Chapter C: W. HEATON, F.I.C., F.C.S., Lecturer on Chemistry at the (26)

=Bath, Show'er.= _Syn._ IMPLU''VIUM, BAL'NEUM PEN'SILE, &c., L.; DOUCHE, Fr. Similar in its effects to the cold bath or plunge-bath; but without many of its advantages. It is less alarming to nervous persons, and less liable to produce cramp, than immersion in cold water; whilst the reaction or glow follows more speedily and certainly. It is considered the best and safest mode of cold bathing, and is often highly serviceable in nervous affections. A good plan is to allow the water to remain in the bedroom all night, by which any undue degree of coldness is removed. Tepid water may be commenced with; and at first, in extreme cases, the patient may stand in hot or warm water at the time of taking the bath. The reaction following its use is greatly promoted by friction of the surface with dry rough towels.

=Bath, Soap.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM SAPO'NIS, L. White soap, 2 to 3 _lbs._; water, 3 _quarts_; dissolve by heat, and add it to a warm bath. Detergent, lubricating, and discutient; in itch and other skin diseases, &c.

=Bath, Spon''ging= (sp[)u]nje'-). This title explains itself. In the sponging bath exercise and ablution are combined, and its employment by persons of sedentary habit is highly advantageous.

=Bath, Sulphur.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM SUL'PHURIS, L. 1. Flowers of sulphur, 1/2 to 1 _lb._; water, a pailful; mix, agitate occasionally for 12 to 24 hours, and then add the whole to an ordinary bath. Useful in various mild, but obstinate, skin diseases. Its occasional employment, even in health, seldom fails to render the skin soft, smooth, and delicate. Soap may be used with it.

2. (Compound; B. S. COMPOS'ITUM, L.)--_a._ (Cutan. Hosp.) Precipitated sulphur, 2 _lbs._; hyposulphite of soda, 1/2 _lb._; water, 1 _gall._; dissolve, and add of sulphuric acid, 1 _dr._ One pint to every 30 _galls._ of water. In various skin diseases (see _below_).

_b._ See BATH, SULPHURETTED.

=Bath, Sul'phurous.= _Syn._ SUL'PHUROUS ACID BATH; BAL'NEUM SULPHURO'SUM, B. SUL'PHURIS[double-dagger], L. From sulphur, 1/2 _oz._, sprinkled on a hot plate placed under or near the patient; the proper precautions being taken as directed under CHLORINE BATH. In itch, lepra, psoriasis, &c. Cleanly, but seldom used, chiefly on account of the number of baths required to prove serviceable. See BATH, SULPHURETTED.

=Bath, Sul'phuretted.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM SULPHURET'UM, B. SULPHURA'TUM, B. SULPHU''REUM, &c., L.; BAIN SULFURÉ, &c., Fr. 1 Sulphurated potash, 1 _oz._; for every 10 or 12 _galls._ of water employed. Sometimes sulphurated soda, or (in the Ger. hosp.) suphurated lime, is the sulphur-salt employed. 1/2 _dr._ of sulphuric acid is also occasionally added to the bath; but this increases its f[oe]tor, without adding much, if anything, to its curative power; whilst, without care, the evolved gas may impede respiration.

2. (Gelatinous; GELAT'INO-SUL'PHUROUS B.; B. S. GELATINO'SUM, L.) Flanders glue, 1-1/2 to 2 _lbs._; dissolved and added to a 'sulphuretted bath.' Recommended, by Dupuytren, as a substitute for the 'Barèges bath.'

_Obs._ The sulphur or sulphuretted bath, under any of its forms, is a powerful remedy in almost every description of skin disease. Leprosy, the most obstinate of all, has been completely cured by it; the common itch requires only one or two applications to eradicate it entirely; all the scurfy and moist skin affections, local irritation, pimples, inflammatory patches, &c., speedily yield to its influence; scrofula, and, indeed, _all_ those affections in which the warm or vapour bath is serviceable, also derive powerful assistance from the sulphur bath.

=Bath, Tem'perate.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM TEMPERA'TUS*, L.

=Bath, Tep'id.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM TEP'IDUM, B. EGEL'IDUM, TEPIDA''RIUM, L.; BAIN TIÈDE &c., Fr. Approaches the warm bath in its hygiènic and medical properties; and is, perhaps the one best adapted for the mere purposes of personal cleanliness. In the spacious public tepid baths of London, swimming may be safely indulged in even in cold weather.

=Bath, Tum'ble.= An obsolete form of the shower bath.

=Bath, Turk'ish.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM TUR'CICUM, L. A hot vapour bath or sweating bath, with massing or shampooing, ending with a warm bath or warm ablutions and friction. The EGYPTIAN, PERSIAN, and RUSSIAN BATHS are essentially similar. In the ANGLO-TURKISH BATH, recently introduced to this country, hot dry air wholly takes the place of vapour. See BATH, AIR (_antè_).

=Bath, Turpentine.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM TEREBINTHINA'TUM, L. _Prep._ (Dr T. Smith.) Camphine (rectified oil of turpentine), 1/4 to 1/2 pint; Scotch soda, 2 lbs.; oil of rosemary, 1/2 dr.; for an adult. It calms the pulse, softens the skin, and renders the perspiration freer.

=Bath, Va'pour.= _Syn._ DEW'-BATH*; BAL'NEUM VA'PORIS, B. RO''RIS[dagger], AS'SA SUDA'TIO, A. VAPORA'TIO, VAPORA''RIUM*, L.; BAIN DE VAPEURS, Fr. The vapour of hot water, either pure or medicated.

The simplest form of vapour bath is, perhaps, produced by placing some wet cloths, or sprinkling a little water on two or three heated bricks, laid under a chair on which the patient is seated; both the patient and whole apparatus being covered with a sheet or blanket, or, better still, a spacious waterproof cloak, to keep in the heated vapour. A large lump of quick-lime, set in a pan or an old iron pot and sprinkled with a little water, or else wrapped up in a thick coarse towel which has been previously soaked in water, may be substituted for the hot bricks; and often advantageously so. The slaking of the lime and the consequent evolution of vapour may be kept up or renewed, when necessary, by sprinkling on a little more water. This forms the "POOR MAN'S VAPOUR BATH" of the French. Dr Serres has suggested, as something apparently original, that a lump of quick-lime, wrapped in a wet cloth and covered with a dry one, be placed on each side of the patient;[118] and the whole being covered up allowed to remain until copious perspiration is established. It must, however, be recollected that by none of these minor contrivances can the temperature of the vapour, and its supply, be regulated, as in a perfect bath, even a portable one, such as is shown in the _engraving_.

[Footnote 118: "In bed" (!), says the Dr; but surely one who could only afford such a bath would find it difficult to obtain a fresh, dry bed; whilst it would be equally improper for him to lie in a wet or damp one.]

The following are the temperatures, &c., of this bath:[119]--

[Footnote 119: The temperatures of baths given here, and previously are those now generally adopted in the profession. See Dr Forbes's 'Cycl. of Prac. Med.,' vol. i, 265; Pereira's 'Mat. Med.,' i, 17; &c.]

-----------------+-----------------------------
|Temperature of Vapour, Fahr.
+-------------+---------------
| Breathed. | Not breathed.
Tepid vapour bath| 90° to 100°| 96° to 106°
Warm " " | 100 " 110 | 106 " 120
Hot " " | 110 " 130 | 120 " 160
-----------------+-------------+---------------

_Uses, &c._ It is one of the most powerful diaphoretics known, and is almost specific in nearly all those cases wherein warm or hot bathing proves advantageous. It is one of the most certain agents existing in cases of chronic rheumatism, contracted muscles and tendons, stiffness of joints, indurations, dysentery, diarrh[oe]a, suppressions, &c. Instances are numerous in which the lame have thrown aside their crutches and the bedridden have again mixed with the world after a few applications of this bath. It is no uncommon thing to hear a patient start and shriek with agony before entering the bath, and to receive his congratulations and thanks on his coming out. They often exclaim--"It is wonderful. I could not have believed it!"[120]

[Footnote 120: Culverwell 'On Baths and Bathing.']

=Bath, Warm.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM CAL'IDUM, B. CALID'ULUM, B. THERMA'LE, THERM'A, &c. L., BAIN THERMAL, B. CHAUD, &c., Fr. A bath at a temperature equal, or nearly equal, to that of the human body.

The sensations attendant upon immersion in a warm bath are most delicious. Its first effect is to increase the circulation of the blood, and to determine it to the skin. After a few minutes an agreeable and universal increase of heat is experienced; the face and head are generally soon bedewed with perspiration; a pleasing and prevailing calm, both mental and physical, follows; and after remaining in it some 12 or 15 minutes the effect is of the most refreshing and happy character.

The idea that the warm bath is relaxing is erroneous. It is only so where persons remain in it too long, or take it too frequently. Nor are those who indulge in it more liable to take cold than others. On the contrary, they are less liable, unless they wilfully expose themselves, insufficiently clad (particularly about the neck and chest), to draughts of cold air.[121]

[Footnote 121: We have been for many years accustomed to take baths at 98° to 100° Fahr., in all weathers and seasons, even during our severest winter, and on leaving the bath have often been engaged, for hours, moving about in the open air, even until midnight, without 'catching cold,' or the slightest inconvenience. However, we do not recommend others to follow our practice without due care.]

As a remedial agent, the warm bath is adapted to general torpor of the system, liver and bowel complaints, hypochondriasis, hysterical affections, morbid suppressions, dryness of the skin, nearly all cutaneous and nervous diseases, chronic rheumatism, &c. As a tonic or stimulant after excessive fatigue, great mental excitement, or physical exertion, it is unequalled, and furnishes one of the most wholesome, and at the same time luxurious sources of refreshment we are acquainted with. "To those who are past the meridian of life, who have dry skins and begin to be emaciated, the warm bath for half an hour, twice a week, I believe to be eminently serviceable in retarding the advances of age." (Darwin.) The healthy longevity of the late Duke of Wellington, after a period of exposure and trials equal to the entire life of many individuals, has been by some, and we think correctly, mainly attributed to the free and constant use of the warm bath. A warm bath frequently gives great relief to infants suffering from griping or flatulence. See BATH (_antè_), &c.

=Bath, Wa'ter.= _Syn._ BAL'NEUM A'QUÆ, B. AQUO'SUM, B. MA''RIÆ, B. MA''RIS, L.; BAINMARIE, Fr. A water bath; in _chemistry_ and _cookery_, applied to a bath of hot or boiling water. See BATH (in _chemistry_), BAINMARIE, &c.

=BATH'ING= (b[=a]thé-). See BATH.

=BATH METAL.= A species of brass having the following composition:--

1. Zinc, 3 _parts_; copper, 16 _parts_; melted together under charcoal.

2. Fine brass, 32 _parts_; spelter, 9 _parts_. See BRASS and ALLOYS.

=BATH PIPE.= See PIPES.

=BATH, VICHY= (ARTIFICIAL). Bicarbonate of soda, 17 _oz._; water, 60 _galls._

=BATHS= and =WASH'HOUSES=. See BATH.

=BATTER.= Ingredients beaten together so as to form a semi-fluid mass. In _cookery_, a semi-fluid paste, which becomes hard in dressing, formed of flour, and milk or water, or a mixture of them, enriched and flavoured with eggs, butter, and (frequently) spices, currants, &c., at will. Used for frying vegetables, fillets, &c., and as a material for fritters and pancakes; also to form puddings, which are either baked alone, or under meat; and to cover various articles during the operation of cooking them. Miss Acton gives the following formulæ:--1. (For the Frying-pan.) Butter, 2 _oz._; boiling water (nearly) 1/4 pint; mix, and stir in, gradually, of cold water, 3/4 pint; when quite smooth, mix it by degrees, very smoothly with fine dry flour, 3/4 _lb._; adding (for fruit) a small pinch of salt (but more for meat or vegetables); just before use, stir in the whites of two eggs (or the white and yelk of one), and fry until light and crisp. In humble cookery the eggs may be omitted.

2. (For Puddings.) Eggs (yelk and white), about 4 in no.; flour, 1/2 _lb._; milk, q. s.

_Obs._ When fruit, &c., are added, the batter must be made thicker than when none is used, to prevent it sinking. When sufficiently dressed it should cut smoothly and not stick to the knife. Eggs increase its firmness.

=BATT'ERY.= In _frictional electricity_, a series of Leyden jars so arranged as to admit of being charged and discharged together. See ELECTRICITY, &c.

=Battery.= In _electro-chemistry_, _galvanism_, &c., a pair, or series of pairs, of 'excited' metallic plates, so arranged as to act in unison, producing an electrical current by chemical decomposition.

=BAUME= (Baumé). See AREOMETER.

=Baume Nerval.= See OINTMENTS.

=BAUXITE.= A ferruginous aluminic hydrate containing 55·4 per cent. of alumina and 44·5 of ferric oxide. It is met with in roundish masses in the crystalline limestone of Baux (hence its name) near Arles, in France. Bauxite is one of the sources of alum.

=BAY.= See SWEET BAY.

=BAY ESSENCE.= BAY RUM. This compound, which is largely employed as a perfume in America, and is one of the articles of the United States' Pharmacop[oe]ia, is, when genuine, imported from the West Indies, where it is said to be prepared by distilling rum, with the leaves of the bayberry tree. More than three fourths, however, of the bay rum consumed is undoubtedly an imitation of the imported essence, and is a mechanical mixture of the volatile oil of the bayberry tree, rum, and spirit; sometimes with the addition of aromatic spices and various colouring matters. The volatile oil from which this last preparation is made is frequently adulterated to a large extent.

Mr Rother, an American chemist, states that in one sample alone he found about fifty per cent. of fixed oil. The imported rum is far superior in point of fragrance to the artificial. When mixed with water the genuine essence remains clear, whilst the imitation almost always becomes turbid or milky.

Mr Rother finds the following formula to yield a satisfactory product, and one much stronger in aroma than the imported perfume:

Oil of bayberry tree 1 fl. oz. and m_{l} xx.
Jamaica rum 1 pint }
Strong alcohol 4 pints } o.m.
Water 3 " }

Mix the rum, alcohol, and water, then add the oil; mix, and filter.

=Bay Rum.= One of the highly valued American head-washes, pleasant in use, cooling and cleansing, and promoting the growth of the hair. It is prepared by distilling rum from the leaves of _Myrica acris_ (called "Bayberry" in America).

=BDEL'LIUM= (d[)e]l'-y[)u]m). The commercial name of two gum-resins:--

=Bdellium, Af'rican.= _Syn._ BDELLIUM, AFRICA'NUM, L. From the _heudola'tia africa'na_ (Guillem.), a terebinthaceous tree, of Senegal.

=Bdellium, In'dian.= _Syn._ IN'DIAN MYRRH, FALSE M.; BDELLIUM (of Scripture); BDELLIUM IN'DICUM, L. From _am'[)y]ris commiph'ora_ (Roxb.), or _balsamoden'dron Roxbur'gii_, a terebinthaceous tree of India.

_Prop., &c._ Once considered slightly deobstruent; sometimes used as a pectoral and emmenagogue, and, externally, as a stimulant and suppurative. It is now seldom met with in this country.

=BDELLOM'ETER= (d[)e]l-). _Syn._ MECHAN'ICAL LEECH; BDELLOM'ETRUM, L.; BDELLOMÈTRE, Fr. In _surgery_, a contrivance combining the principle of the cupping-glass, scarificator, and exhausting-syringe in one small instrument.

=BEACH'S (Dr) Specific against Hemorrhoids and Stomach Complaints of all kinds.= A tin box containing about 160 grammes of a fine sulphur-yellow powder, and imbedded in it a vial with 40 grammes of a brown clear fluid. The powder is a mixture of 7 parts of washed flowers of sulphur, 2-1/2 parts cream of tartar, 1/6 part of an inferior kind of rhubarb, finely powdered. The drops consist of a solution of brown sugar in strong spirit, with traces of various ethers. (Hager.)

=BEAD= (b[=e]de). _Syn._ GLOB'ULUS, SPHÆR'ULA, &c., L.; GRAIN (de collier), &c., Fr.; BETHE, PERLE, &c., Ger. A little ball or spheroid pierced for stringing; any very small globular body[double-dagger]; a bubble ([double-dagger] or tech.). A number of the first mounted on a thread or ribbon form a 'string of beads' or 'chaplet.'

_Materials, Manufac., &c._ Beads are often formed of coral, gems, jet, pearls, porcelain, rock-crystal, &c.; but much more frequently of white and coloured glass. The mode in which these last are produced is as follows:--Glass tubes, appropriately ornamented by colour, reticulation, &c., are drawn out in various sizes, and from 100 to 200 feet in length. These tubes are cut into two-feet lengths, and then, by means of a steel knife, divided into pieces having, as nearly as possible, the same length as diameter. The resulting small fragments or cylinders are next well stirred with a mixture of sand and wood ashes, in order to prevent the closure of the perforations and their adhering together during the subsequent part of the process. They are then placed in a revolving cylinder and gradually heated until they become sufficiently spherical. They are next sifted from the sand and ashes, sorted into sizes, first by means of sieves, and afterwards by hand, and are lastly either put up in weighed parcels or strung by women and children for the market.

The manufacture of coral, gems, jet, and minerals generally, into beads, belongs to the lapidary.

_Uses._ Chiefly to form necklaces, bracelets, and other articles of personal ornament; by milliners to decorate head-dresses, &c.; and for other like purposes. They are also employed among Catholic and Mohammedan nations for devotional purposes; and among savage tribes in lieu of money. They are still sometimes worn as amulets. See BUGLE, CORAL, GLASS, PASTE, PEARLS, &c.

=Beads, Jum'ble= (b[=e]dz). The dried seeds of _a'brus precat[=o]r'ius_ (Linn.) or Jamaica wild liquorice. Hard and indigestible; accounted cephalic and ophthalmic by the vulgar.

=Beads, Lo'vi's.= _Syn._ SPECIF'IC-GRAV'ITY BEADS. Small hollow spheres of glass carefully adjusted and numbered, in sets, intended to supersede the hydrometer in determining the density of fluids. They are used by dropping them into the liquid, in succession, until one is found that exhibits indifference as to buoyancy, and will float under the surface at any point at which it may be placed. The number on this ball indicates, in thousandths, the sp. gr. sought. They are particularly serviceable in the hurry of the commercial laboratory, and have the advantage of being applicable to very small quantities of liquid; but their use, of course, requires the same precautions, and the results obtained the same corrections for deviations from the normal temperature, as with other instruments. See HYDROMETER, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, &c.

=Bead.= _Syn._ BEAD'ING[double-dagger]. In _architecture_, _cabinet-work_, &c., any small moulding or continued projection of which the vertical section is semicircular.

=Bead= (of Liquors). [Tech.] The small bright iridescent bubbles, possessing some slight degree of permanence, which form on the surface of alcoholic liquors of sufficient strength, when agitated. See ALCOHOLOMETRY, PROOF, &c. (also _below_).

=BEAD'ING.= In the _liquor-trade_, anything added to commercial spirits to cause them to carry a 'bead' and to hang in pearly drops about the sides of the glass or bottle when poured out or shaken. The popular notion being that spirit is strong in proportion as it 'beads,' the object is to impart this property to weak spirit, so that it may appear to the eye to be of the proper strength. Various formulæ are current among the 'knowing ones' of the trade, most of which are unscientific, and many of them absolutely ineffective. The following are those now usually employed:--

_Prep._ 1. Oil of sweet almonds and oil of vitriol, of each 1 _oz._; rub them together in a glass, porcelain, or wedgewood-ware mortar or basin, adding, by degrees, of crushed lump-sugar, 1 _oz._; continue the trituration until the mixture becomes pasty, then add, gradually, sufficient rectified spirit (strongest) to render the whole perfectly liquid; pour it into a quart bottle, and wash out the mortar twice, or oftener, with a little fresh spirit, until about 1 pint of rectified spirit has been employed, adding the washings each time to the bottle; lastly, cautiously shake the bottle (loosely corked) until admixture appears complete, and then set it aside in a cool place. For use, this compound (after agitation) is thrown into a two-gallon can or measure, which is then filled, from a tap, with the spirit to be 'beaded,' when the whole is thrown into the cask, and the measure washed out by refilling it and returning it two or three times; after which the contents of the cask are well 'rummaged up,' Gin is usually 'fined' a few hours afterwards; but it is better not to add the 'finings' for two or three days. Other spirits are allowed to become 'fine' by simple repose. According to Mr Hartley, and others, this quantity is "sufficient for 100 _galls._ of any spirit;" but it is more commonly used for a puncheon of 80 to 85 gallons.

2. Oil of vitriol, 2 to 3 _oz._; rectified spirit, (strongest), 1 pint; cautiously agitate them together in a loosely corked quart bottle; in 2 or 3 hours add another pint of rectified spirit, and again agitate. It will be fit for use in a week; as before.

3. Sulphuric ether, 1/2 _lb._; strongest rectified spirit, 1 quart; mix. May be used at once, as before; but if otherwise, should be kept, like the last, closely corked, and in a cool place.

4. Soapwort-root (saponaria officinalis), bruised or rasped small, 1 _lb._; rectified spirit and water, of each 1/2 _gall._; macerate in a corked jar, with occasional agitation, for 8 or 10 days, strain with pressure, and, after a few days' repose, decant the clear portion. Used as before.

_Obs._ The above are not injurious when employed for 'beading,' since the quantity employed is much too small to injure the wholesomeness of the liquor. The fraud consists in their being used to disguise the presence of 10 to 12% of water, which is thus sold at the price of spirit. Beyond a certain degree of dilution they fail, however, to produce the intended effect, the bubbles becoming 'soapy,' and without the requisite permanence. The addition of a little powdered white sugar (1/2 _oz._ to 1-1/2 _oz._ per _gall._) increases the efficacy of all of them. This may be dissolved in the water, if any is added at the time; but its effect on the hydrometer must be recollected. See ALCOHOLOMETRY, GIN, SPIRIT (Management of), &c.

=BEAK'ER= (b[=e]ke'-). _Syn._ BEAK'ER-GLASS. In _chemistry_, a beaked cup or glass, more or less of the tumbler-pattern, used to collect precipitates and to heat liquids in.

=BEAL*= (b[=e]le). _Syn._ BOUTON, PUSTULE, Fr. A pimple or pustule; a small inflamed tumour.

=BEAM= (b[=e]me). See BALANCE, SCALES, &c.

=BEAM'-TREE.= _Syn._ WHITE BEAM-TREE. The '_pyrus aria_' or wild pear. Wood, hard, compact, and tough; used for axle-trees, naves and cogs of wheels, &c.

=BEAN= (b[=e]ne). [Sax., Eng.] _Syn._ FA'BA, L.; FÈVE, Fr.; BOHNE, Ger. The general name of leguminous seeds, as also of the plants which produce them; appr., _fa'ba vulg[=a]r'is_ (Mönch.[122] _v[)i]cia faba_, Linn.) or common GAR'DEN-BEAN, _phase'olus multifl[=o]r'us_ (Willd.) or SCARLET-RUNN'ER,[123] and _ph. vulgaris_ (Sav.), FRENCH BEAN, KID'NEY-B., or HAR'ICOT (-ko),[124] with their varieties, all of which are annuals cultivated in our gardens--the first chiefly for its seeds--the others both for their green pods and ripe seed. The name is also often popularly applied, as an appellative, to the fruit or seeds of other plants which, in size and appearance, resemble common beans, as noticed below.

[Footnote 122: Var. [Greek: b], HORSE'-BEAN (_fa'ba equi'na_, _f. mi'nor_, &c., L.)]

[Footnote 123: Var. [Greek: a], _phase'olus coccin'eus_ (red-flowered); [Greek: b], _ph. albiflor'us_ (white flowered).]

[Footnote 124: Var. [Greek: a], _ph. unic'olor_ (seeds of one colour);--[Greek: b], _ph. fascia'tus_ (seeds striped) or ZE'BRA-STRIPED BEAN;--[Greek: g], _ph. variega'tus_ or SPECK'LED BEAN:--[Greek: d], _ph. na'nus_ or DWARF'-BEAN.]

Those principally cultivated in our gardens are the small LIS'BON, SAND'WICH, SPAN'ISH, TOKAY', WIND'SOR, and MAZ'AGAN (from north Africa), with almost innumerable sub-varieties of each. The exquisite perfume of beans in blossom is referred to by the poet Thomson:--

"Arabia cannot boast a sweeter gale."

Preparations including their fragrant principle are highly prized in modern perfumery.

_Qual., &c._ The pods eaten in the green state, properly dressed, are regarded as antiscorbutic and wholesome; but are apt to produce flatulence, unless combined with spices. In the dried or ripe state they are rather difficult of digestion, and very apt to distend the stomach and intestines with wind. This objection does not exist, to the same extent, to their use in the form of flour or meal. The amount of nutritious nitrogenous matter in beans rather exceeds that in wheat, and independently of a disposition to produce constipation in some habits, and being rather less easy of digestion, they must be considered nearly as wholesome as that cereal. The London millers and bakers use immense quantities of bean flour to adulterate their flour and bread.

This sophisticant may be detected by the appearance it presents under the microscope. The meshes of cellulin are very much larger than those of the fourth coat of wheat, with which it has been sometimes confounded, and the starch grains present a totally different appearance. They are oval or reniform, or with one end slightly larger; they have no well-defined hilum or rings, but many have a deep central longitudinal cleft running in the longer axis, and occupying two thirds or three fourths the length, but never reaching completely to the end; this cleft is sometimes a line, sometimes a chasm, and occasionally secondary clefts abut upon it at parts of its course; sometimes, instead of a cleft, there is an irregular-shaped depression. If a little liquor potassæ be added the cellulin is seen more clearly. If the flour be added to a little boiling water, the smell of bean becomes evident.

Green beans (pods or legumes) are cooked by simply throwing them into boiling water, and simmering them until quite tender, taking the precaution of removing the lid of the saucepan, a 'pinch' of salt of tartar, or a little common salt, being usually added to preserve their green colour. Young and small ones take from 12 to 18 minutes--large or older ones longer. The first are merely 'topped and tailed' with a knife before being dressed; the others require also the 'side strings' to be drawn off, and to be cut obliquely into pieces of a lozenge form, or else to be split lengthwise into strips, and then divided once across. Old ones never boil tender. Windsor beans, and other "shelled beans," take 15 to 30 minutes according to age. These last are sometimes skinned after being dressed. All of them are commonly 'served up,' or eaten, with melted butter. Beans, although rich in nitrogenous, are deficient in carbonaceous constituents; hence it is curious to note how almost invariably they are when eaten combined with some substance rich in carbon. The Hindoo, for instance, mixes lentils with rice and ghee or a form of clarified butter. In Yucatan and throughout the whole of central Africa, where a black bean is extensively used as food, they are well boiled in water, and eaten with pepper, salt, and pork. In this country, beans and bacon always appear at table together, and have done so for centuries. See LEGUMINOSÆ, PULSE, &c. (also _below_).

=Bean, Algaro'ba.= See ALGAROBA.

=Bean, Earth.= American earth-nut.

=Bean, French=; Horse-bean; Kidney-bean; &c. See BEAN (_antè_).

_Composition._ (Einhof.)

|---------------------------------------------|
| | Kidney | Field |
| | beans. | beans. |
|--------------------------|--------|---------|
| Water | 23·0 | 15·6 |
| Albumenoid bodies | 23·6 | 11·7 |
| Starch, sugar, gum, &c. | 44·7 | 58·3 |
| Oil and fat | 0·7 | 2· |
| Husk | 7·0 | 10·0 |
| Salts (ash) | 1·0 | 4·4 |
|--------------------------|--------|---------|
| | 100· | 100· |
|---------------------------------------------|

=Bean, St. Ignatius's.= The poisonous seed of the fruit of _Igna'tia am[=a]r'a_, Linn.; _str[)y]ch'nos Igna'tii_, Berg.; a tree indigenous to the Philippine Islands.--_Prop., Uses, &c._ Similar to those of nux vomica. Contains Strychnine (which _see_).

=BEAR= (bare). _Syn._ UR'SUS, L.; OURS, Fr.; BÄR, Ger.; BERA, Sax. In _zoology_, a Cuvierian genus of the 'plantigrade carnivora,' of several species, found both in the Old and New World. Those generally known under the name are omnivorous or frugivorous. The skin of the American black bear (_ursus America'nus_, Pallas) was formerly highly prized, and fetched an extravagant price. The brown bear (_u. arc'tos_, Linn.) supplies the Kamschatkans, and some other northern races, with many of the necessaries, and even the comforts of life. The fat or grease (BEAR'S GREASE; AD'EPS UR'SI, L.) of all the common species has long been highly esteemed for promoting the growth of the human hair; but apparently without sufficient reason. The mass of that sold under the name in England is simply hog's lard or veal fat, or a mixture of them, variously scented and slightly coloured. The quantity annually consumed in Great Britain, and exported, is estimated at many tons; being a larger quantity than all the bears at present procurable in Europe would supply, if slaughtered and stripped of their fat.

=BEAR'BERRY, Bear's Bil'berry=, &c. See UVA URSI.

=BEAR'S GREASE.= See BEAR (_above_), HAIR COSMETICS, MARROW, POMADES, &c.

=BEARD= (b[=e]erd). [Sax., Eng.] _Syn._ BAR'BA, L.; BARBE, Fr.; BART, Ger., Dan.; BAARD, Dut. The hair of the lips and chin; but appr., only the last--that on each lip being distinguished, in toilet-nomenclature, by a separate name. In popular _botany_ and _zoology_, any beard-like appendage; the 'awn' of corn or grass; the 'gills' or breathing organs of oysters and other bivalves, &c.

=Beard-cultivating Pomade, Royer's= (Royer & Co., Berlin). An ointment of 1 part pulv. cinchon. rub., and 1-1/2 parts of a hair pomade containing wax. (Hager.)

=Beard-cultivating Tincture= (Bergmann, Rochlitz). A spirituous extract of some agreeable bark, mixed with a little oil of rosemary and thyme. (Wittstein.)

=Beard-cultivating Tincture, Royer's= (Royer, Berlin). 10 grammes kitchen salt, 150 grammes French brandy, fictitious and fuselly, and 2 grammes tincture of mace. (Schädler.)

=Beard Tincture, American= (Teinture americaine pour la barbe), for dyeing the beard black. Three fluids. No. 1, nitrate of silver solution; No. 2, tincture of galls; No. 3, sodium sulphide solution.

=BEARD'ED.= _Syn._ BARBA'TUS, L.; BARBU, Fr.; BARTIG, Ger. In _anatomy_, _botany_, and _zoology_, having a beard, or a beard-like appendage; prickly, barbed, jagged; awned.

=BEA'VER=, (b[=e]'-) _Syn._ CAS'TOR, L.; CASTOR, BIÈVRE, Fr.; BIBER, Ger. The _fi'ber cas'tor_ (Linn.), an animal belonging to the _rodentia_ of Cuvier, and remarkable for the great ingenuity which it exercises in the construction of its lodges or habitations. _Hab._ Europe and America. Those of the former are burrowers; those of the latter, builders. The fur has long been employed in the manufacture of the best quality of hats (BEAVER HATS). The fat was officinal in the Ph. L. 1618. Castor (CASTO''REUM) is obtained from this animal.

=BE'BEERINE= (b[=e]be'-[)e]r-in[double-dagger]). C_{19}H_{21}NO_{3}. [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ BI'BIRINE (b[=e]'-b[)e]r-[)i]n); BEBEERI'NA, BIBIRI'NA, &c., L. A peculiar alkaloid, discovered by Dr Rodie, in the bark and seeds of the beeberu, bibiri, or green-heart tree (_nectan'dra Rodiæ'i_, Schomb.), of British Guiana; and since minutely examined by Maclagan and Tilley, and by Von Planta.

_Prep._ 1. That of commerce, which generally contains some sipirine (--? altered bebeerine), and a little lime, is generally first obtained in the form of sulphate, by a process analogous to that employed in the preparation of sulphate of quinine; and from this salt it is precipitated by the addition of ammonia or an alkali.

2. (Pure.) By precipitating the sulphate with ammonia, washing the precipitate with very cold water, and triturating it, whilst still moist, with fresh hydrated oxide of lead; next drying the mixture by a gentle heat, exhausting the residuum with alcohol, distilling off the alcohol, and treating the last residuum with ether; the ethereal solution on evaporation leaves pure bebeerine, under the form of a white or yellowish-white, resinous-looking substance, which is pure white when powdered.

_Prop., &c._ Amorphous; uncrystallisable; non-volatile; bitter-tasted; inodorous; unalterable in the air; very slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol; less so in ether; reaction alkaline; when quite pure, melts at 355° Fahr., and on cooling forms a vitreous or semi-vitreous mass (Winckler); at a higher temperature it suffers decomposition; ignited on platinum-foil, it burns without leaving any carbonaceous residue; neutralises acids forming uncrystallisable salts, most of which are soluble in water.--_Prod._ From the bark, 1·5 to 1·75%; dried seed, 2·5% (nearly).

_Use, &c._ Bebeeru-bark has been proposed and occasionally employed as a substitute for cinchona bark, and bebeerine for quinine, in the usual cases; but whether as a tonic, febrifuge, or antiperiodic, they appear less powerful and certain than these last.--_Dose_, 2 to 12 gr. or more. (See _below_.)

=Sul'phates of Bebeerine.= Of these there are two, both of which are obtained in a similar manner to the Ph. E. formula for sulphate of quinine, and merely differ in the amount of acid finally left in combination with the alkali:--

1. =Sulphate.= _Syn._ NEU'TRAL SULPHATE OF BEBEERINE; BIBIRI'NÆ SUL'PHAS, &c., L. Easily soluble in water. Contains 86·4% of bebeerine, and 13·6% of sulphuric acid.

2. =Subsul'phate.= _Syn._ BAS'IC SULPHATE OF BEBEERINE, DISUL'PHATE OF B.; BIBERI'NÆ SUBSUL'PHAS, &c., L. Soluble in alcohol; sparingly soluble in water unless acidulated. Contains 90·8% of bebeerine, and 9·2% of sulphuric acid. This is the sulphate of bebeerine of commerce, and the one usually employed in medicine. It is generally met with in thin brownish-yellow scales, which are formed in a similar manner to those of ammonio-citrate of iron.--_Dose._ As a tonic, 1 to 3 gr.; as a febrifuge or antiperiodic, 5 to 20 gr.; in similar cases to those in which disulphate of quinine is employed.

=BECH'AMEL= (b[)e]sh'-[)a]-m[)e]l[double-dagger][125]). _Syn._ BÉCHAMEL, Fr. In _French cookery_, a fine white sauce, essentially consisting of concentrated veal gravy or veal consommé and cream, with or without flavouring. See SAUCES.

[Footnote 125: Thus as English.]

=BE'CHIC*= (-k[)i]k). _Syn._ BE'CHOUS[dagger]; BE'CHICUS (b[)e]k'-[double-dagger]), L.; BÉCHIQUE, Fr.; HUSTEND, &c., Ger. In _medicine_, &c., of or for a cough; pectoral; also subst., applied to remedies (BE'CHICS; BE'CHICA, L.) used to relieve cough.

=BED.= [Eng., D., Sax.] _Syn._ LIT, COUCHE, Fr.; BETT, &c., Ger.; CUBI'LE, LEC'TUS, LEC'TULUS, GRABA'TUS, &c., L. A couch; that in or on which we sleep; that on which anything is generated, deposited, or rests.

Bed curtains and valances are both unnecessary and objectionable as bed appendages, and as such should be discarded. Before making the bed in the morning the blankets and sheets should be stripped off and allowed to remain for an hour or two in a current of air, on the back of a chair or some other convenient support. If it does not rain, or is not too damp, they are best placed near the window. The night dress which has been slept in should be exposed in the same manner; and on going to bed it would be found a good plan, when removing the inner vest which has been worn during the day, to turn it inside out, and to hang it over the footboard of the bed. Under ordinary conditions the sheets should be changed every week. When it is remembered that on an average a third of a human being's existence may be said to be passed in bed, the importance of his dormitory being kept scrupulously clean will be self evident. Every bedroom should therefore be well swept out each day, and the floor diligently scrubbed once a week. With the exception of a small strip beside the bed, the room should contain no carpet; a piece of New Zealand matting, being less able to retain dust, is preferable to carpeting. The door and windows of the bed-chamber should be kept more or less open during the day, so as to ensure a thorough draught of air through the room, and all slops and contents of chamber utensils should be immediately removed. No plants should be allowed in the bedroom.

There is no better form of mattress than one made of horsehair, both for children and adults. The pillows should also be made of the same material. Both pillows and mattress should be taken to pieces once a year, and their contents well ventilated by exposure to the air. When a child is ricketty, weak in the neck, inclined to stoop, or at all crooked, a pillow is best dispensed with. Cotton sheets have two advantages over linen ones--they are more absorbent, and feel less cold. In cases of sickness the comfortable construction of the patient's bed, as well as the adoption of such means as shall ensure as much as possible its efficient ventilation, are matters of primary import. Hence because it permits of a more thorough circulation of air than any other kind, the horsehair mattress calls even more imperatively for adoption than in health. It may be placed upon the feather or wool bed, and should it be found too rough, or causing any discomfort, one or two blankets may be placed over it. The straw palliass should at the same time be removed. Both sheets and pillow cases should be frequently changed, more especially in fevers. If the patient perspire very profusely, fresh sheets and pillow cases should be supplied every twenty-four hours. If soiled by evacuation of any kind, it is most important that they should be changed at once, and so with the night dress. In all cases of eruptive and other fevers, and contagious diseases, all articles of wearing apparel (underclothing, as well as sheets, pillow cases, handkerchiefs, &c.) should when removed be placed in a vessel and covered with water.

In the articles on "air" and "vitiated air" the evil effects of ill-ventilated dormitories have been adverted to. Every bedroom should if possible contain an enclosed fireplace having free access to the chimney. Failing this a series of little holes about the size of a shilling should be bored in the lower part of the door, and the upper sash of the window should be opened to the extent of two or three inches.

[On the connection of BEDS and BEDDING with comfort and health, see COTTON, DAMP, FEATHERS, LINEN, SLEEP, VENTILATION, VERMIN, &c.; also _below_.]

=Bed, Air.= Beds, pillows, cushions, &c., when properly constructed and inflated with air, are clean, luxurious, and healthy substitutes for those in common use. For this purpose the air-proof part should be formed of separate cells or tubes, arranged in ridges (see _engr._), or in any similar manner to admit of free ventilation; and in the case of beds, or of cushions for the sick, two or three folds of flannel, or blanket, or of any loose porous fabric, should be placed between them and the under sheet or the person of the sleeper or patient. Without this precaution, discomfort and restlessness, excessive warmth and perspiration and even bed-sores, are apt to follow their use by invalids, when badly constructed. To obviate these objections to articles of this class commonly sold, a new one has been produced under the name of the 'INCOM'PARABLE BED' (Aycbourn's Patent), which is thoroughly applicable to all purposes--domestic, medical, naval, or _military_--and superior to any feather, flock, or spring bed, however good or carefully made up. This bed consists of an outer case made of ordinary bed-ticking divided internally into numerous separate cells, into each of which is placed a suitably constructed bag, which may be either wholly or partially filled with air or water; the latter either hot or cold. (See _engr._ 2, 3.) It is incapable of bursting, and is very agreeable to lie on. It retains its shape, saves the time, trouble, and wear and tear ordinarily bestowed or produced by servants in daily tossing about one of down or feathers, is easily washed and kept clean, allows all the ventilation essential to health, and is so portable that it may be easily packed in a carpet-bag. In almost an instant it may be converted into six, or more, separate life-preservers; and what is equally important it will stand any climate. Hitherto the use of air-beds and water-beds has been almost exclusively confined to the upper and wealthy classes, and to hospital practice; but the moderate prices[126] at which Aycbourn's beds, cushions, &c., are sold, place these luxuries, and in many cases--absolute necessities--within the reach of the masses of the people.

[Footnote 126: These are less than those of feather beds of corresponding dimensions.]

=Bed, Water.= Water-beds, cushions, &c., are chiefly employed for patients labouring under bed-sores, paralysis, spinal affections, &c., or who are the subjects of active surgical treatment in which equable support for the body or a limb is absolutely necessary. Their construction and use are similar to those previously noticed, except that, instead of being inflated with air, they are filled with water, either warm or tepid. For the bedridden, and for long-continued use generally, they are much inferior to air-beds. See AIR-BED (_above_).

=Bed.= _Syn._ STRA'TUM, L.; STRATE, &c., Fr.; SCHICHT, &c., Ger. In _geology_, a mineral layer, seam, or stratum, thick or thin.

=Bed.= In _horticulture_, a small plot of land, usually raised a little above the general surface, in which flowers, or other plants, are raised or grown.

=BEDDING, PURIFICATION OF.= To be efficiently disinfected, bedding must be taken to pieces and subjected to dry heat. This last condition can only be satisfactorily carried out in large ovens or disinfecting chambers. Any local authority may provide a proper place and necessary appliances for the disinfection of bedding. Any local authority may direct the detention of bedding, clothing, &c., which have been exposed to infection, and may give compensation for the same.

Any person giving, lending, selling, transmitting or exposing bedding, clothing, rags, &c., which have been exposed to infection, is liable to a penalty not exceeding £5.

=Bedding or Litter.= The following is from Col. Fitzwygram's useful work, 'Horses and Stables,' "One great item in a horse's comfort, and consequently in his aptitude to carry flesh, is a good bed. Every horse should be bedded down at mid-day. As regards economy of straw, it is essential not to give the horse a chance of eating it. With this view no fresh straw should be placed within his reach. The fresh straw should be brought in first, and put not merely at the bottom, but also in rear of the stall; then the old litter should be brought in and put at the top and in front. The horse will not readily eat at, and by the following morning the new straw will have become somewhat tainted, and may then be mixed and dried along with the rest. Again, great care should be taken in the morning to thoroughly shake up and cleanse the bedding from dung; and any parts which may have become rotten should be thrown out. Good straw rapidly deteriorates if these precautions are not taken. On the other hand careless servants often throw away along with the bad parts much good bedding which might be dried and used again. Bedding should be taken up, and turned over at least twice in each forenoon, so as to expose every part to the drying and purifying influence of the sun and air. It is, however, a mistake to expose it over-much to the action of a very hot sun, as it makes it too dry and brittle." See HORSE.

=BED'EGUAR= (-e-gahr). _Syn._ BÉDÉGUAR (or GAR, Fr. Sweet-briar sponge (which _see_).

=BEE= (b[=e]). _Syn._ HIVE-BEE, HON'EY-B. (h[)u]n'-), DOMES'TIC B.; A'PIS, L.; ABEILLE, A. MELLIFIQUE, &c., Fr.; BIENE, HONIGBIENE, &c. Ger. The _a'-pis mellif'ica_ (Linn.; Ph. L., E., & D.), one of the hymenop'tera best known and most useful to man. [Those desirous of studying the habits and economy of bees are referred to the works of Huber and Latreille; and for their management to Mr Cobbett's little book on the subject.] See APIS, HIVE, HONEY, WAX, &c.

=BEE'-BREAD.= The pollen of flowers collected by bees as food for their young.

=BEE'-GLUE=, _Syn._ PROP'OLIS, L., Fr. The resinous matter with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up and repair the cells.

=BEECH= (b[=e]che). _Syn._ BEECH'-TREE; FA'GUS, L; HÉTRE, H. COMMUN, Fr.; BUCHE, GEMEINE B., Ger. The _fa'gus sylvat'ica_ (Linn.), a magnificent English forest-tree, of the nat. ord. Amentaceæ (DC.). Fruit (BEECH'-MAST, B.-NUTS), used to feed swine, and, sometimes, in obstinate headaches, and in gravel complaints; yields oil by expression; inner bark occasionally used in hectic fevers. Wood (BEECH, B.-WOOD), handsome and very hard, but brittle and perishable, and particularly liable to become worm-eaten; its durability is increased by steeping it, when fresh-hewn, for some time in water; chiefly used by cabinet-makers, coach-builders, millwrights, and turners; and, sometimes, by coopers; also burnt for charcoal.

=BEEF= (b[=e]fe). _Syn._ CHAIRE DE B[OE]UF, DU B[OE]UF, Fr.; RINDFLEISCH, &c., Ger.; BU'BULA, CA''RO BO'VIS, &c., L. The flesh of bovine animals, generally; but ordinarily only that of the domestic ox, cow, or bull.

_Qual._ Good beef is highly wholesome and nutritious; and is well adapted to persons of good appetite, or that labour or take much exercise. For the delicate, especially those suffering from debility, partial anæmia, amenorrh[oe]a, and similar ailments, it is, perhaps, superior to every other kind of animal food. If cooked so as to be left full of gravy, it sits lightly on the stomach, and its fat proves even more digestible than that of either veal or mutton.

It has been proved that under-done beef is one of the causes of tapeworm.

_Choice._ OX-BEEF is known by having a fine smooth, open grain, a lively and agreeable red colour, and a tender texture, with the fat of a pleasing pale whitish-yellow or but slightly yellow, and the suet white and hard. When fine and well fed, the flesh is inter-grained or marbled with fat.--COW-BEEF has a closer grain than ox-beef, and the lean is of a deeper red.--BULL-BEEF is closer still, the fat dark, hard, and skinny, the lean of a deep coarse red, and it has a strong smell and flavour.--HEIFER BEEF resembles ox-beef, except in being smaller, often an advantage; but it lacks the rich flavour of the flesh of full-grown oxen.

_Joints, Managem., &c._ Beef is CURED, SALTED, and DRESSED, in all the ways common to the other meats; the only care necessary being in the selection of the appropriate joint or part. The ribs, sirloin, rump, and veiny piece are the proper joints for ROASTING or BAKING. The buttock or round, edge-bone, second round or mouse-buttock, brisket, flank, shoulder or leg-of-mutton piece, and the clod, those generally BOILED, STEWED, or SALTED. The choicest STEAKS are cut from the middle of the rump; the next best from the veiny piece, or from the chuck-rib. In summer, excellent ones may also be cut from the shoulder. In France, steaks cut from the sirloin (without bone) are preferred to all others, and are exceedingly delicate and tender. The neck may be either stewed or boiled, and is much used to make soup and gravy. In the country, the round, when fine, and well hung, is also often roasted or baked.

According to Miss Acton, "the finest part of the sirloin is the chump-end, which contains the larger portion of the fillet; of the ribs, the middle ones."

Beef is in season during the whole year, but is finest--when it is most relished--during the winter months, when, owing to the temperature of the air, it may be 'hung' a long time, and thus increased in tenderness and flavour. See OX, BAKING, BOILING, ESSENCES, ROASTING, SALTING, TEA, &c. (also _below_).

=Beef, Alamode'.= _Syn._ B[OE]UF À LA MODE, Fr. The true 'beef à la mode' is made as follows; and is not a mere kind of rich stew, such as is daily sold under the name in the 'cook-shops' of London:--

1. (M. Alexis Soyer.) Rump, sirloin, or rib of beef (about) 12 _lbs._; lard it through with 10 or 12 long pieces of fat bacon; put it into an earthen pan with a calf's foot, 4 onions, 2 carrots (sliced), a bunch of parsley, 2 bay leaves, 2 sprigs of thyme, 2 cloves, 1/2 teaspoonful of pepper, 1 do. of salt, 4 wine-glassfuls of sherry, 4 do. of water, and 1 _lb._ of streaky bacon (cut into small squares); place on the cover, make it air-tight round the edges with a little flour-paste, and expose it in a moderate oven for about 4 hours. Dish up with the vegetables and bacon placed tastefully round it, the gravy (skimmed) being poured over all. Or it may be eaten cold, in which case the pan should not be opened until the whole has thoroughly cooled.

2. (Mrs Rundell.) Rump of beef (or any part of the beef which will stew well), 3 or 4 _lbs._; trim it, and cut off the fat; add several sorts (according to taste) of sweet herbs chopped very fine, a little shalot, and a great deal of spice (cayenne, white pepper, allspice, cloves, and mace; or mixed spices), and put them, with vinegar, into a saucer that has been rubbed with garlic; add fat bacon cut into long slips; lard the beef regularly on both sides, and rub it over with the herbs and spices; next flour it, and add a small piece of butter, and a pint of water; bake it in an oven until thoroughly 'done,' then strain the gravy, and serve it up with pickles on the top. Excellent either hot or cold.

_Obs._ Miss Acton--a high authority in these matters--tells us, that 7 or 8 _lbs._ of beef, thus treated, takes 4 to 5 hours to dress it properly; and that if a stew-pan be used, it should be as nearly the size of the meat as possible, the whole being allowed to simmer very gently, and the meat turned when half done. She also states that "veal dressed in this way is even better than beef;" but, of course, it takes less time in cooking.

=Beef, Col'lared.= _Prep._ 1. (Miss Acton.) The piece of beef is rubbed with a little coarse sugar, and set aside for two or three days; it is then slightly salted (about 1 _oz._ of salt, containing a little saltpetre, to each _lb._ of meat); and allowed to rest 8 to 10 days; the bones and tougher skin are next removed, and the under side is sprinkled thickly with parsley and other savoury herbs (shred small), after which it is very tightly rolled up, secured with a cloth, and bound as closely as possible with broad tape. A piece of 8 _lbs._ will require about 5 hours' gentle boiling, and should be placed, in the same state, whilst still hot, under a heavy weight, or in a press, for a few hours. The ribs, or (better) the thinnest part of the flank, is generally selected. The last should be 'hung' in a damp place for a day or two before curing it.

2. (Mrs Rundell.) From stewed shin of beef and ox-tail, re-stewed with a glassful each of wine and ketchup, and some of the old broth, and then poured into moulds. Sweet herbs, sliced eggs, and pickles, may be added at will.

=Beef, Dutch, Hung Beef.= The round, rump, veiny-piece, or thick flank, cured, for 10 or 12 days, with dry salt to which a little saltpetre and some sugar and black pepper has been added; and afterwards 'hung' for use. It eats well if boiled tender with greens or carrots. If to be grated or shred, as Dutch, and eaten as a relish on bread and butter, then cut a lean bit, boil it till extremely tender, and while hot put it under a press. When cold, fold it in a sheet of paper, and hang it in a very dry place. It will then keep two or three months.

=Beef, Pott'ed.= See POTTED MEATS, &c.

=Beef, Spiced= (sp[=i]st'). Salted beef when spices (usually black pepper and allspice) have been added to the salt, &c., used in curing it. See BEEF, COLLARED (_above_).

=Beef Tea.= An extract manufactured at Berlin, which contains the nutritive matter of the flesh in the highest state of potency. A pale blood-red(!) jelly, which will not keep long, and after a time passes into a state of odorous putrefaction. (A. Buchner.)

=BEER= (b[=e]re). _Syn._ BIÈRE, Fr.; BIER, D., Ger.; BIRRA, It.; CEREVI''SIA (-v[)i]zh'-'[)a]), CERVI''SIA (Pliny), C. LUPULA'TA* (_i.e._ hopp'd or modern b.), VI'NUM ANGLIC'ANUM*, V. HORDEA'CEUM* (-sh'[)u]m), ZY'THUM* (or -THUS*; [Greek: zythos], Gr.), &c., L.; BERE, BEERE, Sax.; BIR, W. An aqueous infusion of malted grain which, after being boiled with hops, has undergone the vinous fermentation; malt-liquor. The word BEER is now the common generic term for all fermented malt-liquors, and, indeed, for all other beverages prepared by a process of brewing. Whenever the term is used in a special sense, it is with a descriptive prefix, as, for example, spruce beer, ginger beer, &c.