Chapter C: W. HEATON, F.I.C., F.C.S., Lecturer on Chemistry at the (25)

One of the reasons assigned for the mercurial column in the barometer being lower in wet than in fine weather is that so long as aqueous matter remains in the air in the form of elastic vapour, its tension assists in supporting the barometric column, but that when this aqueous vapour is precipitated in the form of rain, this tension is lost or removed, and the column therefore falls.

The correspondence between wet and fine weather and an elevation and depression of the barometer seems, however, equally, if not more, dependent on the nature of the winds than on the preceding cause. "In western Europe, the south and south-western winds, which are the rain-bringing winds, are warm winds. Now, a column of warm air to be of the same weight as one of cold air must necessarily be higher, but this cannot well be the case in the atmosphere, for no sooner does the warm column rise by its lightness above the surrounding level of the upper surface of the aërial ocean, than it flows over and becomes nearly of the same height as the cold air around it. The interchange taking place less interruptedly, and consequently less slowly, in the higher strata than in those near the ground, it is some time before the equilibrium, thus disturbed, is restored; and meanwhile the barometer keeps low under the pressure of a rarer atmospheric column. On the other hand, the northerly and easterly winds, being comparatively cold and dry, are accompanied by fair weather and a high barometer. It is thus to the warmth, and not to the moisture of these winds, that the pressure is to be ascribed."[108]

[Footnote 108: Chambers's 'Encyclopædia.']

=Barometer, An'eroid.= An instrument invented, or at least perfected, by M. Vidi, of Paris, in which the pressure of the atmosphere is measured without the employment of a fluid, as in the ordinary barometer.[109] Externally, it somewhat resembles in appearance a carriage clock or a ship's chronometer; internally, it consists of a small air-tight cylindrical box, formed of thin corrugated copper plates, and partially exhausted of air, the sides of which yield to the pressure of the atmosphere; the effect being regulated by a spring, multiplied by a system of levers, and ultimately recorded by the index on a graduated dial. Compensation for changes of temperature are self-effected, with almost perfect accuracy, by the elastic force of the spring being so adjusted to that of the air in the cylinder, that the loss of force in the one and the increased expansive force of the other shall, independently of changes of atmospheric pressure, preserve the lever in equilibrio.

[Footnote 109: An instrument founded on the same principle, and of nearly similar construction was described by M. Conté, in 1798, in the 'Bull. des Sci. Nat.,' t. i, No. xiii, p. 106.]

The indications of the aneroid barometer closely correspond to those of the mercurial barometer at ordinary ranges; the differences never exceeding ·01 of an inch. It is so extremely sensitive that an ascent or descent of only a few feet is distinctly indicated by it; whilst its portability adapts it for service in situations for which an ordinary barometer is unfitted. On the other hand, it is liable to move by jerks, and the elasticity of the spring, and consequently the zero-point of the scale, has been found to be sometimes affected by time and a rough journey. On this account it is necessary to compare it occasionally with some standard mercurial barometer, to determine its amount or rate of variation, if any.

=Barometer, Phi'al.= This amusing philosophic toy is made by cutting off the rim and part of the neck of a common glass-phial with a file. The phial is then nearly filled with water, either pure or tinged blue or red; and the finger being placed on its mouth, it is inverted, and suspended in a vertical position by means of a piece of twine or wire, when the finger is withdrawn. (See _engr._) In dry weather the under surface of the water remains level with the neck of the bottle, or even concave; in damp weather, on the contrary, a drop appears at the mouth and continues enlarging until it falls, and is then followed by another in the same way.

=Barometer, Fitzroy.= This, which is a very cheap instrument, is made on the syphon principle, but the cistern is formed by the lower limit, which is blown into a bulb.

=Barometer, Port'able.= The most accurate are those of Gay-Lussac and Bunten, and after them the aneroid. They should be set on universal joints, and well balanced. The common instrument made with a box and leather cistern seldom continues long correct.

=Barometer, Wheel.= The common form of the instrument having a dial-face and hands.

[For further information in connection with the above subject the reader is referred to the 'articles' ANEROID, ATMOSPHERE, GAS, HEIGHTS, STEAM, STORM-GLASS, VAPOUR, WEATHER, &c.]

=BAR'OSCOPE=[dagger] (-sk[=o]pe). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ BAROSCO'PIUM, L. A barometer; sometimes applied to the wheel-barometer of Hooke.

=BAR'RAS.= The concrete resinous exudation from the bark of fir-trees. That from _pi'nus marit'ima_ is called GALIPOT.

=BARSE.= [Provincial.] The common perch.

=BAR'WOOD.= A red dye-wood imported from Angola and other parts of Africa. It closely resembles cam-wood and sanders-wood in its colouring matter being of a resinous nature, and scarcely soluble in water. In _dyeing_ this difficulty is obviated by taking advantage of the strong affinity existing between it and the proto-salts of tin and iron. Thus, by strongly impregnating the goods with protochloride of tin, either with or without the addition of sumach, according to the shade of red desired, and then putting them into a boiling bath containing the rasped wood, the colour is rapidly given out and taken up, until the whole of the tin in the fibres of the cloth is saturated, and the goods become of a rich bright hue. In like manner the dark red of bandana handkerchiefs is commonly given by a mordant of acetate of iron followed by a boiling bath of this dye-stuff. See DYEING, MORDANTS, &c.

=BASALT'= (b[)a]-s[)o]lt'). [Eng., Ger.] _Syn._ BASAL'TES (-s[)a]l'-t[=e]z), L.; BASALTE, Fr. In _geology_, &c., a species of trap-rock, essentially composed of the minerals felspar and augite. It is of a fine compact texture, of a dark-green, grey, or black colour, and usually occurs in regular columns, of which the Giants' Causeway and the Island of Staffa furnish magnificent examples. It is fusible; and when rapidly cooled forms a dark brittle glass; but when slowly cooled retains its original beauty and hardness almost unimpaired. Messrs Chance, Brothers, of Birmingham, have availed themselves of this property to apply it to decorative and ornamental purposes. Their process is to melt the material[110] in a reverberatory furnace, and, when sufficiently fluid, to pour it into red-hot moulds of sand encased in iron boxes. The corresponding adj. is BASALT'IC (-s[=o]lt'-; BASAL'TICUS, -s[)a]l'-, L.; BASALTIQUE, Fr.).

[Footnote 110: Rowley-rag is used by the Messrs C.; as beside ordinary basalt, greenstone, whinstone, and other similar minerals, possess the same property.]

=BASE.= [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ BA'SIS (pl., ba'ses), L., Gr.; GRUND, GRUNDFLÄCHE, Ger. In _chemistry_ it was formerly, and is now occasionally, applied to metallic oxides which possess the property of forming salts with acids. The alkaloids are also designated organic bases. In _pharmacy_, the characteristic or principal ingredient in any medicine or compound preparation; or that on which its qualities or efficacy depends.

=BAS'IL= (-b[)a]z'-). _Syn._ SWEET BAS'IL, CIT'RON B.; BASIL'ICUM, L.; BASILIC, Fr.; BASILIKUM, Ger. The _oc'ymum_ ([)o]s'-) _basil'icum_ (Linn.), an annual aromatic herbaceous plant, of the nat. ord. Labiatæ (DC.). It is a native of India, but is largely cultivated in every part of Europe as a pot-herb. Leaves strong-scented; popularly reputed emmenagogue; much used to flavour salads, soups, &c., especially in French cookery. Mock-turtle soup derives its peculiar flavour from this herb; as also did the original Fetter-lane sausages, once so highly esteemed by cockney gourmands. In India it is commonly employed as an anodyne in childbirth.

=Bas'il= (b[)a]z'-). _Syn._ BAS'AN; BASANE, Fr. A sheep-skin, tanned; particularly one dressed on the grain side, for book-binding.

=BASIL'ICON.= See CERATES and OINTMENTS.

=BAS'KET= (b[)a]s'-). _Syn._ COPH'INUS (k[)o]f'-), L.; PANIER, CORBEILLE, &c., Fr.; KORB, Ger. BASKETS are generally STAINED or COLOURED with the simple liquid dyes used for straw or wood; and that, for variegated work, the twigs, after being carefully peeled, washed, and wiped dry or slightly air-dried, are stained before being woven. See OSIERS, &c.

=BASS[double-dagger].= [Provin.] The linden-tree; also a hassock or mat made of its inner bark. See BAST.

=Bassia butyracea.= A tree growing in the sub-tropical Himalayas. The seeds yield by expression a concrete oil, known by the name of _Fulwa Butter_, which does not become rancid by keeping. It is held in high esteem in India as an external application in rheumatic and other painful maladies.

=BAS'SORIN= (-r[)i]n). _Syn._ BASSORI'NA, L. A substance first noticed, by Vauquelin, in _Bas'sora-gum_. See GUM, INSOLUBLE, TRAGACANTHINE, &c.

=BAST= (b[)a]st). _Syn._ BASS (which _see_). The inner bark of the linden tree or tiel tree; also matting, &c., made of it.

=BAS'TARDS= (-t[)a]rdz). _Syn._ BAS'TARD SUG'AR (sh[)o][)o]g'-), PIECES, &c. In _sugar-refining_, impure or damaged sugar resulting from the heat and chemicals used in the process of manufacture, and which will not pay for purifying.

=BA''SYL= (b[=a]se'[)i]l). In _chemistry_, any simple or compound body, acting as a basic radical.

=BATATA= [_Convolvulus batatas_, or SWEET POTATO]. This is a native of the East Indies, but is now cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries for the sake of its tubers, which are highly esteemed as an article of food. They are eaten either roasted or boiled, and are sweet, wholesome, and nutritious, although somewhat laxative.

In some parts of America the Batata, next to maize, forms the principal diet of the poorer classes. The plant was introduced into England by Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins; but they do not bear the cold of our winters, and if grown here are raised in hot-houses, where they may be obtained without difficulty varying from 1 lb. to 2 lbs. in weight. They thrive better in the south of Europe. The tubers contain about 32 per cent. of solid matter, 16 of which is starch, 10 sugar, 1·5 albumen, 1·1 gum, 0·3 fat, 2·9 mineral matter. The leaves are used as a boiled vegetable.

=BATH= (bahth). _Syn._ BAL'NEUM, L.; BAIN, Fr.; BAD, Ger., Sax. A place for bathing; a vessel or receptacle, natural or artificial, containing or adapted to contain water, and used to bathe in. In _architecture_ and _hygiene_, a building fitted up for and appropriated to bathing.

_Constr., &c._ Here one of the first subjects which must engage our attention is the selection of the material of which the bath is to be formed. For FIXED BATHS polished white marble has always been in favour, owing to its cleanliness and beauty. For this purpose, slabs of sufficient thickness and free from flaws or cracks should be chosen; and they should be securely and properly bedded in good water-tight cement, in a well-seasoned wooden case. The objections to marble, independent of its costliness, are, that it is apt to get yellow or discoloured, and to lose its polish, by frequent and careless use; and that the restoration of its surface to its original purity, is a matter of considerable expense and difficulty. It is also only fitted to contain water with, at the most, soap, weak alkalies or alkaline carbonates, aromatics, or neutral organic principles; and cannot be employed with water medicated, however slightly, with acids, sulphurets, iodine, chlorine, salines (others than those just named), or calorific substances. As a cheaper material thick slabs of Welsh slate are often substituted for marble; but even this substance is attacked by chemicals, though much more slowly. A lining of large Dutch tiles is sometimes used: but here the joints are very apt to leak. For baths adapted to all the requirements of health and disease, and which are at the same time durable and comparatively inexpensive, we must, therefore, seek further. Porcelain, glass, and hard glazed stone-ware have been proposed, and are even sometimes used for baths; but they possess the disadvantages of being fragile, and very liable to crack when filled with hot water in cold weather. Wedgewood-ware is very beautiful and durable; but is expensive, and baths formed of it can only be obtained on special order. Stourbridge-ware, as produced of late years, is the only product of the potter's art that appears entirely to meet the case; but even this yields in durability to enamelled iron as a material for baths adapted to all liquids and temperatures, and to rough or careless usage. (See _engr._ 1.) The better qualities of PORT'ABLE BATHS (see _engr._ 2) are generally made of copper. Stout tinned or galvanised iron, and even stout block-tin thickly covered with waterproof paint or japan, are also employed; but though less expensive than copper, they have the disadvantage of being much less durable. All these substances are, however, readily acted on by chemicals. A durable and cheap portable bath, adapted to all purposes, must, therefore, like a fixed one, be made of one or other of the materials already noticed. For MED'ICATED BATHS large wooden troughs are frequently employed, particularly for acidulated, ioduretted, and sulphuretted baths.

The arrangements for supplying cold and hot water must necessarily greatly depend on circumstances, and the quantity required. For a single fixed bath, or even for two or three of them, the common circulating water-heater or boiler, placed in some apartment on a rather lower level than the bath, is, perhaps, the most convenient; but where this is not attainable the water may be run, by means of a pipe, from a boiler situated on a somewhat higher level. In either case a supply of cold water must also be at hand, and conveyed in a like manner, to enable the bath to be reduced to any required temperature. On the large scale, as in our public baths, where numerous baths are in constant use during the day, the hot water is best supplied from a large cistern somewhere above the level of the bath-rooms, and which is heated by a coil of pipe supplied with high-pressure steam from a boiler situated on a lower level, as the ground floor or basement. The hot and the cold water, conveyed by separate pipes of about 1-1/2 inch diameter, unite in a two-way cock close to the bath, so as to enter it together, by which only _one_ aperture in the end of the bath is required for the purpose. The bath is emptied, and excess of water removed, by a grated aperture in the bottom, also stopped by a cock which, like the former, has handles or keys so placed as to be accessible to the attendant outside the bath-room, as well as to the bather, whilst the danger of overflowing is obviated by a two-inch waste-pipe, opening into the bath at about two inches from the top.

For heating portable baths, so many plans are in use, and have been suggested, and even patented, that the reader cannot possibly be at a loss for one to suit his particular case. A small grate for burning charcoal is the one most commonly adopted; but where attainable, a ring or cross of small inflamed gas-jets, is more cleanly and manageable.

When the bath consists of a wooden tub, or any other deep vessel, a simple and inexpensive apparatus brought out in America, under the title of the 'ITAL'IAN BATH'-WARMER' (see _engr._ 3), and made of thin sheet-iron, will occasionally be found useful.[111]

[Footnote 111: A small cast-iron 'horse' with three legs (not shown in the engr.) to support the 'warmer' about 2 inches above the bottom of the bath-tub, and to keep it steady and upright, is usually sold with it.]

_a_, Bath-tub.

_b_, The larger arm of the warming-tube by which the charcoal is introduced, and by which the fumes fly off.

_c_, The smaller arm to admit air to support the combustion.

_d_, The fire grate, to support the burning charcoal.]

This situation and the minor details connected with the comfort and convenience of the bath, must greatly depend on the character of the building, and the sum to be devoted to the purpose. When possible, the bath-room should always be on the same floor as the bedrooms, of easy access to them, and so situated and arranged, that a plentiful and constant supply of pure water can be ensured, and the waste water removed without trouble or inconvenience. The basement story should always be avoided; for, as observed by Dr Ure, there is a coldness and dampness belonging to it, in almost all weathers, which is neither agreeable nor salubrious.

The ranges of the temperature of water appropriate to the respective baths, according to the common nomenclature, are shown in the following Table:--

------------------------------------
Name. | Temperature. Fahr.
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Cold bath | 33° to 75°
Temperate bath | 75 " 82
Tepid bath | 82 " 90
Warm bath | 90 " 98
Hot bath | 98 " 112
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_Concluding Remarks._ The importance, and indeed the absolute necessity of frequent personal ablution, has been already insisted on and explained. But however important and beneficial the use of water in this way may be, the effects arising from the immersion of the body in that liquid, as in the practice of bathing, are far more extensive and complete. What the one does usefully but not completely, the other accomplishes readily, satisfactorily, and perfectly. There is no absolute succedaneum for the entire bath. Its physiological effects are peculiar to itself, and of the utmost importance in pathology and hygiene. The practice of wearing flannel, the daily use of clean linen, the mere washing of the more exposed parts of the body, are but poor attempts at cleanliness, without the occasional, if not frequent, entire submersion of the body in water. Nor should the action of judicious bathing in the promotion of personal comfort and personal beauty be forgotten. Intellectual and moral vigour are also gradually, but materially, influenced and promoted by the beneficial action of bathing on the system; for mind and conscience being linked to matter in the 'house we live in,' become perturbed, or lethargic, in almost exact accordance with the fluctuations of our physical health. The neglect of bathing in this country is, to us, an absolute enigma. We are always talking about health, and continually professing to be seeking it; but the practical applications of the principles which we advocate, and the doctrines which we teach, are, unfortunately, the exceptions and not the rule.

Our recommendation of bathing applies chiefly to the warm bath and the tepid bath, which are alike adapted to the delicate and the robust, and to every condition of climate and season. Cold bathing, in this climate, is only suited to the most healthy and vigorous, and can only be safely practised during the warmer months of the year, and in a mass of water sufficient to permit of the heat of the body being maintained by swimming or other active exercise. The plunge and shower baths are partial exceptions to these remarks; whilst sea-bathing, for the reasons given elsewhere, comes under another category. This last, "on account of its stimulative and penetrating power, may be placed at the head of those means which regard the care of the skin; and it certainly supplies one of the first wants of the present generation, by opening the pores, and thereby re-invigorating the whole nervous system." "Besides its great power in cases of disease, it may be employed by those who are perfectly well, as the means most agreeable to nature for strengthening the body and preserving the health." Another important advantage which sea-bathing has over bathing in fresh water is, that persons seldom take cold from indulging in it.

For old people, or those of middle age, the cold bath is not to be recommended, or if taken, considerable caution is required in using it. By such persons, also, bathing in very hot weather, or in the sea, should likewise be prudently practised. For these, the warm or tepid sponge-bath will be found the much safer method.

It sometimes happens that, both with the old and young, the cold bath gives rise to headache, palpitation, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, or great languor. Whenever any of these effects are produced, the bath should be at once given up.

The best time for taking a cold hath or for swimming is in the morning, not too early, but when the sun is well up. Immersion is best practised after a light meal, but not immediately following one. After breakfast, from 10 a.m. to noon, are the preferable hours. Should the bather be unable to swim, when going into the sea or into a river, he should keep briskly moving all the time his body is immersed in the water. If in a room bodily friction must be substituted for exercise. A desirable glow may often be produced by rubbing the body with either a rough towel, a flesh-brush, or a pair of horsehair gloves.

The above remarks are meant to apply only to persons in average health.

Weakly and delicate persons, even without any disease about them, would always do well to consult their medical adviser before taking to cold bathing.

We may add, that for bathing to produce its best effects the water should be soft and pure, and good soap sparingly, but regularly, employed whenever the skin requires it. See ABLUTION and WASH-HOUSES.

The medical and hygienic properties of baths are noticed below, under their respective names:--

=Bath.= In _chemistry_, &c., a vessel or apparatus containing some medium in which the vessel holding the substance to be heated is immersed, instead of being exposed to the direct action of the fire; by which means a limited and uniform temperature may be ensured.

The highest temperature that can be given to any substance contained in a vessel placed in another of boiling water, is about 205° or 206° Fahr.; but by adding 1/5th part of common salt to the bath, a heat of fully 212° may be obtained. Baths of fusible metal, saturated solutions of salt, sand, and (on the large scale) steam, are also used for the same purpose. A bath of oil may be safely heated to about 500° Fahr. without suffering decomposition, and will be found an exceedingly appropriate and convenient source of heat in many processes. The simplest and most convenient form of water bath is that afforded by raising water to the boiling point in a copper basin placed over a gas lamp, and supporting the vessel to be heated over the basin, by means of a circular hoop of copper resting on the top of the basin. By this means the lower surface of the dish or vessel to be heated is brought in contact with the steam. Copper basins, fitted with a series of concentric copper rings, so as to render the basin capable of supporting dishes of different sizes, are made for this purpose.

For drying many substances an air bath is required. The accompanying cut represents a convenient form of air bath. It consists of a cylindrical copper vessel (_A_), the cover of which is moveable, and has two apertures, the middle one (_E_) serving for the escape of vapour, and the lateral one (_C_) for the insertion of a thermometer. The vessel holding the substance to be heated rests on a ring within the box, supported on a tripod.

A larger air bath, by means of which several small vessels can be heated at once, is seen below.

Air-baths are sometimes surrounded with a jacket, and may be converted into water or oil baths, according as the jacket is filled with either of the fluids. For a Table of Boiling-points, see EBULLITION.

An air-bath of constant temperature between 100° and 200° C. has been contrived by Sprengel. It consists of an ordinary hot-water oven made of sheet-lead autogenously soldered, and filled with dilute sulphuric acid boiling at the required temperature.

In order that the temperature may remain constant, the water which distils from the dilute sulphuric acid is condensed and allowed to flow back again into the bath by means of a worm of lead cooled by the atmosphere, or a long vertical metal or glass tube.

=Bath.= In _medicine_, the medium in which the body, or a part of it, is bathed or immersed, for some object beyond that of mere personal cleanliness or enjoyment; the composition, use, or temperature of the medium being generally indicated by some epithet, as in the instances below. When only the last is pointed out, pure water is, of course, intended to be used.

Baths are divided by medical writers into classes, and even minor subdivisions, in a manner which is more ingenious than useful. They are said to be SIMPLE when water or its vapour forms the bath; and COMPOUND when the water or vapour is medicated by the addition of other substances (COM'POUND BATHS; BAL'NEA COMPOS'ITA, L.). The latter class is also subdivided into THERAPEU'TIC BATHS (MED'ICATED BATHS; BAL'NEA MEDICA'TA, B. THERAPEU'TICA, L.); and NUTRIT'IVE BATHS (B. NUTRIEN'TIA, B. NUTRI''TIA*, B. NUTRITO''RIA*, L.). Thus, besides the ordinary water and vapour baths, the medical uses of which are hereafter noticed, we have WINE'-BATHS, MILK'-BATHS, SOUP'-BATHS, &c. (used to convey nourishment, or to sustain the body, as in occlusion of the [oe]sophagus, certain diseases of the stomach, &c.); CHLO''RINE BATHS, SUL'PHUROUS B., MERCU''RIAL B., &c. (used in skin diseases, syphilis, &c.); AROMAT'IC and CHALYB'EATE BATHS (employed as tonics); and ACID BATHS (sometimes used to remove the effects of mercury).

On the Continent a variety of substances are employed to medicate baths, which are seldom or never so used in this country.

The quantity of any medicinal substance used to medicate a bath, for an adult, may be, in general, for each gallon of water employed, about the same as that which is used to form a half-pint lotion of medium or rather weak strength. Thus; taking the quantity of bichloride of mercury to form the lotion at 5 _gr._, and that of sulphurated potash at 1/2 _dr._, the quantity required for a bath of 30 to 40 _galls._ will be about 2-1/2 _dr._ of the first, and about 1-3/4 _oz._ of the second of these substances. Much, however, depends on the nature of the case, the length of the immersion, the periods of recurrence, and the intended number of repetitions. In the case of very active remedies it will be safest and best to begin with less than (say 1/4 to 1/3) the quantity thus indicated.

Medicated baths are, in nearly all cases, taken warm or fully tepid.

[asterism] In the following baths the quantity of the ingredients ordered, when not otherwise indicated, is that proper for an ordinary full-sized bath for an adult; viz., from 40 to 60 _galls._ Those which do not contain volatile substances may be used more than once; and many of them several times by adding a small quantity of fresh ingredients to keep up their strength.

=Bath, Acid= ([)a]s'-). _Syn._ BAL'NEUM AC'IDUM ([)a]s'-), L. See HYDROCHLORIC, NITRIC, NITRO-HYDROCHLORIC, and SULPHURIC ACID BATHS (_below_). Enamelled, hard-glazed, or wooden vessels must be used with all of them.

=Bath, Air.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM PNEUMAT'ICUM, L.:--_a._ (Cold.) Simple exposure of the body, in a state of nudity, for a short time to the atmosphere. Tonic, anodyne, and sedative; in febrile excitement, nervous irritability, and restlessness accompanied by a quick or full pulse, &c. Safe and often very effective. It will frequently induce sleep when all other means fail.

_b._ (Hot:--ASSA, A. SUDA'TIO, L.) An apartment to which dry heated air is admitted. Sometimes the arrangement is such that the air is _not_ inhaled. Stimulant; sudorific; more so than even the vapour bath; produces copious perspiration, being, indeed, the most powerful and certain diaphoretic known. It has been advantageously employed in cholera (for which its advocates state that it is almost a specific), congestive fevers, chronic rheumatism, contractions, stiff joints, paralysis, scaly skin-diseases, dropsical swellings, and most of the cases in which the vapour bath is usually employed. The temperatures are--as a sudorific, 85° to 105° Fahr.; as a stimulant, 100° to 130°. When not inhaled it may be often raised, with advantage, 15° to 25° higher. See BATH, TURKISH.

_c._ (Compressed.) Recommended, by M. Tarberie, in aphonia, &c. It has recently been employed in asthma, phthisis, and some other like diseases, with extraordinary success, at Ben Rhydding.

_d._ (Rarefied.) Applied locally. Revulsive; resembles CUPPING, DRY (which _see_).

=Bath, Al'kaline.= _Syn._ AL'KALISED BATH; BAL'NEUM ALKALI'NUM, B. ALKALIZA'TUM, L. Carbonate of potash (salt of tartar), 3/4 _lb._ In itch, prurigo and chronic skin diseases accompanied with dryness and irritation, acute gout, lithic gravel, scurvy, diarrh[oe]a, &c. Scotch soda, 1 _lb._, is sometimes substituted for the 'potash'; but is less effective, and is theoretically objectionable.

=Bath, Al'um.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM ALU'MINIS, L. Alum (in powder, or previously dissolved in hot water), 3/4 _lb._ to 1-1/2 _lb._, or even 2 _lbs._ In troublesome excoriations, extensive burns, obstinate vesicular eruptions, diarrh[oe]a, &c.; also in obstinate piles and prolapsus ani. See BATH, ASTRINGENT.

=Bath, Ammoni'acal.= See HYDROCHLORATE OF AMMONIA BATH (_below_).

=Bath, Animal.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM ANIMA'LE, L. The skin or any part of an animal just killed, wrapped round the body or a limb. Once much esteemed; now, happily, disused in this country.

=Bath, Antimo''nial.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM ANTIMONIA'LE, L. Tartar-emetic, 1 to 2 _oz._ (Soubeiran.) In lumbago and certain skin diseases; also as a counter-irritant.

=Bath, Antipso''ric.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM ANTIPSO''RICUM, L. See BATH, SULPHURETTED (also others).

=Bath, Aromat'ic.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM AROMAT'ICUM, L. Balm, chamomile, lavender, mint, rosemary, sage, thyme, with any other like aromatic herbs (at will), of each a handful, mixed together and steeped in a (covered) pail of boiling or very hot water, for an hour, and then strained, with pressure, into the bath. Sometimes 2 or 3 _oz._ of sal-ammonia, a 1/4 _lb._ of alum, or 1 _lb._ of common salt, is also added. Occasionally used in cutaneous affections, chronic rheumatism, diarrh[oe]a, dyspepsia, stiff-joints, &c.; also in debility arising from loss of blood, spermatorrh[oe]a, suppressions, hysteria, hypochondriasis, &c.

The AROMATIC VAPOUR BATH is made by causing the vapour to pass through the herbs.

=Baths, Aromatic Malt= (J. Hoff, Berlin). Wittstein says these consist of coarsely crushed barley malt at six times its selling value.

=Bath, Astrin'gent.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM ASTRIN'GENS, L. _Prep._ (Most.) Alum (2 to) 4 _lbs._; dissolve in boiling water; and add, whey, 6 or 8 pailfuls, or q. s. In extensive burns, piles, prolapsus ani, &c. See BATH, ALUM, BATH, OAKBARK, &c.

=Bath, Balsamic.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM BALSAM'INUM, L. Bordeaux turpentine and tar, of each 2 _lbs._ (or of tar alone, 3 to 4 _lbs._); hot water, 6 or 7 _galls._; stir continuously until nearly cold, then add the clear portion to water q. s. to form a bath. In mumps, pruriginous diseases of the skin, eczema, impetigo, &c.

=Bath, Barèges= (Factitious). _Syn._ BAL'NEUM BARETGINEN'SE (Factitium), L. _Prep._ 1. Crystallised sulphide of sodium, 3-1/2 _oz._; chloride of sodium, 1-1/2 _oz._; gelatine (dissolved), 4 _oz._

2. (Trousseau & Reveil.) Dry sulphide of potassium, 4 _oz._; water, 16 _oz._; dissolve, and add the solution to the bath; then further add, of sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, 1/2 _oz._, previously diluted with water, 8 _oz._ In itch, moist skin diseases, chronic diarrh[oe]a, chronic rheumatism, lead colic, &c. See BALLS, WATERS, &c.

=Bath, Benzo'ic.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM BENZO'ICUM, L. 1. Benzoin (in powder), 1/2 _lb._; water (at 90°) q. s. In irritations, hysteria, hypochondriasis, &c. It is also reputed to be feebly aphrodisiac. 2. A common warm bath, with a little powdered benzoin laid on a heated plate near the bather, so that the fumes may be inhaled. Slightly soothing or anodyne; in chronic laryngitis, relaxed uvula, &c.

=Bath, Bichlo''ride of Mer'cury.= See BATH, MERCURIAL.

=Bath, Bran.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM FUR'FURIS, L. Bran, 5 to 7 _lbs._; boiling waters, 2 or 3 galls.; digested together for an hour, or boiled for 15 minutes; the strained liquid being added to the bath. Emollient; in dry and scaly skin disease, and to allay itching and surfacial irritation; also to promote suppuration, &c.

=Bath, Bromine.= The saline waters of Kreuznach contain bromides. The salts derived from the evaporation of these waters are imported into this country, and are employed in baths. Or the following substitute may be used:--Artificial sea-salt, 11 _lbs._; bromide of potassium, 4 _oz._; mix, and let the above be added to a bath containing sufficient water for immersion. The bromine bath is more especially used for tumours of every kind. It requires to be continued in for a long time. When the patient does not possess the conveniences for taking the bath, flannels dipped in a strong solution of the salt and wrung out may be applied wet to the abdomen for some hours daily.

=Bath, Cam'phor.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM CAM'PHORÆ, B. CAMPHORATUM, L. Camphor, 3 or 4 dr., coarsely powdered, and placed on a plate heated by boiling water, in the bathroom. Anodyne, anaphrodisiac, and diaphoretic; in spasmodic asthma, chronic cough, relaxation of the uvula, ardor urinæ, nervous irritability, &c.

=Bath, Carbon'ic.= _Syn._ CARBON'IC ACID BATH; BAL'NEUM CARBON'ICUM, B. AC'IDUM CARBONICUM, L.

1. Carbonic acid gas applied, by means of a suitable apparatus, to prevent its being respired. Antiseptic, diaphoretic, and excitant to the vascular system; in amenorrh[oe]a, chlorosis, hysteria, scrofula, cancerous and other ulcers (particularly foul ones), &c.

2. Water, at 50° Fahr., charged with the gas. Powerfully antiseptic and sedative; in foul ulcers, gangrene, &c.

=Bath, Chlo''ride of Ammo''nium.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM AMMO''NII CHLORI'DI, B. AMMO''NIÆ HYDROCHLORA'TIS, L. Sal-ammoniac, 2 to 3 _lbs._, or even 4 _lbs._ In chronic inflammations, glandular enlargements and indurations, chronic rheumatism and affections of the joints, leucorrh[oe]a, chilblains, frost-bites, &c.

=Bath, Chlo''ride of Soda.= Solution of chlorinated soda, 1-1/2 _lb._; water, 30 _galls._

=Bath, Chlo''rine.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM CHLORIN'II, B. CHLORINA'TUM, L. Tepid water to which a little chlorine has been added. Antiseptic, stimulant, and subsequently sedative and antiphlogistic; in itch, foul and gangrenous ulcers, chronic liver affections, &c. Chloride of lime is commonly substituted for chlorine.

2. (Magendie; Wallace.) Chlorine gas (obtained from salt, 1-1/2 _oz._; oil of vitriol and water, of each 1 _oz._; and black oxide of manganese, 1/2 _oz._ to 1 _oz._) diluted with air, at a temperature of 104° to 150° Fahr., and applied, by means of a suitable apparatus, for 10 minutes to 1/2 an hour; every possible precaution being taken to prevent it being inhaled. In chronic liver affections, gradually and cautiously increasing the ingredients to three times the above quantity, and decreasing the dilution with air until the gas is used nearly pure.[112]

[Footnote 112: A dangerous remedy in careless or unskilful hands; and even with the experienced not always free from danger. The writer of this article once nearly lost his life from a single inspiration of the gas which accidentally escaped its proper limits. Terrific spasms of the glottis and a convulsive cough immediately came on, and lasted, with more or less severity, for nearly 14 hours.]

=Bath, Cold.= _Syn._ BALNEUM FRIG'IDUM (-fr[)i]j'-), FRIGIDA''RIUM, L.; BAIN FROID, Fr. Water, fresh, saline, or mineral, at a temperature varying from 33° to about 75°; but usually understood to apply to water between 50° and 70° Fahr. When below 50° it is considered very cold. At a temperature ranging from 60° to about 75° it is commonly used by the healthy and vigorous as a luxury, and for cleanliness.

"The immediate effects of the cold bath are a sensation of cold (speedily followed by one of warmth), contraction of the cutaneous vessels, paleness of the skin, diminution of perspiration, and reduction of the volume of the body. Shivering, and, as the water rises to the chest, a kind of convulsive sobbing, are also experienced. Continued immersion renders the pulse small, and ultimately imperceptible, and the respiration difficult and irregular. A feeling of inactivity succeeds; the joints become rigid and inflexible; pain in the head, drowsiness, and cramps, come on; the temperature of the body falls rapidly; and faintness, followed by death, ensues." "Its primary effects constitute the SHOCK--its secondary effects, the REACTION or GLOW."[113] Hence it is that immersion of the body in water below about 65° Fahr. cannot be tolerated for any length of time without such a loss of animal heat as frequently to induce highly sedative and depressing effects, from which the constitution does not readily recover. Water at a temperature of below about 50° Fahr. can only be safely used as a plunge-bath. The sedative effects of sea and mineral waters is much than that of pure water, or of spring or river water.

[Footnote 113: Pereira, 'Mat. Med. and Therap.,' 4th ed., i, 29.]

The cold bath, medically considered, is tonic, stimulant, and restorative, when judiciously taken, and when not too long continued or too often repeated. When beneficial, the patient feels a pleasant glow on the surface of the body immediately following it. If a sensation of coldness or shivering ensues, it acts injuriously, and should not be repeated. The duration of the immersion may vary from 2 to 15 minutes, the precise time depending upon the temperature of the water and the feelings of the bather; the longer period being only proper in fine weather, and when accompanied by swimming or violent exercise.

As a remedial agent, the cold bath is principally recommended to increase the tone and vigour of the system; and is contra-indicated when there is a tendency to apoplexy, or to chronic affections, functional or organic, of the heart, lungs, or kidneys. It should never be taken when the person feels chilly, languid, or depressed; or if drowsiness and shivering follow it.

The temperature of the water of the rivers and the coasts of England ranges, in summer, from 55° to 70 or 72° Fahr.

=Bath, Creosote.= Creosote, 2 _dr._; glycerin, 2 _oz._; boiling water, one _gall._ To be added to 29 _galls._ of water.

=Bath, Douche.= See BATH, SHOWER, DOUCHE, &c.

=Bath, Dry.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM SICCUM, L. The immersion of the body in any dry material, as ashes, salt, sand, &c. EARTH-BATHING, as administered by the once notorious quack, Dr Graham, was of this kind. In the sudatorium or sweating room of the ancients the body was immersed in heated sand.

=Bath, Elec'tric.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM ELEC'TRICUM, L. The patient, placed on an insulated stool, is put in contact, by means of a metallic wire, with the prime conductor of an electrical machine in action. The surface of the body is thus rendered electro-positive, and the surrounding air, by induction, electro-negative. It has been recommended in chronic rheumatism, scirrhous tumours, &c.

=Bath, Electro-chemical= (of Dr Caplin). This is founded on the supposition that all diseases arise from the presence of mineral, or other extraneous morbific matter, in some organ, or the whole organism, and which is capable of removal by electrolysis. The patient is placed in an appropriately arranged voltaic bath, and there "saturated with the electric fluid." This "decomposes everything which is foreign to the organism, the vital parts being protected by the law of conservation belonging to every organic production." These foreign substances are said to be thus carried out of the system by the electric current, and to be "fixed and plated on the copper in the same way, and according to the same law and principle (only reversed), as in the process of electro-plating."[114]

[Footnote 114: 'Hist. Records of the Electro-chem. Bath,' by Mons. J. F. J. Caplin, M.D. Baillière, 1860.]

=Bath, Fec'ula.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM AM'YLI, B. FÆC'ULÆ, L. Potato-starch or wheat-starch, 1 to 4 _lbs._; boiling water q. s. to dissolve. Resembles the BRAN-BATH.

=Bath, Ferru'ginous.= _Syn._ CHALYB'EATE BATH; BAL'NEUM FERRUGIN'EUM, B. CHALYBEATUM, L. 1. Green sulphate of iron, 1 to 2 _lbs._ A well-tinned copper, wooden, or japanned bath may be used. In general debility when chalybeates are indicated, and the stomach will not bear iron; also in piles and prolapsus. The stains on the towels used to wipe the patient may be removed by at once soaking them in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid.

2. (Ioduretted.) See BATH OF IODIDE OF IRON.

=Bath, Foot.= _Syn._ PEDILU'VIUM, L. Warm (or hot). Revulsive, counter-irritant; in colds, menstrual and hæmorrhoidal suppressions, rheumatism, stiffness of the ankles, tender feet, &c. A little common salt, flour of mustard, or sal-ammoniac, is often added to render it more stimulant, to prevent 'taking cold,' &c. See FEET, &c.

=Bath, Gelat'inous.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM GELATINO'SUM, B. GELATIN'II, L. Gelatin or fine Salisbury glue, 3 or 4 _lbs._; dissolved in boiling water, 2 _galls._, or q. s.; and added to a warm bath. At the 'Hospital for Cutaneous Diseases' 8 _lbs._ of patent size are used for a bath of 30 to 35 _galls._ Emollient; formerly, but erroneously, considered nutritive. _Used_ in skin diseases; generally combined with sulphur. See BATH, BARÈGES.

=Bath, Glyc'erine= (gl[)i]s'). _Syn._ BAL'NEUM GLYCERIN'II, B. G. COMPOS'ITUM, L. Glycerine, 2 _lbs._; gum arabic (dissolved), 1 _lb._ Used as a soothing emollient, in itching, dryness, irritation, and hardness of the skin, &c. Where expense is an object, 3 or 4 _lbs._ of good honey, and 1 _oz._ of salt of tartar, form an excellent substitute for the glycerine.

=Bath, Hem'lock.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM CO'NII, L. 1. Dried hemlock-leaves (or herb), 4 to 6 handfuls; water, 1 _gall._; infuse 2 hours, and strain. The part to be immersed in, or bathed with, the warm infusion, observing not to apply it if the skin is unsound; or it may be added to the water of a bath in the usual manner. In gout, cancer, chronic rheumatism, and certain skin diseases.

2. (Cut. Hosp.) Extract of hemlock, 2 _oz._; starch, 1 _lb._; boiling water, 1 _gall._; dissolve. For a bath of about 30 _galls._ As the last.

=Bath, Hip.= _Syn._ COXÆLU'VIUM, L. Usually warm; sometimes fully warm, or somewhat hot. In inflammatory, spasmodic, and chronic affections of the abdominal and pelvic viscera; in suppressed and painful menstruation, hæmorrhoids, strangury, prolapsus, ischuria, &c.; also as a substitute for a full bath, when this last is contra-indicated by some affection of the lungs, heart, brain, or great vessels. Like full baths, it may be often advantageously medicated. See BIDET.

=Bath, Hot.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM CAL'IDUM, CALDA''RIUM, L.; BAIN CHAUD, Fr. Usual temperature, 98° to 106° Fahr.

The hot bath has a remarkably tranquillising effect upon the nervous system, producing a strong tendency to quietude and sleep. It also acts as a powerful antispasmodic, and by determining the blood to the surface of the body tends to relieve visceral inflammation and congestion. In chronic affections arising from the action of cold and damp and from exhausted energy, in stiff joints, rheumatism, neuralgia, diarrh[oe]a, and numerous other affections, its effects are often rapid and remarkable. At high temperatures it strongly stimulates the arterial system, and arouses nervous energy and vital action, producing excessive excitement and turgescence, followed by copious perspiration, which has been often found successful in cholera, paralysis, &c. If the immersion be too long continued, or the bath be injudiciously employed, lassitude, debility, and somnolency ensue, and the good effect of the bath is more or less lost. In these cases violent throbbing and painful distension of the vessels of the head, with a distressing feeling of suffocation and anxiety, are premonitory symptoms of impending apoplexy, an accident which sometimes, though seldom, follows its improper use.

=Bath, Hydrochlo''rate of Ammonia.= See BATH, CHLORIDE OF AMMONIUM.

=Bath, Hydrochlo''ric Acid.= _Syn._ MURIAT'IC ACID BATH; BAL'NEUM HYDROCHLO''RICUM, B. ACIDUM H., B. MURIAT'ICUM, &c., L. Commercial hydrochloric acid, 1 to 3 _lbs._ (in chronic liver affections); or 3 to 6 fl. oz. (in prurigo and lichen).

=Bath, Hydrosul'phuretted.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM HYDROSULPHURE'TUM, L.--1. A tepid sulphuretted bath, with the addition of hydrochloric acid, 2 or 3 fl. _dr._, immediately before immersion. In rheumatism, chronic skin diseases, hooping-cough, and certain forms of paralysis:--2. A tepid bath to which 3 to 6 fl. _oz._ of (liquid) hydrosulphate of ammonia is added immediately before use. Used as the last. It often acts almost as a specific in hooping-cough and certain breath ailments.

=Bath, I'odine of I'ron.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM FER'RI IODI'DI, L. _Prep._ (Pierquin.) Iodide of iron, 1/2 _oz._ to 2 _oz._ In amenorrh[oe]a, leucorrh[oe]a, chlorosis, scrofula, &c.; gradually increasing the quantity of the iodide until 4 _oz._, or more, is used for a bath.

=Bath, I'odine.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM IODIN'II, L.:--1. Iodine, 3 to 5 _dr._; dry siliceous sand, 2 _oz._; triturated together until reduced to fine powder, and then agitated with the water of a tepid bath for 10 or 15 minutes. 2. (Cutan. Hosp.) Iodine, 4 _dr._; liquor of potassa, 4 _oz._; water, 2 _pints_; dissolve; for a bath of 30 _galls._ In skin diseases complicated with scrofula, glandular enlargements, amenorrh[oe]a, &c.

=Bath, Io'duretted.= _Syn._ IO'DURATED BATH, I'ODISED B., COMPOUND IODINE-B., &c.; BAL'NEUM IODURE'TUM, B. IODURA'TUM*, B. POTAS''SII SUPERIODI'DI, &c., L. Lugol, the leading authority on this subject, employs this bath of the different strengths, &c., shown in the following tables:--

_a._ FOR ADULTS:--

---------+------------+------------+---------------
Degree. | Iodine. | Iodide of | Water for the
| | Potassium. | bath.
---------+------------+------------+---------------
| dr. | dr. | gal.
---------+------------+------------+---------------
1 | 2 to 2-1/2 | 4 to 5 | 50
---------+------------+------------+---------------
2 | 2 " 3 | 4 " 6 | 60
---------+------------+------------+---------------
3 | 3 " 3-1/2 | 6 " 7 | 75
---------+------------+------------+---------------

_b._ FOR CHILDREN:--

---------+----------+------------+----------
Age. | Iodine. | Iodide of | Water.
| | Potassium. |
---------+----------+------------+----------
| gr. | gr. | gal.
---------+----------+------------+----------
4 to 7 | 30 to 36 | 60 to 72 | 9
---------+----------+------------+----------
7 " 11 | 48 " 72 | 96 " 144 | 18
---------+----------+------------+----------
11 " 14 | 72 " 96 | 144 " 192 | 31
---------+----------+------------+----------

[asterism] The dry ingredients of the first Table are to be dissolved in a pint of water, and of the second, in 1/2 pint of water, before adding them to the bath.

In scrofulous affections and the other cases in which the external use of iodine or the iodides is indicated. Enamelled ware, stoneware, or wooden vessels must be employed.

=Bath, Lime.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM CUM CAL'CE, L. Lime, 3 _lbs._; slaked, and added to the bath. In gout, lithic diathesis, itch, &c. See BATH, VAPOUR.

=Bath, Mercu''rial.= _Syn._ ANTISYPHILIT'IC BATH; BAL'NEUM MERCURIA'LE, B. HYDRAR'GYRI BICHLORI'DI, B. ANTISYPHILIT'ICUM, &c., L.; BAIN MERCURIEL, B. ANTISYPHILITIQUE, &c., Fr. Bichloride of mercury, in fine powder, 1 to 3 _dr._, hot water, 1 _pint_; agitate together until solution is complete, before adding them to the bath, the 'water' of which (contained in an enamelled or wooden vessel) must be soft (rain) and pure. At the 'Cutan. Hosp.' hydrochloric acid (= 1/3rd the weight of the chloride) is commonly added; and at the 'Fr. hospitals,' an equal, or rather more than an equal weight, of sal-ammoniac. These additions facilitate the solution of the chloride, and retard its decomposition by any slight impurity in the water forming the bath.

_Uses, &c._ In syphilitic affections, either with or without skin disease; in chronic rheumatism, swelled joints, and chronic skin diseases generally, where the use of mercury is indicated, and the remedy is rejected by the stomach; especially in these affections in women and children (for the last, proportionately reduced in strength and quantity). Also used in it, and to destroy pediculi on the body.

=Bath, Met'al.= See BATH (in _Chemistry_), FUSIBLE METAL, &c.

=Bath, Mud.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM LU'TEUM, B. LU'TI, L. Mud-bathing (ILLUTA'TION) was common among the ancients. The slime of rivers, and the mud on the sea-shore, were especially prized for this purpose. The Tartars and Egyptians still employ baths of this description in hypochondriasis, scrofula, and scurvy. At Franzenbad, in Germany, an acidulous species of black bog-earth found there, is beaten up with warm water to a semi-liquid consistence, and used as a bath. This is said to render the skin satin-like and soft; and to be useful in debility, and in paralytic affections of a gouty origin. In France, hot dung (DUNG BATH) is occasionally used in rheumatism; and in Poland, in syphilis. The husk of grapes and the refuse of olives, after undergoing a partial fermentation, have been successfully employed in France against acute rheumatism.[115]

[Footnote 115: Mérat and De Lens, 'Dict. Univ. de Mat. Méd.']

=Bath, Muriat'ic.= See BATH, HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

=Bath, Mus'tard.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM SINA'PIS, L.:--1. Flour of mustard, 2 _lbs._; warm water, 1 _gall._; make a thin soup; in fifteen minutes pour it into a coarse linen bag or cloth, and press out the liquid, which is to be stirred up with the bath. In cholera, diarrh[oe]a simulating cholera, &c.; also to cause reaction; the patient remaining in the bath until a somewhat painful sense of burning and irritation is experienced:--2. Flour of mustard, 3 to 8 _oz._; as before. Used as a gentle stimulant to excite the skin, and promote its healthy action, &c.

=Bath, Ni'tro-hydrochlo''ric.= _Syn._ AC'ID BATH[double-dagger] ([)a]s'-), NITRO-MURIAT'IC B.*, N. A. B.*; BAL'NEUM NITRO-HYDROCHLO''RICUM. B. AC'IDI ([)a]s'-), B. A. NITRO-HYDROCHLO''RICI, B. A. NITRO-MURIAT'ICI*, &c., L.:--1. Water slightly acidulated with the acid, so that its sourness to the taste is about that of common vinegar. According to Ainslie, 1 _oz._ of acid is sufficient for 1 gall. of water.[116] Other formulæ in use are--

[Footnote 116: 'Mat. Med. Indica,' ii, 340.]

2. (Cutan. Hosp.) Nitric acid, 1-1/2 lb.; hydrochloric acid, 1 _lb._; for a bath of 60 to 70 _galls._

3. (Soubeiran.) Nitro-hydrochloric acid, 4 to 16 fl. oz.; according to the case.

4. (Dr Scott.) Nitric acid, 2 fl. oz.; hydrochloric acid, 3 fl. oz.; water, 5 fl. oz.; mix. 1-1/2 to 2 _fl. oz._ to each _gall._ of water for a general bath; 3 _fl. oz._ to the _gall._ for a foot, knee, or sponge bath.

_Uses, &c._ In its weaker forms, in skin-diseases depending on disordered liver; in others, chiefly in liver complaints, and to relieve the pain on the passing of gall-stones. It must be contained in an enamelled or wooden vessel, and may be used as a hip, knee, or foot-bath; a knee-bath being the one generally adopted in England. Dr Scott, of Bombay, who first brought this bath into notice, once plunged the Duke of Wellington up to his chin in one, in India, and thus cured him of a severe hepatic affection. In its stronger form it causes tingling and pricking of the skin, and a peculiar taste in the mouth, and affects the gums and salivary glands, often producing plentiful ptyalism, without which, indeed, its advocates regard its action as incomplete. Time of application, 15 to 20 minutes daily, for a fortnight or three weeks; and afterwards, every second or third day.

=Bath, Oak-Bark.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM QUER'CÛS, B. QUER'CI, L. Oak-bark, 3 or 4 handfuls for a child; 10 to 15 for an adult; made into a decoction, and strained with pressure into the bath. In hæmorrhoids, prolapsus, leucorrh[oe]a, hernia, diarrh[oe]a, ill-conditioned and bleeding ulcerations, &c. Drs Elaesser, Eberle, and Fletcher have successfully employed it in the intermittents of infancy and childhood, tabes mesenterica or scrofula, &c. It has also proved useful in phthisis.

=Bath, Oil.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM OLEO'SUM, L. Olive or other oil (hot), strongly aromatised with the oils of cassia, cloves, nutmegs, cedron, and juniper; and digested for a week on ambergris and vanilla, of each (bruised), about 10 gr. to the gallon. Used, in the East, to anoint the body, as a preservative against the plague and other contagious diseases; also as a full bath or hip-bath, the immersion being for 15 to 30 minutes.

=Bath, Pneumat'ic.= See BATH, AIR.

=Bath, Saline'= (Gelatinous). _Syn._ BAL'NEUM SALI'NO-GELATINO'SUM, L.; BAIN DE PLOMBIÈRES, Fr. _Prep._ Common salt and Flanders glue, of each 2 _lbs._; water, 1 _gall._; dissolve separately, and add the solutions to the bath. In scrofula, &c.

=Bath, Salt.= See BATH, SALINE, BATH, SEA, &c.

=Bath, Sand.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM ARE'NÆ, L.; BAIN DE SABLE, Fr. See BATH (in _Chemistry_), BATH, DRY, &c.

=Bath, Sea.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM MARI'NUM, L.; BAIN MARIN, Fr. Immersion in the sea or in recent sea water (temperate, tepid, warm, or hot). Owing to the saline matter which it contains, it possesses stimulant, alterative, and resolvent properties, superadded to those of pure water at the corresponding temperature. When taken, in summer, on our coasts, the reaction and glow follow more speedily and certainly than after a common water bath; and it may be taken with greater safety, and for a longer period. It often proves very serviceable in diseases accompanied with debility, in phthisis, scrofula, glandular enlargement, &c. A warm or hot sea-water bath is one of the most restorative imaginable; often removing the effects of fatigue and exposure--exhaustion, stiff joints, cramps, rheumatism, &c.--like a charm. Unless under sanction of a medical man, boys and girls should never be allowed to bath in the sea after the end of September. See BATH (_above_), WATERS, &c.

=Bath, Sea.= (Factitious). _Syn._ BAL'NEUM MARI'NUM FACTI''TIUM, L. Artificial sea-water, or rather a substitute for sea-water, for this purpose, is commonly prepared by adding about 3% of common salt to ordinary water.[117] The following are, however, more serviceable imitations:--

[Footnote 117:

Or (say) for small quantities--
1-1/4 _oz._ to the quart;
5 _oz._ to the gallon.
And for large quantities, as a full bath--
2 _lbs._ to every 7 gallons.]

1. As above, with the addition of 1 _dr._ of iodide of potassium to every 3 or 4 galls. of water.

2. (Cutan. Hosp.). Common salt, 8 _lbs._; sulphate of magnesia, 2 _lbs._; chloride of calcium, 1 lb.; water, 50 to 60 _galls._

3. Salt, a handful; water, a pailful; flour of mustard, 1 _oz._ For a foot-bath.