Chapter M: F. Capitaine, who, acting upon a suggestion made by Liebig, some twenty (9)

_Obs._ This preparation is 8 times as strong as that of the Ph. L. (2, _a_). Great care should be taken that the utensils are perfectly clean, especially the press, if one is employed; and earthenware glazed with lead should be avoided. The pressing should also be conducted as rapidly as possible, to avoid the colour being injured by the iron. Clean wrought iron does not readily injure the colour of infusion of roses before the addition of the acid. When the last formula is adopted, strong pressure of the leaves with the hands can alone be safely had recourse to. If the infusion does not filter quite clear through paper, it should be set aside for a few days, when, in general, it will be found to filter more readily and satisfactorily. Should it be wanted for immediate sale, the addition of the whites of 2 or 3 eggs, diluted with 2 or 3 ounces of water, followed by violent agitation of the liquid for a few minutes, and repose for an hour or two, will usually render it 'fine,' when it may be either decanted, or filtered should it require it. It will now pass rapidly through ordinary filtering paper, and at once run clear.

=Infusion of Rue.= _Syn._ RUE TEA; INFUSUM RUTÆ, L. Carminative, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and vermifuge. It is a popular and useful remedy in flatulent colic, infantile convulsions, epilepsy, hysteria, suppressed menstruation, &c.

=Infusion of Rupture-wort.= _Syn._ INFUSUM HERNIARIÆ. _Prep._ Rupture wood, 2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint.

=Infusion of Safflower.= _Syn._ INFUSUM CARTHAMI. _Prep._ Safflower, 2 dr.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; infuse for an hour.--_Dose._ A wine-glassful, as a diaphoretic.

=Infusion of Sage.= _Syn._ SAGE TEA; INFUSUM SALVIÆ, L. 1. From the leaves of common garden sage. Carminative and stomachic. In flatulence and dyspepsia, and diluted with water as a drink, to lessen the nightsweats in phthisis and fever, and to stop the secretion of milk after weaning.

2. (Compound; INFUSUM SALVIÆ COMPOSITUM, L.--Ellis.) Sage and boneset, of each 1/2 oz.; cascarilla, 1 dr.; boiling water, 1-1/2 pint; infuse until cold. A wine-glassful every 3 or 4 hours in hectic fever.

=Infusion of Sarsaparil'la.= _Syn._ INFUSUM SARZÆ, I. SARSAPARILLÆ (Ph. U. S.), L. 1. From the bruised root. Dr Hancock adds 1/2 fl. dr. of hydrochloric acid to each pint of the water employed, as a menstruum, by which he says the efficacy of the infusion is greatly increased. At St. George's Hospital a little liquorice root and solution of potassa is added for the same purpose.

2. (Compound; INFUSUM SARSAPARILLÆ COMPOSITUM, L.--Ph. D. 1826.) Sarsaparilla root (washed clean with a little cold water, and sliced), 1 oz.; lime water (cold), 16 fl. oz.; macerate for 12 hours, and strain. Inferior to the simple infusion, since both earths and alkalies lessen the solvent action of water on sarsaparilla. Use of both the above, similar to that of the DECOCTION.

=Infusion of Sas'safras.= _Syn._ SASSAFRAS TEA; INFUSUM SASSAFRAS, L. From sassafras chips. Alterative, stimulant, and sudorific; a popular remedy in various cutaneous, rheumatic, scrofulous, and syphilitical affections. Hufeland recommends the addition of a little liquorice root.

=Infusion of Sav'ine.= _Syn._ SAVINE TEA; INFUSUM SABINÆ, L. _Prep._ (Pereira.) Fresh savine leaves or herb, 1 dr.; boiling water, 8 fl. oz.; infuse in a covered vessel. Stimulant, emmenagogue, and vermifuge; in chlorosis, and suppressed menstruation depending on a torpid action of the uterine vessels; in chronic rheumatism, worms, &c.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 table-spoonfuls, cautiously administered.

=Infusion of Sax'ifrage.= _Syn._ SAXIFRAGE TEA; INFUSUM PIMPINELLÆ, L. From the root of burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella Saxifraga_). Astringent; in diarrh[oe]a, and externally as a wash to remove freckles.

=Infusion of Scutella''ria.= _Syn._ INFUSUM SCUTELLARIÆ, L. _Prep._ (Dr Spalding.) Dried herb of _Scutellaria lateriflora_, in powder, 1-1/2 teaspoonful; boiling water, 1 pint. By teacupfuls, thrice daily, to prevent hydrophobia.

=Infusion of Sen'ega.= _Syn._ INFUSION OF RATTLE-SNAKE ROOT, SENEKA TEA; INFUSUM SENEGÆ (B. P., Ph. E.), I. POLYGALÆ (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Senega, bruised, 1 oz.; boiling distilled water, 20 oz.; infuse 1 hour, and strain.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 oz.

2. (Ph. E.) Senega snake-root (bruised), 10 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; infuse for 4 hours in a covered vessel, and strain.

3. (Ph. D.) Polygala root, 1/2 oz.; boiling water, 9 fl. oz. Stimulant, expectorant, and diuretic, either alone or combined with ammonia; in catarrhs, &c. See DECOCTION, EXTRACT, &c.

=Infusion of Sen'na.= _Syn._ SENNA TEA; INFUSUM SENNÆ (B. P., Ph. E.), I. SENNÆ COMPOSITUM (Ph. L. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Senna, 1 oz.; ginger, sliced, 30 gr.; boiled distilled water, 10 oz.; infuse 1 hour, and strain.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 oz.

2. (Ph. L.) Senna, 15 dr.; ginger (bruised), 4 scruples; boiling water, 1 pint; macerate for an hour in a covered vessel, and strain.

3. (Ph. E.) Senna, 1-1/2 oz.; ginger, 4 scrup.; boiling water, 1 pint. (See No. 9, _below_.)

4. (Ph. D.) Senna, 1/2 oz.; ginger, 1/2 dr.; boiling water, 1/2 pint. Purgative.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 wine-glassfuls. It is usually given in doses of 1 to 1-1/2 fl. oz., combined with 3 to 6 dr. of Epsom salts, or other saline purgative, under the name of 'BLACK DRAUGHT,'

_Obs._ This infusion is very apt to spoil in warm weather, to prevent which Mr Squire recommends the addition of 1 gr. of nitrate of potassa to each ounce.

5. (Concentrated; INFUSUM SENNÆ CONCENTRATUM, L.)--_a._ Senna, 2 lbs. 1 oz.; tepid water, 1 quart, macerate for 12 hours, frequently stirring with a stick, and express the liquor; to the 'marc,' add of tepid water 1-1/4 pint, repeat the maceration for 3 hours, and again express the liquor with powerful pressure; mix the infusions, and after 2 hours' repose decant the clear portion, and evaporate it as rapidly as possible, by steam or a chloride of sodium bath, until it measures 1-1/2 pint; pour this into a strong bottle, and when nearly cold, add of rectified spirit, 1/2 pint; bruised ginger, 3-1/2 oz.; macerate a week with frequent agitation, and after repose for a few days decant the clear portion, and add dilute spirit (1 to 4), q. s. to make the whole measure exactly a quart.

_b._ Take 8 times the quantity of senna and ginger ordered in the Ph. L., put them into a displacement apparatus, either alone or mixed with clean washed sand, and transmit water, mixed with 1/4th part of rectified spirit, through the mass, until the proper quantity of infusion is obtained.

_c._ (Wholesale.) Alexandrian senna (best), 7 lbs.; unbleached Jamaica ginger (finest, bruised), 3 lbs.; rectified spirit and water, of each 1 gall.; macerate for 14 days, press out the fluid, filter, and set it aside in a well-corked bottle; then take of good East India senna, 25 lbs.; and the 'pressings' or 'marc' from the tincture, and macerate in the least possible quantity (10 or 12 galls.) of cold distilled water, for 12 or 14 hours, employing frequent agitation with a wooden spatula; next press out the liquid, and again macerate the 'marc' in cold distilled water (5 or 6 galls.) for 2 hours; press, mix the two liquors, strain, heat gradually to the boiling point, carefully separate the coagulated albumen and afterwards evaporate as quickly as possible to exactly 9 quarts; put the liquid at once into a vessel capable of holding 5 gallons, bung close to exclude the air, and when nearly cold add the 'tincture' obtained from the Alexandrian senna and the ginger; the whole must now be well agitated together, and allowed to stand for a week, when the clear portion must be carefully decanted into bottles (Winchester quarts) for sale.

_d._ As the last, but employing hot water, and limiting the period of the infusions to 2 hours and 1 hour.

_Obs._ The preceding formulæ are at present employed in the wholesale trade, by nearly all those houses that are most noted for the superior quality of their 'CONCENTRATED INFUSIONS,' The products of the whole are excellent. That from _c_ is very beautiful, and contains all the valuable active matter that it is possible to extract from the ingredients, under the circumstances. It also keeps well. The last one, like all preparations of senna made with hot water, is apt to drop a large deposit on standing, from which the last portion of the infusion is obtained with difficulty. They each furnish a liquid, of which 1 fl. dr. added to 7 fl. dr. of pure water forms 1 fl. oz. of a preparation precisely similar in medicinal qualities to the INFUSUM SENNÆ COMP.--Ph. L.

From the extreme bulkiness of senna, it has become a practice with certain unprincipled druggists to employ only 1/3 or 1/4 of the proper quantity of that drug, and to add burnt sugar or treacle to bring up the consistence and colour, and alkaline solution of gamboge to impart the necessary purgative quality. CONCENTRATED INFUSION OF SENNA, as generally met with, is nearly worthless. This arises from either the employment of inferior senna, or the destruction of its active principle, by the lengthened exposure to heat and atmospheric oxygen during its manufacture.

6. (With COFFEE; INFUSUM SENNÆ CUM CAFFEÂ, L.)--_a._ (Foy.) Senna, 2 dr.; roasted coffee (ground), 1 dr.; boiling water and hot milk, of each 3 fl. oz.; infuse for 12 hours (4?), and strain. For an adult; to be taken in the morning fasting.

_b._ (Guersand and Blake.) Senna, 10 to 30 gr. (according to age); hot coffee and hot milk at will; infuse, and when cold strain, and sweeten it with sugar, q. s. As a purge for children.

7. (With LEMON JUICE; INFUSUM SENNÆ) LIMONIATUM, L.) From senna, 1-1/2 oz.; fresh lemon peel, 1 oz.; lemon juice, 1 fl. oz.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; infuse.

8. (With RHUBARB; INFUSUM SENNÆ ET RHEI, L.--Ellis.) Senna, 6 dr.; manna, 1 oz.; rhubarb and cardamoms, of each (bruised), 2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; infuse 1 hour and strain.

9. (With TAMARINDS; INFUSUM SENNÆ COMPOSITUM--Ph. E., SENNÆ CUM TAMARINDIS, L.--Ph. E.) Senna, 3 dr.; tamarinds, 1 oz.; coriander seeds, 1 dr.; sugar, 1/2 oz. (if brown, 1 oz.); boiling water, 8 fl. oz.; infuse for four hours, with agitation, and then strain through calico. Pleasanter than the ordinary infusion of senna.

10. (With TARTAR; INFUSUM SENNÆ TARTARIZATUM, L.) From senna, 1-1/2 oz.; coriander seeds, 4 dr.; cream of tartar, 2 dr.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.

=Infusion of Ser'pentary.= _Syn._ INFUSUM SERPENTARIÆ (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Serpentary, bruised, 1 oz.; boiling distilled water, 40 oz.; infuse 2 hours, and strain.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 oz.

2. (Ph. L.) Serpentary or Virginian snake-root, 1/2 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 pint; macerate for 4 hours in a closed vessel, and strain. The form of the Ph. E. is similar. As a stimulating expectorant and diaphoretic; in chronic catarrhs, low fevers, agues, &c.

3. (Compound; INFUSUM SERPENTARIÆ COMPOSITUM, L.--Guy's Hosp.) Virginian snake-root and contrayerva, of each 5 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; macerate 2 hours, strain; and when cold add of tincture of serpentary 2 fl. oz. As the last.

=Infusion of Simaru'ba.= _Syn._ INFUSUM SIMARUBÆ (B. P., Ph. E. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Simaruba, bruised, 3 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; infuse 2 hours, and strain.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 oz.

2. (Ph. E. & Ph. L., 1836.) Bark of the bitter simaruba or mountain damson, 3 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; macerate 2 hours, and strain.

3. (Ph. D.) Simaruba bark, 2 dr.; boiling water, 9 fl. oz. Tonic, and, in large doses, emetic; in chronic diarrh[oe]a and dysentery, either alone or combined with opium; and in agues, dyspepsia, &c.

4. (Compound; INFUSUM SIMARUBÆ COMPOSITUM, L.--Foy.) Simaruba bark and wormwood, of each 2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; infuse for 15 minutes, strain, and add of syrup of gentian, 1 fl. oz. In agues and dyspepsia.

=Infusion of Slip'pery Elm.= _Syn._ INFUSUM ULMI (Ph. U. S.), I. U. FULVÆ, L. _Prep._ (Ph. U. S.) Inner bark of slippery elm (_Ulmus fulva_), 1 oz.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; infuse for 2 hours, and strain. Demulcent.

=Infusion of Soap-wort.= _Syn._ INFUSUM SAPONARIÆ, L. From soap-wort root (_Saponaria officinalis_). Aperient and demulcent; also reputed alterative and antisyphilitic.

=Infusion of South'ernwood.= _Syn._ SOUTHERNWOOD TEA; INFUSUM ABROTANI, L. From the herb southernwood or old man (_Absinthium Abrotanum_). Antispasmodic, tonic, and vermifuge; in hysteria, difficult and painful menstruation, worms, &c.

=Infusion, Stim'ulant.= _Syn._ INFUSUM STIMULANS, L. _Prep._ (Dr Paris.) Black mustard seed (bruised), and dittander, of each 1/2 oz.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; macerate for 1 hour, strain, and when cold add of spirit of sal-volatile, 1 fl. dr.; spirit of pimento, 1/2 fl. oz.--_Dose_, 2 table-spoonfuls 3 times a day; in palsy.

=Infusion of Stink'ing Hel'lebore.= _Syn._ INFUSUM HELLEBORI F[OE]TIDI, L. _Prep._ (Woodville.) Dried leaves of setter-wort or _Helleborus f[oe]tidum_, 1/2 dr. (or green herb, 2 dr.); boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; macerate 1 hour, and strain. Aperient and vermifuge; and emetic, in large doses. It is chiefly used against the large round worms of children and females, taken fasting.

=Infusion of Suc'cory.= _Syn._ CHICORY TEA; INFUSUM CHICORII, L. From the dried root. Aperient, deobstruent, and tonic; either alone or sweetened with honey or sugar.

=Infusion of Sweet Flag.= _Syn_. CALAMUS TEA, SWEET-FLAG T.; INFUSUM ACORI, I. CALAMI AROMATICI, L. An aromatic stimulant, tonic, and stomachic. See SWEET FLAG.

=Infusion of Tam'arinds.= _Syn._ INFUSUM TAMARINDI, L. Cooling and laxative; in sore throat, febrile affections, &c., taken _ad libitum_. See INFUSION OF SENNA.

=Infusion of Tan'sy.= _Syn._ TANSY TEA; INFUSUM TANACETI, L. From the dried herb, or the green herb using double the quantity. Aromatic, bitter, tonic, and vermifuge.

=Infusion of Tar.= _Syn._ TAR WATER, TAR TEA; INFUSUM PICIS LIQUIDÆ, AQUA P. L. (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Bishop Berkeley.) Wood tar, 1 quart; cold water, 1 gall.; stir with a stick for 15 minutes, then allow the tar to subside, strain, and keep it in well-stoppered jars.

2. (Ph. D.) As the last. Taken to the extent of a pint daily in chronic catarrhal and nephritic affections; also used as a lotion in chronic cutaneous diseases, especially those of the scalp in children. See DECOCTION.

=Infusion of Tarax'acum.= See INFUSION OF DANDELION.

=Infusion of Tobac'co.= _Syn._ TOBACCO WATER; INFUSUM TABACI, L. _Prep._ (Ph. D. 1826.) Tobacco leaves, 1 dr.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; macerate for an hour. Used for enemas; in strangulated hernia, obstinate colic, &c., observing not to administer more than one half at a time; also as a wash to kill pediculi.

=Infusion, Ton'ic.= See INFUSIONS OF CALUMBA, CASCARILLA, GENTIAN, &c., also MIXTURES.

=Infusion of Sessamum.= (Dr Wood.) _Syn._ INFUSUM SESAMI. _Prep._ Two fresh leaves of sessamum (Venne) infused in 8 oz. of cold water, form a mucilaginous demulcent drink. Dried leaves require hot water.

=Infusion of Silk-weed.= _Syn._ INFUSUM ASCLEPIADIS. _Prep._ Bark of the common silk-weed, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint.-_Dose_, 1 oz. to 1-1/2 oz. In cough and dyspn[oe]a.

=Infusion of Tre'foil.= See INFUSION OF BUCKBEAN.

=Infusion of Tu'lip-tree Bark.= _Syn._ INFUSUM LIRIODENDRI, L. From the bark of the tulip tree (_Liriodendron tulipifera_). Diaphoretic, stimulant, stomachic, and tonic; in dyspepsia, fevers, &c.; also used to flavour liquors.

=Infusion of Tur'meric.= _Syn._ INFUSION CURCUMÆ, L. Used as a test and to prepare test-paper. When required for keeping, about 1-7th of its volume of rectified spirit must be added.

=Infusion of Valer'ian.= _Syn._ INFUSUM VALERIANE (B. L., Ph. L. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Valerian, bruised, 120 gr.; boiling distilled water, 10 oz.; infuse 1 hour and strain.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 oz.

2. (Ph. L.) Valerian root, 1/2 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 part; infuse for an hour in a covered vessel, and strain.

3. (Ph. D.) Valerian, 2 dr.; boiling water, 9 fl. oz. Antispasmodic and nervine; in hysteria, hypochondriasis, epilepsy, and low fevers.

4. (Compound; INFUSUM VALERIANÆ COMPOSITUM, L.) Yellow cinchona bark, 1 oz.; valerian, 1/2 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; as before. In debilitated nervous habits.

=Infusion of Vanil'la.= _Syn._ VANILLA TEA; INFUSUM VANILLÆ, L. _Prep._ Vanilla, 1-1/2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint. A stimulant antispasmodic; in hysteria, rheumatism, anaphrodisia, &c.; but chiefly used as a flavouring for liqueurs, confectionery, &c.

=Infusion of Vittie Vayr.= _Syn._ VITTIE VAYR TEA; INFUSUM VETIVERIÆ, L. From the roots of _Andropogon muricatus_ (VETIVER, VITTIE VAYR, or CUSCUS). Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and stimulant, and, when warm, diaphoretic and emmenagogue; in rheumatism gout, slight febrile cases, &c.; and as a prophylactic of cholera. See ESSENCE.

=Infusion of Wall-pel'litory.= _Syn._ INFUSUM PARIETARIÆ, L. From the dried herb (_Parietaria officinalis_). Aperient, diuretic, and pectoral; in asthmas, dropsies, calculous affections, &c.

=Infusion of Wal'nut Leaves.= _Syn._ WALNUT-LEAF TEA; INFUSUM JUGLANDIS, L. From the fresh leaves of the common walnut (_Juglans regia_); also from the inner wood-bark, and the green rind of the fruit. See DECOCTION and EXTRACT.

=Infusion of Water-fen'nel.= _Syn._ INFUSUM PHELLANDRI, L. _Prep._ (Bird.) Seeds of water-fennel, 5 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint.--_Dose_, 3 to 4 fl. dr.; to check excessive expectoration.

=Infusion of Whor'tleberry.= _Syn._ INFUSUM UVÆ URSI, L. With alkalies, henbane, or opium, in diseases of the urinary organs; and with sulphuric acid and foxglove, in affections of the lungs. See DECOCTION and EXTRACT.

_Note._--Infusum Uvæ Ursi of the Brit. Pharmacop[oe]ia.

=Infusion of Wild-cherry Bark.= _Syn._ INFUSUM PRUNI VIRGINIANÆ (Ph. U. S.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. U. S.) Wild cherry-tree bark (_Prunus Virginiana_ or _Cerasus Serotina_), 1/2 oz.; cold water, 16 fl. oz.; infuse 24 hours, and strain. A valuable tonic and febrifuge. Wild-cherry bark also exercises a sedative action on the circulatory and nervous system, and is much used in America in a variety of diseases.

=Infusion of Wild Gin'ger.= _Syn._ INFUSUM ASARI CANADENSIS, L. From the root of wild ginger or Canada snake-root (_Asarum Canadense_). A warm stimulant diaphoretic, in the same cases as INFUSION OF VIRGINIAN SNAKE-ROOT.

=Infusion of Wil'low Bark.= _Syn._ INFUSUM SALICIS, L. From the bark of the white or common willow (_Salix alba_). Astringent, tonic, and febrifuge; often used instead of INFUSION OF CINCHONA.

=Infusion of Win'ter Green.= _Syn._ INFUSUM PYROLÆ, I. CHIMAPHILÆ, L. Astringent, tonic, and diuretic; in dropsy, nephritic pains, and chronic affections of the urinary organs. It blackens the urine, like uva ursi. See DECOCTION.

=Infusion of Wood Soot.= _Syn._ SOOT TEA; INFUSUM FULIGINIS LIGNI, L. Antacid and stimulant. A similar preparation is also made from coal-soot, which is reputed antispasmodic and vermifuge.

=Infusion of Worm'wood.= _Syn._ WORMWOOD TEA, INFUSUM ABSINTHII, L. From the fresh tops of the plant, or from only half the quantity of the dried herb. In loss of appetite, dyspepsia, amenorrh[oe]a, leucorrh[oe]a, gout, worms, &c. See BITTERS.

=INHALA'TION.= _Syn._ Inhalatio, L. In _medicine_, the drawing in or inspiring of vapour with the breath. Inhalations (INHALATIONES) are vapours or gases imbibed for the purpose of medicating the mucous membrane of the air-passages. The substances that are to furnish the vapours or fumes are put into a vessel called an 'inhaler' (see INHALER), which may be simply a small covered pot or mug of metal or glass, furnished with a short flexible tube, terminating in a small mouth-piece. In many cases even this simple apparatus may be dispensed with, and the fumes inhaled by holding the head over a vessel containing a little of the substance furnishing them; or, as with chloroform, a little may be dropped on a handkerchief or napkin, which is then held to the nose.

The following are the principal substances that are employed for inhalations at the present day:--

1. Carbonic acid gas and nitrous oxide; occasionally used in phthisis, by means of a bladder and mouth-piece.

2. Chlorine gas; exhibited by adding 5 or 6 drops of aqueous chlorine to the water (tepid) of the inhaler, which should be, in this case, of glass; employed in France for phthisis, but seldom used in England.

3. Chloroform; as an anæsthetic.

4. Vapour of iodine, administered in the same way as chlorine; occasionally used in phthisis.

5. Oxygen and hydrogen gases, either alone or diluted with air; employed in asthma and phthisis, by means of a bladder and mouth-piece.

6. Tar vapour, obtained by heating tar, mixed with a little carbonate of potash, over a spirit lamp, occasionally employed in bronchitis, and recommended by Sir A. Crighton in phthisis, but appears of little value in the latter.

7. Steam of hot water; in bronchitis, and to allay the cough in phthisis; small quantities of the seeds of henbane, opium, poppy-heads, &c., are frequently added to produce an anodyne effect. See CIGARS (in pharmacy), DISINFECTANTS, FUMIGATION, VAPOURS, &c.

=INJEC'TION.= _Syn._ INJECTIO, L. In _medicine_, any liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by means of a syringe or an elastic bag. Those thrown into the rectum are commonly called 'clysters' or 'enemata,' and are noticed under the head of ENEMA. The following are the principal injections employed in medical practice at the present day:--

=Injection of Ac'etate of Ammo''nia.= _Syn._ INJECTIO AMMONIÆ ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Chirur.) Solution of acetate of ammonia (Ph. L.), 1 part; water, 3 parts. Refrigerant.

=Injection of Ac'etate of Cop'per.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CUPRI ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ From verdigris, 10 gr.; oil of almonds (hot), 4-1/2 oz.; triturate until dissolved, and strain. Detergent.

=Injection of Ac'etate of Lead.= _Syn._ INJECTIO PLUMBI ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Sugar of lead, 1/2 dr.; distilled water, 1/2 pint.

2. (Dr Collier.) Acetate of lead, 40 gr.; rose water, 8 fl. oz. Astringent and sedative. See SEDATIVE INJECTION.

=Injection of Ac'etate of Zinc.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ZINCI ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ellis.) Acetate of zinc, 8 gr.; rose water, 4 fl. oz.

2. (Brodie.) Sulphate of zinc, 1 dr.; sugar of lead, 80 gr.; water, 1 pint; dissolve separately, mix, and filter. Astringent.

=Injection, Alkaline.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ALKALINA, I. LITHONTRIPTICA, L. _Prep._ (Chevallier.) Carbonate of soda, 1 dr.; Castile soap, 2 dr.; water, 12 fl. oz.; dissolve. In certain forms of calculus.

=Injection of Aloes.= (Bories.) _Syn._ INJECTIO ALOES. _Prep._ Aloes, 10 gr.; muriate of ammonia, 10 gr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; fennel water, 6 oz.

4. (Dr Reece). Alum, 1 dr.; acetate of lead, 1-1/2 dr.; triturate with 6 oz. of boiling water, and in an hour filter.

=Injection of Al'um.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ALUMINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Collier.) Alum, 18 gr.; rose-water, 6 fl. oz.; dissolve. For the urethra.

2. (Collier.) Alum, 3 dr.; water, 1 quart. For the vagina.

3. (Ph. Ch.) Alum, 4 gr.; rose-water, 4 fl. oz. The above are all astringent.

=Injection of Ammo''nia.= _Syn._ INJECTIO AMMONIÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Ashwell.) Liquor of ammonia, 1 to 2 fl. dr.; milk, 1 pint. In obstructed menstruation.

2. (Lavagna.) Liquor of ammonia, 8 to 20 drops; milk, 2 fl. oz. As the last, thrice daily, beginning with the least quantity of ammonia.

3. Liquor of ammonia, 1 fl. dr.; mucilage, 1 oz.; water, 9 fl. oz. As the last.

=Injection of Ammo''nio-Sulphate of Cop'per.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CUPRI AMMONIATI, L. _Prep._ (Swediaur.) Ammonio-sulphate of copper, 5 gr.; rose-water, 8 fl. oz. In chronic gonorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Bichlo''ride of Mer'cury.= _Syn._ INJECTIO HYDRARGYRI BICHLORIDI, L. _Prep._ 1. Corrosive sublimate, 2 gr.; rose water, 5 fl. oz.; hydrochloric acid, 1 drop.

2. Corrosive sublimate and sal ammoniac, of each 5 to 10 gr.; water, 1 pint.

3. Sublimate, 5 gr.; rose water, 2-1/2 fl. oz. Used to promote healthy action, and to prevent infection.

=Injection of Cal'omel.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CALOMELANOS, I. HYDRARGYRI, CHLORIDI, L. _Prep._ (St. B. Hosp.) Calomel, 1 dr.; mucilage, 1 fl. oz.; water, 1/2 pint. Some persons order 'quince mucilage.'

=Injection of Carbolic Acid.= (Throat Hosp.) _Syn._ INJECTIO ACIDI CARBOLICI. _Prep._ Carbolic acid, 5 gr.; water, 1 oz.; mix. Antiseptic.

=Injection of Car'bonate of Lead.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CERUSSÆ, I. PLUMBI CARBONATIS, L. _Prep._ (Hosp. F.) Carbonate of lead (finely levigated), 1/2 dr.; sulphate of zinc, 8 gr.; mucilage, 1 oz.; rose water, 5 oz. Cooling and astringent.

=Injection of Chlo''ride of Lime.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CALCIS HYPOCHLORIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Chloride of lime, 1/2 dr.; water, 1/2 pint; agitate well together, and filter. To prevent infection.

2. (Detmold.) Chloride of lime, 2 dr.; decoction of rhatany, 13 fl. oz.; dissolve, and filter. In foul discharges, especially in ozæna, or f[oe]tid ulceration of the nose.

3. (Rousse.) Chloride of lime, 20 gr.; water, 7 fl. oz.; wine of opium, 1 fl. oz. In foul discharges, and to allay irritation.

=Injection of Chlo''ride of So'da.= _Syn._ INJECTIO SODÆ HYPOCHLORIS, L. _Prep._ From solution of chloride of soda, 1 fl. dr.; rose water, 3 fl. oz. As the last.

=Injection of Chlo''ride of Zinc.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ZINCI CHLORIDI, L. _Prep._ From chloride of zinc, 2 gr.; rose water, 3 fl. oz.; hydrochloric acid, 1 drop. In gonorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Copai'ba.= _Syn._ INJECTIO COPAIBÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Abernethy.) Copaiba 2 dr.; thick mucilage, 5 dr.; lime water, 6 fl. oz.; make an emulsion.

2. (Plenck.) Copaiba, 1/2 oz.; yolk of egg, q. s.; lime water, 6 fl. oz.; honey of roses, 3 oz. As the last.

3. (Ricord.) Copaiba, 6 dr.; yolk of egg, q. s.; decoction of poppies, 3 to 4 fl. oz. In ulcers of the rectum, vagina, and urethra; and in gonorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Cre'asote.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CREASOTI, L. _Prep._ (Dr Allnatt.) Creasote, 20 drops; white sugar, 2 dr.; liquor of potassa, 2 fl. dr.; triturate, and add of water, 8 fl. oz. In leucorrh[oe]a and piles.

=Injection of Cu'bebs.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CUBEBÆ, L. _Prep._ (Soubeiran.) Cubebs (in powder), 1 oz.; extract of belladonna, 1 dr.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; infuse in a covered vessel, and strain. Stimulant and narcotic. In gonorrh[oe]a and leucorrh[oe]a.

=Injection for the Ear.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ACOUSTICA, L. _Prep._ 1. Ox-gall, 3 dr.; balsam of Peru, 1 dr.; mix. In hardened wax, dryness of membranes, &c.

2. Oil of almonds or cloves, 2 oz.; oil of amber, 20 drops; tincture of castor, 1 fl. dr.; spirit of camphor, 1/2 dr.; laudanum, 3 drops; mix. In ear-ache and chronic deafness.

3. (Alibert.) Balsam of Peru, 2 dr.; tincture of musk, 4 or 5 drops; otto of roses, 1 or 2 drops; decoction of St. John's wort (warm), 16 fl. oz.; agitate together, and after repose decant the clear. In discharges from the ear.

_Obs._ Mr Yearsley states that drops and injections for the ear should be used with very great caution, and only under proper advice, as they otherwise often aggravate the ailment, instead of curing it.

=Injection of Er'got.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ERGOTÆ, I. SECALIS CORNUTI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Boudin.) Ergot, 1 dr.; boiling water, 8 fl. oz.; infuse until cold. When the urethra is highly sensitive.

2. (Descrolles.) Powdered ergot, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint. Both the above are used in chronic inflammation of the vagina, and in gonorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Gal'lic Acid.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ACIDI GALLICI, L. _Prep._ (Dunglison.) Gallic acid, 1/2 dr.; water, 1 pint. In leucorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Galls.= _Syn._ INJECTIO GALLÆ, L. _Prep._ From galls (bruised), 2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; infuse 1 hour, and strain. Astringent; in leucorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Hydrochlo''ric Acid.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ACIDI HYDROCHLORICI, L. _Prep._ From hydrochloric acid, 10 drops; soft water, 5 fl. oz. To prevent and to remove recent infection; also to remove particles of lime and iron from the eye.

=Injection of Hydrocyan'ic Ac'id.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ACIDI HYDROCYANICI, L. _Prep._ Medicinal hydrocyanic acid, 1 fl. dr.; soft water or almond emulsion, 1 pint. Anodyne; to allay excessive irritability, both in chronic ophthalmia and gonorrh[oe]a, and to relieve chordee; but in all cases it must be used with caution, and at first largely diluted with water.

=Injections, Hypodermic.= _Syn._ INJECTIONES HYPODERMICÆ, INJECTIONES SUBCUTANEÆ.

=1. Hypodermic Injection of Ergotine.= (Dr Hildebrandt.) Aqueous extract of ergotine, 3 parts; distilled water and glycerin, of each 7-1/2 parts; for uterine fibroid tumours (Dr Drasch), 5 gr. of ergotine in 1 dr. of glycerin; 1/5th to be injected, according to circumstances, once or twice a day, in the region of the pectoral muscles; in internal hæmorrhage, hæmoptysis, and epistaxis.

=2. Hypodermic Injection of Iodic Acid.= Dr Luton uses this in goitre, 1/2 dr. of solution containing 1/5th of acid injected at once into the midst of the tumour.

=3. Hypodermic Injection of Perchloride of Mercury.= (Dr Staub.) Perchloride of mercury and chloride of ammonium, of each 20 gr.; chloride of sodium about 62 gr.; distilled water, 20 gr. After filtration the whole is mixed with solution of the white of one egg, and 4-1/2 dr. of water. The solution contains 1/33rd of a gr. of perchloride to every 20 drops. 1/6th of a grain of perchloride to be injected each day.

=4. Hypodermic Injection of Morphia.= (B. P.) Hydrochlorate of morphia 88 gr.; solution of ammonia, acetic acid, distilled water of each, q. s. Dissolve the hydrochlorate in 2 oz. of distilled water by a gentle heat, then add the solution of ammonia, so as to precipitate the morphia, and render the liquid slightly alkaline; allow it to cool; collect the precipitate on a filter, wash with distilled water, and allow it to drain; then transfer the morphia to a porcelain dish, and add acetic acid until the morphia is dissolved, and a very slightly acid solution is formed. Now add distilled water, q. s. to make the solution measure 2 fl. oz. For subcutaneous injection, 1 to 6 minims.

5. Sulphate of morphia is a very good soluble salt.

=6. Hypodermic Injection of Quinine.= Three to 6 gr. of _neutral_ sulphate of quinine placed on a watch glass, previously warmed, without acid; to this add 12 minims of distilled water, and apply a moderate heat by a spirit lamp for a second, or two. The syringe should be warmed before being used.

Dr Rosenthal advocates the use of glycerin as a medium for the solution of various substances used for subcutaneous injection. The glycerin must be very pure. By gradual elevation of temperature it can be made to take up a large number of certain alkaloids and salts, and will retain them dissolved for a year. 1 fl. dr. will dissolve one scruple of sulphate of quinine, and 10 gr. of hydrochlorate of morphia. Dr Rosenthal states that the injection of quinine has been found very useful in intermittents.

=Injection of Io'dide of I'ron.= _Syn._ INJECTIO FERRI IODIDI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ricord.) Iodide of iron, 6 gr.; water, 5 fl. oz. In gonorrh[oe]a, gradually increasing the quantity of iodide.

2. (Soubeiran.) Iodide of iron, 3 to 4 dr.; water, 1 pint. In suppressed and painful menstruation, leucorrh[oe]a, &c. Both are astringent and well adapted to scrofulous patients.

=Injection of I'odide of Potas'sium.= _Syn._ INJECTIO POTASSII IODIDI, L. _Prep._ (Foy.) Iodide of potassium, 3 gr.; pure water, 1 pint. As a stimulant to fistulous sinuses and ulcers in persons of scrofulous habits.

=Injection of I'odine.= _Syn._ IODURETTED INJECTION; INJECTIO IODURETA, I. IODINII, L. _Prep._ 1. (M. Ameuille.) Tincture of iodine, 1 part; water, 5 or 6 parts. In refractory fistulæ.

2. (M. Bonnet.) Iodine, 1 part; iodide of potassium, 2 parts; water, 10 parts. In scrofulous hydrarthrosis, &c.

3. (Bransby Cooper.) Compound tincture of iodine, 2 fl. dr.; water, 6 fl. dr. In hydrocele.

4. (Guibourt.) Iodine, 4 gr.; iodide of potassium, 8 gr.; water, 1 pint. To stimulate fistulous sinuses.

5. (Velpeau.) Tincture of iodine, 1 fl. dr.; water, 3 fl. dr. In hydrocele.

=Injection, Lithontrip'tic.= _Syn._ INJECTIO LITHONTRIPTICA, I. VESICALIS, L. _Prep._ (Dr Hoskins.) Nitro-saccharate of lead, 1 gr.; saccharic acid, 5 drops; rub together, then add of distilled water, 1 fl. oz. As a solvent for phosphatic calculi. See INJECTION ALKALINE.

=Injection, Mercu''rial.= _Syn._ INJECTIO MERCURIALIS, I. HYDRARGYRI, L. _Prep._ 1. Quicksilver, 1 dr.; gum mucilage, 1-1/2 oz.; triturate until the globules disappear, and gradually add of water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.

2. (Hosp. F.) Quicksilver and balsam of copaiba, of each 4 dr.; yolk of an egg; rose water, 1/2 pint. An awkward and useless preparation.

=Injection of Mor'phia.= _Syn._ INJECTIO MORPHIÆ, L. _Prep._ (Brera.) Morphia, 2 gr.; oil of almonds (warm), 1 oz.; triturate together until united. Anodyne and emollient. To ease the pain in ear-ache, acute gonorrh[oe]a, piles, &c.

=Injection of Night Shade, Black.= (P. C.) _Syn._ INJECTIO FOLIARUM SOLANI NIGRUM. _Prep._ Dried leaves of black night shade, 1-3/4 oz.; boiling water, 36 oz. Infuse 1 hour, and strain.

=Injection of Nitrate of Sil'ver.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ARGENTI NITRATIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Acton.) Nitrate of silver, 3 gr.; distilled water, 1/2 pint; dissolve.

2. (Dr Arnott.) Nitrate, 12 gr.; water, 1 fl. oz.

3. (Dr Collier.) Nitrate, 2 gr.; rose water, 1 fl. oz.

4. (Dr Culverwell.) Nitrate, 20 to 30 gr.; water, 1 fl. oz.

5. (Dr Jewell.) Nitrate, 12 gr.; water, 6 fl. oz.

6. (Ricord.) Nitrate, 8 gr.; water, 1 fl. oz.

7. (West. Hosp.) Nitrate, 1-1/2 gr.; diluted nitric acid, 1-1/4 minim; distilled water, 1 fl. oz.

_Obs._ The weaker solutions are used in chronic gonorrh[oe]a, gleet, and leucorrh[oe]a; those of an intermediate strength to prevent an attack of gonorrh[oe]a following the incipient symptoms of that disease; and the strongest, chiefly in spermatorrh[oe]a. Their use requires great caution.

=Injection of Oak Bark.= _Syn._ INJECTIO QUERCUS. _Prep._ (Univ. Hosp.) Alum, 6 gr.; decoction of oak bark, 1 fl. oz. For the vagina. Astringent.

=Injection, Oleaginous.= _Syn._ INJECTIO OLEOSA. _Prep._ Oil of almonds, 4 oz.; liquid subacetate of lead, 8 drops.

=Injection of O''pium.= _Syn._ INJECTIO OPII, I. OPIATA, L. _Prep._ 1. Tincture of opium or wine of opium, 1 to 2 fl. dr. (according to circumstances); water, 5 fl. oz. As an anodyne, in gonorrh[oe]a.

2. (Foy.) Extract of opium, 6 gr.; extract of belladonna, 1-1/2 dr.; decoction of wild lettuce, 16 fl. oz. In neuralgia and hæmorrhages.

=Injection of Opium with Lead.= (Wendt.) _Syn._ INJECTIO PLUMBI OPIATA. _Prep._ Extract of opium, 1-1/2 gr.; distilled water, 2 oz.; mucilage, 2 dr.; liquid subacetate of lead, 4 drops.

=Injection of Pancreas.= (Merkel.) _Syn._ INJECTIO PANCREATINI. _Prep._ One bullock's pancreas; glycerin, 8 oz. Rub the finely minced pancreas with the glycerin, mix one third of this mixture with from 4 to 5 oz. of finely minced meat, and inject into the rectum. Said to be easily digested.

=Injection of Platino-Chloride of Soda.= (H[oe]ffer.) _Syn._ INJECTIO PLATINO-CHLORIDI SODII. _Prep._ Decoction of poppy, 8 oz.; chloride of platinum and sodium, 1/2 dr.

=Injection, Sed'ative.= _Syn._ INJECTIO SEDATIVA, L. _Prep._ (Hosp. F.) Oil of almonds, 1 oz.; solution of diacetate of lead, 20 drops. Cooling, sedative, and emollient.

2. (Wendt.) Aqueous extract of opium, 1-1/2 gr.; mucilage, 2 dr.; solution of diacetate of lead, 4 drops; water, 2 fl. oz. Cooling, sedative, and anodyne.

3. (Gassincourt.) Simple emulsion, 5 fl. oz.; decoction of poppies, 16 fl. oz.; white of 1 egg; mix. In acute gonorrh[oe]a.

=Injection, Stim'ulating.= _Syn._ INJECTIO STIMULANS, L. _Prep._ (St. Marie.) Myrrh, 1 oz.; quicklime, 2 oz.; water, 1 quart; digest for 2 or 3 days, and decant the clear portion. In fistulous ulcers.

=Injection of Sul'phate of Cop'per.= _Syn._ INJECTIO CUPRI SULPHATIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Sulphate of copper, 5 gr.; rose water, 4 fl. oz. In chronic gonorrh[oe]a.

2. (Hunter.) Sulphate of copper, 3 gr.; water, 4 fl. oz. As the last.

3. (Swediaur.) Sulphate of copper, 6 gr.; water, 4 fl. oz.; dissolve, and add solution of diacetate of lead, 20 drops. In phimosis.

=Injection of Sul'phate of Ir'on.= _Syn._ INJECTIO FERRI SULPHATIS, L. _Prep._ (Berends.) Sulphate of iron and mucilage, of each 1/2 dr.; sage water, 4 fl. oz.; dissolve. In nasal and uterine hæmorrhages.

=Injection of Sul'phate of Zinc.= _Syn._ INJECTIO ZINCI SULPHATIS. _Prep._ 1. (Hosp. F.) Sulphate of zinc, 2 gr.; water, 1 fl. oz.

2. (King's Coll.--INJECTIO COMMUNIS.)--_a._ Sulphate of zinc, 3 gr.; solution of lead, 20 drops; water, 1 fl. oz. For a man. _b._ Sulphate of zinc, 10 gr.; alum, 10 gr.; decoction of oak bark, 1 fl. oz. For a woman.

=Injection of Sul'phuret of Potas'sium.= _Syn._ INJECTIO POTASSII SULPHURETI, L. _Prep._ (Wedekind.) Sulphuret of potassium, 1 dr.; water, 1/2 pint. In gonorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Tan'nic Acid.= _Syn._ INJECTIO TANNINI, I. ACIDI TANNICI, L. _Prep._ (Béral.) Tannin, 1/2 dr.; distilled water, 8 fl. oz. (or better, 1/2 pint). In gleet and leucorrh[oe]a.

=Injection of Tea.= _Syn._ INJECTIO THEÆ, L. _Prep._ (Hosp. F.) Green tea (or rough black tea), 1 dr. (say 2 teaspoonfuls); boiling water, 1/2 pint. Astringent; in gleet and fluor albus.

=Injection of Turpentine.= (St. Bart.'s Hosp.) _Syn._ INJECTIO TEREBINTHINÆ. _Prep._ Oil of turpentine, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; olive oil, 12 fl. oz.

=Injection, Vi'nous.= _Syn._ INJECTIO VINI RUBRI, I. VINOSA, L. _Prep._ (Earle.) Red wine, 1 part; water, 2 or 3 parts. In hydrocele.

=Injection of Wood-soot.= _Syn._ INJECTIO FULIGINIS. (Rognetta). Decoction of wood-soot, 16 oz.; alum 1/2 oz.; water, 6 oz. In leucorrh[oe]a.

=Ink.= _Syn._ ATRAMENTUM, L. Coloured liquid employed for writing with a pen. Ink is made of various substances and colours; but at present we shall confine our attention to the tanno-gallic compounds, to which the term, when standing alone, is almost exclusively applied.

_Prep._ 1. Aleppo galls (well bruised), 4 oz.; clean soft water, 1 quart; macerate in a clean corked bottle for 10 days or a fortnight, or even longer, with frequent agitation, then add of gum Arabic (dissolved in a wine-glassful of water), 1-1/4 oz.; lump sugar, 1/2 oz.; mix well, and afterwards further add of sulphate of iron (green copperas, crushed small), 1-1/2 oz.; agitate occasionally for 2 or 3 days, when the ink may be decanted for use, but is better if the whole is left to digest together for 2 or 3 weeks. When time is an object, the whole of the ingredients may at once be put into a bottle, and the latter agitated daily until the ink is made; and boiling water instead of cold water may be employed. _Product._ 1 quart of excellent ink, writing pale at first, but soon turning intensely black.

2. Aleppo galls (bruised), 12 lbs.; soft water, 6 galls.; boil in a copper vessel for 1 hour, adding more water to make up for the portion lost by evaporation; strain, and again boil the galls with water, 4 galls.; for 1/2 an hour; strain off the liquor, and boil a third time with water, 2-1/2 galls., and strain; mix the several liquors, and while still hot, add of green copperas (coarsely powdered), 4-1/2 lbs.; gum arabic (bruised small), 4 lbs.; agitate until dissolved, and after defecation strain through a hair sieve, and keep it in a bunged-up cask for use. _Product._ 12 galls.; very fine and durable.

3. Aleppo galls (bruised), 14 lbs.; gum, 5 lbs; put them in a small cask, and add of boiling soft water, 15 galls.; allow the whole to macerate, with frequent agitation, for a fortnight, then further add of green copperas, 5 lbs., (dissolved in) water, 7 pints; again mix well, and agitate the whole once daily for 2 or 3 weeks. _Prod._ Fully 15 galls. Resembles No. 1.

4. Galls (bruised), 9 lbs.; logwood chips (best Campeachy), 3 lbs.; boil as in No. 2; to the strained mixed liquors, add of gum arabic and green copperas, of each (bruised small), 4 lbs.; simmer or digest until dissolved, and at once strain through a hair sieve into the store-cask or jars. _Prod._ 16-1/2 galls. Excellent, but inferior to the preceding.

5. Galls (bruised), 2 lbs.; logwood chips, green copperas, and gum, of each 1 lb.; water, 7 galls.; boil 2 hours, and strain. _Prod._ 5 galls. A superior ink for retail.

6. Galls (bruised), 1 lb.; logwood, 2 lbs.; gum (common), 1 lb.; green copperas, 3/4 lb.; water, 8 galls.; proceed as last. _Prod._ 6 galls. Common, but fit for all ordinary purposes.

The following formulæ are for some of the advertised inks, or are those recommended by the authorities whose names are attached to them:--

7. (ANTI-CORROSIVE.) Same as 'Asiatic ink.'

8. (ASIATIC.) Galls, 4 lbs.; logwood, 2 lbs.; pomegranate peel, 2 lb.; soft water, 5 galls; boil as in No. 2, then add to the strained and decanted liquor, when cold, of gum Arabic, 1 lb.; lump sugar or sugar candy, 1/4 lb.; dissolved in water, 3 pints. _Product._ 4-1/2 galls. Writes pale, but flows well from the pen, and soon gets black.

9. (Brande.) Galls, 6 oz.; green copperas and gum Arabic, of each 4 oz.; soft water, 3 quarts; by decoction.

10. (Chaptal.) As No. 4 (nearly), adding sulphate of copper, 1/2 lb. Full coloured, but less durable and anticorrosive than the preceding.

11. (Desormeaux.) Galls, 1 lb.; logwood chips, 4 oz.; water, 6 quarts; boil 1 hour, strain 5 quarts, add of sulphate of iron (calcined to whiteness), 4 oz.; brown sugar, 3 oz.; gum, 6 oz.; acetate of copper, 1/4 oz.; agitate twice a day for a fortnight, then decant the clear, bottle, cork up for use. Writes a full black, and otherwise resembles No. 10.

12. (Elsner.) Galls (powdered), 42 oz.; gum Senegal (powdered), 15 oz.; distilled or rain water, 18 quarts; sulphate of iron (free from copper), 18 oz.; liquor of ammonia, 3 dr.; spirit of wine, 24 oz.; mix these ingredients in an open vessel, stirring frequently until the ink attains the desired blackness. This formula is said to give a deep black, neutral ink that does not corrode steel pens.

13. (EXCHEQUER.) Galls (bruised), 40 lbs. (say 4 parts); gum, 10 lbs. (say one part); green sulphate of iron, 9 lbs. (say one part); soft water, 45 galls., (say 45 parts); macerate for 3 weeks, employing frequent agitation. "This ink will endure for centuries."

14. (Guibourt.) Galls (in powder), 50 parts; hot water, 800 parts; digest 24 hours, strain, and add of green sulphate of iron and gum Arabic, of each 25 parts; when dissolved, add the following solution and mix well:--Sal ammoniac, 8 parts; gum, 2 parts; oil of lavender, 1 part; boiling water, 16 parts. Said to be indelible.

15. (JAPAN.) This is a black and glossy kind of ink, which may be prepared from either of the above receipts by calcining the copperas until white or yellow, or by sprinkling it (in powder) with a little nitric acid before adding it to the decoction (preferably the former), by which the ink is rendered of a full black as soon as made. The glossiness is given by using more gum. It flows less easily from the pen than other inks, and is less durable than ink that writes paler and afterwards turns black. It is unfitted for steel pens.

16. (Lewis.) Bruised galls, 3 lb.; gum and sulphate of iron, of each 1 lb.; vinegar, 1 gall.; water, 9 quarts; macerate with frequent agitation for 14 days. To produce 3 galls. Fine quality, but apt to act on steel pens.

17. (PREROGATIVE COURT.) Galls, 1 lb.; gum Arabic, 6 oz.; alum, 2 oz.; green vitriol, 7 oz.; kino, 3 oz.; logwood raspings, 4 oz.; soft water, 1 gall.; macerate at last. Said to write well on parchment.

18. (Ribaucourt.) Galls, 1 lb.; logwood chips and sulphate of iron, of each 1/2 lb.; gum 6 oz.; sulphate of copper and sugar candy, of each, 1 oz.; boil the first two in soft water, 2-1/2 galls., to one half, then add the other ingredients. Full coloured, but somewhat corrosive, as No. 10.

19. (Dr Ure.) Galls, 12 lbs.; green copperas and gum Senegal, of each 5 lbs.; as No. 2 (nearly). To produce 12 galls.

20. (Dr Wollaston.) Galls, 1 oz.; sulphate of iron, 3 dr.; gum, 1/4 oz.; cold water 1/2 pint; put into a bottle and shaken together every day for a fortnight or longer. A good durable ink, which will bear diluting.

21. (_Pharmaceutische Zeitung._) By adding ferrocyanide of potassium to ordinary ink, an indelible writing ink may be obtained. The removal of such an ink by an acid would result in the production of Prussian blue.

_General Commentary._ According to the most accurate experiments on the preparation of black ink, it appears that the quantity of sulphate of iron should not exceed 1/3rd part of that of the galls, by which an excess of astringent vegetable matter, which is necessary for the durability of the colour, is preserved in the liquid. Gum, by shielding the writing from the action of the air, tends to preserve the colour; but if much is employed, the ink flows languidly from quill pens, and scarcely at all from steel pens. The latter require a very limpid ink. The addition of sugar (especially of moist sugar) increases the flowing property of the liquid, but makes it dry more slowly, and frequently to pass into an acetous state, in which condition it acts injuriously on the pen. Vinegar, for a like reason, is not calculated for the menstruum, as it rapidly softens quill or horn, and corrodes iron and steel.

To ensure the permanency of the colour of the tanno-gallic inks, the best Aleppo or blue nut-galls must alone be used. No second or inferior quality should be employed. A contrary practice, often adopted for the sake of economy, is nearly always followed by unpleasant results and often by considerable loss.

The only improvement of importance which has been made in the manufacture of writing ink from the common materials, during the last few years, is the practice of first roasting the gall-nuts, which is now adopted by a few of the houses most celebrated for their COPYING INK. In this way a portion of pyrogallic acid is formed, which is very soluble in water, and strikes an intense bluish-black colour with the protosulphate or green sulphate of iron. From galls so treated an ink may be made to write black at once. Care must, however, be taken to avoid any loss of materials by volatilisation.

To prevent any tendency to mouldiness in ink, a few bruised cloves, or a little oil of cloves, or, still better, a few drops of creasote (carbolic acid) may be added. The last two should be previously dissolved in a small quantity of strong vinegar, or rectified spirit. With the same intention some of the large makers allow the ink to become covered with a skin of 'mould' in the cask, to render it less liable to undergo the same change when subsequently bottled. Formerly the practice was to add a little spirit for the same purpose.

Sumach, logwood, and oak-bark are frequently substituted for galls in the preparation of common ink. When such is the case, only about 1/6 or 1/7th of their weight of copperas should be employed. Inks so made possess little durability.

The very general use of steel pens of late years has caused a corresponding demand for easy-flowing inks, many of which are now vended under the titles of WRITING-FLUIDS, STEEL-PEN INK, ANTICORROSIVE INK, &c. The greater number of these are prepared from galls in the preceding manner; but a less quantity of gum is employed, and greater attention is paid than heretofore to avoid every source of 'greasiness' among which smoke and dirty utensils are, perhaps, the principal. The blue 'writing fluids,' which either maintain their colour or turn black by exposure to the air, are, in general, prepared from ferrocyanide of potassium, or from indigo, and are fully noticed in another place. COPYING INK, another variety of ink of recent introduction, is characterised by its suitableness to metallic pens, and by furnishing a transcript by means of the 'copying press' or 'copying machine.' (See _below_.)

The inks prepared by the first four of the above formulæ are very durable and limpid, and will bear dilution with nearly an equal bulk of water, and still be superior in quality to the ordinary inks of the shops. See GALLS, IRON, WRITING FLUID, and _below_.

=Ink, Blue and Blue black.= See WRITING FLUID.

=Ink, Brown.= 1. A strong decoction of catechu; the shade may be varied by the cautious addition of a little weak solution of bichromate of potash.

2. A strong decoction of logwood, with a very little bichromate of potash.

=Ink, Carbon.= Dissolve real Indian ink in common black ink, or add a small quantity of lampblack previously heated to redness, and ground perfectly smooth, with a small portion of the ink.

=Ink, Carmine.= Heat a scruple of carmine with 3 oz. of water of ammonia for some minutes, a little below boiling, and add 15 to 20 gr. of gum. (The inkstand must be kept well closed.)

=Ink, Chrome.= See GREEN INK and WRITING FLUID.

=Ink, Coloured.= Inks of various colours may be made from a strong decoction of the ingredients used in dyeing, mixed with a little alum or other substance used as a mordant, and gum Arabic. Any of the ordinary water-colour cakes employed in drawing, diffused through water, may also be used as coloured ink. See BROWN, GREEN, and RED inks, &c.

INK, COPYING. This is usually prepared by adding a little sugar or other saccharine matter to ordinary black ink, which for this purpose should be very rich in colour, and preferably made from galls prepared by heat, as noticed above. Writing executed with this ink may be copied within the space of 5 or 6 hours, by passing it through a press (COPYING PRESS) in contact with thin unsized paper (BANK-POST), slightly damped, enclosed between two sheets of thick oiled or waxed paper, when a reversed transcript will be obtained, which will read in proper order when the back of the copy is turned upwards. In the absence of a press a copy may be taken, when the ink is good and the writing very recent, by rolling the sheets, dully arranged on a ruler, over the surface of a flat smooth table, employing as much force as possible, and avoiding any slipping or crumbling of the paper. Another method is to pass a warm flat-iron over the paper laid upon the writing. The following proportions are employed:

1. Sugar candy or lump sugar, 1 oz.; or treacle or moist sugar, 1-1/4 oz.; rich black ink, 1-1/2 pint; dissolve.

2. Malt wort, 1 pint; evaporate it to the consistence of a syrup, and then dissolve it in good black ink, 1-1/4 pint.

3. Solazza juice, 2 oz.; mild ale, 1/2 pint; dissolve, strain, and triturate with lampblack (previously heated to dull redness it a covered vessel), 1/4 oz.; when the mixture is complete, add of strong black ink, 1-1/2 pint, mix well, and in 2 or 3 hours decant the clear.

_Obs._ After making the above mixtures, they must be tried with a common steel pen, and if they do not flow freely, some more unprepared ink should be added until they are found to do so.

=Ink, Gold.= From gold in the state of a impalpable powder, ground up with a little gum water. The brilliancy of the writing performed with this ink is considerable, and may be increased by burnishing.

=Ink, Green.= 1. From sap green dissolved in very weak alum water.

2. A strong solution of binacetate of copper in water, or of verdigris in vinegar.

3. (Klaproth.) Verdigris, 2 oz.; cream of tartar, 1 oz.; water, 1/2 pint; boil to one half, and filter.

4. (Winckley.) Bichromate of potassa, 3 parts; hot water, 8 parts; dissolve, add of rectified spirits, 4 parts, mix, and further add of sulphuric acid, q. s. to liberate the chromic acid, avoiding excess; next evaporate to one half, dilute with water, filter, and add to the filtrate rectified spirit, 4 parts together with 3 or 4 drops of sulphuric acid (if required), to precipitate any remaining potash salt; lastly, decant and preserve the liquid until it assumes a rich green colour.

5. A solution of recently precipitated hydrated oxide of chromium in liquor of ammonia, diluted with distilled water, q. s. A magnificent dark-green liquid, perfectly anti-corrosive.

=Ink, Horticultural.= _Prep._ Chloride of platinum, 1/4 oz.; soft water, 1 pint; dissolve, and preserve it in glass. Used with a clean quill to write on zinc labels. It almost immediately turns black, and cannot be removed by washing. The addition of gum and lampblack, as recommended in certain books, is unnecessary, and even prejudicial to the quality of the ink.

2. Verdigris and sal ammoniac, of each 1/2 oz.; levigated lampblack, 1/2 oz.; common vinegar, 1/4 pint; mix thoroughly. Used as the last, for either zinc, iron, or steel.

3. Blue vitriol, 1 oz.; sal ammoniac, 1/2 oz. (both in powder); vinegar, 1/4 pint; dissolve. A little lampblack, or vermilion, may be added, but it is not necessary. As No. 1; for iron, tin, or steel plate. Some of the preparations described below under '_Incorrodible ink_' are also used by gardeners and nurserymen.

=Ink, Incorro''dible.= This name has been given to several preparations of a resinous character, capable of resisting the action of damp and acids.

_Prep._ 1. Boiled linseed oil, ground with lampblack and Prussian blue, of each q. s. to impart a deep black colour. It may be thinned with oil of turpentine.

2. Good copal or amber varnish, coloured with either plumbago or vermilion.

3. Trinidad asphaltum (genuine), 1 part; oil of turpentine, 4 parts; colour (as last) q. s.

4. (Close.) Cobalt (in powder), 25 gr.; oil of lavender, 200 gr.; dissolve by a gentle heat, and add of lampblack, 3 gr.; indigo 1 gr. (both in impalpable powder); or vermilion, q. s.

5. (Hausmann.) As No. 3 (nearly). Resists the action of iodine, chlorine, alkalies, and acids.

6. (Sheldrake.) Asphaltum dissolved in amber varnish and oil of turpentine, and coloured with lampblack.

Coarsely powdered anacardium nuts (the fruit of the _Anacardium orientale_) are macerated in a well-closed bottle with petroleum ether, for some time. Upon allowing the latter to evaporate spontaneously, a syrupy residue is left, and this, when applied to linen or cotton cloth, imparts to them a brownish-yellow colour, which instantly changes to a deep black on the addition of ammonia or lime water. (Böttger.)