa, case of the, 269

B

Bahama Islands, access refused to belligerent warships at, 418

Baker, Sir Sherston, 281

Baltic Sea, asserted neutralisation of, 90

Baltica, case of the, 110, 116

Barbarous forces, 98

Barge, arbitration award of Mr., 19

Basle, office for volunteers at, 399

Bathurst, Lord, reprisal by, 307

Beasts of burden as contraband, 486

Belfort:
capitulation of, 286
siege of, 193, 292
suspension of arms during siege of, 291

Belgium, neutralisation of, 91, 358, 363, 368, 393, 411, 413, 428

Belligerents:
accessory, 93
angary, right of,
exercised by, 446-449
appropriation of property by, 174-187
armed forces of, 94-106
asylum granted to, 409-425
barbarous forces as, 98
capture of neutral vessels by, 546-552
complaints of illegitimate warfare by, 302
conduct in general of, 378
deserters, treatment of, by, 105, 335
duties of, 378-386
impartiality of neutrals towards, 362, 381-383
insurgents as, 62, 92
intercourse between subjects of, 135-138, 275, 333
and neutrals, 117, 365, 385, 428
irregular forces of, 96
levies _en masse_ of, 97, 152, 190, 313
loans to, by neutrals, 430
merchantmen of. _See_ Merchantmen
military operations by and against, neutrals, 386-397
military preparations by and against 397-409
navies of, 94, 99-105
neutralised States as, 91
neutrality to be recognised by, 367
non-combatants with armed forces of, 95, 151, 169, 250
non-hostile relations of, 273-299
occupation of neutral territory by, 394
principal, 93
prisoners of, treatment, 167-171
private enemy property, 139. _See also_ Private enemy
property privateers of, 99, 103, 357, 372, 534
Prize Courts of, 395. _See also_ Prize Courts
property in enemy State of subjects of, 139, 182
qualification to become, 62, 90
regular armies of, 94
representation at International Prize Court, 569
rights of, 378-386
services to, 153, 181, 212, 432-437
subjects of, on enemy territory, 131-135
supplies to, by neutrals, 375, 405-409, 426-430
trade between subjects of, 135-138, 275, 333
traitors. _See_ War criminals
vassal States as, 91
violation of neutrality by, 426, 438-445
visitation of neutral vessels by, 428, 533-545
volunteer fleets of, 100-104
war rebels, treatment of, by, 98

Bellona, case of the, 332

Bentinck, promise of, to Genoa, 284

Berlin:
Congo Conference of (1885), 11
Decrees of (1806), 357, 453
Treaty of (1878), 330

Bermuda, case of the, 470, 500

Bernadotte, 391

Bismarck:
act of reprisal by, 317
on diplomatic envoys in besieged town, 194
on crews of captured merchantmen, prisoners of war, 250, 308, 317
on right of angary, 448

Black Sea, neutralisation of, 88

Blockade:
area of operations in, 471
breach of: attempt at, 468-472
canals, unblockaded and, 474
capture on account of, 475
consequences of, 475-478
definition of, 466
during armistice, 290
egress and, 473
ingress and, 472
penalty for, 476
practice of nations regarding, 386, 468-475
what constitutes a, 468-475
commercial, 452
competence to establish, 456
conception of, 450-455
continuous voyage and, 469, 472
contraband, seizure of, during, 290
declaration of, 456, 458
definition of, 450
effectiveness of: 356, 461-466
cessation of, 464 condition of, 461
danger necessary to create, 464
distinguished from fictitious, 461
end of, 460 establishment of, 456-461
existence of, 466
fictitious, 461
international rivers and, 454
inward, 453
justification for, 455
knowledge of, necessary for breach, 466
neutral vessels, time for egress of, 459
notification of, 456, 459, 466
former practice of nations regarding, 457
outward, 453 pacific. _See_ Pacific blockade
places liable to, 453
postal correspondence during, 237, 385
stone, 450, 463
strategic, 452
universality of, 452

Bluntschli:
on continuous voyage, 504
on courts of justice during occupation, 215

Bolivia-Peruvian Boundary Dispute (1910), 19

Bombardment: by land forces, 191, 194 by naval forces, 266-270

Bonfils, on carriage of contraband, 504

Booty on battlefield, 163, 177, 181

Bosphorus and Dardanelles, 102

Bougainville, safe-conduct granted to, 232

Boundary disputes:
between Bolivia and Peru, 19
between Great Britain and U.S.A., 18, 19
between Great Britain and Venezuela, 18

Boundary treaty of Buenos Ayres (1881) between Argentina and
Chili, 89

Bowles, Mr. Gibson, on withdrawal from Declaration of Paris, 100

Bribery, 196, 201

British Foreign Enlistment Act, 358, 375, 494

Brussels: Conference of (1874), 208, 308 Declaration of (1874),
81, 171

Buenos Ayres, Boundary treaty of (1881), between Argentina and
Chili, 89

Bukarest, treaty of (1886), 92

Bulgaria as a belligerent while under Turkish suzerainty, 62, 92

Buller, Sir Redvers, proclamation by during the South African War, 65

Bullets, expanding and explosive, 149, 250

Bulmerincq, proposal regarding Prize Courts, 560

Bundesrath, case of the, 500, 502, 552

Bureau of Information in war, 163, 171, 181

Bynkershoek:
on contraband, 481, 508
on intercourse during war, 135
on neutrality, 350, 361, 422

C

Cabinet Ministers, capture of, 153

Camille, case of the, 426

Cancellation of treaties on account of:
violation by one party, 338
war, 129

Capitulations:
character and purpose of, 284
competence to conclude, 287
contents of, 285
flag of truce and, 286
form of, 286
violation of, 289

Captain W. Menzel, case of the, 376

Captivity:
detention in, after peace, 170, 336
discipline in, 169-170
effect of treaty of peace on, 335
end of, 172, 335
law regarding, development of, 165-167
parole, release on, 170
relief societies assisting those in, 171
treatment of prisoners of war in, 167, 306
who may be taken into, 151, 152, 153, 169, 250, 308

Capture of neutral vessels:
abandonment after, 551
conduct to port after, 547
destruction after, 547-551
effect of, 546
grounds of, 546
mode of, 546
ransom after, 551
recapture after, 551
release after, 551
trial after, 240, 553-558
after conclusion of peace, 555
by International Prize Court, 572-579
claims after, 557
municipal matter, a, 553
protests after, 557
result of, 555

Carolina, case of the, 519

Caroline, case of the, 376

Carriage of contraband. _See_ Contraband of war

Cartel ships:
rules regarding, 283
seizure of, 236

Cartels:
definition and purpose of, 275, 282
ransom of soldiers arranged by, 166

Carthage, case of the, 506

Castro, de, 40

Catharine, Empress of Russia, 355, 357

Cattaro, access refused to belligerent warships at, 418

Cesarewitch, case of the, 423

Cessation of hostilities, simple, 323, 324

Chablais and Faucigny, neutralisation of, 88

Chambers of Reunion, the so-called, 61

Charles XII. of Sweden, dictum of, 147

Charleston, blockade of, 450, 465

Chauvinism, 38

Chino-Japanese War (1894), referred to on:
asylum on neutral man-of-war, 423

Citizens. _See_ Private individuals

Civil war:
commencement of, 374
neutrality during, 365
termination of, 323

Clinton, Sir Henry, 198

Coal as contraband, 487

Columbia, case of the, 390

Commerce during war:
between belligerents' subjects, 135, 275
between subjects of belligerents and neutrals, 352, 365,
385, 428

Commercen, case of the, 501

_Commercia belli_, 274

Commercial blockade, 452

Commercial treaty. _See_ Treaties

Commission: of Arbitration, 18 of Inquiry, 7

Compensation for violations of the Laws of War, 319-321, 439

Complaints of belligerents, 302, 303

Compromis, 26-31

Compromise clause, 5, 17

Compulsive settlement of State differences. _See_ State
differences

Concentration camps, 153, 190

Conference of Berlin (1885), 11

_Confiscantur ex navibus res, ex rebus naves_, 219

Confiscation: at outbreak of war, 139, 140, 174-182, 204, 218
for carrying contraband, 508-514

Congo Conference of Berlin, 11

Congress of Vienna (1815), 88

Conquest, 325. _See also_ Subjugation

_Consolato del mare_, 218, 219, 349, 352, 534

Consular activity, rupture of, 129

Continuous voyage, doctrine of, 469, 472, 491, 499-506

Continuous transport:
doctrine of, 499-506
partial recognition of, by Declaration of London, 505

Contraband of war:
absolute, 481, 483, 490, 498, 505
analogous of. _See_ Unneutral Service
articles for use of carrying vessel not considered, 493
beasts of burden as, 486
carriage of, 386, 495-514
capture for, 506
circuitous, 499-506
consequences of, 506-514
Continental opinion on, 504
direct, 497
indirect, 500-506
penal by municipal law, 495
penalty for, 508-514
without knowledge of war, 140, 235, 512
coal as, 487
conception of, 480-495
conditional, 481, 485, 491, 498, 506
pre-emption of, 510, 512
continuous transports, doctrine of, 499-506
cotton as, 487
definition of, 480
foodstuffs as, 486
horses as, 486
hostile destination essential to, 490
money as, 487
seizure of, during blockade, 290
seizure of, without seizure of vessel, 513

Contraband vessels, 390, 494

Contract debts, 25, 46

Contracts between subjects of belligerents, 137, 138, 333

Contributions, 183-187, 264, 267

Convoy: vessels under enemy, 542
vessels under neutral, 535-537, 543

Convoy of evacuation, 160

Cook, Captain, safe-conduct granted to, 232

Copenhagen:
Battle of (1801), 356
Treaty of (1830), 542

Corfu, neutralisation of, 88, 369

Cotton as contraband, 487

Court of Arbitration at the Hague. _See_ Permanent Court of
Arbitration

Courts of Justice, during occupation of country, 214

Crete:
blockade of, 49, 51
during the Turco-Italian War, 87

Crimean War, referred to on:
asylum to men-of-war, 418
blockade, 453, 454, 464, 465
contraband, 501
enemy property at sea under neutral flag, 220
enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 132
letters of marque, 220
loans, flotation of, 431
merchantmen at outbreak of war, 140, 235

D

Danous, case of the, 112

Danube, blockade of the, 453, 454

Dardanelles, 102

Dead, treatment of the, 162, 254

Dearborn, General, reprisal by, 307

Declaration concerning:
diffusion of asphyxiating gases, 82, 150, 250
expanding (Dum-Dum) bullets, 82, 149, 250
launching of projectiles from balloons, 82, 150, 250

Declaration of:
Brussels (1874), 81, 171
London (1909), 83, 360, 554
referred to on: blockade, 452-478
capture of neutral vessels, 547-552
contraband, 480-514
enemy character, 107, 113, 117
free articles, 492
transfer of enemy vessels, 118
transfer of enemy goods, 120
trial of neutral vessels, 555-558
unneutral service, 435, 515-532
visitation of vessels, 536, 537, 540-545
Paris (1856), 52, 79, 100, 101, 103, 130, 220, 221, 226,
242, 303, 354, 358, 384, 385, 452, 461, 481, 536
St. Petersburg (1868), 80, 149, 250

Declarations of:
blockade, 456-459
contraband, 484, 488
neutrality, 374
war, 122-125

Delagoa Bay, case of, 502

Den Beer Portugael, General, and rules on bombardment, 266

Denmark, treaty by, affecting neutrality, 372, 389
Swedish territory sold by, 205

Deserters, 105, 335

Despatches:
bearers of, 197
carriage of, for enemy, 435, 515, 516, 521-524, 525, 526,
528, 531
right of sending, 194

Dessaix, case of the, 244

Destruction of enemy property:
arms and ammunition, 189
during bombardment, 195
merchantmen, 242-245
monuments, 189
necessary, 188
provisions, 189
wanton, 187
works of art, 189

Devastation, general, 190

De Wütz _v._ Hendricks, 430

Diana, case of the, 236, 422

Dieppe, blockade of, 454

Diplomacy, 75

Diplomatic envoys:
capture of, 154
carriage of, by neutrals, 517-521
despatches of, 435
found on enemy territory by a belligerent, 384
in besieged towns, 194
letters of marque granted by, 357

Diplomatic intercourse, rupture of, 129

Discovery, case of the, 232

Distress, vessels in circumstances of, 418, 472

Distribution of Prize Money Proclamation (1866), 248

Doelwijk, case of the, 505, 556

Dogger Bank, case of, 7, 15

_Dolus non purgatur circuitu_, 499

Domicile of owner determines character of goods, 115

Drago doctrine, 25

Duclair, British coal-vessels at, 448

Dum-Dum bullets, 149, 250

Dunant, Jean Henry, on treatment of wounded, 155

Dupleix, case of the, 89

Dutch East India squadron, attempted seizure of, 350

E

Edmonds, Colonel, 82

Effects of outbreak of war on:
belligerents' property on enemy territory, 139
belligerents' subjects in enemy State, 131
diplomatic relations, 129
merchantmen, 140-143
_persona standi in judicio_, 133
States in general, 128
trade between belligerents' subjects, 135
treaties, 129

El Arish, capitulation of, 287-289

Elba, case of the, 424

Elisabeth, case of the, 236

Embargo:
conception of, 44-46
different kinds of, 45
instance of, 40
practice of, 140, 446

Emblems of: hospital ships, 258 medical service of armies, 161

Emilia, case of the, 110

Ems, exclusion of the river, from blockade, 454

Enemy character:
conception of, 106
of goods, 115-117
when transferred, 119
of individuals:
enemy subjects domiciled in enemy country, 110-112
enemy subjects in neutral countries, 112
neutral subjects domiciled in enemy country, 109-112, 385
neutral subjects serving in armed forces of belligerents,
109
neutral subjects serving in police and administration of
belligerents, 109
of vessels, 112-115
when transferred, 117
unneutral service creating, 524-526

Enemy convoy, 542

Enemy property. _See_ Public enemy property; Private enemy
property

Enemy territory, occupation of:
an aim of warfare, 204
constructive, 208
courts of justice, position of during, 214
duties arising from, 210
end of, 210
envoys' position during, 384
neutral property during, 384
officials' position during, 213
rights arising from, 210-213
treatment of inhabitants during, 210-213
treatment of subjects of neutrals during, 213, 384
when effected, 98, 206

Enemy vessels:
appropriation of, 238-249
attack and seizure of, 225-237
effect of seizure of, 231
furnishing of, by neutrals, 358, 372, 375, 389, 405-409
immunity from attack granted to, 232-237
in neutral waters, 395-397, 400-404
legitimate attack on, 225
medical and hospital staff of, 260
neutral goods on, 232, 542
postal correspondence on, 237, 385
religious staff on, 260
sick bays on, 257

Enlistment Act, Foreign: American, 358, 375 British, 358, 375,
494

Escape from captivity, 170, 172

Espionage, 196-199, 262, 313

Euridice, case of the, 426

Explosive bullets, 149, 250

F

_Facultas bellandi_, 90

Fanny, case of the, 542

Faravelli, bombardment of Turkish vessels in the harbour of
Beirut by Italian naval forces under Admiral, 269

Faucigny, neutralisation of, 88

Fécamp, blockade of, 454

Federal States, wars by members of, 63, 68, 92

Fictitious blockade, 461

_Fides etiam hosti servanda_, 273

Fiore, 504

First Armed Neutrality, 354-356, 370, 461, 462, 481

First Coalition, 357

Fishing-boats, immunity from seizure, 234

Flag:
character of vessel determined by, 112
transfer of vessels to neutral, 117
use of false, 201, 262

Flags of truce:
abuse of, 203, 281
bearers, treatment of, 279
capitulations and, 286
land warfare and, 278
meaning of, 278
naval warfare and, 278
occasions when used, 278-282, 287, 302

Flight. _See_ Escape

Flinders, safe-conduct granted to, 233

Florida, case of the, 443

Foodstuffs as contraband, 486

Foraging, 181

Foreign Enlistment Act. _See_ Enlistment Act

Formosa, blockade of, 49, 52

Forsigtigheten, case of the, 426

Franciska, case of the, 465

Franco-British wars referred to on:
(1793), property in enemy State of belligerents, 139
(1803), subjects of belligerents on enemy territory, 131
(1793), treaty obligations, 372

Franco-German War, referred to on:
angary, 447, 448
armistices, 291, 292, 296, 297
asylum to belligerents, 411, 415
belligerents' subjects on enemy territory, 132
blockade, 454 cable laying, 436
capitulation, 286
courts of justice, 215
diplomatic envoys in besieged towns, 194
Franctireurs, 96 hostages, 317
loans, flotation of, 431
merchantmen, 222, 235, 236, 244
neutral asylum, 411, 415
neutrality, 89, 368, 369, 400, 413, 415
passage of volunteers through neutral territory, 399
peace treaty, 329, 338
pilotage, 433
postliminium, 342
prisoners of war, 250, 336
prizes, 244
reprisals, 306, 308
sieges, 193
supplies by neutrals, 427, 428
suspension of arms, 291
train-wrecking, 318
unorganised hostile expedition, 400
vessels sailing under flag of another State, 233
volunteer fleet, 100, 303

Franctireurs, 96

Frankfort, Treaty of (1871), 329, 338, 343

Frankfort-on-the-Main, subjugation of, 327

Freden, case of the, 441

Frederick II. of Prussia: forcible levies by, 205 reprisals
by, 43, 44

Frederikshamm, Peace treaty of (1809), 205

Free articles, 481, 483, 492-494

French Prize Courts set up in America, 357, 395

Friendship and Commerce, treaties of, 167, 221, 371, 508

Fürst Bismarck, case of the, 390

G

Gaëta, blockade of, 49

Gelderland, case of the, 433

General, case of the, 502

General Armstrong, case of the, 442

Genêt, letters of marque granted by, 357, 395

Geneva: Court of Arbitration, 444 Société d'utilité publique, 155

Geneva Convention:
adaptation of the principles of, to naval warfare, 80, 82,
252-262
application of the, 163
general provisions of the, 164
non-combatants and the, 415
origin of the, 154
prisoners and the, 151, 250
wounded and dead and the, 80, 154-165, 181

Geneva Cross, 161, 162, 164, 203, 258

Genoa, capitulation of, 284

German coast, blockade of, 454

German contract for felling trees in French forests, 342

Gessner on carriage of contraband, 504

Good offices:
complaints by belligerents to neutrals settled by, 303
duty of asking for, 13
duty of offering, 10, 13
duty of receiving offer of, 13
Hague Convention, rules regarding, 12-14
mediation compared with, 11
purpose of, 10, 328
Russo-Japanese War and, 15
value of, 14

Goods sold by and to enemy subjects, enemy character of, 115,
119, 135-138, 249

Government officials, deposition by enemy of, 214

Greece, blockades of, 48, 49, 51

Grossovoi, case of the, 422

Grotius, cited on:
armistices, 295, 297
captivity, 166
contraband, 480, 481
enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 110
declaration of war, 121
destruction of enemy property, 189
neutrality, 349, 361

Guerilla war, 70, 190, 209

H

Hague Conventions concerning:
bombardment by naval forces in time of war (IX.), 83, 265,
268-270
capture in maritime war, restrictions on the exercise of the
right of (XI.), 83, 105, 233, 234, 237, 250, 360, 385,
522-524, 526
commencement of hostilities (III.), 82, 123-127, 363, 374
debts, employment of force for the recovery of contract
(II.), 25, 46
disputes, pacific settlement of (I.), 6, 12-14, 20, 23-33,
122
Geneva Convention, adaptation of the principles of (X.), 82,
236, 250, 251, 252-262, 274, 413, 424, 425
International Prize Court, establishment of an (XII.), 108,
114, 117, 240, 241, 245, 360, 552, 555, 563, 565-579
merchant ships at the outbreak of hostilities, status of
enemy (VI.), 83, 140-143, 235
merchant ships, conversion of, into war-ships (VII.), 83,
103, 360, 376
mines, laying of automatic submarine contact (VIII.), 83,
227-229, 360, 445, 463
neutral Powers and persons in war on land, rights and duties
of (V.), 83, 94, 107, 108-110, 359, 364, 371, 382, 383,
384, 387, 389, 390, 393, 398, 399, 412, 414, 427, 431,
434, 435, 448
neutral Powers in maritime war, rights and duties of
(XIII.), 83, 359, 376, 380, 382, 383, 384, 389, 394,
395, 396, 400, 401-404, 408, 418-423, 427, 432, 436,
441, 443, 445, 494
war on land, laws and customs of (IV.), referred to on:
angary, exercise of right of, 448
armistices, 290, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298
assault, bombardment and siege, 192-195
booty, 177
Bureau of Information, 171
capitulations, 286, 289
compensation, 320, 438
espionage, treason, ruses, 196-199, 201, 202, 313, 315
flags of truce, 278-281
Geneva Convention, 80
irregular forces, guerilla bands and levies _en masse_,
70, 96, 97, 313
killing and wounding, 147, 148
means of land warfare, 145, 148
means of securing legitimate warfare, 301, 304, 308, 319,
321
non-combatants, 95
occupation of enemy territory, 206, 207, 211, 214
parole, 170
_persona standi in judicio_, 134
prisoners of war, 167, 169, 172, 250, 336
private individuals, 153, 298
property in enemy State, 140, 174-182, 188-190
property of the dead, 163, 274
quarter, 147
relief societies, 171
requisitions and contributions, 184, 185, 186, 438, 448
telegraph cables, 271

Hague Court of Arbitration. _See_ Permanent Court of Arbitration

Hague Declarations concerning:
asphyxiating gases, prohibition of use of, 82, 150, 250
bullets, expanding, prohibition of use of, 82, 149, 250
projectiles, prohibition of discharge of certain, 82, 150,
227, 250

Hague Peace Conferences:
of 1899: 17, 81, 149, 150, 156, 222, 252;
of 1907: 81, 108, 123, 140, 222, 223, 224, 233, 234, 252,
320, 383

Haimun, case of the, 437

Hale, case of Captain Nathan, 199

Hall, on requisitions and contributions in naval warfare, 264

Halleck, on:
abuse of flag of truce, 281
ruses, 263
stratagems and perfidy, 202

Hanover, subjugation of, 327

Hansa, the, 62, 219

Harmony, case of the, 110

Hautefeuille, on:
justification of blockade, 455
right of visitation of neutral vessels, 534

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), 89

Heads of States:
power of making treaties when prisoner, 331
violence against, 147, 153

Heffter on occupation of enemy territory, 205

Heilborn, on war material on neutral territory, 416

Henfield, Gideon, case of, 358

Hertha, case of the, 89

Herzog, case of the, 502, 552

Hesse-Cassel:
case of the Domains of, 344
subjugation of, 327

Hipsang, case of the, 548

Hobbs _v._ Henning, 503

Holland, blockade of, 49

Holland on:
armistices, 290
bombardment, 266
contraband, 522
doctrine of continuous voyage, 500, 503
indemnities, 180
pacific blockade, 48
release of neutral prize, 552

Hon-kohe Bay, Russian fleet in, 404

Horses as contraband, 486

Hospital ships, 236, 254-257 emblem of, 258

Hostages, 153, 213, 246, 317-319

Hostilities:
between belligerents. _See_ War
by and against neutrals, 386, 387
effect of simple cessation of, 323, 324
instances of simple cessation of, 323

Hübner, proposal regarding Prize Courts, 559

Huddy, Joshua, case of, 306

Hussar, case of the, 263

I

Icona, case of the, 548

Iltis, case of the, 424

Imina, case of the, 503

Indemnities for:
neutral cargo on destroyed enemy vessels, 244, 245
neutral innocent cargo on destroyed neutral vessels, 550
private property, 142, 180, 182, 184

Indians, as members of regular forces, 99

Industrie, case of the, 525

Inflexible, case of the, 282

Information regarding military and naval operations, 211, 434

Inquiry Commissions, 7

Institute of International Law on:
aerial warfare, 151
angary, 447
bombardment, 266-268
capture, 546
carriage of contraband, 504, 510
commencement of war, 123
contributions and requisitions, 265
effect of war on treaties, 131
insurrection, 92, 366
laws of war, 81
mines, sub-marine, 229, 445
neutrality, 408
pacific blockade, 50, 53
Prize Courts, 553, 560
prizes, 244
reprisals, 308-309
submarine cables, 271, 272
visitation, 534

Insurgents as belligerents, 69, 92

Intercourse:
between subjects of belligerents, 135-138, 275, 333
between subjects of neutrals and belligerents, 117, 352,
365, 385, 428

International Bureau of the International Court of
Arbitration, 27
acts as registry for Commissions at the Hague, 8
acts as registry for the International Prize Court, 562,
569, 573, 579

International Commission of Inquiry:
in the Dogger Bank case, 7, 15
procedure at an, 7-9

International Conference at the Hague (1904), 256, 257

International Convention for the Protection of Submarine
Telegraph Cables, 271

International Court of Arbitration. _See_ Permanent Court of
Arbitration

International Postal Union, in time of war, 130

International Prize Court:
action in damages in the, 577-579
Administrative Council of the, 569
competence of the, 529, 541, 569-571
constitution of the, 565-569
Convention (XII.) for the establishment of an, 563
costs of parties before the, 576
expenses of the, 576
law to be applied by the, 571
personnel of the, 565
procedure of the, 572-577, 578
projects for an, 360, 559-563
registry of the, 569, 573, 579
seat of the, 568
tasks for the, 542, 543, 544, 545, 554, 557

International Rivers, blockade of, 454

Intervention:
conception of, 54
distinguished from participation, 54
illegitimate warfare and, 302
instance of, 388
mode of, 55
right of, 304
time of, 55

Invasion in contradistinction to occupation, 98, 206

Invincible, case of the, 282

Ionian Islands, neutrality of, 88, 369

Irregular forces, definition of, 96

Italian Marine Code (1865), 222

Italian Prize Commission, 556

J

Jakoga, Major, case of, 199, 315

Jameson raid, 62

Jemchug, case of the, 423

Johanna Emilie, case of the, 110

Joinville, Prince de, on bombardment, 266

Jus: angariae, 45, 446 belli, 91 postliminii, 339 _See also_ Right

K

Kaiserin Maria Theresia, case of the, 390

Kamranh Bay, Russian fleet in, 404

Keith, Lord, and capitulation of El Arish, 288

Kléber, General, and capitulation of El Arish, 287

Kleen, on carriage of contraband, 504

Knight Commander, case of the, 548

Korea, 87 as theatre of war, 387, 395

Korietz, case of the, 388, 424, 442

Kow-shing, case of the, 114, 424

_Kriegs-manier_, 84

Kruger, President, conveyance to Europe, 433

L

La Santissima Trinidad, case of the, 405

Lambermont, Baron, cited on private individuals who commit
hostile acts, 66

Land warfare:
aims of, 144
assault, 191-193
asylum during. _See_ Neutral asylum bombardment, 191-195
captivity. _See_ Captivity
contributions, 153, 186, 212
convoys of evacuation, 160
dead, treatment of the, 162
distinguished from sea warfare, 145
emblems denoting medical establishments and personnel, 161,
203
enemy property. _See_ Public enemy property; Private enemy
Property
espionage, 196-199
expanding bullets, 149
explosive bullets, 149
explosives from balloons, 150
flags of truce, 278
killing of combatants, 146
lawful practices in, 144, 148
means of, 144
medical establishments, units, and material, 158, 195, 493
medical personnel, 159
objects of means of, 145
occupation. _See_ Enemy territory, occupation of
prisoners, who may be made, 151, 152, 153, 169. _See also_
Prisoners of War
projectiles:
from balloons, 150
diffusing noxious gases, 150
quarter, refusal of, 147
requisitions, 153, 183-186, 212
ruses, 200-203
sick, treatment of, 154-165
siege, 191-194
stratagems, 200-203
treason, 199
unlawful practices in, 144, 148, 192, 193
violence against enemy persons, 146, 151, 153
wounded, treatment of, 154-165
wounding of combatants, 146, 148

Lapérouse, Count, granted safe-conduct, 233

Laws of war: binding force of, 83
development of, 79-83
origin of, 78, 79
treaties regarding, 79-83

Legitimate warfare, means of securing, 300-321

Le Hardy contre La Voltigeante, 111

Lena, case of the, 422

L'Espiègle, case of the, 443

Letters of marque, 42, 46, 100, 220, 239, 351, 357, 399, 534

Levies:
_en masse_, 97, 152, 190, 313
forcible, 205, 211
on neutral territories forbidden, 398

Licences:
special, of ingress and egress during blockade, 453
to trade, 275

Lichtenstein, war with Prussia, 323

Lieber, on rules of war, 80

Lien on war material, 416

Lion, case of the, 424

Lippencott, Captain, case of, 307

Loans, 430-432

London: Declaration of. _See_ Declaration of London
Naval Conference of (1908-9), 108, 360, 536, 577
Treaty of (1863), 88

Louis XIV.:
Ordinance of 1681, concerning neutral property, 219
practice of embargo, 446

Louis Napoleon, award of, in the case of the General Armstrong, 442

Ludwig, case of the, 244

Lushington, on blockade, 462, 463, 464

Luxemburg, neutrality of, 91, 368, 393, 413

Luxor, case of the, 507, 558

M

Madison, Mr., reprisal by, 307

Magellan, Straits of, neutralisation of, 89

Mailbags during war, 237, 385, 524

Mailboats during war, 236, 526, 531, 535

Malacca, case of the, 102

Manchuria, 87, 387, 395

Man-of-war, neutral, as an asylum, 423

Manouba, case of the, 531

Marauding, 316

Maritime Convention of St. Petersburg (1801), 356, 536

Martens, von, 18

Mason, Mr., case of seizure of, 519, 530

Mediation, 10-15
difference between good offices and, 11
duty of asking for, 13
duty of offering, 10, 13
duty of receiving, 13
Hague Convention, rules regarding, 12-14
legal value of, 5
occasions for, 10, 303, 328
particular form of, 14
right of offering, 10, 15
value of, 14

Mediatorial Conference possible, 10

Medical establishments, &c. _See_ Land Warfare, _also_ Naval
warfare

Menam, blockade of, 49

Menou, General, and capitulation of El Arish, 288

Merchantmen, enemy:
appropriation of, 218-224, 238-249
attacking, 313
attack on, 104, 225, 226
conversion into men-of-war, 100-104
conversion into men-of-war after capture, 104, 231
crews of, 104, 250
destruction of, 242-245
immunity from seizure of, 234, 235
neutral goods on, 218-220, 244, 384
ransom of, 245
restoration of, 247
sale of, 117, 248
sale of goods on, _in transitu_, 119, 249
seizure of, 231
status of, at outbreak of war, 140-143
voyage of, at outbreak of war, 235

Merchantmen, neutral:
crews of, 250
enemy goods on, 115, 218-224, 356, 385
giving transport to belligerents, 433, 525
rendering unneutral service, 386, 434, 524
rescuing wounded, &c., 259
under convoy, 355, 535, 543
under enemy flag, 112-115, 233, 248

Messina, blockade of, 49

Meteor, case of the, 405

Metz, battle of, 393, 413

Mexico, blockade of, 49

Military operations and neutrals, 386-397

Military preparations and neutrals, 397-409

Militia, 94

Mines:
Convention concerning the laying of, 228, 463
floating mechanical, 227-231
submarine contact, 227-231, 445, 463

Mitylene, seizure of the island of, 43

Modena, subjugation of, 327

Modeste, case of the, 441

Money as contraband, 487

Montara, case of the, 114

Moynier, Gustave, 155

Municipal neutrality laws, 364, 375, 418, 422

Municipal officials, deposition by enemy, 214

N

Nancy Court of Appeal, case of, 215

Naniwa, case of the, 114, 423

Napoleon I.:
act of reprisals by, 131
Berlin decrees of (1806), 357, 453
seizure of works of art by, 177
troops ordered by, to march through neutral territory, 391

Nassau, subjugation of, 327

Nationality of owner determines character of goods, 116

Naval Code: Italian, 222 United States. _See_ United States

Naval Conference of London. _See_ London

Naval Prize Act (1864), 245, 247

Naval Prize Bill (1911), 240, 245, 247

Naval warfare:
aims of, 216
asylum during. _See_ Neutral asylum
bombardment of enemy coast, 266-270
cables, interference with submarine, 271
contributions, 264
dead, treatment of, 254
enemy merchantmen. _See_ Merchantmen; Prizes
espionage, 262
flags of truce, 278
French Ordinances relating to, 219
hospital ships, 236, 254-257
hospital staff on ships, 260
law of, impending codification, 224
lawful practices, 217
means of, 216, 225
medical staff on ship, 260
objects of, 218
prisoners, who may be made, 250
private property at sea during, 218-223
prizes. _See_ Prizes; Prize Courts
religious staff on ship, 260
requisitions, 264
restrictions on the right of capture, 232-237
ruses, 262
shipwrecked, treatment of, 253
sick, treatment of, 253
treason, 262
unlawful practices, 217
violence:
against combatants, 249
against non-combatants, 250
against enemy civilians, 251
wounded:
articles destined for the, 493
treatment of, 253
neutral ships assisting, 259, 423-425

Navarino, battle of, 48

Negotiation:
conception of, 6
effect of, 9
importance of, 9
legal value of, 5
peace, 328
procedure during, 6

Negroes, as members of regular forces, 99

Nelson, 356

Nereide, case of the, 542

Netherlands, right of convoy claimed by the, 535

Neumayr de Ramsla, 349

Neutral asylum:
abuse of, 420-423
exterritoriality of men-of-war in, 419
facilities rendered to vessels in, 402, 404, 420, 422, 423
fugitive soldiers and, 413-415
in general, 409
land and naval forces distinguished as regards, 417
land forces and, 409-416
naval forces and, 417-425
neutral men-of-war as, 423
non-combatants of belligerent forces and, 415
option of State to grant, 417
prisoners of war and, 410, 419
vessels in distress in, 418
war material in, 415

Neutral goods:
innocent, on destroyed neutral vessels, 550
on enemy men-of-war, 232, 542
on such enemy merchantmen as are being destroyed, 244

Neutralisation, temporary, 89

Neutralised States as belligerents, 91, 93, 386-389

Neutrality:
angary, right of, 446-449
armed, definition of, 369
the First and the Second. _See_ First Armed Neutrality;
Second Armed Neutrality
asylum, to land forces, 409-416
naval forces, 417-425
war material, 415
belligerents to recognise, 367
benevolent, 370
blockade. _See_ Blockade characteristics of, 361-368
civil war and, 365
commencement of, 373-377
conception of, 361
contraband. _See_ Contraband of war Conventions, 383
conventional, 369
declarations of, 374
definition of, 361
development and institution of, 347-360
different kinds of, 368-372
end of, 377
in general, 369
impartiality, contents of duty of, 362, 381, 383
instances of, 350
intercourse during, no cessation of, 365, 385
knowledge of war necessary for, 373
laws prescribing attitude of, 375-377
military operations and, 386-397
military preparations and, 397-409
oath of, 212, 364
partial, 369
perfect, 370
perpetual, 368
qualified, 370-372, 389, 392
rights and duties derived from, 363, 378-386
rule of 1756, 114, 353, 499
treaties affecting, 371-372
violation of. _See_ Violation of neutrality
voluntary, 369

Neutrals:
asylum. _See_ Neutral asylum
belligerents occupying territory of, 394
conduct in general of, 362, 378
depôts and factories of belligerents on territory of, 397
fugitive soldiers in custody of, 413-415
hostilities by and against, 386-389
impartiality of, 362, 381-383, 386
intercourse between enemy and, 365, 385
loans by, to belligerents, 430
on the part of subjects of, 430-432
men-of-war, built and fitted out by, 405-409
passage of, through waters of, 393
rescuing wounded, &c., 259, 424
supplied by, 389
military operations and, 386-397
information regarding, 434-437
military preparations and, 397-409
mines, laying of, by, 445
naval operations and, 400-409
information regarding, 434-437
organisation of hostile expeditions by, 400
pilotage by, 432
Prize Courts on territory of, 395
prizes of belligerents and, 395
relations of, with belligerents, 378-449
representation at International Prize Court, 569
rights and duties of, 363, 378-386
services by, to belligerents, 389, 432-437
subjects of, fighting for belligerents, 390
supplies by, to belligerents, 375, 405-409, 426-430
on part of subjects of, 427-430
transport by, 424, 433-434
troops, levy of, by, 398
supplied by, 389, 398
vessels of, rescuing wounded, 259, 424

Neutral territory:
as a base of naval operations forbidden, 400-404
as an asylum, 410-416, 425
despatches carried over, 435
other uses made of, by belligerents, 394-399, 400
passage through, 372, 382, 391-394, 399
shipwrecked, the, on, 424

Newspaper correspondents in naval warfare, 437

Niagara, case of the, 465

Nickolsburg, Preliminaries of, 329

Nigretia, case of the, 519

Nimeguen, Peace of (1678), 61

Non-combatants:
attached to armies, 95, 151, 158-161, 169
attached to naval forces, 250, 254-257, 415

Non-hostile relations, 273-299

North-Eastern Boundary Dispute between U.S.A. and Great Britain, 19

North-German Confederation, 100

North Sea outrage. _See_ Dogger Bank

Northern war, selling of territories during, 205

Notification:
of blockade, 457-459
of bombardment, 194
of contraband, 484, 488
of outbreak of war, 125, 374

Novara, case of the, 233

Novik, case of the, 423

O

Occupation of enemy territory. _See_ Enemy territory

Oki, Captain Teisuki, 199, 315

Oldhamia, case of the, 548

Oleg, case of the, 423

Open Sea:
angary, right of, on, 447
belligerents in neutral ports leaving for, 401, 402, 421
capture on the, 526
contraband on, 495
despatch carriers on, 526, 528, 531
enemy property found on, by belligerents, 547
goods on neutral vessels on, 495-514
jurisdiction over foreign subjects on, 364
mechanical mines in, 227
neutral merchantmen on, 128
neutralisation of parts of, 88-90
order on the, in thirteenth century, 239
region of war, 85
telegraph cables in, 271, 272
visitation on, 534

Orange Free State, annexation of, 327
effective occupation of, 209

Ordinances by France on neutral ships and goods, 219

Orinoco Steamship Company, case of, 19

Orozembo, case of the, 518

Outbreak of war:
after declaration, 123
after initiative hostile acts, 126
after ultimatum, 125
effects of. _See_ Effects of outbreak of war
in general, 121
notification of, 125

P

Pacific blockade:
admissibility of, 50, 52
development of, 48
disposal of vessels seized during, 52
instances of, 48, 49, 51, 52
mode of, 52
third States and, 51
value of, 53
variations of practice in, 51
war not necessarily caused by, 53

Pacifico, Don, case of, 41, 49

Palme, case of the, 233

Panama Canal, neutralisation of the, 89

Papal States, 327

Paris:
Act of November (1815), 392
Declaration of (1856). _See_ Declaration of Paris
Peace treaty of. _See_ Peace treaty

Parma, subjugation of, 327

Parole, release on, 170, 172

Pascal, case of the, 424

Passage through neutral territory:
of individuals intending to enlist, 399
of prisoners of war and wounded, 412
of troops, 372, 382, 391
of wounded, 392

Passports, 276

Paul, Emperor, armed neutrality in reign of, 355, 356

Paxo, neutralisation of, 88, 369

Peace:
negotiations for, 328
preliminaries of, 329
restoration of condition of, 332

Peace Conferences. _See_ Hague Peace Conferences

Peace Societies, so-called, 22

Peace treaty of:
Amiens (1802), 332
Berlin (1878), 330
Bukarest (1886), 92
Frankfort (1871), 329, 338, 343
Frederikshamm (1809), 205
London (1863), 88; (1864), 88
Nimeguen (1678), 61
Paris (1856), 11
Portsmouth (1905), 15, 329, 331, 555
Prague (1866), 329
Pyrenees (1659), 537
San Stefano (1878), 330, 335
Westminster (1654), 535
Zürich (1859), 329

Perfidy, instances of, 202, 263, 281, 285

Permanent Court of Arbitration, 13, 22, 23, 26, 157, 561
Administrative Council of the, 565, 569
International Bureau of the, 8, 27, 562, 569, 573, 579
procedure of the, 27-31

Persia, emblem of medical service, 161, 259

_Persona standi in judicio_ of alien enemies, 133

Peterburg, case of the, 102

Peterhoff, case of the, 454, 470, 500, 501

Phillimore on:
blockade, 462
continuous voyage, 500
reprisals, 42
violations of neutrality, 371

Pillage, 181

Pilotage by neutrals, 432

Poison in warfare, 85, 148, 193, 249

Port Arthur, battle of, 423
blockade of, 227, 436
surrender of, 285

Portalis, declaration by, 64

Portsmouth, Peace treaty of (1905), 15, 329, 331, 555

Portugal, treaty affecting neutrality of, 372

Postal Convention:
between Great Britain and Holland (1843), 237
between Great Britain and France (1860), 236

Postal correspondence during war 236, 385, 524

Postilion, case of the, 112, 115

Postliminium:
conception of, 339
effects of, 340
illegitimate acts and, 343
interregnum debars, 343
legitimate acts unaffected by, 342
revival of former state of things, 341

Prague, Treaty of (1866), 329

Preliminaries of peace, 329

Prévost, General, reprisal by, 307

Princesse Marie, case of the, 548

Prisoners of war, 134, 151, 152, 153, 165-173, 250, 306, 308,
316, 335, 411, 419, 420

Private enemy property:
appropriation of, 174, 179-182
at sea, 218, 221-224
booty on battlefield, 163, 177, 181
conveyed into belligerents' territory, 182
destruction of, 187-191
during bombardment, 194, 195
immovable, 179
on enemy territory, 139-143
personal, 180
transport, means of, 180
utilisation of, 179
war material, 180
works of art and science, 180, 195

Private individuals:
during siege and bombardment, 193, 194
hostility in arms of, 97, 152, 312
intercourse and trade with enemy subjects, 135, 405,
427-432, 434-437
of neutral States, treatment of, 363-365
_persona standi in judicio_, 133
position at outbreak of war, 131
position in general as regards war, 63-67
property of, on enemy territory, 139
requisitions in kind and service from, 152, 184-187, 211-213
violence against, 151, 251

Privateering, 103, 219, 353

Privateers, 99, 357, 372, 534

Prize Courts:
adjudication by, 231, 240
appeal against judgment of, 241, 529, 530, 555, 557
blockade runners, adjudication of, 476
captured neutral vessel to be tried by, 510-514, 529, 530,
544, 547-552
claims after judgment of, 557
conduct of neutral vessels to, 547
continuous voyage and, 499
discretion of, as to confiscation, 544
origin of, 238
practice of, 553
purpose of, 239
reform projects for, 559
territory on which instituted, 240, 395

Prizes:
abandonment of, 246
cargo of, 242
conduct of, to Prize Court, 241, 546
crew of, 105, 231, 242, 547
destruction of, 242, 547
distribution of prize money, 248
fate of, 231, 247
hostage for ransom, 246
loss of, 246
neutral goods on, 242, 244, 530
ransom of, 245
recapture of, 246, 551
safe keeping on neutral territory, 395
sale of, 396
effect of, 248

Property. _See_ Private enemy property; Public enemy property

Prussian Regulations regarding Naval Prizes, 505

Public enemy property:
appropriation of, 174-178, 183
at sea, 218
booty on battlefield, 163, 177
destruction of. _See_ Destruction of enemy
property during bombardment, 195
immoveable, 174-175
moveable, 176-177
on enemy territory, 139
utilisation of, 175, 176

Pufendorf, 295

Pursuit, right of. _See_ Right of pursuit

Pyrenees, Peace treaty of (1659), 537

Q

Qualification of belligerents, 90-92

Qualified neutrality, 370-372, 389, 392

Quarter:
duty of giving, 147, 231, 249
refusal of, 147

Quartering of soldiers, 181, 185

R

Railways, use of, in war, 139, 176, 180, 447, 448

Ramillies, case of the, 263

Ransom of prize, 245

Rapid, case of the, 522

Ras-el-Tin Fort, case of, 282

Rebellion contrasted with war, 62

Rebels, 70

Recapture of prizes, 246, 551

_Receptum arbitri_, 17

Recognition as a belligerent Power, 69

Red Cross, 161, 164, 203, 258

Red Sea, proposed neutralisation of, 90

Region of war, 85-90
exclusion from, through neutralisation, 88

Relief Societies, 171

Reparation for:
exercise of right of angary, 385
violation of neutrality, 352, 380, 442

Repatriation, 172, 173

Reprisals:
admissibility of, 40, 46, 281, 305
arbitrariness in, danger of, 306
by whom performed, 41
cessation of, 46
conception of, 38
embargo, 40, 44. _See also_ Embargo
inception of, 46
instances of, 131, 147, 306-308
kinds of, 42, 44
laws of war not binding in case of, 84
objects of, 42
peace, distinguished from war, 46, 305
proportionate to wrong done, 44
restriction of, proposed, 308
value of, 46, 305

Requisitions, 153, 181, 183-186, 212, 264, 267

Reshitelni, case of the, 389, 442

Resistance to visitation, forcible, 540-543

Retorsion:
conception and characteristics of, 36
exercise of, 37
importance of, 36
justification for, 37
reprisals contrasted with, 38
value of, 38

Reuss, M. de, 40

Riga, blockade of, 464

Right:
of angary, 446-449, 510
of convoy, 535
of pursuit of a vanquished army into neutral territory, 352, 387
of pursuit of a defeated fleet into neutral waters, 352, 387, 422
of stoppage _in transitu_, 120
of visit and search, 290, 533
_See also_ Jus

Rio de Janeiro, blockade of, 49

Rio Grande, blockade of the, 454

Rivier, 84

Riza Bey, Colonel, made prisoner, 531

Roberts, Lord:
action concerning train wrecking, 318
proclamations during South African War, 318
reprisal by, 306

_Robe d'ennemy confisque celle d'amy_, 219

Roche, Hon. J. B., case of, 376

Rojdestvensky, Admiral, in territorial waters, 404
North Sea outrage and, 7

Rouen, blockade of, 454

Rule of 1756, 114, 353, 499

Ruses:
characteristics of, 200
distinguished from perfidy, 202
kinds of, 201, 262

Russo-Japanese War referred to on:
armistice, 331
asylum to men-of-war, 422, 423
booty on battlefield, 182
capitulation, 285
contraband, 486, 488
declaration of war, 123
destruction of enemy merchantmen, 243
destruction of neutral prizes, 548
Dogger Bank case, 7
disguised soldiery, 202, 302
enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 132
hospital ships, 256
intervention, 388
irregular forces, 96
loans, flotation of, 431, 432
mechanical mines, 227
merchantmen at outbreak of war, 235
neutrality, 87, 359, 375, 387, 390, 422
peace negotiations, 329, 331
prisoners of war, 336, 424
prizes, destruction of, 243
region of war, 87, 387, 395
release of neutral prizes, 555
telegraphic facilities, 436
unneutral service, 519, 525
volunteer fleets, 102
warships in neutral waters, 404
war treason, 315

Russo-Swedish War (1788), referred to on neutrality, 372, 389

Russo-Turkish War (1877), referred to on:
flag, use of false, 262
loans, 431
merchantmen at outbreak of war, 235
peace negotiations, 330

S

Safe-conducts, granting of, 232, 276

Safeguards, 277

St. Kilda, case of the, 548

St. Petersburg:
Declaration of. _See_ Declaration of St. Petersburg
Maritime Convention of (1801), 356, 536

Sale of vessels in time of war, 117, 248, 390, 426

San Stefano, Peace treaty of, 330, 335

Sardinia, subjugation of States by, 327

Scott, Sir William:
neutral property on armed enemy vessels condemned by, 542
on capture of enemy vessels in neutral waters, 443
on contraband, 503
on unneutral service, 519
on vessels under neutral convoy, 543
_See also_ Stowell, Lord

Scouting, 197

Scouts, use of armed natives as, 99

Sea warfare. _See_ Naval warfare

Search:
resistance to, 540-545
right of, over merchantmen, 533-540
during armistice, 290

Second Armed Neutrality, 355-357, 370, 461, 468, 481, 536

Sedan, battle of, 393

Seizure, immunity of vessels from, 232-237
_See also_ Enemy vessels

Servia, 62, 91

Seven Years' War, forcible levies in, 205

Ship. _See_ Enemy vessels; Merchantmen

Ship papers, 543-545

Shipwrecked, treatment of the, 252-262, 424

Sicilian sulphur monopoly, 39, 45

Sicilies, subjugation of the Two, 327

Sick-bays, 257

Siege, 191, 193

Silesia, passage of troops through, 391

Silesian loan, case of the, 44, 557

Sinnet, Mr., case of, 376

Slidell, Mr., case of seizure of, 519, 530

Smith, Sir Sidney, and capitulation of El Arish, 287

Smolensk, case of the, 102

Solferino, battle of, 155

South African Republic:
annexation of, 326, 327
effective occupation of, 209

South African War referred to on:
amnesty, 334
concentration camps, 190
devastation, 190
enemy character, 109
enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 132
hostages, 318
natives as scouts, 99
need of an International Prize Court, 561
neutrality, 359
neutrals' subjects fighting in the, 109
passage of troops, 372
prisoners, 147
repatriation, 173
reprisals during, 306
subjugation, 327
transport, 433
vessel, release of, 552

Spanish-American War referred to on:
cable laying, 436
cancellation of treaties, 129
flag, use of false, 262
merchantmen at outbreak of war, 235

Spanish Armada, prisoners from, on neutral territory, 411

Spanish Colonies' War of Independence, sale of vessels in (1825), 426

Spies, 196, 262

Springbok, case of the, 470, 500, 501

Stackelburg, Baron de, case of, 43

State differences:
amicable settlement of, 3-33
four ways, 5
compulsive settlement of, 34-56
conception, 34
four ways, 5, 34
ultimatums and demonstrations, 35
war distinguished from, 34
Law of Nations and, 4
legal, 3-5
causes of, 3
settlement of, 4
political, 3-5
causes of, 3
settlement of, 4

States:
duty of, in neutrality, 363
qualification to make war, 90-93

Stephen Hart, case of the, 470

Stockholm, Convention of (1905), 89

Stoessel, General accused of perfidy, 285

Stone-blockade, 450, 463

Stoppage _in transitu_, right of, 120

Story, Mr. Justice, 501, 542

Stowell, Lord:
on immunity of fishing-boats, 234
on Prize Courts, 554
_See also_ Scott, Sir William

Strassburg, 61, 193

Stratagems. _See_ Ruses

Strategic blockade, 452

Subjugation:
definition of, 326
formal end of war, 326
instances of, 326

Submarine cables, 271, 436

Submarine mines. _See_ Mines

Subsidies, 430-432

Suez Canal, neutralisation of, 88, 102

Suspension of arms, 291

Swineherd, case of the, 332

Swiss Bundesrath, on treatment of wounded, 155

Swiss Federal Council and the Geneva Convention, 164

Switzerland, neutralisation of, 91, 348, 358, 363, 368, 369,
392, 413, 415, 428
troops marched through, 392

Sybille, case of the, 263

T

Tagus, blockade of the, 49

Talbot, case of the, 424

Telegraph cable, interference with submarine, 271-272
use of, by belligerents, 435-437

Telegraphy, wireless, 436, 437

Temeraire, case of the, 282

Tetardos, case of the, 548

Tetens, proposal regarding Prize Courts, 560

Thea, case of the, 548

Theatre of war, 85

Torpedoes, 227

Trading between belligerent's subjects. _See_ Intercourse

Train-wrecking, 318

Traitors, 105

Transfer: of enemy goods, 119
of enemy vessels, 117

Transmission of intelligence for the enemy, 521

Transport on the part of neutrals, 424, 433, 434

Transvaal. _See_ South African Republic

Treason, 199, 262, 313-316, 318

Treaties:
cancellation of, at outbreak of war, 129
cancellation through violation by one party, 339
interpretation of, 20, 26
of Arbitration, 16, 20, 21
of Commerce (1871), 221, 509
(1894), 17
of Friendship and Commerce (1785), 167, 221, 508
(1778), 371

Treaty of:
Buenos Ayres (1881), 89
Copenhagen (1830), 542
Washington (1871), 557
Westminster (1654), 535

Treaty of peace:
amnesty under, 334
breach of, 338
competence to conclude, 330
contracts, suspended, and, 333
date of, 331
effects of, 332-337
forces in distant parts, effect on, 332
form of, 330
interpretation of stipulations of, 337
negotiations for, 328
normal end of war, 327
parts of, 330
performance of, 337
preliminaries of, 329
principle of _uti possidetis_, 334
prisoners of war, release of, 335
revival of treaties, 336

Trent, case of the, 519, 530

Trial of captured neutral vessels, 553-558

Tripoli, ultimatum threatening occupation of, 126

Tsu Shima, battle of, 423

Turco-Italian War (1911), referred to on:
bombardment by naval forces, 269, 303
carriage of contraband, 506
complaints to neutral Powers during, 303
mediation, 11
Red Sea, proposed neutralisation of, 90
region of war, 87, 89
rules of the Declaration of London, 360
subjects of belligerent expelled from enemy territory, 132
subjects of belligerent on enemy territory, 132
unneutral service, 531

Turco-Servian War (1877), violation of neutrality during, 391

Turkey, emblem of medical service of, 161, 259

Tuscany, subjugation of, 327

Twee Gebroeders, case of the, 443

U

Ukase of 1809, 357

Ultimatum, 35, 125

Umpire in arbitration, 16, 32

United States of North America:
Foreign Enlistment Act of, 358, 375
Instructions for the Government of Armies of the, in the
Field (1863), 67, 80, 98
International Prize Court and the, 577
neutrality of, 371, 398, 400
War code: land, 67, 80, 98
naval 83, 217, 224, 233, 243, 262, 265, 272, 285, 447,
460, 486

Unneutral service, 386, 434
capture for, 526
carriage of despatches, 515, 521-524, 528, 531, 532
consequences of, 526-532
diplomatic personages, carriage of, for enemy, 519, 532
enemy character created by, 524
enemy persons, carriage of, 515, 517-521
kinds of, 515
mailboats carrying despatches, 526, 531
penalty for, 527
seizure of despatches, 530, 531
seizure of enemy persons, 530, 531
transmission of intelligence, 521

Uriu, Admiral, in Korean neutral waters, 388

_Uti possidetis_, principle of, 324, 334

_Usus in bello_, 78

V

Variag, case of the, 388, 424, 442

Vassal States, wars by, 62, 68, 91, 92

Vattel on:
armistices, 295
loans to belligerents, 430
neutrality, 350
occupation of territory, 205
perfidy, 263
reprisals, 44

Vega, case of the, 233

Venezuela:
blockade of, 50, 52
boundary dispute (1900), 18

Venus, case of the, 112

Versailles, Preliminaries of Peace of, 329

Vessels. _See_ Enemy vessels; Contraband vessels

Victor, case of the, 427

Vienna Congress, Act of 1815, 88

_Vigilantibus jura sunt scripta_, 295

Villafranca, preliminaries of Peace Treaty of, 329

Violation of: armistices, 297
capitulations, 289
neutral territory, 384
neutrality, 93, 438-445, 371, 380, 507
conception of, 438
consequences of, 439
distinguished from end of, 439
mines laid to prevent, 445
negligence by neutrals conducive to, 444
neutrals and, 440
reparation from belligerents for, 352, 380, 442
what constitutes, 389-409, 412, 422, 426, 429, 430, 433,
435-437
peace treaties, 338
rules of war, 310

Violence:
in land warfare, 146-154
in naval warfare, 249-251

Visitation of neutral vessels:
armistice and, 534
conception of right of, 533
convoyed vessels, 355, 535-537, 542
exercise of, 534
mailboats, 535
men-of-war, 535
papers and, 543-545
private vessels, 535
procedure, 538
resistance to, 540-543
by neutral convoy, 543
consequences of, 540
rules regarding, no universal, 537
search, 539
stopping vessels for purpose of, 538
what constitutes, 541

Vladimirowka, occupation by the Japanese, 96

Voluntary Aid Societies, 158-160

Volunteer corps, 94

Volunteer fleet, 100-104

Vorwärts, case of the, 244

Vrow Houwina, case of the, 501

W

War:
aerial warfare, 150, 192, 207, 227
armed forces in, 63
belligerents. _See_ Belligerents
causes of, 72-75
just, 74
pretexts distinct from, 75
cessation of hostilities, simple, 290, 323-324
characteristics of, 59-72
civil, 68, 323
commencement of, 121
conception of, 60-63
declaration of, 122-125
diminution of, 75
effects of the outbreak of, 128-143
ends of, 67, 76
enemy character. _See_ Enemy character
guerilla, 70-72
illegitimate, 300
initiative hostile acts, 126-128
kinds of, 76
land. _See_ Land warfare
laws of. _See_ Laws of war
legality of, 59
legitimate, 300
means of securing, 300-321
manifestoes of, 121
naval. _See_ Naval warfare
non-hostile relations of belligerents during, 273-299
outbreak of, 121-128. _See also_
Effects of outbreak of war participants in, 62
poison and poisoned arms in, 85, 148, 193, 249
_postliminium._ _See_ Postliminium
pretexts for, 75
private individuals:
status during, 63-67
hostilities by, 97, 152, 298, 312
purpose of, 67
region of, 85-90
right to make, 91
sea. _See_ Naval warfare
subjugation. _See_ Subjugation
temporary condition, a, 322
termination of, 322-332
territory neutralised in case of, 88-90
theatre of, 85
treaty of peace. _See_ Treaty of peace
ultimatum, 125
violation of rules of, 310

War crimes:
conception of, 309
kinds of, 310-316
punishment for committing, 316
effect of treaty of peace on, 335

War criminals:
in land warfare, 66, 96, 97, 197, 289, 303, 334
in naval warfare, 226

War of Secession (1861), 63

Washburne, case of Mr., 194

Washington: Three Rules of, 18, 406, 444 Treaty of, 557

Wellington, Duke of, on bombardment, 266

Westlake, proposition for Court of Appeal in prize cases, 560

Westminster, Treaty of (1654), 535

Wheaton, on resistance to visitation, 542

William, case of the, 499

Wireless telegraphy, use of by belligerents, 435-437

Wounded:
articles for the use of, 493
treatment of, 154-165, 252-262, 393

Z

Zouche, on contraband, 508

Zürich, Peace of (1859), 329

THE END

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