Chapter II: BLEACHING of =Linen=:--Linen may be bleached in a similar way to (12)

_Uses, &c._ This cement is tempered with water, and applied at once, as it soon hardens, and will not bear being again softened down with water. For foundations and cornices exposed to the weather it is usually mixed with an equal quantity of clean angular sand; for use as a common mortar, with about twice as much sand; for coating walls exposed to cold and wet, the common proportions are 3 of sand to 2 of cement, and for walls exposed to extreme dryness or heat, about 2-1/2 or 3 of sand to 1 of cement; for facing cistern work, water frontages, &c., nothing but cement and water should be employed. Under the name of compo' or Roman cement it is much employed for facing houses, water cisterns, setting the foundations of large edifices, &c.

=Cement, Pew's.= Quick-lime, 1 part; baked clay, 2 parts (both in powder); mix and calcine; then add gypsum (fresh baked and in fine powder), 1 part, to powdered baked clay, 2 parts; mix well, add the former mixture, and incorporate them well together. Used to cover buildings. It is applied like mortar, and is very hard and durable. See CEMENT, GIBBS,' &c.

=Cement, Plumb'ers'.= Black resin melted with about an equal weight of brick-dust. Some times a little pitch or tallow is added.

=Cement, Port'land.= From clay and chalk, or argillaceous river-mud and chalk or limestone, calcined together, and then ground to powder. See CEMENT, PARKER'S.

=Cement, Ro'man.= Genuine Roman cement consists of puzzolene (a ferruginous clay from Pozzuoli, calcined by the fires of Vesuvius), lime, and sand. The only preparation which the puzzolene undergoes is that of pounding and sifting. It is generally mixed up with water, like most other cements, but occasionally with bullock's blood and oil, to give the composition more tenacity. That used in this country is now generally prepared from the septaria of either Harwich or Sheppy, or of the lias formation, or from the cement stone found in the upper division of the lias formation, or in the shale beds of the Kimmeridge clay. It is also prepared from several artificial mixtures of ferruginous clay and lime, calcined together. It must be kept in close vessels, and mixed with water when used. See CEMENT, PARKER'S and GIBBS'.

=Cement, Seal Engra''vers'.= Resembles plumbers' cement. Used to fix the pieces of metal while cutting, and also to secure seals and tools in their handles. It grows harder and improves every time it is melted.

=Cement, Sin'ger's.= _Prep._ 1. Melt together resin, 5 lbs., and beeswax, 1 lb., and stir in finely-powdered red ochre (highly dried and still warm), 1 lb., and plaster of Paris, 4 oz.; continuing the heat a little above 212° Fahr., and stirring constantly till all frothing ceases.

2. Resin, 6 lbs.; dried red-ochre, 1 lb.; calcined plaster of Paris, 1/2 lb.; linseed oil, 1/4 lb. Used to cement the plates in voltaic troughs, to join chemical vessels, &c. No. 2 is specially applicable to troughs. See CEMENT, ELECTRICAL.

=Cement, Steam-boiler.= _Prep._ Litharge, in fine powder, 2 parts; very fine sand and quick-lime (that has been allowed to slake spontaneously in a damp place), of each 1 part; mix and keep it from the air. Used to mend the cracks in boilers and ovens, and to secure steam joints. It is made into a paste with boiled oil before application.

=Cement, Steam-pipe.= _Prep._ Good linseed oil varnish is ground with equal weights of white lead, oxide of manganese, and pipeclay.

=Cement, Stucco.= This is a compound of powdered gypsum or strong gelatin. It is used for coating walls, and also for ornamenting ceilings. It takes a high polish, and coloured designs can be painted on it. When employed on walls a coarser kind is first laid on, which is followed by a coating made of choicer specimens of gypsum, or glue, or isinglass. When this latter and outer coat becomes dry it is polished with pumice, tripoli, and linen. The colour is incorporated with the outer coatings of the stucco by mixing the metallic pigments with it, and then applying it to the wall, after which a very thin coating of gypsum and isinglass, or sometimes of oil, is given to it, and when the whole is partially dried the tint is brought out by polishing, as before stated. Generally the finest effect is obtained by oil.

=Cement, Transpar'ent.= See CEMENT, ELASTIC.

=Cement, Turn'ers'.= _Prep._ Beeswax, 1 oz.; resin, 1/2 oz.; pitch, 1/2 oz.; melt, and stir in fine brickdust, q. s.

=Cement, Univers'al.= See CEMENT, PARABOLIC.

=Cement, Var'ley's.= _Syn._ VARLEY'S MASTIC. Black resin, 16 parts; beeswax, 1 part; melt, add whiting (sifted, dried by a dull-red heat, and allowed to cool), 16 parts; and stir until nearly cold.

=Cement, Water.= _Prep._ 1. From good grey clay, 4 parts; black oxide of manganese, 6 parts; limestone (reduced to powder by sprinkling it with water), 90 parts; mix, calcine, and powder.

2. Mix white iron ore (manganese iron ore), 15 parts, with lime, 85 parts; calcine and powder as above. Both this and the preceding must be mixed up with a little sand for use. A piece thrown into water rapidly hardens.

3. Fine clean sand, 1 cwt.; quick-lime, in powder, 28 lbs.; bone ashes, 14 lbs. The above are beat up with water for use. See CEMENT, HYDRAULIC, &c.

=Cement, Waterglass.= For glass, earthenware, porcelain, and all kinds of stoneware, these cements are excellent. A cement for glass and marble is prepared by rubbing together one part of fine pulverised glass, and two parts of pulverised fluorspar, and then adding enough waterglass solution to give it the consistency necessary in a cement.

Waterglass mixed with hydraulic cement to a thick dough makes a good cement for the edges and joints of stone and marble slabs. It is well to mix but little at a time, as it hardens very quickly. ('Journal of Applied Chemistry.')

=Cement, Wa'terproof.= Several compounds of this class have been already noticed. The celebrated "waterproof cement of Dihl" consists of porcelain clay or pipeclay, dried by a gentle heat, and powdered, mixed up to the consistence of a paste with boiled linseed oil, and, sometimes, a little oil of turpentine. It is coloured by adding a little red or yellow ochre, or any similar pigment. It is used to cover the fronts of buildings, roofs of verandahs, &c.

_Concluding Remarks._ For mending broken CHINA, EARTHENWARE, GLASS, and WOOD, the preparations generally used are the cements described above as ARMENIAN, BOTANY BAY, CHEESE, CHINESE, CURD, EGG, EXTEMPORANEOUS, GLASS, GLUE, HENSLER'S, H[OE]NLE'S, MAHOGANY, and PARABOLIC. For SPAR, MARBLE, and similar materials, the ALABASTER CEMENT is specially adapted; the EGG and PARABOLIC CEMENTS will, however, answer the same purpose. For CLOTH, LEATHER, PAPER, CARD, and LIGHT FANCY WORK, the most suitable cements are the ELASTIC, CHINESE, FLOUR, FRENCH, and JAPANESE. The cements adapted for CHEMICAL and ELECTRICAL APPARATUS, and for SEALING BOTTLES, are also termed BOTTLE, BRIMSTONE, CAP, CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, LABORATORY, MAISSIAT'S, and VARLEY'S. The BUILDING and HYDRAULIC CEMENTS are described under the heads ARCHITECTURAL, BEALE'S, BRUYERE'S, FIREPROOF, GAD'S, GIBBS', HAMELIN'S, HYDRAULIC, KEENE'S, OXYCHLORIDE, PARKER'S, PEW'S, PORTLAND, ROMAN, WATER, and WATERPROOF. The cements used for METAL-WORK, &c., in different trades, are noticed under the heads COPPERSMITHS', CUTLERS', ENGINEERS', GRINDERS', IRON, LETTER-FIXING, OPTICIANS', PLUMBERS', SEAL-ENGRAVERS', STEAM-BOILER, STEAM-PIPE, and TURNER'S. See GLUE, LUTE, MORTAR, TOOTH-CEMENT, &c.

=CEMENTA'TION.= The process of imbedding a substance in, or covering it with, some powder or composition capable of acting on it when heated, and in this state exposing it to a red heat. Iron is converted into steel, and glass into Réaumur's porcelain, by cementation.

=CEN'TAURIN.= _Syn._ CENTAURIN'A. The bitter extractive matter of _Erythæa centaurium_, or common centaury. Combined with hydrochloric acid, it has been highly recommended as a febrifuge.

=CER'ASIN.= _Syn._ PRUN'INE. The insoluble portion of cherry-tree gum. It is identical with bassorin. Dr John applies the term to all those gums which, like tragacanth, swell, but do not dissolve in water. See BASSORIN.

=CE'RATE.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM, L. A thick species of ointment containing wax. Cerates are intermediate in consistence between ointments and plasters; but are less frequently employed than either of those preparations. The medicinal ingredients which enter into the cerates are very numerous; indeed, almost every kind of medicine capable of exercising a topical effect may be prescribed in this form.

It is a general custom with the druggists to use a less quantity of wax for their cerates than that which is necessary to give them a proper consistence, and in many cases it is omitted altogether, and its place supplied by hard suet, or stearine, and frequently by common resin. Lard is also very generally substituted for olive oil. Indeed, in no class of pharmaceutical preparations are the instructions of practitioners and the colleges more commonly disregarded. The operation of melting the ingredients should be performed in a water bath or steam bath, and the liquid mass should be assiduously stirred until cold.

All the medicated cerates may be prepared by adding the active ingredients, in the form of fine powder, soft extract, solution, &c., as the case may be, to either simple cerate or spermaceti cerate, in the proportions indicated under the head of "Doses" appended to every article of importance noticed in this work. The mixture, which must be complete, may be effected by working the articles together on a marble or glass slab or tile, or, still better, by trituration in a clean wedgwood mortar. In some cases the simple cerate is melted by a gentle heat, and the whole stirred or triturated until nearly solid; in others, digestion with heat is employed.

=Cerate.= _Syn._ SIM'PLE CERATE, SIMPLE DRES'SING; CERATUM (Ph. L.), C. SIM'PLEX (Ph. L. 1824). _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Yellow wax, 20 oz.; melt by a gentle heat; add olive oil, 1 pint; and stir until it begins to solidify.

Used as a simple emollient dressing. The corresponding preparations of the other colleges will be found noticed under OINTMENTS. The _ceratum simplex_ of the Ph. E. is SPERMACETI CERATE.

=Cerate, Ac'etate of Lead.= _Syn._ CE'RATE OF SUGAR OF LEAD; CERA'TUM PLUM'BI ACETA'TIS (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) White wax, 5 oz.; olive oil, 18 fl. oz.; melt together; add, acetate of lead (in fine powder), 5 dr., previously triturated with olive oil, 2 fl. oz., and stir till they unite (begin to solidify). Used as a cooling dressing to burns, excoriations, and inflamed sores.

=Cerate, Ammoni'acal.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM AMMONIACA'LE, L. _Prep._ (Rechoux.) Simple cerate, 1 oz.; carbonate of ammonia, 1 dr.; mix. As a counter-irritant in croup, &c.

=Cerate, Arsen'ical.= _Syn._ CER'ATUM ARSEN'ICI, C. A'CIDI ARSENIO'SI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. U. S.) Arsenious acid (in very fine powder), 20 gr.; simple cerate, 1 oz.

2. (Sir A. Cooper.) Arsenious acid and sublimed sulphur, of each 1 dr.; spermaceti cerate, 1 oz. The above ingredients must be very carefully triturated together. The first is used as a dressing to cancerous sores; the second is applied on lint as a caustic in like cases.

=Cerate, Belladonn'a.= _Syn._ CERATE OF DEADLY NIGHTSHADE; CERA'TUM BELLADONN'Æ, L. _Prep._ 1. (W. Cooley.) Extract of belladonna, 3 dr.; simple cerate, 1 oz.; olive oil, 1 dr.; triturate together in a warm mortar, until nearly cold. Used in frictions to indolent tumours.

2. (Compound; C. B. COMPOS'ITUM, L.) _Prep._ (W. Cooley.) Belladonna cerate, 1 oz.; iodide of gold, 12 gr.; carefully triturated together. Used as a friction to scrofulous and syphilitic tumours, and to remove syphilitic and rheumatic pains. A most active and excellent preparation.

=Cerate, Brown.= See PLASTERS.

=Cerate, Caca'o.= _Syn._ CACA'O POMMADE. _Prep._ Butter of cacao, white wax, and oil of almonds, equal parts, melted together and strained. Used as a cosmetic for chapped hands and lips, &c.

=Cerate, Cal'amine.= _Syn._ TURNER'S CERATE, HEALING SALVE; CERATUM CALAMI'NÆ (Ph. L. & E.), C. LA'PIS CALAMINA'RIS (Ph. L. 1788), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Yellow wax, 7-1/2 oz.; olive oil, 1 pint; melt together, remove the vessel from the fire, and when they first begin to thicken, add prepared calamine, 7-1/2 oz., and stir constantly until they cool.

2. (P. E.) Prepared calamine, 1 part; simple cerate (Ph. E.), 5 parts; mix.

3. (Ph. D.) See OINTMENT.

4. (Commercial.) Hard suet, 5 lbs.; lard, 3 lbs.; melt and sift in, gradually, calamine, 4 lbs.; agitate well for a few minutes, or until the whole is perfectly mixed, and after one minute's repose pour it off into another vessel, the coarse sediment that has fallen to the bottom being carefully avoided; lastly, stir assiduously, until it is nearly cold. This forms the TURNER'S CERATE of the wholesale druggists. In many cases nothing but lard and calamine are used.

_Uses, &c._ When honestly prepared with genuine calamine, it is a most valuable desiccant and astringent application to excoriations, ulcers, burns, scalds, sore nipples, &c. It has long been held in popular esteem as a drying and healing dressing for sores.

=Cerate, Cal'amine with Mercury.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CALAMI'NÆ CUM HYDRAR'GYRO, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Chirur.) Calamine cerate, 1 lb.; red oxide of mercury, 1 oz.; mix. Used as a stimulant application to foul and indolent ulcers, psorophthalmia, &c.

=Cerate, Cal'omel.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CALOMELA'NOS, C. HYDRAR'GYRI CHLOR'IDI, L. _Prep._ 1. Calomel, 1 dr.; spermaceti cerate, 7 dr. In herpes, and some other skin diseases.

2. (Compound; C. C. COMPOS'ITUM, L.) Calomel, 2 dr.; calamine cerate, 1 oz.; olive oil, 1 dr.

=Cerate, Cam'phor.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CAMPHORA'TUM, C. CAMPHOR'Æ, L.; POMMADE DU FRÈRE COSME, Fr. _Prep._ Olive oil, 1 lb.; white wax, 1/2 lb.; camphor, 3 dr. As an application to chaps, chilblains, abrasions, excoriations, and slight wounds. See BALLS, CAMPHOR.

=Cerate, Canthar'ides.= _Syn._ BLISTERING CERATE; CERA'TUM LYTT'Æ, C. CANTHAR'IDIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Cantharides (in very fine powder), 1 oz.; spermaceti cerate, 6 oz.; mix.

2. (Parrish.) Cantharides, 12 parts; lard, 10 parts; yellow wax and resin, of each 7 parts; incorporated by fusion. Irritant; used to keep blisters open, and to stimulate issues, and indolent ulcers and tumours.

=Cerate, Chalk.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CRE'TÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Chalk (thoroughly dried, and in fine powder), 2 dr.; simple cerate, 6 dr.; almond oil, 3 dr. Used in piles and foul ulcers.

2. (Acetated.) See CERATE, KIRKLAND'S NEUTRAL.

3. (Compound; CERA'TUM CRE'TÆ COMPOS'ITUM, L.)--_a._ To simple chalk cerate, 1 oz., add powdered catechu, 1/2 dr. In piles, and foul and indolent ulcers.

_b._ (U.S. Hospital.) Lead plaster and olive oil, of each 8 oz.; white wax, 3 oz.; melt together; add solution of subacetate of lead, 6 oz.; thoroughly incorporate, and then further add, chalk (in fine powder), 5 oz. Cooling and astringent. Useful in inflamed sores, excoriations, piles, &c.

=Cerate, Cher'ry-laur'el.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM LAURO-CERASI, C. CALMANS, L. _Prep._ (Roux.) Simple cerate, 1 oz.; cherry-laurel water, 1/2 oz. As an application to burns.

=Cerate, Cincho'na.= _Syn._ BARK CERATE; CERA'TUM CINCHO'NÆ:, L. _Prep._ 1. Extract of bark, 2 dr.; simple cerate, 1 oz.

2. (Van Mons.) Simple cerate, 8 oz.; camphor, 1-1/2 dr.; melt together by a gentle heat, then add gradually, decoction of Peruvian bark (concentrated), 1 oz., and triturate until cold. Used as a dressing for ill-conditioned ulcers.

=Cerate, Cin'nabar.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM RU'BRUM, C. CINNABA'RIS, C. HYDRAR'GYRI SULPHURE'TI RU'BRI, L. _Prep._ 1. Camphor, 20 gr.; vermilion, 60 gr.; simple cerate, 1 oz. This is Alibert's "ANTIHERPETIC POMMADE."

2. (Ph. Chirur.) Yellow wax and lard, of each 1/2 lb.; yellow resin, 1/2 oz.; red sulphide of mercury, 1 dr. Used as a common dressing.

=Cerate, Cit'rine.= See CERATE, RESIN, NITRATE OF MERCURY C.

=Cerate, Copai'ba.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM COPAI'BÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Spermaceti cerate, 3 oz.; melt by a gentle heat, then add, balsam of copaiba, 1 oz.

2. (Dr Houlton.) White wax, 1 oz.; balsam of copaiba, 2 oz.; mix, as last. Both the above have been recommended as topical applications to wounds and ulcers of the rectum, vagina, and urethra; especially in those of a fistulous character; and in piles, &c.

=Cerate, Cop'per.= _Syn._ CUPRIA'TED CERATE; CERA'TUM CU'PRI; C. C. AMMONIA'TI, L. _Prep._ (Swediaur.) Simple cerate, 8 parts; melt, and add solution of ammoniuret of copper, 1 part. As a stimulant dressing for indolent ulcers; and in psorophthalmia, &c.

=Cerate, Cosmet'ic.= _Syn._ COLD CREAM, CERATE OF GA'LEN; CERA'TUM COSMET'ICUM, C. GALENI, CREMOR FRIGIDA, L.; POMMADE EN CRÊME, Fr. _Prep._ 1. Oil of sweet almonds, 1 lb.; white wax and spermaceti, of each 2 oz.; melt, pour the mixture into a marble or wedgwood mortar, which has been heated by standing for some time in boiling water; add, gradually, rose water, 10 fl. oz., assiduously stirring until an emulsion is formed; then further add, oil of bergamot, 1/2 oz.; oil of lavender, 1 dr.; and continue the stirring or trituration until the whole has become cold.

2. To the last add otto of roses, 1 dr.; oil of rosemary, 15 drops.

3. Oil of almonds, 5 oz.; spermaceti, 5 dr.; white wax, 4 dr.; rose water, 3-1/2 oz.; balm of Mecca (genuine), 8 drops.

4. As the last, with essence of vanilla, 15 drops; essence of ambergris, 10 drops.

5. (P. C.) White wax, 1 part; oil of almonds, 4 parts; rose water, 3 parts; as before.

6. (Van Mons.) White wax and butter of cacao, of each 1 part; oil of almonds and rose water, of each 4 parts.

_Obs._ The above are used as agreeable and cooling emollients for irritable surfaces, excoriations, sore nipples, &c. See COLD CREAM and OINTMENTS.

=Cerate, Cro'ton.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CROTO'NIS, L. _Prep._ (Caventou.) Lard, 5 parts; wax, 1 part; melt, and when nearly cold add croton oil, 2 parts. Used as a counter-irritant; but is apt to affect the bowels.

=Cerate, Goulard's.= See CERATE, LEAD.

=Cerate, Hemlock.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CO'NII, L. _Prep._ (St. B. Hosp.) Spermaceti, 2 oz.; white wax, 3 oz.; melt, and add of hemlock ointment, 12 oz. Used for inveterate cancerous, scrofulous, and other sores.

=Cerate, Hon'ey.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM MEL'IS, L. _Prep._ 1. Simple cerate, 3 parts; honey, 1 part; oil of lemon-grass, 6 drops. Used as cold cream.

2. (Ph. Chirur.) Olive oil, 1/2 lb.; wax and lead plaster (or galbanum plaster), of each 4 oz.; melt, and add honey, 1/2 lb. As a cooling emollient dressing.

=Cerate of Honey with Turpentine.= (Paracelsus). Common turpentine, 1 lb.; the yolk of 20 eggs; honey, 1 lb.; beat together the honey and yolk, and add the turpentine, softened by heat.

=Cerate, Is'sue.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM AD FONTICULOS, L. As issue plaster, but adding a little almond oil.

=Cerate, Kirk'land's.= _Syn._ KIRKLAND'S NEUTRAL CERATE; CERA'TUM NEUTRA'LE, C. CRE'TÆ ACETA'TIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Lead plaster, 8 oz.; olive oil, 4 oz. melt, sift in chalk, 4 oz.; mix well, then add gradually Goulard's extract, 1/2 oz.; distilled vinegar, 4 oz.; and stir until cold.

2. (Paris.) Lead plaster, 8 oz.; olive oil and chalk, of each 4 oz.; sugar of lead, 3 dr., (dissolved in) distilled vinegar, 4 fl. oz. As a cooling dressing to irritable ulcers and excoriated parts.

=Cerate, Lead (Compound).= _Syn._ GOU'LARD'S CERATE; CERA'TUM PLUM'BI COMPOS'ITUM (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Olive oil, 16 fl. oz.; yellow wax, 8 oz.; melt, remove the vessel from the fire, and when they begin to thicken, add gradually solution of subacetate of lead (slightly warmed), 6 fl. oz.; and stir constantly until the whole is nearly cold; then add camphor, 1 dr., dissolved in olive oil, 4 fl. oz. (by heat), and stir until the cerate is quite cold. Used in similar cases to KIRKLAND'S CERATE (which _see_). See also ACETATE OF LEAD CERATE.

=Cerate, Mar'shall's.= _Prep._ 1. Palm oil and calomel, of each 2 oz.; acetate of lead, 1 oz.; ointment of nitrate of mercury, 4 oz.; triturated together in a wedgwood mortar.

2. (Paris.) Palm oil, 5 oz.; calomel, 1 oz.; acetate of lead, 1/2 oz.; citrine ointment, 2 oz.; as the last. Applied to the eyes, &c.

=Cerate, mercu''rial.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM MERCURIA'LE, C. HYDRAR''GYRI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Guibourt.) Strong mercurial ointment and simple cerate, equal parts.

2. (Ph. L. 1746.) Strong mercurial ointment and yellow wax, of each 6 oz.; lard, 3 oz. Both are used as dressings to venereal ulcers.

3. (Compound; CERA'TUM MERCURIA'LE COMPOS'ITUM, C. HYDRAR''GYRI, L.) _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Mercurial ointment (strong) and soap cerate, of each 6 oz.; camphor (in powder), 1-1/2 oz.; triturate together. Alterative and discutient; used to disperse indolent tumours and swellings, and as a resolvent in enlarged joints, &c.

CERATE, METO''PIUM. _Syn._ CERA'TUM METO''PII, L. _Prep._ (Dr Barham.) Hog-gum (from _Rhus Metopium_), and lard, of each 4 oz.; white wax and root of Sweet Aristolochia (powdered), of each 2 oz.; yellow resin, 1 oz.; in stiff joints and rheumatic pains.

=Cerate, Mez'ereon.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM MEZ'EREI, L. _Prep._ 1. Extract of mezereon, 1 part; (dissolved in) alcohol, 5 parts; add beeswax, 5 parts; olive oil, 11 parts; melt together, and continue the heat until all the alcohol is evaporated.

2. Green oil of mezereon, 1 part; simple cerate, 20 parts; melt together. Both are used to keep up the discharge from blistered surfaces, and as a stimulant application to indolent sores.

=Cerate, Neu'tral.= See CERATE, KIRKLAND'S.

=Cerate, Ni'trate of Mer'cury.= _Syn._ CIT'RINE CERATE; CERA'TUM HYDRAR''GYRI NITRA'TIS, L. _Prep._ (St. B. Hosp.) Citrine ointment and simple cerate, equal parts. See OINTMENTS.

=Cerate, O'pium.= _Syn._ LAUD'ANUM CERATE, AN'ODYNE C.; CERA'TUM O''PII, C. OPIA'TUM, C. ANODY'NUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Tincture of opium and olive oil, of each 2 dr.; simple cerate, 1 oz.; digest with heat until all the spirit and water is evaporated, constantly stirring the mixture all the time.

2. (Gilbert.) Wine of opium, 1 dr.; simple cerate, 1 oz.

3. (Lagneau.) Opium (in fine powder), 1/2 dr.; yolk of 1 egg; mix, then triturate it with simple cerate, 1 oz.

_Uses._ The above are applied to painful swellings, piles, and ulcers, and in chronic ophthalmia, &c.

=Cerate, Phosphora'ted.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM PHOSPHO'RI, C. PHOSPHORA'TUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Phosphorus, 6 gr.; simple cerate, 3 oz.; heat together in a phial placed in a water bath, with frequent agitation for 2 hours; and after repose for 10 minutes, pour off the clear portion, and stir it well until cold.

2. (Foy.) Phosphorated ether, 5 parts; simple cerate, 24 parts.--_Uses._ Both of the above have been recommended as frictions in obstinate cutaneous affections, and in rheumatism of the joints.

=Cerate, Pitch.= _Syn._ CERATUM PI'CIS BERGUNDI'CÆ, L. _Prep._ (Beral.) White wax, 3 parts; suet, 4 parts; Bergundy pitch, 6 parts; melted together. A mild stimulant and detergent dressing. See OINTMENTS.

=Cerate, Quin'ine.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM QUINIÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Sulphate of quinine, 5 or 6 gr.; simple cerate, 1 dr. Applied to the denuded dermis (endermically).

2. Sulphate of quinine and olive oil, of each 1 dr.; simple cerate, 6 dr. As a friction. Both are used in intermittents.

=Cerate, Res'in.= _Syn._ BASIL'ICON, B. CERATE, B. OINTMENT, YELLOW B., CIT'RINE CERATE; CERA'TUM CITRI'NUM (Ph. L. 1788), C. RESI'NÆ FLA'VÆ (Ph. L. 1745), C. RESI'NÆ (Ph. L. 1809 and since), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Yellow resin and beeswax, of each 15 oz.; melt, add olive oil, 1 pint; strain through a cloth, and stir the mixture until cold.

_Obs._ The above is the formula of the London College, but the basilicon of the shops is seldom, if ever, made in this manner. The following forms are those commonly used in trade, but the products are much inferior to that made according to the directions in the Pharmacop[oe]ia.

2. (Commercial.)--_a._ Yellow resin, 10 lbs.; beeswax, 2 lbs.; linseed oil, 7 lbs.; melt together, and stir until cold.

_b._ As the last, but using nut oil instead of linseed oil.

_c._ Nut oil, 1 gall.; beeswax, 5 lbs.; yellow resin, 14 lbs.

_d._ Lard (common) and linseed oil, of each 3 lbs.; yellow resin, 9 lbs.; as before.

_Uses, &c._ This cerate is a mild stimulant, detergent, and digestive application; and as such is employed to dress foul and indolent ulcers, blistered surfaces, burns, &c. For the corresponding preparations of the other colleges, see OINTMENTS.

3. (Compound; DESH'LER'S CERATE; CERA'TUM RESI'NÆ COMPOS'ITUM, L.) _Prep._ (Ph. U. S.) Resin, suet, and beeswax, of each 1 lb.; turpentine, 1/2 lb.; flax-seed oil (linseed oil), 1/2 pint; as above. Rather more stimulating than resin cerate, but used for the same purposes.

=Cerate, Rose.= _Syn._ LIP SALVE; CERA'TUM ROSA'TUM, L. _Prep._ (P. C.) Oil of almonds, 16 parts; white wax, 8 parts; alkanet root, 1 part; digest, with a gentle heat, until sufficiently coloured, then strain, and for every ounce of the cerate, add otto of roses, 2 drops. See LIP SALVE.

=Cerate, Sav'ine.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM SABI'NÆ (Ph. E.; and Ph. L. 1836), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E.) Beeswax, 1 part; lard, 4 parts; fresh savin (leaves bruised), 2 parts; boil together until the leaves become crisp, then strain, with pressure, through a linen cloth.

2. (Ph. L. 1836.) Lard, 2 lbs.; savin leaves, 1 lb.; beeswax, 1/2 lb.; as last.

3. (Ph. L. 1851.) In the B. P. this preparation is included among the OINTMENTS (which _see_); in trade, however, the old name (Ph. L. 1836) is still generally retained.

_Obs._ The preparation of this cerate requires caution, as the active principle of the savin, being volatile, is injured by long boiling and a high temperature. The leaves are usually boiled until they are crisp, but as this takes some time, the essential oil, and consequently the odour, is nearly all dissipated. A better plan is to express the juice from the leaves, and to add it to the wax and oil melted together, and just beginning to cool. As usually met with in the shops, this cerate has a lively green colour, and the odour of the fresh plant; but neither of these is derived from the leaves in the common process of making it. The first is caused by the addition of powdered verdigris, and the last by adding a little of the essential oil of savin to the compound when nearly cold. The preparations of the British Colleges have only a very pale green colour, and even that rapidly changes by exposure to the air. A uniform green colour may therefore be regarded as a proof of adulteration; as the unadulterated compound, however, skilfully prepared, is of a dingy green colour, of little intensity; and after it has been made a short time, it fades on the surface, and the under portion becomes streaky and mottled. A greater quantity of colour is obtained from the leaves by long digestion in the fat and wax in earthen vessels, at a moderate heat, than by hasty boiling. In this way a lively green is sometimes produced, but it rapidly changes in the manner just mentioned.

The following forms are those commonly adopted by the wholesale druggists for the manufacture of this cerate:--

4. Lard and suet, of each 6 lbs.; yellow wax, 2 lbs.; melt them together in an earthen vessel; add 2 oz. of distilled verdigris (previously rubbed down smooth in a mortar with an equal weight of sweet oil); strain, whilst hot, into a large earthen pot, and when the whole has cooled a little, add of oil of savin, 1 oz., and stir until cold.

5. Savin leaves, 4 lbs.; yellow wax, 2 lbs.; lard, 8 lbs.; boil until the leaves become crisp; then strain, and add, of green ointment (lively coloured), 5 lbs.; when cooled a little, further add, of oil of savin, 3 dr., and stir briskly until cold. _Prod._, 13-1/2 lbs.

_Uses, &c._ Savin cerate and ointment are chiefly employed to keep up the discharge from blisters (perpetual blisters), for which purpose it is preferable to preparations of cantharides. The practice of colouring this cerate with verdigris, which is general in trade, cannot be too severely censured, as its therapeutic action is thereby altered. The copper may be detected by burning down a little in a platinum or Hessian crucible, washing out the ashes with a little dilute nitric acid, placing the liquor in a glass tube, and applying the usual tests. See COPPER and OINTMENTS.

=Cerate, Sim'ple.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM SIM'PLEX, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E.) Spermaceti, 1 part; white wax, 3 parts; olive oil, 6 parts; melt by a gentle heat, and stir until cold. This preparation is similar to SIMPLE OINTMENT (_Unguentum Simplex_), B. P. (which _see_).

=Cerate of Snails.= White wax, 3 parts; spermaceti, 3 parts; oil of almonds, 32 parts; mucilage of snails, 24 parts; otto of rose, sufficient to scent it.

=Cerate, Soap.= _Syn._ COMPOUND SOAP CERATE; CERA'TUM SAPO'NIS (Ph. L. 1836), C. SAPONIS COMPOS'ITUM (Ph. L. 1851), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Boil litharge, 15 oz., in distilled vinegar, 1 gall., until dissolved, stirring continually; then add of Castile soap, 10 oz.; again boil until all the moisture is evaporated; then add, gradually, beeswax, 12-1/2 oz., and olive oil, 1 pint, previously melted together, and stir until nearly cold. Similar to SOAP CERATE PLASTER (_Emplastrum Cerati Saponis_), B. P. (which _see_).

2. (Wholesale.) Distilled vinegar, 6 galls.; litharge, 5 lbs.; soap, 3-3/4 lbs.; yellow wax, 4-1/2 lbs.; olive oil, 6 pints. Mix as above. Good nut or poppy oil may be used instead of olive oil.

_Obs._ Unless the instructions contained in the above formulæ are followed in every particular, the process is apt to miscarry. When this is the case, the cerate, on cooling, separates into two portions, and is commonly full of hard, gritty particles. To prevent this, care should be taken to use soap of the best quality. This mishap cannot be got over by long boiling and stirring, as is generally supposed. The only remedy is the addition of a little more soap, previously melted with some water, and again evaporating to a proper consistence. A small quantity of solution of potassa has a similar effect.

The colour and consistence of soap cerate chiefly depends on the length of time it is kept heated after the addition of the oil and wax. As evaporation proceeds, so the colour and consistence increase. Its usual colour is that of a lively, pale chocolate-brown, but occasionally it is much paler. This arises from its containing an undue quantity of moisture. When it has been kept heated for a period beyond that usually adopted, it attains greater hardness, and is then frequently called hard soap cerate (CERA'TUM SAPONIS DURUM); but by over-boiling it is apt to become gritty.

_Uses, &c._ Soap cerate is resolvent, cooling, and desiccative, and is chiefly employed as a cooling dressing for scrofulous swellings, &c. It may be spread on linen and applied like a plaster. It is sometimes used as a support for fractured limbs, and forms an excellent dressing for soft corns.

=Cerate, Spermace'ti.= _Syn._ WHITE CERATE, WHITE LIP SALVE, SIMPLE C.; CERATUM SIM'PLEX (Ph. E.), C. ALBUM (Ph. L. 1745), C. SPERMA'TIS CE'TI (Ph. L. 1788), C. CETA'CEI (Ph. L. 1809, and since), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Spermaceti, 2 oz.; white wax, 8 oz.; melt by a gentle heat; add, olive oil (warm), 1 pint, and stir with a spatula until they cool.

2. (Ph. E.) See CERATE, SIMPLE.

3. (Ph. D.) The corresponding preparation of the Ph. D. is classed under Ointments, and contains lard.

4. (Commercial.) On the large scale lard or suet is substituted for oil, by which means less wax is required. The following is a good form where a cheap article is wanted, and is that commonly adopted in the wholesale trade:--

Clarified mutton suet, 5-1/2 lbs.; white wax and spermaceti, of each 3/4 lb.; as above.

_Obs._ The materials should be melted by a very gentle heat (that of a water bath is best) in a clean stoneware vessel, and as soon as perfect liquefaction takes place, the heat should be withdrawn, and the fluid cerate strained into a clean vessel, and stirred with a clean wooden spatula until it solidifies. To facilitate the cooling, the vessel may be placed in cold water or in a current of cold air. In this way the product is rendered both whiter and finer than when the liquid mass is allowed to cool by itself. By adding a little flowers of benzoin with the oil, or a little nitric ether when the cerate is about half cold, this, as well as other like preparations, will keep for years without becoming rancid or suffering any material change of condition.

_Uses, &c._ Emollient and cooling. It is commonly employed as a soft, cooling dressing, as a lip salve, as an application to chaps, chilblains, &c.

=Cerate, Sul'phur.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM SULPHU'RIS, C. SULPHURA'TUM, L. _Prep._ (P. C.) Washed sulphur, 2 parts; cerate of Galen, 7 parts; almond oil, 1 part; mix. In itch, &c.

=Cerate, Sul'phide of Mer'cury.= _Prep._ (Swediaur.) Yellow resin, 1/2 oz.; yellow wax and lard, of each 1/2 lb.; vermilion, 20 gr. As a dressing to unhealthy ulcers. See CERATE, CINNABAR.

=Cerate, Tobac'co.= _Prep._ Beeswax, 3 oz.; yellow resin, 1 oz.; olive oil, 6 oz.; tobacco juice, 4 oz.; mix and evaporate to dryness, and when nearly cold, add bergamot, 2 dr. Used to destroy pediculi, &c.

=Cerate, Touch.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM PRO TEC'TU, L.; CERAT POUR LE TOUCHER, Fr. _Prep._ (Soubeiran.) Spermaceti and yellow wax, of each 1 part; olive oil, 16 parts; melt, add caustic soda, 1 part, and stir until cold. Used in hospitals for practising the touching in accouchements.

=Cerate, Turner's.= See CERATE, CALAMINE.

=Cerate, Ver'digris.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM ÆRU'GINIS, C. CU'PRI DIACETA'TIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Resin cerate, 19 parts; verdigris (in fine powder), 1 part.

2. (For. Ph.) Wax and resin, of each 6 parts; Venice turpentine, 5 parts; linseed oil, 2 parts; verdigris, 1 part. Used as a mild escharotic and stimulant to fungous ulcers, warts, corns, &c.

=Cerate, White.= See CERATE, SPERMACETI.

=Cerate, Zinc.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM ZINC'I, C. Z. OXY'DI, L. _Prep._ 1. Oxide of zinc, 20 gr., spermaceti cerate, 1 oz. Used in sore nipples, excoriations, &c.; and in chronic ophthalmia.

2. (Compound; CERA'TUM ZINCI COMPOSITUM, L.)--_a._ To the last add calomel, 10 gr. Used as the last, and in scrofulous ophthalmia.

_b._ (Mid. Hosp.) Zinc ointment and compound lead ointment, equal parts. Cooling, astringent; in excoriations, and as a dressing for ulcers.

_c._ (Hufeland.) Oxide of zinc and lycopodium, of each 15 gr.; simple cerate, 1/2 oz. In sore nipples, ulcerations of the breast, tetters, &c. It acts best when diluted with half its weight of spermaceti cerate.

_d._ (U. S. Ph.) Precipitated carbonate zinc, 2 oz.; simple cerate, 10 oz. A substitute for calamine cerate.

=CEREB'RIC ACID.= A peculiar acid compound, first noticed by M. Frémy, obtained along with oleo-phosphoric acid when the brain and nerves are treated with hot alcohol. It is solid, white, crystalline; freely soluble in boiling alcohol, and forms a solid gelatinous mass with hot water; fusible with decomposition, exhaling a peculiar odour, and leaving much charcoal behind. It has been found also in the yolk of eggs, in seminal fluid, and in pus. With the alkalies it forms insoluble salts termed cerebrates.

=CEREB'ROLEIN.= When oleo-phosphoric acid is boiled in water, it is resolved into a fluid neutral oil and phosphoric acid, which dissolves. The former is cerebrolein.

=CE'RIN=, HC_{27}H_{53}O_{2}. (Brodie.) _Syn._ CEROTIC ACID. When pure beeswax (bleached) is digested in boiling alcohol for some time, a solution of myricin and cerin is formed. The former is deposited as the liquid cools, and the latter may be obtained by evaporating the decanted portion. Cerin is a white, crystallisable substance, soluble in 16 parts of boiling alcohol; it fuses at 144° Fahr.; and is readily saponified with caustic alkaline lyes. It greatly resembles white wax, of which, indeed, it forms from 70%; to 80%.

=CERISIN.= A substance obtained from ozokerit or fossil wax, very similar in appearance and properties to white wax, for which it has been proposed as a substitute in pharmaceutical preparations. At present it is chiefly used in the manufacture of candles. Cerisin appears to be one of the paraffins. It differs, however, from ordinary paraffin in not being unctuous to the touch, in being non-translucent and firmer in texture, and in having a higher fusing point. It seems to be intermediate between ordinary paraffin and wax.

=CE'RIUM.= Ce. A metal discovered in 1803 by Hisinger and Berzelius in the mineral named cerite.

=Cerium Oxalate.= (Ph. B.) It may be obtained as a precipitate by adding a solution of oxalate of ammonia to a soluble salt of cerium.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 gr. Given in the vomiting of pregnancy.

=CE'ROMEL.= _Prep._ (Van Mons.) Beeswax, 1 oz.; honey, 4 oz.; melt together and stir until cold. An excellent application to irritable ulcers, abraded surfaces, sore nipples, &c.

=CERO'TIC ACID.= See CERIN.

=CESSPOOLS.= It may be well to point out that the local authorities of any district in which a cesspool is situated are required by the Public Health Act--1. To see that it is so constructed and kept as to prevent its becoming either a nuisance or detrimental to health. 2. That an examination of any cesspool can be made by the sanitary inspector, or by any officer appointed by the local authority, after notice of entry has been served upon those who are the occupiers of the premises on which it is situated. 3. The local authority may itself undertake the cleansing of a cesspool, or it may enact bye-laws imposing this duty on the occupiers of the premises. 4. If the local authority, after having undertaken the cleansing of a cesspool, fail to do its duty, it becomes liable, after notice from an occupier, for the payment to the said occupier of a penalty not exceeding five shillings a day during default. 5. Any person in an urban district who allows the contents of a cesspool to overflow, or to soak therefrom, incurs a penalty of forty shillings for each offence, and a further charge of five shillings a day for the continuance of the offence after notice. 6. Information of any nuisance under the said Act in the district of any local authority may be given to such local authority by any person aggrieved thereby, or by any two inhabitant householders of such district, or by any officer of such authority, or by the relieving officer, or by any constable or officer of the police force of such district.

It does not come within our province to enter into details as to the best method of building a cesspool.

We may, however, state, that owing to the defective and leaky construction of a cesspool, it very frequently becomes a serious source of dangerous contamination to the wells in the neighbourhood, as well as a ready means of contagion, when it contains the excreta of fever patients. The outbreak of typhoid fever at the west end of London in 1874, the origin of which was traced to the milk supply, was owing to the vessels in which the milk was collected in the country having been washed out with water taken from a well near a cesspool, into which ran the contents of a privy belonging to a house, some of the inmates of which were labouring under typhoid fever.

For a cesspool not to be injurious to health it should be water-tight and ventilated by a shaft; it should never be allowed to overflow; and should be sunk at as great a distance from houses or dwellings as possible.

=CE'TIN.= C_{32}H_{64}O_{2}. Chevreul applied this name to pure spermaceti. _Prep._ Dissolve spermaceti in boiling alcohol, and collect the crystals that are deposited as the solution cools. Bright pearly crystals, melting at 120°, and subliming at 670° Fahr. See SPERMACETI.

=CETRAR'IC ACID.= H_{2}C_{18}H_{14}O_{8}. _Syn._ CETRAR'IN. The bitter principle of Iceland moss (_Cetraria Islandica_). It exists, in the free state, in the cortical portion of the thallus.

_Prep._ 1. Iceland moss (bruised), 1 part; rectified spirit, 6 parts; boil in a covered vessel for half an hour; express the liquor whilst hot, filter, and distil off the spirit; redissolve the residuum in boiling alcohol, decant the clear, and let the solution cool slowly; lastly, collect the crystals and preserve them out of contact with air.

2. (Herberger.) Iceland moss (in coarse powder), 1 lb.; alcohol (·883), 4 lbs.; boil as before, cool until vapours cease to rise, express the tincture, add hydrochloric acid, 3 dr., (dissolved in) water, 2 oz.; let it rest for a night in a closed matrass; then decant, throw the deposit on a filter, press it in bibulous paper, and whilst still moist wash it with both alcohol and ether; lastly, purify it by digestion in boiling alcohol, as before.

_Prop., &c._ Pure cetraric acid occurs under the form of minute, shining, acicular crystals; it is intensely bitter, non-volatile, scarcely soluble in water, ether, and cold alcohol; soluble in alkaline solutions forming soluble salts, which give a red colour with the persalts of iron, and a yellow one with acetate of lead. The compounds are called cetrarates.--_Dose_, 2 to 4 gr. every three hours, as a febrifuge; 1 to 3 gr. thrice daily, as a tonic.

=CHA'BERT'S OIL.= _Syn._ CHABERT'S EMPYREUMAT'IC OIL; O'LEUM EMPYREUMAT'ICUM CHABERTI, O. CONTRA TÆNIAM CHABERTI, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Bor. 1847.) From empyreumatic oil of hartshorn, 1 part; oil of turpentine, 3 parts; mix and distil over three fourths only in a glass retort, and keep it in well-stopped bottles. In tapeworm.--_Dose_, 2 teaspoonfuls in water, night and morning, until 4 to 6 or even 7 oz. have been taken; a cathartic being also administered from time to time.

=CHAFING.= See EXCORIATIONS.

=CHAIRS.= The black leather work of chairs, settees, &c., may be restored by first well washing off the dirt with a little warm soap and water, and afterwards with clean water. The brown and faded portions may now be retained by means of a little black ink, or preferably, black reviver, and when this has got thoroughly dry, they may be touched over with white of egg, stained and mixed with a little sugar-candy. When the surface is nearly dry, it should be polished off with a clean brush.

=CHALK.= _Syn._ SOFT CARBONATE OF LIME, or CARBONATE OF CALCIUM, EARTHY C. OF L.; CRE'TA, L. Chalk is largely used in the arts and manufactures, and in medicine. The natural varieties are remarkable for the fossils which they contain. The COLOURED CHALKS which are used as pigments and for crayons generally contain both clay and magnesia, as well as oxide of iron, and are minerals quite distinct from WHITE CHALK, or CHALK properly so called. The latter is an AMORPHOUS CARBONATE OF LIME. Exposed for some time to a red heat, it is converted into QUICK-LIME; ground in mills and elutriated, it forms WHITING; the same process performed more carefully and on a smaller scale produces the PREPARED CHALK used in medicine. When prepared artificially (by precipitation), it is the PRECIPITATED CHALK of modern pharmacy. (See _below_.)

=Chalk, Black.= A variety of drawing slate.

=Chalk, Brown.= A familiar name for umber.

=Chalk, Cam'phorated.= _Syn._ CRETACEOUS TOOTH POWDER, CAM'PHORATED T. P.; CRE'TA CAM'PHORATA, C. CUM CAMPHO'RA, L. _Prep._ 1. Camphor, 1 oz.; add a few drops of spirit of wine, reduce it to a very fine powder, and mix it (perfectly) with precipitated chalk, 7 oz.; lastly, pass it through a clean, fine sieve, and keep it in a corked bottle. These proportions make the strongest "CAMPHORATED TOOTH POWDER" of the shops.

2. Camphor, 1 oz.; precipitated chalk, 15 oz.; as before. These are the best and safest proportions, and those now generally adopted by the West-end perfumers.

3. As either of the above, but using prepared chalk in lieu of precipitated chalk. Less white and velvety, but cleans the teeth better than the softer article.

_Uses, &c._ Camphorated chalk is much esteemed as a dentifrice; especially by smokers, and those troubled with foul teeth, or offensive breath. It may be scented with a few drops (3 or 4 to each oz.) of otto of roses, oil of cloves, or neroli, or of the essences of ambergris, musk, or vanilla; but care must be taken not to overdo it. When the teeth are much furred or discoloured, it may be mixed with about one seventh of its weight of finely powdered pumice stone (sifted through lawn), which will render it more effective. A little carmine, rouge, light red (burnt ochre), red coral, or rose pink, is also sometimes added to give it a tinge approaching that of the gums. The quantity of camphor (1 to 3 or 4) commonly ordered in certain books is absurdly large, and would render the compound not only unpleasant in use, but actually detrimental to the teeth. See DENTIFRICES.

=Chalk, French.= Soap stone or steatite, a soft magnesian mineral, possessing the property of writing on glass. It is used by tailors for marking cloths. Its powder (obtained by scraping) is very soft, velvety, and absorbent of grease. It forms the boot powder of the boot- and shoe-makers.

=Chalk Mixture.= _Syn._ MISTURA CRETÆ, L. Prepared chalk, 1 part; gum arabic (in powder), 1 part; syrup, 2 parts; cinnamon water, 30 parts; mix by trituration.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 oz., with astringent tinctures and opium. Care should be taken to use the prepared chalk as directed; the precipitated chalk has a crystalline character, and is said to occasion irritation of the bowels. (Squire.)

=Chalk, Precip'itated.= _Syn._ PRECIPITATED CAR'BONATE OF LIME; CRE'TA PRÆCIPITA'TA, CAL'CIS CARB'ONAS PRÆCIPITA'TUM, L. _Prep._ 1. By adding to a solution of chloride of calcium, any quantity, another of carbonate of soda (both cold), and well washing the precipitate with pure water, and drying it out of the dust.

2. (Ph. D.) Solution of chloride of calcium (Ph. D.), 5 parts; carbonate of soda, 3 parts; (dissolved in) water, 4 parts.

3. (B. P.) Dissolve chloride of calcium, 5 oz.; and carbonate of soda, 13 oz.; each in two pints of boiling distilled water; mix the two solutions, and allow the precipitate to subside. Collect this on a calico filter, wash it with boiling distilled water, until the washing cease to give a precipitate with nitrate of silver, and try the product at the temperature of 212° F.

_Uses, &c._ It is chiefly employed for making aromatic confection, cretaceous powder, and chalk mixture. That of the shops is seldom pure, the refuse of the soda-water makers (sulphate of lime) being commonly sold for it. When pure it is wholly soluble, with effervescence, in dilute hydrochloric acid. (See _below_.)

=Chalk, Prepa''red.= _Syn._ CRE'TA (Ph. E. & Ph. L. 1836), CRE'TA PREPARA'TA (Ph. L. 1851), CRE'TA AL'BA (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D. 1836.) Rub chalk, 1 lb., with sufficient water, add gradually, until reduced to a smooth cream; then stir this into a large quantity of water, and, after a short interval, to allow the coarser particles to subside, pour off the supernatant water (still turbid) into another vessel, and allow the suspended powder to settle; lastly, collect the chalk so prepared and dry it. In the same way shells are prepared, after being first freed from impurities and washed with boiling water.

2. (Commercial; WHI'TING.) On the large scale the chalk is ground in mills, and the elutriation and deposit made in large reservoirs. It is now seldom prepared by the druggist.

_Pur._ Almost entirely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, provided it contains no sulphate of lime or silica, giving off small bubbles of carbonic acid gas.

_Test._ The salt formed by dissolving the chalk in hydrochloric acid, if rendered neutral by evaporation to dryness and redissolved in water, gives only a very scanty precipitate on the addition of a saccharated solution of lime, indicating absence of phosphate. (B. P.)

_Uses, &c._ In _medicine_, as an absorbent, antacid, and desiccant; in acidity, heartburn, dyspepsia, and other like stomach affections, and in diarrh[oe]a, depending on acidity or irritation; in the latter, generally combined with aromatics, astringents, or opium. It forms a valuable dusting powder in excoriations, ulcers, &c., especially in those of children.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to a spoonful, in a little water or milk, or made into a mixture with mucilage or syrup.

=Chalk, Red.= A natural clay containing about 18% of protoxide and carbonate of iron.

=CHALYB'EATES.= _Syn._ CHALYBEA'TA, FERRUGIN'EA, L. The medicinal qualities of the preparations of iron are noticed under the name of that metal. Those most frequently employed in medicine are--IRON FILINGS; QUEVENNE'S IRON; the BLACK OXIDE, MAGNETIC OXIDE, and SESQUIOXIDE OF IRON; the AMMONIO-CHLORIDE and SESQUICHLORIDE; the CARBONATE and SACCHARINE CARBONATE; the CITRATE and AMMONIO-CITRATE; the IODIDE, LACTATE, and SULPHATE; the TARTRATE, AMMONIO-TARTRATE, and POTASSIO-TARTRATE OF IRON; and the CHALYBEATE MINERAL WATERS. For the doses, &c., see the respective articles.

=CHAM'OMILE.= _Syn._ ANTHE'MIS, L. The flowers of the _Anthemis nobilis_ (_Anthemidis Flores_, B. P.). They are bitter, stomachic, and tonic; in dyspepsia, loss of appetite, intermittents, &c. They are an effectual remedy for nightmare; and, according to Dr Schall, the only certain remedy for that complaint.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr., or more, in powder or made into a tea. Fomentations are also made with it. See EXTRACTS, OILS, PILLS, &c.

=CHAMPAGNE'.= See WINES.

=CHAPS.= These are too well known to require description. Chapped hands are common amongst persons with a languid circulation, who are continually "dabbling" in water during cold weather. Chapped lips generally occur in persons with pallid, bluish, moist lips, who are much exposed to the wind in dry cold weather; especially in those who are continually moving from heated apartments to the external air. The application of a little COLD CREAM, POMATUM, SPERMACETI OINTMENT, LARD, or any similar article, will generally prevent chaps on the lips, and chaps and chilblains on the hands. Persons employed in oil and tallow works, or about oil, and who have consequently their hands continually in contact with greasy matter, never suffer from these things. A little oil or unguent of any kind, well rubbed on the hands on going to rest (removing the superfluous portion with a cloth), will not only preserve them from cold, but tend to render them both soft and white. See CHILBLAIN.

=CHAR (Potted).= The flesh of the _Salmo Alpinus_ (Linn.), or trout of the Alps, common in the lakes of Lapland, preserved by the common process of potting.

=CHAR'BON-ROUX= [Fr.]. See CHARCOAL, WOOD (_below_).

=CHAR'COAL.= Charcoal is made by charring organic substances, such as wood, bone, blood, &c., and is, in other words, the fixed residuum of vegetable or animal matter exposed to a high temperature out of contact with atmospheric air.

There are several different varieties of charcoal, the chief of which, however, are wood and animal charcoal.

=Charcoal, Animal.= _Syn._ ANIMAL BLACK, BONE BLACK, IVORY BLACK, CARBO ANIMALIS. The charcoal obtained by igniting bone in close vessels, but often applied likewise to any charcoal obtained from animal matter.

_Commercial._ Bones (deprived of their grease by boiling) are broken to pieces, and put into small cast-iron pots, varying from 3/8 to 1/2 an inch in thickness. Two of these being filled, are dexterously placed with their mouths together and then luted with loam. A number of these vessels are then placed side by side and piled on each other, in an oven resembling a potter's kiln, to the number of 100 or 150, or even more. The fire is next kindled, and the heat kept up strongly for 10 or 12 hours, according to circumstances, until the process is completed. The whole is then allowed to cool before opening the pots.

A more economical method is by distillation, as under:--

Bones (previously boiled for their grease) are introduced into retorts similar to those used in gas works, and heat being applied, the volatile products are conveyed away by iron pipes to cisterns where the condensable portion is collected. As soon as the process of distillation is finished, the solid residuum in the retorts, while still red hot, is removed through their lower ends into wrought-iron canisters, which are instantly closed by air-tight covers and luted over. These are then raised to the ground by a crane, and set aside to cool.

The bones, having been carbonised, are ground in a mill, and the resulting coarse powder, sorted by sieves into two kinds, one, granular, somewhat resembling gunpowder, for decolorising liquids, and the other, quite fine, to be used as a pigment. The first is sold under the name of animal charcoal; the second as bone or ivory black. The latter and other fine varieties of animal charcoal are fully described under the head of BLACK PIGMENTS.

_Uses, &c._ This crude animal charcoal possesses the valuable property of taking lime and other saline matter from syrups and other aqueous solutions, especially organic ones, at the same time that it decolours them. Its power as a decoloriser may be tested by adding it to a solution of brown sugar or of molasses, or to water containing 1/1000 part of indigo dissolved in sulphuric acid. The test should be made in a small glass tube. By well washing and carefully reburning it, this charcoal may be used any number of times. As a decoloriser and deodoriser, animal charcoal is vastly superior to vegetable charcoal.

Dr Stenhouse has invented a charcoal respirator to cover over the mouth and nostrils of a person going into an infected atmosphere. Charcoal is also used with excellent effect to prevent the escape of noxious vapours and offensive effluvia from the ventilating openings of sewers. The charcoal condenses and oxidises the escaping sewer gas in its pores. Dr Garrod has proposed animal charcoal as a general antidote in cases of poisoning.