Chapter II: BLEACHING of =Linen=:--Linen may be bleached in a similar way to (28)

=DRAGEES DE POUGUES.= (Garnier.) Chloride of calcium, 50 parts; chloride of magnesium, 50 parts; chloride of iron, 10 parts; dissolved in water and precipitated with sodium carbonate. The precipitate is washed, pressed, and mixed with 100 parts bicarbonate of soda. Of this mixture 25 parts are made into a mass with 475 parts of a paste of sugar, peppermint, oil, and mucilage. The mass is then divided into dragées weighing 5 decigrammes, which are coated with gum and sugar. (Reveil.)

=DRAGON'S BLOOD.= _Syn._ SANGUIS DRACONIS, L. A rich red-coloured resin, obtained from various species of the genus _Calamus_. Its colour, in the lump, is a dark brownish-red; in powder, bright red. It is friable, breaks with a shining fracture, and has a sp. gr. not higher than 1·196 or 1·197. When pure, it readily dissolves in alcohol, ether, and oils, yielding rich red, transparent solutions. Adulterated and factitious dragon's blood is only partly soluble, and lacks the rich colour of the genuine article. Dragon's blood is chiefly used to tinge varnishes and lacquers.

=Dragon's Blood, Factitious.= _Prep._ 1. Shell-lac, 4 lbs.; melt, remove from the fire, and add, Canada balsam, 6 oz., and gum benzoin, 2 oz.; mix well, stir in red sanders wood, 1-1/2 lb., and Venetian red, 3/4 lb. (both in fine powder); and form the mass into sticks.

2. As the last, omitting the red Venetian.

=DRAINS.= The salubrity of a dwelling-house is largely dependent upon the sound condition, the unimpeded outlet from, and the proper construction and position of, its drains, supplemented by like conditions in the various house-pipes which run from the sinks and closets into them.

The sense in which we shall use the term "drain" is that defined by the Public Health Act of 1875:--"'Drain' means any drain of, and used for the drainage of one building only, or premises within the same curtilage, and made merely for the purpose of communicating therefrom with a cesspool or other like receptacle for drainage, or with a sewer into which the drainage of two or more buildings or premises occupied by different persons is conveyed."

There can be no doubt that the almost universal system pursued with regard to house drainage is radically irrational and dangerous. As the drains lead into the main sewer or cesspool it is most important that the house-pipes which communicate with the drains should be so connected with them and arranged, as to remove all risk of the foul air of the sewers passing into them through the drains, and thus (should the pipes be imperfect) escaping into and defiling the atmosphere of the house--a very possible contingency for two reasons, first, because the traps connecting the pipes with the drains may be defective, and, second, because the aspiratory power of the warm house is constantly tending to draw air (the sewer air) through the water in the water trap. Instead of making the connection, as is now so universally done, between the sink and closet and other pipes and the drain, by means of a water trap, _underneath the basement_, this junction should be effected _outside the house_. The drains should, therefore, always terminate outside, and not under the house; and wherever practicable all house-pipes should be carried outside, and not inside, or between the walls of any dwelling, the objections to which have been already stated. In cases, however, in which this arrangement is impossible of execution, and a pipe can only be carried through the house from the front to the rear, it is far better to take it above the basement than underneath.

The interposition of the water in the trap at the point of union between the house-pipe and the drain is not alone sufficient to effect the necessary amount of disconnection between them. There must be thorough ventilation and communication with the outer air at the point of junction, otherwise there is danger that the emanations from the sewer may find their way into the house, as in the former case.

A great number of methods have been devised for disconnecting the house-pipes and the outside drains, the simplest of which consists in placing the trap just outside the house, in opening the drain on the side of the trap the furthest from the house, and in carrying up from it a four-inch pipe to as great a height as is convenient. By this means any noxious gas that might escape from the drain is diverted from the house, and ascends into and diffuses into the superincumbent atmosphere.

In the arrangement of the house-pipes it is desirable not to carry the pipes which convey away the sink water and the waste water into the closet-soil pipes, but, wherever it can be managed, to let them discharge over a grating into the drain trap. Where we have to deal with soil or water-closet pipes, or with a pipe formed by the junction of these with the waste-water pipe (if such an arrangement is unavoidable), it is most important that there should be complete disconnection between the pipe and the drain by means of one of the many ventilating contrivances so well known to sanitary engineers.

The best material for the manufacture of drain pipes is hard, well-burnt, smooth, and glazed earthenware; bricks and porous earthenware are particularly ill adapted for the purpose; so also are iron pipes, unless they are thoroughly cemented inside.

In the laying of drain pipes care should be taken to place them on concrete, in loose soils, and on well-worked puddled clay, in the case of clay soils. When they are laid in very loose soils it is sometimes necessary, besides employing concrete, to additionally use even piling for the depth of a foot. Leakage and consequent soakage of the soil are sure to take place sooner or later if the drain pipes are not laid on a good foundation, as they are when the drains are badly and carelessly joined.

Messrs Brooke, of Huddersfield, have invented a combined drain and subsoil pipe, the latter, on which the drain pipe rests, being perforated, carries off the subsoil water. This contrivance is adapted for wet soils.

When junction pipes are required for uniting the drain pipes those known as "oblique junctions" only should be used. The junctions known as "square junctions" should be avoided, as they are always sure to become blocked up.

With respect to the fall of drain pipes Dr Parkes says, "one in forty-eight is frequently given, or three quarters of an inch in every yard; a fall of one in sixty-five in drains of six inches diameter, and one in eighty-seven in drains of eight inches diameter, will give a velocity of 220 feet per minute.

In order that drain pipes may be properly cleaned it is desirable to have them so made that they can be opened at intervals by means of lids or caps. The following cuts represent a few of the many kinds of pipes adapted for this purpose.

In addition to this method of cleansing them, drain pipes should be regularly flushed out at least once a month. House pipes are usually cleaned out by means of a flexible bamboo, or by jointed rods fitted with screws and rollers, which serve to loosen sediment. A frequent examination of all house pipes and traps should be made, and every joint and bend of the former well looked to. Unfortunately, however, they are so frequently covered in, that this is impossible.

Where it can be done all skirting boards and covers under which the pipes and traps are concealed should be removed. When, however, this cannot be managed the following plan of examination into their condition may be followed:--Pour water down the pipe, and observe if there be any smell; if there be, the pipe is full of foul air, and requires ventilation; or else the trap is defective, and the bad smell is due to sewer gas. Or, instead of pouring down water, a lighted candle or a piece of smouldering brown paper may be held over the entrance of the pipe, or the grating over a trap, when the air will be driven back. If the condition of the pipe be tested by throwing water down it, it should be noticed whether the water runs away at once or whether it is checked in its progress. This is all that, under the circumstances, can be done inside the house; but though an examination of the pipe is precluded inside, it may be possible to remove the earth on the outside, and so to get down to and open the drain with which the pipe communicates. Under these circumstances water mixed with lime should be poured down the house pipe; if the milky-looking water is long in making its appearance, and runs only in driblets, the drain requires flushing; if the milky-looking water is much coloured and mixed with dirt, then the pipes and trap are foul, or there is a sinking or depression in some part of the drain where the water is lodging.

Afterwards a pailful of lime and water should be poured down the pipe, which should be afterwards flushed by pouring water down it until the water flows off nearly clear.

Referring to the construction and position of the pipes which carry off the waste water, soil, &c., from our houses into the drains, Dr Parkes writes--"Builders are always anxious to conceal tubes, and thus carry them inside the walls, or in the case of hollow walls, between the two. The consequence is that any escape of air must be into the house. I have known a case in which the leakage of a closet pipe carried down in a hollow wall constantly contaminated the air of a house. It would be infinitely better to run the pipes at once through the wall to the outside. Few persons have any idea of the carelessness of plumbers' work--of the bad junctions, and of the rapidity with which pipes get out of order and decay. When a leaden pipe carrying water is led into a water-closet discharge pipe, it is frequently simply puttied in, and very soon the dried putty breaks away, and there is a complete leakage of gas into the house. Even if well joined the lead pipe will, it is said, contract and expand, and thus openings are at last formed. Dr Fergus, of Glasgow, has directed particular attention to this in the case of lead closet pipes, which become easily perforated, and which have only a limited duration of wear." See TRAPS, SEWERS.

=DRAUGHT.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS, L. A single dose of liquid medicine, usually dispensed in one-and-a-half-ounce or two-ounce phials. Draughts are almost exclusively extemporaneous compounds, and differ from 'mixtures' only in containing one dose; whereas mixtures contain several. The latter have now very generally superseded draughts among all but the higher classes, when the dose is to be frequently repeated. Draughts possess the advantages of extreme convenience, and, from only one phial being opened at a time, of preserving the preparation better than when it is exposed to the air by the frequent removal of the cork. They are usually taken from a wine-glass, which they about 2/3rds fill.

In the preparation of draughts the same precautions are observed as are pointed out under MIXTURE; regard being had to the increased volume of the dose. The ingredients of a six-ounce mixture, for example, containing (say) 12 doses, may be equally distributed among a dozen draught phials, after which each may be filled up with distilled water, or any other simple vehicle. In most cases a little syrup may be advantageously added. In many instances no addition will be required, the doses of each form of preparation being the same.

The following are useful formulæ, which will serve as examples for others of the class. The number might be easily multiplied, and, indeed, might be extended so as to include 3/4ths of the whole materia medica; but such a plan would lead to useless repetitions, and occupy much space. See MIXTURE, PRESCRIBING, &c.

=Draught, Abernethy's.= See ABERNETHY MEDICINES and MIXTURE.

=Draught, Ace'tate of Ammo''nia.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS AMMONIÆ ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (St. B. Hosp.) Solution of acetate of ammonia, 4 fl. dr.; water to make 1-1/2 fl. oz.

2. (Dr Paris.) Camphor mixture, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; liquor of acetate of ammonia, 4 fl. dr.; antimonial wine, 20 drops; mix. As a refrigerant and diaphoretic in febrile affections; taken late in the evening.

=Draught, Ac'etate of Potas'sa.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS POTASSÆ ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ (Mid. Hosp.) Acetate of potassa, 30 gr.; bicarbonate of potassa, 20 gr.; peppermint water, 1 fl. oz. Diuretic, antacid, and laxative.

=Draught, Ammoni'acal.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS AMMONIACALIS, H. AMMONIÆ, L. _Prep._ (Brande.) Liquor of ammonia, 20 to 30 drops; compound tincture of cardamoms and tincture of gentian, of each 1/2 fl. dr.; campho-mixture, 1-1/2 fl. oz. An aromatic absorbent and stomachic; in heartburn, acidity, low spirits, &c.

=Draught, An'odyne.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANODYNUS, L. _Prep._ 1. Tincture of opium, 15 drops; pimento water and syrup of poppies, of each 2 dr.; water, 1 fl. oz.

2. (Copland.) Nitre, 6 gr.; laudanum, 12 drops; compound spirit of ether, 1 fl. dr.; syrup of poppies, 2 fl. dr.; camphor mixture, 9 fl. dr.

3. (Ellis.) Tincture of opium, 15 to 25 drops; syrup of poppies, 2 fl. dr.; spirit of cinnamon, 1 fl. dr.; distilled water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.

4. As the above, but substituting a like quantity of solution of either acetate or hydrochlorate of morphia in lieu of the laudanum. All the above are given as soothing draughts to allay pain and produce sleep, especially the last thing at night. No. 4 is to be preferred if there are febrile symptoms present.

=Draught, Antac'id.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTACIDUS, L. _Prep._ 1. Bicarbonate of soda, 20 gr.; tincture of calumba, 3 fl. dr.; tincture of hops, 1 fl. dr.; syrup of orange peel, 2 fl. dr.; water, 6 fl. dr. To improve the appetite in heartburn and dyspepsia; taken 1 hour before a meal.

2. Liquor of ammonia, 16 drops; syrup of saffron, 2 fl. dr.; infusion of gentian, 3 fl. dr.; water, 7 fl. dr. As the last, taken occasionally, especially in debility, low spirits, &c.

3. (Collier.) Compound tincture of cardamoms, 1 fl. dr.; solution of bicarbonate of magnesia (fluid magnesia), 9 fl. dr.; simple syrup, 2 fl. dr. Twice a day; in dyspepsia, heartburn, &c., especially in gouty patients.

4. (A. T. Thomson.) Magnesia, 1 dr.; peppermint water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; tincture of orange peel, 1 fl. dr. In dyspepsia, &c., with acidity or diarrh[oe]a.

5. As No. 1, but using bicarbonate of potassa for bicarbonate of soda. In acidity, diarrh[oe]a, &c., accompanied by great irritability of the coats of the stomach.

6. Prepared chalk, 30 gr.; spirit of nutmeg and tincture of opium, of each 12 to 20 drops; syrup of saffron, 3 dr.; cinnamon water, 1 fl. oz. In acidity, with extreme looseness of the bowels.

=Draught, Anti-arthrit'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTI-ARTHRITICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. Tincture of colchicum seeds (L.), 1/2 fl. dr.; syrup of orange peel, 2-1/2 fl. dr.; water, 1 fl. oz. In gout; taken over-night, followed by another in the morning.

2. (Brande.) Wine of colchicum, 1/2 fl. dr.; carbonate of magnesia, 15 gr.; cinnamon water, 1/2 fl. oz.; water, 1 fl. oz. As the last.

3. (Sir C. Scudamore.) Magnesia, 18 gr.; Epsom salts, 1-1/2 dr.; vinegar of colchicum, 1 fl. dr.; simple syrup, 1 fl. dr.; cinnamon water, 9 fl. dr. As the last.

4. (Sir H. Halford's GOUT PREVENTIVE.) Compound infusion of gentian, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; tincture of rhubarb, 1 fl. dr.; bicarbonate of potassa, 15 gr.

=Draught, Anti-asthmat'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTI-ASTHMATICUS, L. _Prep._ Vinegar of squills, 1/2 fl. dr.; ipecacuanha wine, 15 drops; cinnamon water, 1-1/2 fl. oz. Expectorant. One to be taken three times daily during the attack.

=Draught, Anti-emet'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTI-EMETICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. Juice of 1 lemon; liquor opii sedativus, 10 drops (or laudanum, 15 drops); ether, 20 drops; simple syrup, 2 dr.; water, q. s.

2. (HAUSTUS ANTI-EMETICUS RIVERII,--P. C.) Bicarbonate of potassa, 30 gr.; lemon juice, 4 dr.; syrup of lemon, 1 oz.; water, 3 oz.; mix quickly, and tie down the cork. To check nausea and vomiting. This is best given effervescing.

=Draught, Anti-hyster'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTI-HYSTERICUS, L. _Prep._ Cyanide of potassium, 1 gr.; lettuce water (distilled), 2 fl. oz.; syrup of orange flowers, 1-1/2 oz.; water, 5-1/2 fl. oz.; for 6 draughts. One to be taken when the fit is expected, and a second in half an hour. Should the fit come on, the dose may be repeated at intervals of about 15 minutes until 3 or 4 have been altogether administered. The symptoms, however intense, are generally either at once arrested, or greatly alleviated by this treatment.

=Draught, Antilith'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTI-LITHICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Venables.) Borax, 8 gr.; bicarbonate of soda, 10 gr.; aerated water, 8 fl. oz. For a draught; in red gravel.

2. (Dr Paris.) Carbonate of soda, 12 gr.; tincture of calumba, 1 fl. dr.; infusion of quassia, 1 fl. oz.; water, 3 fl. dr. In dyspepsia and gravel, attended with the lithic-acid diathesis.

=Draught, Anti-neural'gic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTI-NEURALGICUS, H. NARCOTINÆ, L. _Prep._ (Jeston.) Narcotine, 2 gr.; diluted sulphuric acid, 20 drops; infusion of roses, 1-1/2 fl. oz. One every 2 hours in the intermissions of neuralgia.

=Draught, Antisep'tic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTISEPTICUS, L. _Prep._ (Dr Collier.) Decoction of yellow bark, 1 fl. oz.; tincture of opium, 5 drops; spirit of pimento and water, of each 2 fl. dr. In putrid fevers, gangrene, &c.

=Draught, Antispasmod'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ANTISPASMODICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Collier.) Tincture of castor, 1 fl. dr.; sulphuric ether, 10 drops; peppermint water, 11 fl. dr.; mix. In hysteria, and that species of irregular muscular action dependent on debility.

2. (Dr Gregory.) Fetid spirit of ammonia, 1/2 to 1 fl. dr.; camphor mixture, 10 fl. dr.; syrup of saffron, 1 fl. dr. In cases complicated with low spirits, debility, &c.

3. (A. T. Thomson.) Musk mixture, 14 fl. dr.; liquor of ammonia, 16 drops; tincture of castor, 1 fl. dr.; syrup of poppies, 1/2 fl. dr.; mix. Three or four times daily, in hysteria and convulsive affections, after the bowels have been well cleared by some aperient.

4. (A. T. Thomson.) Oil of aniseed, 10 drops; magnesia, 20 gr.; tincture of senna, 2 fl. dr.; peppermint water, 10 fl. dr.; mix. In flatulence and spasms of the stomach.

=Draught, Ape''rient.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS APERIENS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Paris.) Infusion of senna, 1 fl. oz.; tincture of senna, tincture of jalap, and syrup of senna, of each 1 fl. dr.; tartrate of potassa, 1 dr.; mix.

2. (Ryan.) Epsom salts, 4 dr.; tincture of senna, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; syrup of ginger, 1 fl. dr.; spirit of sal-volatile, 20 drops; infusion of senna, 1-1/2 fl. oz.

3. (Thomson.) Tartrate of potassa, 3 dr.; tincture of senna and syrup of saffron, of each 1 dr.; infusion of senna, 1-1/2 oz. The above are good aperients, and in their composition and action resemble the ordinary "black draught."

4. (EFFERVESCING A. D.)--_a._ (Dr Barker.) Bisulphate of potassa, 73 grs.; carbonate of soda, 72 gr.; water, q. s.; dissolve the two in separate glasses, mix the solutions, and drink whilst effervescing, in the same way as soda water.

_b._ (W. Cooley.) Bicarbonate of soda, 1 dr.; potassio-tartrate of soda, 2 drs.; dissolve in about 1-3rd of a glassful of cold water; and pour it on another like quantity of water, holding in solution tartaric acid, 40 grs., and syrup of orange peel, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; and drink it instantly.

_c._ (Paris.) Potassio-tartrate of soda, 2 dr.; bicarbonate of soda, 40 grs.; dissolve, and add lemon juice, 1 or 2 tablespoonfuls.

_d._ (Young.) Cream of tartar, 3 dr.; carbonate of soda, 2-1/2 dr.; throw them into a soda-water bottle three parts filled with cold water, cork immediately, and wire down the cork. The last three are examples of FACTITIOUS EFFERVESCING SEIDLITZ WATER, and are good saline aperients. The method of taking them may be varied by mixing the dry ingredients (in fine powder) on a piece of paper, and throwing the mixture suddenly into a tumbler 2-3rds filled with water, and drinking the liquid whilst effervescing. See CATHARTIC D. (_below._)

=Draught, Ap'petite.= See DRAUGHT, DINNER.

=Draught, Aromat'ic.= _Syn._ AROMATIC ANTACID, DRAUGHT; HAUSTUS AROMATICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. Aromatic confection, 1 dr.; spirit of sal-volatile, 1/2 dr.; syrup of saffron, 2 drs.; pimento water, 9 fl. dr. Excellent in dyspepsia, with acidity, and in diarrh[oe]a, preceded by an aperient.

2. (H. AROM. CUM RHEO.--St. B. Hosp.) Aromatic confection, 1 dr.; infusion of rhubarb and cinnamon water, of each, 6 fl. dr. In diarrh[oe]a and dyspepsia, especially when there is acidity and deficiency of bile.

=Draught, Astrin''gent.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ASTRINGENS, L. _Prep._ 1. Tannin, 3 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 fl. dr.; simple syrup, 2 fl. dr.; water, 6 fl. dr.

2. (Dr Paris.) Chalk mixture, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; tincture of catechu, 1 fl. dr.; laudanum, 15 drops.

3. (Thomson.) Extract of logwood, 12 gr.; tincture of catechu, 1 fl. dr.; cinnamon water, 15 fl. dr. The above are excellent remedies in diarrh[oe]a (preceded by a purgative), and in dysentery, &c. One may be taken after each motion.

=Draught, Black.= See MIXTURE.

=Draught, Cam'phor.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS CAMPHORÆ, L. _Prep._ (Guy's Hosp.) Camphor, 6 gr.; rectified spirit, q. s. to powder; white sugar, 1 dr.; mucilage, 3 dr.; water, 1-1/2 fl. oz. Anodyne and diaphoretic, &c.

=Draught, Cas'tor Oil.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS OLEI RICINI, L. _Prep._ (Guy's Hosp.) Castor oil, 4 dr.; yelk of egg, q. s. (2 in no.); simple syrup, 1 fl. dr.; cassia or cinnamon water, 1 fl. oz. Aperient.

=Draught, Cathar'tic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS CATHARTICUS, L. The following are given as additions to those under APERIENT D., and other heads:--_Prep._ 1. (Dr Thomson.) Tartrate of potassa, 5 dr.; tincture of senna, 1 fl. dr.; infusion of senna, 14-1/2 fl. dr.; syrup of saffron, 1/2 fl. dr.; mix. In acute diseases, taken early in the morning.

2. (Thomson.) Epsom salts and manna, of each 2 dr.; infusion of roses, 14 fl. dr.; dilute sulphuric acid, 10 drops. In inflammatory affections, and to check vomiting in low fevers.

3. (Thomson.) Carbonate of magnesia, 1 dr.; powdered rhubarb, 20 gr.; peppermint water, 12 fl. dr. In dyspepsia, attended with costiveness and acidity, taken an hour before dinner.

4. (Thomson.) Castor oil, 5 fl. dr.; powdered gum, 20 gr.; rose water, 1 fl. oz.; compound tincture of lavender, 8 drops; syrup of poppies, 1 fl. dr. In colic and calculus. The above differ from aperient draughts simply in their greater strength.

=Draught, Chalk.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS CRETÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Powdered gum, chalk, and simple syrup, of each 1 dr.; aromatic water (as that of caraway, cinnamon, nutmeg, pimento, or peppermint), 1-1/2 fl. oz.

2. CHALYBEATED C. D.; HAUSTUS CRETÆ ET FERRI, L.--Paris.) Chalk mixture, 7 fl. dr.; compound mixture of iron, 3 fl. dr.; sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 5 or 6 gr. In diarrh[oe]a, particularly in that arising from debility and anæmia.

3. (C. D. WITH RHUBARB; HAUSTUS CRETÆ CUM RHEO, L.)--_a._ Chalk mixture (see _above_), 1-1/2 fl. oz.; powdered rhubarb, 12 gr.

_b._ (Lond. Hosp.) Powder of chalk with opium, 12 gr.; rhubarb, 15 gr.; syrup of saffron and compound tincture of cardamoms, of each 1 fl. dr.; caraway water, 10 fl. dr. In heartburn, dyspepsia, and certain forms of diarrh[oe]a.

=Draught, Chlo''rine.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS CHLORINII, L. _Prep._ (Copland.) Chlorine water, 1/2 fl. dr.; water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; mix, and add of syrup of poppies, 1/2 fl. dr. One every 6 hours; in the worst form of typhus fever, and other putrid diseases, &c.

=Draught, Cit'rate of Ammo''nia.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS AMMONIÆ CITRATIS, H. A. SESQUICARBONATIS EFFERVESCENS, L. _Prep._ (Guy's Hosp.) Sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 20 gr.; water, 1 fl. oz.; dissolve, and add of lemon juice, 1/2 fl. oz. An agreeable, cooling, saline draught in febrile cases.

=Draught, Cit'rate of Potas'sa.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS POTASSÆ CITRATIS, L. _Prep._ From carbonate of potassa, 24 gr. (or bicarbonate, 29 gr.); water, 1 fl. oz.; dissolve, and add of lemon juice, 5 fl. dr. As the last. 20 gr. of citric acid may be used instead of the lemon juice.

=Draught, Col'chicum.= See DRAUGHT ANTI-ARTHRITIC.

=Draught, Copai'ba.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS COPAIBÆ, L. _Prep._ (St. B. Hosp.) Balsam of copaiba, 1/2 fl. dr.; mucilage (thick), 4 fl. dr.; pimento water, 3 fl. dr.; water, 5 fl. dr. In gonorrh[oe]a, &c.

=Draught, Cough.= See MIXTURE.

=Draught, Diaphoret'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS DIAPHORETICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Collier.) Infusion of serpentary, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; tincture of serpentary, 1 fl. dr. Tonic and diaphoretic.

2. (Thomson.) Sesquicarbonate of potassa, 20 gr.; fresh lemon juice, 4 fl. dr.; tartrate of antimony, 1/6 gr.; water, 11 fl. dr.; syrup of poppies, 1 fl. dr. Antifebrile and diaphoretic.

3. (Thomson.) Liquor of acetate of ammonia, 6 fl. dr.; camphor mixture, 10 fl. dr.; nitrate of potassa, 10 gr.; syrup of tolu, 1/2 fl. oz. Anodyne and diaphoretic. All the above are used in inflammatory affections.

=Draught, Din'ner.= _Syn._ APPETITE DRAUGHT; HAUSTUS DICTUS ANTE CIBUM. _Prep._ 1. Tinctures of cascarilla, hops, and rhubarb, of each 1 fl. dr.; spirit of sal-volatile, 1/2 fl. dr.; tincture of capsicum, 20 drops; syrup of orange peel, 2 dr.; water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.

2. Compound tincture of gentian, 1/2 fl. oz.; sal-volatile, 1/2 a teaspoonful; cinnamon water, 1 fl. oz.; compound tincture of cardamoms, 1 teaspoonful. Either of the above to be taken an hour before a meal.

=Draught, Diuret'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS DIURETICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Collier.) Tincture of jalap, 2 fl. dr.; vinegar of squills, 1 fl. dr.; peppermint water, 10 fl. dr.; mix.

2. (Copland.) Acetate of potassa, 1/2 dr.; infusion of quassia and cinnamon water, of each 6 fl. dr.; vinegar of squills and sweet spirits of nitre, of each 1/2 fl. dr.

3. (Thomson.) Nitre, 8 gr.; tincture of digitalis, 16 drops; infusion of roses, 13 fl. dr.; syrup of roses, 1 fl. dr.

4. (Turner.) Nitre and powdered gum, of each 15 gr.; almond mixture, 1-1/2 fl. oz. The above are used as diuretics in dropsy; the last, also in scurvy, and in the incontinence of urine of children.

=Draught, Donovan's.= _Syn._ DRAUGHT OF HYDRIODATE OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY; HAUSTUS HYDRIODATIS ARSENICI ET HYDRARGYRI, L. _Prep._ (Donovan.) Liquor of hydriodate of arsenic and mercury (Donovan's), 2 fl. dr.; distilled water, 3-1/2 fl. oz.; syrup of ginger, 1/2 fl. oz.; mix for 4 draughts. One, night and morning; in lepra, lupus, psoriasis, and some other obstinate cutaneous affections. It must not be allowed to touch anything metallic.

=Draught, Efferves'cing.= _Prep._ (Lond. Hosp.) Sesquicarbonate of soda, 30 gr.; water, or peppermint water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; syrup of orange peel, 2 fl. dr.; tincture of calumba, 1/2 fl. dr.; tartaric or citric acid, 25 gr.; add the acid last, and drink whilst effervescing. Stomachic, tonic, and anti-emetic; in acidity, dyspepsia, &c. (See _antè_.)

=Draught, Emet'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS EMETICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. Sulphate of zinc, 15 gr. to 30 gr.; water, 9 fl. dr.; dissolve. In cases of poisoning, and at the commencement of an attack of ague.

2. (Copland.) Ipecacuanha, 30 gr.; sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 20 gr.; tincture of capsicum, 30 drops; oil of chamomile, 10 drops; mint water, 2 fl. oz. As a stimulant emetic in cases of poisoning by laudanum or other narcotics.

3. (Guy's Hosp.) Antimonial wine, 2 fl. dr.; ipecacuanha wine, 6 fl. dr.; water, 4 fl. dr. For unloading the stomach in ordinary cases.

4. (Mid. Hosp.) Tartar emetic, 1 gr.; ipecacuanha, 20 gr.; syrup, 2 fl. dr.; water, 10 fl. dr. As the last.

5. (Dr Pickford.) Sulphate of zinc, 20 gr.; sulphate of magnesia, 4 dr.; water, 1-3/4 oz. When it is also desired to act rapidly on the bowels.

6. (Rodier.) Sulphate of copper, 10 gr.; water, 2 fl. oz. In poisoning by laudanum.

7. (Sprague.) Ipecacuanha, 30 gr.; sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 20 gr.; tincture of capsicum, 1 fl. dr.; peppermint water, 3 fl. oz. In poisoning by narcotics.

8. (A. T. Thomson.) Ipecacuanha, 20 gr,; ipecacuanha wine, 2 fl. dr.; water, 10 fl. dr. For unloading the stomach, in ordinary cases.

9. (Trousseau.) Ipecacuanha, 8 gr.; syrup of ipecacuanha, 1 fl. oz.; water, q. s. for 4 draughts. One every 10 minutes, until vomiting occurs.

=Draught, E'ther.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS ÆTHEREUS, L. _Prep._ (Neligan.) Sulphuric ether, 1 fl. dr.; spermaceti, 3 gr.; rub together (expertly), and add of peppermint water, 10 fl. dr. An excellent stimulant and antispasmodic, febrile symptoms being absent.

=Draught, Expec'torant.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS EXPECTORANS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Collier.) Mixtures of ammoniacum and almonds, of each 6 fl. dr.; tincture of squills, 12 drops. In hoarseness, chronic coughs, &c.

=Draught, Hen'bane.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS HYOSCYAMI, L. _Prep._ 1. Tincture of henbane, 30 to 60 drops; syrup of saffron, 1 fl. dr.; water, 10 fl. dr. Anodyne and soporific. Used to allay nervous excitement, and induce sleep, when laudanum is inadmissible.

2. (HENBANE AND SQUILLS D.; HAUSTUS HYOSCYAMI CUM SCILLÂ, L.--Dr Bree.) Extract of henbane, 3 gr.; tincture of squills, 10 drops; dilute nitric acid, 6 drops; water, 1-1/2 fl. oz. Anodyne and expectorant; in asthmas, chronic coughs, &c.

=Draught, Hydrocyan'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS HYDROCYANICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Donovan.) Cyanide of potassium, 1 gr.; syrup of lemons, 1/2 fl. oz.; distilled water, 7-1/2 fl. oz. For 8 draughts. One for a dose.

2. (Dr S. Dickson.) Medicinal Hydrocyanic acid (L.), 15 drops; liquor of ammonia, 20 drops; syrup of orange flowers (or simple syrup), 3 fl. dr.; water, 8-1/2 fl. oz.; mix, and divide into 6 draughts. One--2 or 3 times a day; in gastrodynia, and all those nameless nervous and hysterical affections arising from excessive irritability, mental anxiety, &c. In a case that came under our notice, in which life was an absolute burden to the patient, relief was afforded by the first draught, and 4 or 5 effected a comparative cure, although almost every other remedy had been tried in vain.

=Draught, Laennec's.= _Syn._ LAENNEC'S CONTRA-STIMULANT DRAUGHT; HAUSTUS CONTRASTIMULANS, L. _Prep._ From tartar emetic, 2 grs.; syrup of poppies, 2 fl. drs.; orange-flower water, 1-1/2 fl. oz. Every two hours in pneumonia, &c.

=Draught, Lax'ative.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS LAXANS, L. _Prep._ 1. See DRAUGHTS, APERIENT.

2. (Dr Copeland.) Infusion of senna and compound infusion of gentian, of each 6 fl. dr.; sulphate of potassa, 20 to 30 gr.; extract of taraxacum, 30 to 40 gr.; compound tincture of cardamoms, 1-1/2 fl. dr. Aperient, stomachic, and alterative.

=Draught, Mor'phia.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS MORPHIÆ, L. _Prep._ (Brera.) Morphia, 1/4 gr.; syrup of poppies, 1 fl. dr.; water, 11 fl. dr. Two or three drops of acetic acid may be advantageously added. At bed-time, as a soporific.

=Draught, Narcot'ic.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS NARCOTICUS, H. OPIATUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (St. B. Hosp.) Laudanum, 12 to 20 drops; syrup of red poppies, 1 fl. dr.; pimento water, 3 fl. dr; water, 1 fl. oz. To induce sleep in slight cases, when fever is absent.

2. (A. T. Thomson.) Camphor mixture, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; laudanum, 35 drops; sulphuric ether and syrup of saffron, of each 1 fl. dr. In intermittent headache.

3. (Thomson.) Carbonate of ammonia, 15 gr.; fresh lemon juice, 1/2 fl. oz.; water, 1 fl. oz.; spirit of nutmeg, 1 fl. dr.; syrup of orange peel, 1/2 fl. dr.; tincture of hemlock, 10 drops. In diseases of increased irritability.

4. (Thomson.) Carbonate of potassa, 20 gr.; fresh lemon juice, 1/2 fl. oz.; peppermint water, 1 fl. oz.; laudanum, 25 drops; syrup of tolu, 1/2 fl. dr. To procure sleep in the majority of diseases. (See _above_.)

=Draught, Nux Vom'ica.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS NUCIS VOMICÆ, L. _Prep._ (Dr Joy.) Nux vomica (in fine powder), 3 gr.; powdered gum, 2 dr; compound tincture of cardamoms, 1 fl. dr.; cinnamon water, 10 fl. dr. Diuretic, narcotic, stimulant, and tonic; in paralysis, impotence, debility, &c., unaccompanied by inflammation of the nervous centres. See STRYCHNINE.

=Draught, Refri''gerant.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS REFRIGERANS, L. _Prep._ 1. Carbonate of potassa, 20 grs.; syrup of orange peel, 1 fl. dr.; spirit of nutmeg, 1/2 fl. dr.; water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.

2. (Thomson.) Nitre, 12 gr.; almond mixture, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; syrup of tolu, 1 fl. oz.

3. (Collier.) Carbonate of potassa, 20 gr.; antimonial wine, 20 drops; syrup of orange peel, 1 fl. dr.; tincture of orange peel, 1/2 fl. dr.; water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; mix, and add a large table-spoonful of lemon juice. In inflammatory diseases, &c.

=Draught, Saline'.= See DRAUGHT, EFFERVESCING, &c.

=Draught, Stomach'ic.= See DRAUGHT, DINNER, &c.

=Draught, Ton'ic.= _Syn._ STRENGTHENING DRAUGHT; HAUSTUS TONICUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Collier.) Disulphate of quinine, 2 gr.; tincture of orange peel, 1 fl. dr.; diluted sulphuric acid, 5 drops; laudanum, 10 drops; infusion of cascarilla, 1-1/2 fl, oz. In pyrosis, &c., 1 hour before dinner.

2. (A. T. Thomson.) Infusion of yellow bark, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; compound tincture of cinchona, 1 fl. dr.; powdered cinchona, 40 gr.; syrup of orange peel, 1 fl. dr. In intermittents and acute rheumatisms.

3. (Thomson.) Infusion of cascarilla, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; tincture of cascarilla and ginger, of each 1 fl. dr. In dyspepsia, arising from intemperance.

4. (Walton.) Infusion of cascarilla, 9 fl. dr.; tinctures of rhubarb and ginger, of each 1 fl. dr.; syrup of saffron, 1/2 fl. dr.; ammonio-citrate of iron, 6 gr.; tincture of capsicum, 5 drops. In anæmia, and debility accompanied by paleness and relaxation.

=Draught, Ver'mifuge.= _Syn._ HAUSTUS VERMIFUGUS, H. ANTHELMINTHICUS, L. _Prep._ (M. Levacher.) Castor oil, 4 dr.; oil of turpentine, 2 dr.; mint water, 2 fl. oz.; syrup, 1 fl. oz.; powdered gum, 2 dr.; for an emulsion. In tapeworm.

=DRAW'INGS.= Chalk and pencil drawings may be fixed so as not to suffer from slight abrasion, by washing them with skimmed milk, or with water holding in solution a little isinglass or gum. When the first is used, great care must be taken to deprive it of the whole of the cream, as the latter substance would cause the drawing to look streaky. An easy way of applying these fluids is to pour them into a shallow vessel, and to lay the drawing flat upon the surface of the liquid; after which it should be gently removed and placed on white blotting paper, in an inclined position, to drain and dry.

=DRENCHES.= _Syn._ DRINKS. In _veterinary practice_, these terms are applied to liquid medicines or mixtures which are administered to horses and neat cattle, and chiefly to the latter. A drench for a HORSE should not be less than half a pint, nor more than a quart; about a pint is, perhaps, the best quantity; that for a COW or OX should measure about a quart, and not more than about 5 half pints. See VETERINARY MEDICINE.

=DRES'SING.= In the _industrial arts_, a preparation of gum, starch, size, &c., employed in stiffening or "finishing off" textile fabrics and paper. In _surgery_, the term is appropriated to any application to a wound or sore, made by means of lint, linen, or leather. SIMPLE DRESSING is simple cerate or spermaceti cerate. Among _cooks_, the stuffing of fowls, pork, veal, &c., is commonly called 'dressing.'

=DRIERS.= Driers are substances employed to facilitate the drying of paints. The driers most commonly employed are sugar of lead, litharge, and white copperas. Either of these when well ground, and mixed in small proportion with paints, very materially hastens their drying. Indeed, some colours will not dry without them. Red lead is also well adapted for a drying agent, and in cases where its colour does not preclude it, is much used. The best drier is sugar of lead. Its cost, however, is somewhat higher than that of the other driers. It is important to bear in mind that in the finishing coats of delicate colours driers are not generally had recourse to, as they have a slight tendency to injure the colour. A drying property may be imparted to linseed oil by boiling it with drying substances; it then becomes a very useful vehicle for some purposes. See OILS, DRYING.

=DRIFFIELD OILS.=--For the prevention of gangrene and for healing incised and other wounds, bruises, sprains, swellings, and external inflammations. A dusky brownish-green clear oil, consisting of olive oil, digested with wormwood, savin, and arnica, and afterwards perfumed with a mixture of oils of rosemary, thyme, and juniper, 1 pint (474 grammes). (Hager.)

=DRINKS (Summer).= See BEER, GINGER, LEMONADE, SHERBET, &c.

=DRINK, CORDIAL= (Dr Cherwy). A herbal lemonade to heal all chronic and scrofulous diseases. It contains 115 grammes water, 15 grammes spirit, 2 grammes potassium iodide, 5 grammes bitter almond water, 10 grammes sugar, and 3 grammes burnt sugar. (Hager.)

=DRIPPING TO CLARIFY.= Put the dripping into a stewpan over the fire, and let it boil, and as it does so, skim it carefully. When it boils pour it into a basin, in which you have previously put a little cold water. It must stand till cold. It is then to be taken out of the water. The dripping will now be in the form of a cake, at the bottom of which will be found adhering little pieces of meat, skin, &c. These must be scraped off, and the dripping will have been purified. Another method is to mix boiling water with the dripping, to stir well, let it get cold, and then to take it out and scrape it as above.

=DROP.= See MEASURES.

=DROPS, CHOLERA--CHOLERATROPFEN= (A. Bastler, Vienna). Oils of anise, cajeput, and juniper berries, of each 20 parts; spirit of ether, 60 parts; tincture of cinnamon, 120 parts; Haller's acid elixir, 5 parts.--_Dose_, 30 to 50 drops. (Wittstein.)

=DROPS (Confectionery).= These are confections of which the principal basis is sugar. They differ from lozenges chiefly in the ingredients being combined by the aid of heat. Occasionally they are medicated.

_Prep._ Double refined sugar is reduced to powder, and passed through a hair sieve (not too fine), and afterwards through a gauze sieve, to take out the fine dust, which would destroy the beauty of the drop. It is then put into a clean pan, and moistened with any favorite aromatic, as rose or orange-flower water, added slowly, stirring it with a paddle all the time, from which the sugar will fall as soon as it is moist enough, without sticking. The colouring (if any) is next added, in the liquid state, or in very fine powder. A small, polished copper, or tinned-copper pan, furnished with a lip, is now one half or three parts filled with the paste, and placed over the fire, or over the hole of a stove, or preferably on a sand bath, and the mixture stirred with a little bone or glass spatula until it becomes liquid. As soon as it almost boils, it is taken from the fire, and if it is too moist, a little more powdered sugar is added, and the whole stirred, until it is of such a consistence as to run without too much extension. A tin plate, very clean and smooth, and very slightly oiled, being now ready, the pan is taken in the left hand, and a bit of bright iron, copper, or silver wire, about 4 inches long, in the right. The melted sugar is next allowed to fall regularly on the tin plate, the wire being used to remove the drop from the lip of the pan. In two or three hours afterwards the drops are taken off with the blade of a knife, and are at once put into bottles or tins. On the large scale, 'confectionery drops' are moulded by a machine consisting essentially of two metal rollers covered with hollows. A sheet of the warm and soft composition, on being passed between the rollers, is at once converted into a batch of symmetrical drops, the upper and lower halves being moulded by the corresponding hollows of the upper and lower rollers. See CANDYING, CONFECTION, ESSENCE, STAINS (Confectioner's), SUGAR PLUMS.

The following are a few of the principal confectionery drops kept in the shops:--

=Drops, Acid'ulated.= _Syn._ ACID DROPS. _Prep._ Tartaric acid, 1/2 oz., dissolved in a very little water, is added to each lb. of sugar, as above; with essence of lemon, orange, or jargonelle pear, to flavour, as desired.

=Drops, Chocolate.= _Prep._ Chocolate, 1 oz., is reduced to fine powder by scraping, and added to powdered white sugar, 1 lb.; when the mixture is made into drops, as above, care being taken to avoid heating it a second time.

=Drops, Cof'fee.= _Prep._ A clarified, concentrated infusion of coffee, 1 oz., is used for each lb. of sugar.

=Drops, Fruit.= These are prepared according to the general description. (See _above_.) The flavouring essences (volatile oils or essences of lemon, orange, citron, raspberry, jargonelle pear, &c.) not being added until the sugar is melted, to avoid, as much as possible, loss by evaporation. The colouring matter may be any of the transparent 'stains' usually employed for cakes, jellies, and confectionery. In this way are made the majority of the first-class fruit drops and bon-bons of the sugar-bakers. In some cases the plan is varied by adding the clarified concentrated juice, or jelly of the fruit to the sugar. One variety of raspberry and currant (red and black) drops are made in this way.

=Drops, Ginger.= _Prep._ From essence or tincture of ginger, as above. An inferior kind is made in the way described under CANDY, GINGER.

=Drops, Jargonelle'.= Fruit drops flavoured with essence of jargonelle pear (SOLUTION OF ACETATE of AMYLE).

=Drops, Lem'on.= Acidulated drops flavoured with essence of lemon. They are usually stained with an infusion of turmeric. (See _above_.)

=Drops, Pep'permint.= From the whitest refined sugar, flavoured with English oil of peppermint or its spirituous solution (essence of peppermint), or with peppermint water.

=Drops, Rasp'berry.= See DROPS, FRUIT (_above._)

=Drops (Med'icated).= _Syn._ GUTTÆ, L. This term is commonly applied to compound medicines that are only taken in small doses. At the present time they are almost exclusively confined to empirical and domestic medicine. The plan of directing liquids to be measured by dropping is objectionable, because the drops of different fluids vary in size, and are also further influenced by the size of the bottle and the shape of its neck, as well as the quantity of liquid it is poured from. See ESSENCE, and _below_.

=Drops, Acoust'ic.= _Syn._ ACOUSTIC BALSAM; GUTTÆ ACOUSTICÆ, BALSAMUM ACOUSTICUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Oil of almonds, 1 oz.; laudanum and oil of turpentine, of each 1 dr.; mix. For hardened wax, and to allay pain.

2. Tinctures of benzoin, castor, and opium, of each, 1 fl. oz.; essential oil of assaf[oe]tida, 5 drops. As the last, and in deafness arising from debility of the organism.

3. (Baumé's.) Tinctures of ambergris, assaf[oe]tida, castor, and opium, of each, 1 oz.; terebinthinated balsam of sulphur and oil of rue, of each, 15 drops. In atonic deafness.

4. (Bouchardat.) Compound spirit of balm, 2-1/2 dr.; oil of almonds, 5 dr.; ox-gall, 10 dr.; cresote, 10 or 20 drops. In cases complicated with hardened wax, fetid discharges, &c.

5. (Dr Hugh Smith.) Ox-gall, 3 dr.; balsam of Peru, 1 dr. In fetid ulcerations of the ear. One or two drops of the above are poured into the ear; or a piece of cotton wool moistened therewith is introduced instead. The last is the safest plan.

6. Glycerin, either alone or diluted with water. In deficiency of the natural secretions of the ear; used in sufficient quantity to moisten the first passages. See DEAFNESS, GLYCERIN.

=Drops, A'gue.= _Prep._ White arsenic, 1/2 gr.; hot water, 1 oz.; dissolve.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful, twice a day. See SOLUTION (Arsenite of Potassa).

=Drops, An'odyne.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ANODYNÆ, L. The solutions of acetate and hydrochlorate of morphia are commonly vended in the shops under this name.

=Drops, Ant'acid.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ANTACIDÆ, L. _Prep._ (U. C. Hosp.) Liquor of potassa, 3 fl. oz,; powdered myrrh, 1 oz.; triturate together until thoroughly incorporated, add of liquor of ammonia, 1 fl. oz., mix well, place the mixture in a stoppered bottle, and the next day decant the clear portion. Antacid, tonic, and stomachic.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 drops, or more, in water.

=Drops, Antihyster'ic.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ANTIHYSTERICÆ, L. _Prep._ Cyanide of potassium, 2 gr.; rectified spirit, 5 fl. dr.; syrup of orange flowers, 3 fl. dr.--_Dose_, 10 drops to 1/2 teaspoonful, when the attack is expected, and repeated occasionally as required; in hysterical affections, gastrodynia, &c.

=Drops, Antiscorbu'tic.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ANTISCORBUTICÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Expressed juice of water-cress, 2 fl. oz.; salt of tartar, 1 oz.; agitate together occasionally for a few hours, and in 2 or 3 days decant.--_Dose_, 12 or 15 drops, to a teaspoonful, twice a day, in a cupful of new milk.

2. Citrate of potassa, 4 dr.; ammonio-citrate of iron, 2 dr.; water, 10 fl. dr.--_Dose._ As the last, in water.

3. (GREEN'S ANTISCORBUTIC DROPS.) Merely a disguised solution of corrosive sublimate. Most of the other 'antiscorbutic' and 'anti-venereal drops' advertised by quacks have a like composition.

=Drops, Antiscrof'ulous.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ANTISCROFULOSÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Iodine, 10 gr.; iodide of potassium, 1 dr.; water, 1 fl. oz.

2. (Augustin.) Chlorides of iron and barium, of each, 1/2 dr.; distilled water, 1 fl. oz.--_Dose_, 10 to 30 drops, 2 or 3 times a day.

=Drops, Antispasmod'ic.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ANTISPASMODICÆ, L. _Prep._ Tinctures of castor, valerian, and assaf[oe]tida, of each, 2 dr.; tincture of capsicum and balsam of Peru, of each, 1 dr.; camphor, 20 gr.; acetate of morphia, 3 gr.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 drops, as required.

=Drops, Bateman's.= See DROPS, PECTORAL.

=Drops, Battley's.= See LIQUOR OPII SEDATIVUS.

=Drops, Bitter.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ AMARÆ, L.; GOUTTES AMÈRES, Fr. _Prep._ From nux vomica (rasped), 1 lb.; liquor of potassa, 1/2 fl. oz.; bistre, 1 dr.; compound spirit of wormwood, 32 fl. oz.; digest 10 days, express the tincture, and filter. A most unscientific preparation; said to be tonic and stomachic.--_Dose_, 1 to 8 drops in water or any bitter infusion. In large doses it is poisonous.

=Drop, Black.= _Syn._ ARMSTRONG'S BLACK DROP, LANCASTER'S B. D., QUAKER'S B. D., TOUSTALL'S B. D., BRAITHWAITE'S GENUINE B. D.; GUTTA NIGRA, L. This celebrated preparation was originally prepared nearly a century and a half ago by Edward Toustall, a medical practitioner in the county of Durham, and one of the Society of Friends. The formula passing into the possession of a relative of his (John Walton, of Shildon), was found among his brother's papers, and, by the permission of Thomas Richardson, of Bishop's Wearmouth, one of his executors, was handed to Dr Armstrong, who subsequently published it in his work on typhus fever.

_Prep._ 1. (Original formula.) Opium (sliced), 1/2 lb.; good verjuice, 3 pints; nutmegs, 1-1/2 oz.; saffron, 1/2 oz.; boil them to a proper thickness; then add, of sugar, 1/4 lb., and yeast, 2 teaspoonfuls. Set the whole in a warm place, near the fire, for 6 or 8 weeks, then place it in the open air until it becomes of the consistence of a syrup; lastly, decant, filter, and bottle it up, adding a little sugar to each bottle. To yield two pints of strained liquor.

2. (ACETUM OPII, L.--U. S.) Opium, 8 oz.; nutmeg, 1-1/2 oz. (both in coarse powder); saffron, 1/2 oz.; distilled vinegar, 24 fl. oz.; digest on a sand bath with a gentle heat for 48 hours, and strain; digest the residuum with an equal quantity of distilled vinegar for 24 hours; then put the whole into a percolator, and return the filtered liquid as it passes until it runs clear; afterwards pour on the material, fresh distilled vinegar until 48 fl. oz. of filtered liquor shall be obtained; in this dissolve sugar, 12 oz., and gently evaporate the whole to 52 fl. oz.

3. (Wholesale.) Opium, 10 oz., and distilled vinegar, 1 quart, are digested together for about a fortnight, and after sufficient repose the clear portion is decanted. This is the form commonly adopted by the wholesale trade in England.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 drops. It is usually considered to be of fully 4 times the strength of laudanum.

=Drops, Carmin'ative.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ CARMINATIVÆ, L. _Prep._ (Radius.) Oil of mace, 1 dr.; nitric ether, 3 dr.--_Dose_, 6 to 10 drops on sugar; in flatulent colic, &c.

=Drops, Cham'omile.= See ESSENCE.

=Drops, Dalby's.= See PATENT MEDICINES (Dalby's Carminative).

=Drops, Durande's.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ÆTHERIS TEREBINTHINATÆ, L. _Prep._ (M. Durande.) Rectified sulphuric acid, 3 parts; oil of turpentine, 1 part.--_Dose_, 20 to 30 drops, or more; in the passing of gall-stones.

=Drops, Dutch.= _Syn._ HAERLEM DROPS, TURPENTINE DROPS; BALSAMUM TEREBINTHINÆ, L. The genuine or imported 'Dutch Drops' is the residuum of the rectification of oil of turpentine. It is also prepared by distilling resin, and collecting the product in different portions. At first a white, then a yellow, and lastly a red oil, comes over. The last is the balsam. The article commonly sold under the name in this country is prepared by one or other of the following formulæ:--

1. Oil of turpentine, tincture of guaiacum, and sweet spirit of nitre, of each 1 oz.; oils of amber and cloves, of each 15 drops.

2. Balsam of sulphur, 1 part; oil of turpentine, 5 parts. This last is the form most generally employed. They are all regarded by those who use them as detergent, diuretic, stimulant, and vulnerary.

=Drops, Female.= _Syn._ EMMENAGOGUE DROPS; GUTTÆ EMMENAGOGÆ, L. _Prep._ (Brande.) Compound tincture of aloes and tincture of valerian, of each, 2 fl. oz.; tincture of sesquichloride of iron, 1 fl. oz.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful in water or chamomile tea; in obstructed menstruation, &c.

=Drops, Fit.= _Syn._ SOOT DROPS; TINCTURA FULIGINIS, GUTTÆ F., L. _Prep._ From wood-soot, 2 oz.; sal-ammoniac, 1 oz.; salt of tartar, 1/2 lb.; soft water, 4 lbs.; digest a week and filter. Reputed antispasmodic, and also useful in scurvy and certain skin diseases.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful or more, occasionally, in water.

=Drops, Golden.= _Syn._ DE LA MOTTE'S G. D.; BESTUCHEFF'S NERVOUS TINCTURE; GUTTÆ AUREÆ, L.; ELIXIR D'OR, GOUTTES D'OR DU GÉNÉRAL LAMOTTE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (Original.) Chloride of iron (obtained by distilling iron pyrites with twice its weight of corrosive sublimate), 3 oz.; alcohol, 7 oz,; expose the mixture in a closely stoppered bottle to the rays of the sun until it becomes decoloured.

2. Chloride of iron, 1 part; alcohol and ether, of each, 3 parts. These drops have the remarkable property of losing their yellow colour in the sun, and recovering it in the shade. They are taken in gout, hypochondriasis, and nervous complaints, in doses of from 10 to 60 drops.

=Drops, Hooping-Cough.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ ANTI-PERTUSSICÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Graves.) Tincture of assaf[oe]tida and compound tincture of camphor, of each 1/2 fl. oz.; compound tincture of bark, 5 fl. oz.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, 2 or 3 times a day.

2. (Potestates Succini.) Oil of amber, 1 oz.; carbonate (not sesquicarb.) of ammonia, 1/2 oz.; strongest rectified spirit (alcohol), 1/2 pint; digest 3 or 4 days, and decant the clear portion.--_Dose_, 10 drops to 1 dr., applied as a friction.

=Drops, Infantile.= Several anodyne, carminative, and absorbent preparations, which pass by this name, will be found under MIXTURES, &c.

=Drops, Jes'uits'.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ANTIVENEREUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Gum guaiacum, 7 oz.; balsam of Peru, 4 dr.; root of sarsaparilla, 5 oz.; rectified spirit of wine, 1 quart; digest for 14 days.

2. (Quincy.) Copaiba, 1 oz.; gum guaiacum, 2 dr.; oil of sassafras, 1 dr.; salt of tartar, 1/2 dr.; rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz.; digest a week.

3. (Walker's.) Copaiba, 6 oz.; gum guaiacum, 1 oz.; chio turpentine and salt of tartar, of each, 1/2 oz.; cochineal, 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 1 quart; digest a week. See COMP. TINCTURE OF BENZOIN.

=Drops, K[oe]chlin's.= _Prep._ (Augustin.) Solution of ammonio-chloride of copper and mercury, 1 fl. dr.; water, 10 fl. dr. In obstinate venereal affections, scrofula, &c.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful after each meal.

=Drops, Lav'ender.= _Syn._ RED DROPS; GUTTÆ LAVENDULÆ, L. The same as compound tincture of lavender.

=Drops, Life.= _Syn._ SALMON'S DROPS OF LIFE; GUTTÆ VITÆ, L. _Prep._ Tincture of castor, 8 fl. oz.; antimonial wine and water, of each 1 lb.; opium, 3 oz.; saffron, 1/2 oz.; cochineal, camphor, and nutmegs, of each 2 dr.; digest for 10 days and filter. Anodyne and diaphoretic.--_Dose_, 20 to 60 drops.

=Drops, Mercu''rial.= _Syn._ GUTTÆ HYDRARGYRI BICHLORIDI, L. _Prep._ 1. Bichloride of mercury, 2 gr.; hydrochloric acid, 3 drops; rectified spirit and distilled water, of each, 1/2 fl. oz.--_Dose_, 12 to 20 drops.

2. Bichloride of mercury, 2 gr.; sal-ammoniac, 3 gr.; compound decoction of sarsaparilla, 2 fl. oz.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful.

3. (Sir A. Cooper.) Corrosive sublimate, 1 gr.; dilute hydrochloric acid, 1/2 dr.; dissolve, and add tincture of bark, 2 fl. oz.--_Dose._ As the last. They are all taken 2 or 3 times daily, as alteratives in scrofula, syphilis, cancer, &c. It should not be measured in a metal spoon.

=Drops, Norris's.= An aqueous solution of tartar emetic, mixed with spirit of wine, and coloured.

=Drops, Odontal'gic.= _Syn._ TOOTH-ACHE DROPS; GUTTÆ ODONTALGICÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Blake.) Alum (in fine powder), 1 dr.; sweet spirit of nitre, 7 fl. dr.; agitate together occasionally for an hour.

2. (Dr Copland.) Powdered opium and camphor, of each 10 gr.; oils of cloves and cajeput, of each 1 dr.; highly rectified spirit and sulphuric ether, of each 1/2 fl. oz.

3. (Cottereau.) A saturated ethereal solution of camphor, to which a few drops of liquor of ammonia is added.

4. (Dr R. E. Griffith.) Wine of opium, Hoffman's anodyne, and oil of peppermint, equal parts. Used as a friction on the cheek or gum, as well as applied to the teeth.

5. (Perry's.) A concentrated ethereal tincture of camphor and pellitory.

6. (Righini.) Creosote, 6 dr.; rectified spirit, 4 dr.; tincture of cochineal, 2 dr.; oil of peppermint, 1/2 dr.

7. Camphor, 2 dr.; rectified spirit, 1 oz.