Chapter II: Deposition of the Precious Metals (1)

The solutions generally employed as electrolytes from which silver and gold are respectively separated, are those of the argento-cyanide and the auro-cyanide of potassium. These compounds are what chemists call double salts; for instance, cyanide of potassium is simply a compound of potassium and cyanogen; but argento-cyanide of potassium is cyanide of silver united with cyanide of potassium. When a solution of this double salt is electrolysed silver appears at one electrode and cyanogen at the other, while a proportionate amount of the simple cyanide of potassium is formed in the solution. But if the positive electrode is of silver, the cyanogen combines with it, and forms cyanide of silver, which unites with the liberated cyanide of potassium, and so keeps up the strength of the solution.

As in the deposition of copper, the apparatus used for plating or gilding may be the single cell or the decomposition cell and battery. The necessity of economising solutions of silver and gold has, however, led to certain modifications in the apparatus. The single-cell arrangement consists, as before (see _above_), of an outer vessel of glass or earthenware, containing a cell of porous biscuit ware; but the object to be silvered or gilded is placed, with the cyanide solution in the latter, while the zinc is placed in the outer vessel, with the dilute sulphuric acid.[273] The zinc is usually employed in the form of a cylinder, completely surrounding the porous cell. In the battery arrangement the decomposition cell may be of porcelain or glass; the silver or gold employed to keep up the strength of the solution may be in plates, wires, or ingots. For plating small objects, a single cell of a Daniell's battery will afford ample decomposing power; gilding may be better accomplished by using three such cells. The battery arrangement is much more convenient, effective, and economical than the single-cell arrangement.

[Footnote 273: The strength of the acid water acting upon the zinc must be regulated according to the work to be done. If the action between the acid and the zinc be too energetic, the electricity developed will be more than sufficient to release pure metal, and hydrogen will be evolved, which will interfere with the deposition.]

On a large scale, electro-plating is carried out in oblong vats, occasionally holding from 200 to 250 gallons of solution. Silver plates connected with a powerful voltaic or magneto-electric battery, are placed at intervals in the vats; they form the positive electrodes, and correspond in extent of surface with the articles to be coated, and face them on both sides. The articles (tea-pots, cruet-frames, forks, spoons, &c.) act as the negative electrodes, and are suspended by copper wires from brass rods laid lengthways over the vats, and connected with the battery. The articles plated are usually formed of nickel silver or German silver, which is chosen on account of its silvery whiteness, a quality of great importance when portions of the coating of noble metal have been worn away by use.

To prepare the articles for plating, they are first boiled in a solution of potassa, to free them from grease; they are then quickly dipped in red nitrous acid, to remove any oxide that may have formed on the surface, and after this well washed in water, to remove every trace of acid. They are then suspended from copper wires, and dipped into a solution of mercury in cyanide of potassium, or some other mercurial solution, and afterwards washed in water, as before. The amalgamation of the surface effected by the last operation promotes the adhesion of the film of silver. The articles having been weighed, are now immersed in the silvering solution, and left until a sufficient amount of silver has been deposited on them. Their condition at any time may be ascertained by weighing a test-object removed from the solution. In some electro-plating establishments the silvering solution is kept constantly stirred by simple mechanical arrangements; in others, continual motion is given to the suspended articles. On being removed from the vats the plated articles are well brushed with brushes of fine brass wire attached to a lathe, and cleaned with fine Calais sand; they are afterwards polished on revolving brushes with rottenstone, then by hand with soft leather and rouge, and, lastly, with the naked female hand. A lasting polish is given to some articles by burnishing with a burnisher formed of highly polished hardened steel, bloodstone, agate, or flint. The process of electro-gilding on the large scale is nearly the same as that of electro-plating or silvering, but, of course, plates of gold are suspended in the solution instead of silver plates.

Various solutions for silvering, plating, and platinising, have been recommended. We give below those generally employed.

1. Solvent solution. Cyanide of potassium, 2 oz; distilled water or rain water, 1 pint; dissolve. Other proportions may be employed. Used as a general solvent for salts of silver, gold, and platinum.

2. Silver solution. Oxide of silver?[274] (not dried), 1 oz.; the solvent solution (No. 1), 1 pint. Used for the single-cell apparatus, its strength being maintained as the deposition proceeds by a fresh supply of oxide from time to time.

[Footnote 274: Precipitated from pure solution of nitrate of silver by excess of lime water. It should be well washed, and preserved in bottles with distilled water.]

Cyanide of silver dissolved in solvent solution (No. 1). This is the solution generally employed for plating with a separate decomposition cell.

3. Gold solution. Add to a pint of No. 1 oxide of gold, 1/4 oz. Used in the same manner as the second silver solution.

Cyanide of gold dissolved in solution of cyanide of potassium (No. 1). Used as last.

4. Platinum solution. The double chloride of platinum and potassium, dissolved in solution of caustic potassa. Other solutions have been proposed, but this appears to be decomposed with the greatest ease.

The above sketch of the electrotype art is necessarily very imperfect. For minute details respecting manipulation, the reader is referred to the excellent treatises on the subject that have been written; more particularly to Ernest Spon's valuable work, entitled 'Workshop Receipts.'

=ELEC'TUARY.= _Syn._ ELECTUARUM, L. Electuaries (ELECTUARIA) are formed of light powders, generally vegetable, mixed up with honey, syrup, or sugar, to the consistence of a stiff paste. In the present Pharmacop[oe]ia they are included under the title Confection, but this arrangement is manifestly improper, as the words are not synonymous. In Conserves and Confections the addition of the saccharine matter is in much larger proportion, and is designed to preserve the vegetable matter; in Electuaries, the syrup is designed merely to communicate the required form. (Dr Murray.)

The preparation of electuaries is similar to that of confections and conserves, and the same precautions must be observed to reduce the dry ingredients to very fine powder before adding them to the syrup or other substances used to give them form. Care must also be taken to diffuse the ingredients equally through every portion of the mass, by patient and laborious stirring. The neglect of this point has often led to disagreeable consequences, from some portion of the electuary being nearly inert, while another portion has possessed increased activity. See CONFECTION, CONSERVE, LINCTUS, &c.

=Electuary of Ac'etate of Potassa.= See CONSERVE.

=Electuary of Al'um.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ALUMINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph[oe]bus.) Alum, 1 dr.; extract of logwood, 4 dr.; balsam of Peru, 6 drops; water of sage, q. s. Astringent and antiseptic; in diarrh[oe]a, sponginess of the gums, &c.

2. (St. Marie.) Alum, 1 dr.; catechu and extract of bark, of each 2 dr.; conserve of roses, 6 dr.; simple syrup, q. s.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, every 4 hours; in chronic diarrh[oe]a, leucorrh[oe]a, hæmorrhages, &c. See CONFECTION.

=Electuary, An'odyne.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANODYNUM, L. _Prep._ See CONFECTION OF OPIUM.

=Electuary, Anti'monial.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANTIMONII, Fr. _Prep._ Electuary of senna, 1 oz.; guaiacum resin, æthiops mineral, prepared sulphuret of antimony, each 1/2 oz.; syrup, q. s.--_Dose_, 1 dr. to 2 dr. twice a day.

=Electuary, Anti-rheumatic.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANTIRHEUMATICUM; CHELSEA PENSIONER. _Prep._ Guaiacum resin, 1 dr.; rhubarb, 2 dr.; bitartrate of potash, 1 oz.; sulphur, 2 oz.; one nutmeg; mix the powders with 1 lb. of honey. Take two spoonfuls night and morning.

=Electuary, Ar'abic.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM SARZÆ COMPOSITUM, E. ARABICUM, L.; ELECTUAIRE ARABIQUE, Fr. _Prep._ From sarsaparilla, 5 oz.; senna and China root, of each, 3 oz.; dried walnut peel, 1 oz. (all in fine powder); honey, q. s.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr. See TRAITEMENT ARABIQUE.

=Electuary, Aromat'ic.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM AROMATICUM (Ph. E.). This preparation differs from the aromatic confection of the other British colleges, in not containing chalk. It is aromatic and stomachic, but not antacid or absorbent. CONFECTION.

=Electuary, Bath.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANTI-CACHECTICUM, E. MARTIALE, E. FERRI COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ From blacksmiths' clinkers, reduced to an impalpable powder, and made into an electuary with honey or treacle, q. s.; afterwards adding powdered ginger and carbonate of magnesia, of each, 1 oz., to every lb. of the mixture.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful night and morning every day, for 3 or 4 days, and again, after an equal interval, as long as thought necessary; as a chalybeate tonic, and in worms.

=Electuary of Bitar'trate of Potas'sa.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM POTASSÆ TARTRATIS, L. _Prep._ (Monro.) Cream of Tartar, 1 oz,; powdered ginger and conserve of roses, of each 1 dr.; syrup of orange peel, q. s.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 dr.; as a hydragogue purge. It is also a useful laxative in common cases. See CONFECTION OF CREAM OF TARTAR.

=Electuary, Black.= _Syn._ TROUSSEAU'S ELECTUARY, TROUSSEAU'S BLACK TONIC; ELECTUARIUM NIGRUM, E. FERRI TANNATIS, L. _Prep._ From sesquichloride of iron, 4 dr.; tannin, 1 dr.; confection of roses, 2 oz.; syrup of orange peel, 1 oz. Tonic and astringent.--_Dose_, 5 to 30 gr.

=Electuary of Black Pep'per.= See CONFECTION OF PEPPER.

=Electuary of Burnt Sponge.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM SPONGIÆ USTÆ, L. _Prep._ (Hulse.) Burnt sponge, 10 gr.; rhubarb, 4 gr.; conserve of roses, q. s. For a _dose_, to be taken night and morning; in scrofula, glandular swellings, &c. See CONFECTION OF SPONGE.

=Electuary of Cas'sia.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CASSIÆ (Ph. D. 1826.), E. C. FISTULÆ (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. D. 1826.) Fresh cassia pulp and syrup of orange, of each, 1/2 lb.; manna, 2 oz.; tamarind pulp, 1 oz.; mix, and evaporate to a proper consistence.--_Dose_, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; as a gentle laxative for children, or as a vehicle for other cathartics. That of the shops is commonly made with equal parts of tamarind and cassia pulps, mixed with 1/8th of manna, and flavoured with a few drops of tincture of orange peel, without any evaporation. See CONFECTION.

=Electuary of Cat'echu.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CATECHU, CONFECTIO C., C. JAPONICA, L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Powdered catechu and kino, of each, 4 oz.; cinnamon and nutmegs, of each, 1 oz.; opium (dissolved in a little sherry), 1-1/2 dr.; syrup of red roses (evaporated to the consistence of honey), 1-1/2 pint. See CONFECTION, and _below_.

=Electuary of Cat'echu (Compound).= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CATECHU COMPOSITUM (Ph. D.). See CONFECTIONS. Both the above are astringent, aromatic, and anodyne.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1 dr., or more; in diarrh[oe]a, dysentery, &c.

=Electuary, Cathar'tic.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CATHARTICUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Confection of senna, 1-1/2 oz.; flowers of sulphur, 1/2 oz.; syrup of roses or of orange peel, q. s.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, 3 or 4 times a day, in piles; or, 2 to 3 teaspoonfuls, as a gentle laxative for females, and in skin diseases, gonorrh[oe]a, &c. A mild and excellent medicine. It may be safely given in larger doses.

2. (Brera.) Aloes, 8 gr.; cream of tartar, 2 dr.; honey, q. s. For a dose. In amenorrh[oe]a, attributed to abdominal engorgement.

=Electuary, Cephal'ic.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CEPHALICUM, E. VALERIANÆ COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ (Hosp. F.) Valerian root and mistletoe of the oak, of each 1 oz.; honey, 1-1/2 oz.; tincture of henbane, q. s. to make an electuary. In nervous and rheumatic headache, &c.; assisted by an aperient.

=Electuary of Char'coal.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CARBONIS, E. CARBONII, CONFECTIO C., L. _Prep._ 1. (Hosp. F.) Confection of senna, 2 oz.; fresh burnt charcoal, 1/2 oz.; carbonate of soda, 1/4 oz.; syrup of orange peel, q. s.

2. (Radius.) Electuary of senna, 2 oz.; powdered charcoal and carbonate of soda, of each, 1 dr. Both the above are given in obstinate constipation.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls twice a day. See ELECTUARY FOR THE TEETH.

=Electuary for Chol'era.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANTI-CHOLERICUM, L. The preparations that come under this name are numerous, including aromatic confection, and several like absorbent or astringent preparations. This name has been given to the American remedy for cholera, noticed at page

=Electuary of Cincho'na Bark.= _Syn._ ELECTUARY OF BARK; ELECTUARIUM CINCHONÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From yellow bark and simple syrup, of each 1 oz.; conserve of red roses and confection of orange peel, of each 1/2 oz. Tonic and febrifuge.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.; in debility, agues, &c.

2. (Radius.) Peruvian bark, 1 oz.; syrup of orange peel, q. s. As the last.--_Dose_, a teaspoonful or more, 3 or 4 times daily. (See _below_.)

=Electuary of Cinchona (Compound).= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CINCHONÆ COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (ACIDULATED,--Copland.) Yellow bark, 1 oz.; confection of roses, 1/2 oz.; diluted sulphuric acid, 1 dr.; syrup of ginger, 1-1/2 oz.

2. (ASTRINGENT,--Saunders.) Powdered Peruvian bark, orange peel, and conserves of roses and hips, of each 6 dr.; crabs' eyes (or prepared chalk), 2 dr.; syrup of catechu, q. s.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, 2 or 3 times daily; in chronic diarrh[oe]a, &c.

3. (WITH CATECHU,--Pierquin.) Peruvian bark, 1 oz.; catechu and balsam of tolu, of each 1 dr.; syrup of comfrey (_Symphytum officinale_,--Linn.), q. s.--_Dose._ As the last; in spitting of blood, hæmorrhages, &c.

4. (WITH CLOVES,--Dewees.) Peruvian bark, 2 oz.; cloves, 1 dr. (better, 4 dr.); simple syrup, q. s. A piece the size of a walnut, every hour or two, during the intermission of an ague.

5. (WITH IRON,--Cadet.) Peruvian bark, 6 dr.; oxide of iron and confection of opium, of each 2 dr.; syrup of cinnamon, q. s.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, or more, twice a day; in dropsy of the belly, after the evacuation of the fluid, and as a tonic in debility, accompanied by nervous excitement, &c., in the absence of fever.

6. (Quarin's.) Red bark, 1 oz.; ammoniated iron, 1 dr.; made into an electuary with equal parts of oxymel of squills and syrup of the 'five roots' (diuretic). Tonic, febrifuge, and pectoral.

7. (WITH SAL-AMMONIAC,--P. Cod.) Gray bark, 2-1/4 oz.; hydrochlorate of ammonia, 1 dr.; honey and syrup of wormwood, of each 2 oz. In intermittents occurring in scrofulous subjects.

8. (WITH SODA,--P. Cod.) Powdered cinchona, 1 oz.; carbonate of soda, 2 dr.; thin mucilage, q. s. to mix. Tonic, febrifuge, and stomachic.--_Dose_, 2 dr., 2 or 3 times a day; in agues, complicated with acidity and dyspepsia.

9. (WITH SULPHUR,--Cadet.) Peruvian bark, 1 dr.; sulphur, crabs' eyes (chalk), and spermaceti, of each 2 dr.; extract of opium, 4 dr.; conserve of roses, 4 dr.; syrup of milfoil, q. s. Highly praised in debility from phthisis.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, 2 or 3 times a day, assisted with the liberal use of raw or lightly boiled eggs and cod-liver oil.

10. (WITH TIN,--Cadet.) Peruvian bark 1 oz.; tin filings and valerian root, of each 1/2 oz.; syrup of saffron, q. s. In epilepsy, worms, &c.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, morning and evening. See CONFECTION OF BARK.

=Electuary of Copai'ba.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM COPAIBÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Copaiba and powdered cubebs, equal parts; conserves of roses and orange peel, of each (in equal quantities), q. s.

2. (Caspar.) Blanched almonds, 6 dr.; powdered marsh-mallow root, 1 dr.; catechu, 1/2 dr.; balsam of copaiba, 3 dr.

3. (Ricord.) Confection of almonds, 1 oz.; copaiba, 1/2 oz.; hard extract of rhatany, 3 dr.; syrup of orange peel, q. s. All the above are excellent in gonorrh[oe]a, gleets, &c. The last two agree better with the stomach than most other like preparations.--_Dose_, 1 teaspoonful, or more (rapidly increased to 2 or 3 dr.), 3 or 4 times daily. See CONFECTION.

=Electuary of Cow'hage.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM DOLICHOS, E. MUCUNÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Dip the pods of dolichos in treacle, allow them to drain a moment, and then scrape off the hairs for use.

2. (Chamberlain.) As the last, nearly.

3. (Correa.) Cowhage (the hairs or setæ), 40 gr.; syrup, 1/2 oz.

4. (Ellis.) Cowhage (hairs), 1 dr.; honey, q. s.

5. (Guy's Hosp.) Cowhage (hairs), any quantity, made into an electuary with treacle, q. s. In worms.--_Dose._ For a child, a teaspoonful; for an adult, a table-spoonful; in the morning, fasting, and at night, for 3 or 4 days; followed by a dose of castor oil, to which a teaspoonful of turpentine may be advantageously added. See COWHAGE.

=Electuary of Cu'bebs.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CUBEBÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. See ELECTUARY OF COPAIBA.

2. (Beral.) Cubebs and copaiba, of each 2 oz.; powdered alum, 1 oz.; extract of opium, 5 or 6 gr.; mix.

3. (Bouchardat.) Cubebs, 1/2 oz.; copaiba, 1 oz.; sweet spirit of nitre, 1/2 fl. dr.; oil of peppermint, 8 or 10 drops; powdered sugar, q. s.

4. (Radius.) Cubebs, 1/2 oz.; honey, 1 oz. In gonorrh[oe]a, mucous discharges from the vagina, bladder, &c.--_Dose_, 1 teaspoonful, afterwards increased to 2 or 3 teaspoonfuls, twice or thrice daily. See CONFECTION OF COPAIBA, ELECTUARY OF C., &c.

=Electuary, Demul'cent.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM DEMULCENS, L. _Prep._ From spermaceti, syrup of poppies, and syrup of tolu, of each 2 dr.; powdered gum tragacanth, 1 dr.; confection of roses, 6 dr.; nitre, 1/2 dr.--_Dose._ A piece the size of a small filbert, frequently; as a pectoral and demulcent in coughs, hoarseness, &c.

=Electuary, Deob'struent.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM DEOBSTRUENS, L. _Prep._ (Copland.) Confection of senna, 1-1/2 oz.; cream of tartar, 1 oz.; sulphur and syrup of ginger, of each 6 dr.; borax, 3 dr.; syrup of poppies, 2 dr.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, or more, nightly; in the obstinate constipation of females, painful and suppressed menstruation, &c.

=Electuary for Dys'entery.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANTI-DYSENTERICUM (Ph. E. 1744), L. Electuary of catechu, mixed with half its weight of Locatel's balsam.

=Electuary, Emmen'agogue.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM EMMENAGOGICUM, L. _Prep._ From myrrh, 1 dr.; ammoniated iron, 1 scrup.; syrup of ginger, q. s. to mix.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 1 dr., night and morning; in deficient or suppressed menstruation.

=Electuary for Epilep'sy.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANTI-EPILEPTICUM, L. _Prep._ 1. See ELECTUARY OF CINCHONA (Comp.), No. 10.

2. (Dr Mead.) Powdered cinchona, 1 oz.; valerian and tin (both in powder), of each, 1/2 oz.; syrup, q. s. to mix.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, night and morning.

=Electuary, Feb'rifuge.= See ELECTUARY OF CINCHONA, &c.

=Electuary, Compound Guaiacum.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM GUAIACI COMPOSITUM. (Mid. H.) _Prep._ Guaiacum resin, 2 dr.; rhubarb, 1 dr.; sulphur, 2 dr.; nitre, 2 dr.; syrup of poppies, q. s.; mix.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 1 dr.

=Electuary of In'digo.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM INDIGI, E. PIGMENTI INDICI, L. _Prep._ (Ph[oe]bus.) Powdered indigo, 4 dr.; aromatic powder, 1/2 dr.; syrup, 1 fl. oz. or q. s. In spasmodic diseases, especially in epilepsy, chorea, and hysteria, and the convulsions of children. It has also been used with advantage in that species of impotence in which strychnia is useful. The above quantity is to be all taken, in divided doses, during the day. To be of permanent advantage, it should be continued for several weeks.

=Electuary of Ipecacuan'ha.= See CONFECTION.

=Electuary of Jal'ap.= See CONFECTION.

=Electuary of Kermes.= MARMELADE DE ZANETTI; ELECTUARIUM KERMETIS, E. K. MINERALIS, L. _Prep._ From manna, 4 oz.; pulp of cassia and oil of almonds, of each 2 oz.; butter of cacao, 1/2 oz.: Kermes mineral, 10 gr.; syrup of marsh-mallow, 3 fl. oz.; syrup of orange flower, q. s. A diaphoretic laxative.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 teaspoonfuls, or more.

=Electuary of Lau'rel Ber'ries.= See CONFECTION OF RUE.

=Electuary, Len'itive.= See CONFECTION OF SENNA.

=Electuary, Mahomed's.= _Prep._ 1. From grocer's currants, 2 oz.; powdered senna, 1/2 oz.; powdered ginger, 1 dr.; finely powdered capsicum and cloves, of each 20 gr.; croton oil, 3 drops; conserve of roses and syrup of saffron, of each in equal parts, q. s. to mix.

2. (Bateman.) Currants, 1 oz.; senna, 1/2 oz.; ginger, 1/2 dr.; syrup of roses, q. s.; croton oil, 1 drop.--_Dose_, 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls, early in the morning; in dyspepsia and habitual constipation. The first formulary produces a most useful medicine, particularly for free-livers.

=Electuary of Male Fern.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM FELICIS MARIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Powder of male fern, 3 dr.; conserve of roses, 1 oz.

2. (Radius.) Ethereal extract of male fern, 1/2 dr.; honey of roses, 1 oz. The half of either to be taken at night, and the remainder the next morning. In worms.

=Electuary, Mustard.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM SINAPIS. (Guy's H.) _Prep._ Mustard seed, lightly bruised, 1 oz.; sulphur, 2 dr.; syrup of orange peel, 1 fl. oz.--_Dose_, 1 dr., 3 or 4 times a day.

=Electuary of Ni'tre.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM POTASSÆ NITRATIS, L. _Prep._ (Hosp. F.) Nitre, 3 dr.; confection of roses, 2 oz.--_Dose._ A piece of the size of a filbert, where the use of nitre is indicated. See CONFECTION.

=Electuary, Olibanum.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM OLIBANI. [Fr.] _Prep._ Olibanum, 1/2 oz.; balsam of copaiva, 1/2 oz.; conserve of hips, 1 oz.; syrup, q. s.--_Dose_, 2 dr. twice a day.

=Electuary of O'pium.= See CONFECTION OF OPIUM.

=Electuary, Pec'toral.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM PECTORALE, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E. 1744.) From conserve of roses, 2 oz.; compound powder of tragacanth, 4 dr.; flowers of benzoin, 1 dr.; syrup of tolu, q. s.--_Dose._ A little, _ad libitum_.

2. Oxymel of squills, syrup of marsh-mallows, mucilage of gum Arabic, and syrup of tolu, of each 1/2 oz.; powdered lump sugar, 2 oz. As the last.

=Electuary of Pep'per.= See CONFECTION, and _above_.

=Electuary for Piles.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM HÆMORRHOIDALE, L. _Prep._ 1. See CONFECTION and ELECTUARY OF PEPPER.

2. (Dr Copland.) Cream of tartar, 1 oz.; precipitated sulphur (pure), 3 dr.; confection of senna, 2 oz.; syrup of orange peel or ginger, q. s. to mix.

3. (Dr Graves.) Confection of senna and sulphur, of each 1 oz.; balsam of copaiba and cream of tartar, of each 1/2 oz.; jalap and ginger, of each 1 dr.; syrup of orange peel, q. s.

4. (Hosp. F.) Confection of senna, 2 oz.; black pepper and precipitated sulphur, of each 1/2 oz.; oil of cubebs, 1 dr.; syrup, q. s. The last three are useful laxatives in piles, and by their preventing the accumulation and hardening of the fæces, often remove the affection.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, three or four times a day. From the difficulty experienced in procuring pure precipitated sulphur, washed sublimed sulphur may be advantageously substituted.

=Electuary of Pomegran'ate= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM GRANATI, L. _Prep._ 1. From the root-bark, 1 dr.; assaf[oe]tida, 1/2 dr.; croton oil, 6 drops; conserve of roses, 1 oz.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, night and morning.

2. (Radius.) Extract of the root-bark, 6 dr.; lemon juice, 2 fl. dr.; linden water, 3 fl. dr.; gum tragacanth, q. s. to make an electuary. One half to be taken at once; the remainder in an hour. Both are given in tape-worm.

=Electuary of Prunes.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM PRUNONUM. (Zwelfer.) _Prep._ Pulp of prunes boiled to a due consistence, 2 lbs.; pure sugar, 1 lb.

=Electuary of Resin.= See CONFECTION OF RESIN.

=Electuary of Rhubarb.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM RHEI, L. _Prep._ (Saunders.) Powdered rhubarb, 1-1/2 dr.; sulphate of potassa, 1 dr.; cream of tartar, 4 dr.; pulp of tamarinds, 2 oz.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, as a mild stomachic laxative.

=Electuary, Compound Saffron.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM CROCI COMPOSITUM. CONFECTION D'HYACINTHE, [F.] _Prep._ Prepared Armenian bole, 8 oz.; levigated crab's eyes, 8 oz.; cinnamon, 3 oz.; yellow sandal, red sandal, myrrh, of each 1 oz.; dittany of Crete, 1 oz.; all in fine powder. On the other hand, dissolve 1-1/2 lb. of honey in 3 lbs. of syrup of pinks, over a gentle fire, and strain, and when nearly cold stir into it 1 oz. of saffron in powder. Let stand twelve hours, and then stir in carefully the powders first mentioned.

=Electuary of Scam'mony.= See CONFECTION.

=Electuary for Scur'vy.= See CONSERVE (Antiscorbutic).

=Electuary of Sen'na.= See CONFECTION OF SENNA.

=Electuary of Squills.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM SCILLÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Oxymel of squills, 2 fl. oz.; cream of tartar and powdered sugar, of each 1-1/2 oz.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls, as a laxative and expectorant; in old coughs, &c.

2. (Radius.) Squills, nitre, gum ammoniacum, and tartrate (bitartrate) of potassa, of each 2 dr.; sal-ammoniac, 20 gr.; syrup of cinnamon, q. s.--_Dose_, 2 dr.; three times a day; in dropsies. See CONSERVE OF SQUILLS.

=Electuary of Steel.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM FERRI, E. CHALYBEATUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Collier.) Potassio-tartrate of iron, 1/2 oz.; confection of roses, 1 oz.; syrup q. s. to mix.

2. (Collier.) Precipitated sesquioxide of iron, 1 oz.; honey, 2 oz.; ginger syrup, 1/2 fl. oz. Both the above are tonic and emmenagogue.--_Dose._ One teaspoonful, thrice a day. See CONFECTION.

=Electuary, Stim'ulant.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM STIMULANS, L. _Prep._ From gum ammoniacum (strained), 1 oz.; vinegar of squills, 1/2 oz.; mixed with a gentle heat, and spread on leather. Applied to the chest or pit of the stomach, as a mild counter-irritant and antispasmodic; and as a discutient to tumid glands and indolent tumours. It is wrongly called an electuary.

=Electuary, Stomach'ic.= _Syn._ DINNER ELECTUARY; ELECTUARIUM STOMACHICUM, CONFECTIO STOMACHICA, L. _Prep._ 1. Rhubarb, ginger, and extract of chamomile, of each 1 dr.; confection of orange peel, 4 dr.; syrup q. s.

2. Rhubarb and gentian, of each, 1-1/2 dr.; extract of hops and powdered capsicum, of each 1/2 dr.; oil of chamomile, 12 drops; confection of hips and syrup of orange peel, of each 1/2 oz.

3. Green peppermint, lump sugar, and confection of orange peel, equal parts.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, an hour before a meal. They are all excellent stomachics, and are useful to improve the appetite, and in dyspepsia.

=Electuary of Sul'phur.= See CONFECTION OF SULPHUR, and _below_.

=Electuary of Sulphur (Compound).= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Sulphur, 3/4 oz.; cream of tartar, 1 oz.; confections of senna and black pepper, of each 2 oz.; syrup of ginger, 1 fl. oz. An excellent medicine in piles.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, twice a day.

2. (WITH BORAX.) Flowers of sulphur, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 1-1/2 oz.; borax, 1/2 oz.; confection of senna, 2-1/2 oz.; syrup of orange peel q. s. to mix.--_Dose._ 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls, in diseases of the uterine organs and lower bowels. See CONFECTION.

=Electuary for the Teeth.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM DENTIFRICUM, L. See TOOTH PASTE, DENTIFRICE, &c.

=Electuary of Tin.= See CONFECTION OF TIN, and _below_.

=Electuary of Tin (Compound).= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM STANNI COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Powdered tin, 1 oz.; confection of oil of turpentine, 2 oz.

2. (Dr Cheston.) Tin filings, 4 dr.; carbonate of iron (sesquioxide), 1 dr.; conserve of wormwood, 3 dr.

3. (Foy.) Powder of tin, 1 oz.; extract of wormwood and powdered jalap, of each, 1 dr.; compound syrup of chicory, q. s. In worms.-_Dose._ A tablespoonful, or more, for 2 or 3 successive mornings, fasting; followed by a purge.

=Electuary of Tur'pentine.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM TEREBINTHINÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (St. B. Hosp.) Common turpentine, 1 oz.; honey, 2 oz.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls; in complaints of the urinary organs, worms, &c.

2. (Radius.) Turpentine, soap, and rhubarb, of each, 1 dr.; syrup of wormwood, q. s.--_Dose._ Three teaspoonfuls a day; in dropsy, worms, &c.

3. (E. OLEI TEREBINTHINÆ,--Copland.) As confection of turpentine,--Ph. D. See CONFECTION.

=Electuary, Ver'mifuge.= _Syn._ ELECTUARIUM ANTHELMINTICUM, E. VERMIFUGUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (Bresmer.) Worm-seed and tansy-seed, of each 4 dr.; powdered valerian root, 2 dr.; jalap and sulphate of potassa, of each 1-1/2 to 1/2 dr.; oxymel of quills, q. s. to mix.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, or more; repeated night and morning, followed by a brisk purge.

2. (Rosenstein.) Worm-seed, 10 gr.; sulphate of iron, 4 gr.; jalap and honey, of each 20 gr. For two doses, as the last. 2 or 3 dr. of confection of senna are often substituted for the jalap and honey.

3. (Foy.) Aloes, 1/2 oz.; common salt, 3 dr.; flour, 2 oz.; honey q. s. to form a stiff paste. Used as a suppository in ascarides.

4. Flowers of sulphur, 4 oz.; powdered jalap, 1 oz,; powdered bark, 1 oz.; syrup of buckthorn q. s.--_Dose._ Two or three teaspoonfuls, every morning early. See CONFECTION and ELECTUARY OF TIN, TURPENTINE, WORM-SEED, &c.

=Electuary for Worms.= See ELECTUARY VERMIFUGE (_above_).

=EL'EMENTS.= _Syn._ ELEMENTARY BODIES, SIMPLE B.; ELEMENTA, L. In _chemistry_, those substances or bodies which have hitherto resisted every attempt which has been made to decompose them, or to resolve them into simpler forms of matter. Earth, air, fire, and water, were regarded by the ancients as simple bodies, of which all others are composed, and they still constitute the 'four elements' of the vulgar. The imaginary principles or elements of the alchemists were termed salt, sulphur, and mercury. About sixty-four different kinds of matter are at present recognised as elementary bodies. They are substances having the most diverse characters. The great majority exist in the solid state; bromide and mercury are liquid; while oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine, are gaseous. About four fifths of the elements are metallic, as instanced by gold, silver, copper, iron, &c.; the remainder are non-metallic, as instanced by carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, &c. A list of the known elements is given under the head of ATOMIC WEIGHTS (which _see_).

=EL'EMI.= _Syn._ GUM ELEMI; ELEMI (B. P.). "A terebinthinate concretion, from an uncertain plant." (Ph. L.) MEXICAN ELEMI is known to be the produce of a species of the genus _Elaphrium_. MANILLA ELEMI is probably the product of _Canarium commune_.

_Prop., &c._ The elemi of commerce is of a pale-yellow colour, brittle without, but soft and tough within; it has a warm bitter taste, and a fragrant aromatic smell, partaking of fennel and juniper. It is only partially transparent even in thin plates, is very fusible, and has a density a little greater than that of water. It contains 12-1/2 per cent. of volatile oil (oil of elemi). It is used to give toughness to lacquers and varnishes, and in medicine in the preparation of ELEMI OINTMENT.

_Pur._ The elemi of the shops is often adulterated, but more frequently a factitious kind is sold for the genuine gum. This fraud may be detected by exposing the suspected article to heat, along with a little water, when the factitious fragrance of the spurious article evaporates, and the coarse terebinthinate smell of the resin used to adulterate it, or which is sold for it, becomes readily distinguishable.

=Elemi, Facti''tious.= _Prep._ 1. Yellow resin, 8 lbs.; melt, add Canada balsam, 2 lbs; withdraw the vessel from the heat, and further add of oil of juniper, 2 dr.; oil of sweet fennel, 1 dr.; oil of nutmeg, 1/2 dr.

2. Yellow resin, 7 lb.; Canada balsam, 1 lb.; juniper oil bottoms, 4 dr.; oil of mace, 3 dr.; mix as before.

=EL'EMIN.= The crystalline resin of gum elemi.

=ELIX'IR.= In _pharmacy_, a name formerly applied to various compound tinctures, and to preparations supposed to contain the quintessence of other substances. (It is still applied to several popular remedies.) The elixirs of the alchemists were solutions employed in their fruitless attempts to transmute the baser metals into gold.

=Elixir, Ac'id.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ACIDUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dippell's) Sulphuric acid, 1 part, dropped gradually into rectified spirit of wine, 5 parts; placed in a large flask, and afterwards coloured by digestion on animal kermes and saffron, of each 1 part.

2. (Haller's,--Ph. Sax. 1837.) From sulphuric acid and rectified spirit, of each 1 part; as before.

3. (Vogler's.) From sulphuric acid and nitrous ether, equal parts, as above. Astringent and antiseptic.--_Dose._ A few drops, in water.

=Elixir of Al'oes.= _Syn._ COMPOUND TINCTURE OF ALOES; ELIXIR ALOËS, L. See TINCTURE.

=Elixir of Aloes (Compound).= _Syn._ ELIXIR OF ALOËS COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ (Dr Copland.) Acetate of potassa, inspissated ox-gall, socrotine aloes, and myrrh, of each 2 dr.; hay saffron, 1 dr.; brandy (or proof spirit), 2-1/2 fl. oz.; digest a week, and strain. Stomachic and laxative.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, or more; in dyspepsia, constipation, &c.

=Elixir, Anti-asthmat'ic.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ANTI-ASTHMATICUM, L. _Prep._ 1. Oil of aniseed, camphor, and balsam of tolu, of each 1 oz.; cochineal, 1 dr.; proof spirit, 1 gal.; digest a week, and filter.

2. As the last, adding powdered opium, 1-1/4 oz.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful to allay irritation, assisted by an occasional dose of aperient medicine; in asthma, chronic coughs, &c.

3. (Boerhaave's.) Aniseed, asarabacca, elecampane, liquorice root, orris root, and sweet flag (calamus), of each equal parts; made into a tincture, with brandy.--_Dose_, 20 to 40 drops.

=Elixir Antigoutteux de Villette= is a tincture of 100 parts brown cinchona bark, 50 parts poppy petals, 25 parts sassafras, 50 parts guaiacum in 4,000 parts rum, mixed with 2,500 parts syrup of sarsaparilla. (Hager.)

=Elixir, Anti-scrof'ulous.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ANTI-SCROFULOSUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) The ammoniated tincture of gentian. See TINCTURE.

2. (Desforges.) Guaiacum, 5 oz.; cinchona bark and pellitory of each 3 oz.; cloves, 5 dr.; orange peel and benzoin, of each 2 dr.; hay saffron, 1/2 dr.; rectified spirit and brandy, of each 1/2 pint; digest a week, and filter. Used as an application to scorbutic gums.

=Elixir, Bitter.= _Syn_. ELIXIR AMARUM (Ph. Germ.) _Prep._ Extract of buckbean, extract of orange peel, of each 2 parts; peppermint water, alcohol (68 per cent.), of each 16 parts; spirit of ether (made of 3 parts of alcohol and 1 part of ether), 1 part. Dissolve and mix.

=Elixir, Boerhaave's Asthmat'ic.= See ELIXIR ANTIASTHMATIC (_above_).

=Elixir, Boerhaave's Vis'ceral.= _Syn._ ELIXIR BOERHAAVII, E. B. VISCERALE, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Han.) Aloes, myrrh, and saffron, of each 1 oz.; tartrate of potassa, 2 oz.; alcohol (strongest rectified spirit), 14 oz.; water, 1 oz.; macerate 3 days, and filter. This preparation "has been highly praised in visceral obstruction." (Dr Griffith.)--_Dose_, 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls.

=Elixir of Celery= (Dr Wilkinson's.) For increasing, preserving, and producing virility. Juniper berries, angelica root, lovage root, of each 1 part; spirit, 12 parts; orange-flower water, rose water, of each 4 parts; spring water, sufficient. Distil 20 parts, and mix the distillate with 12 parts clarified honey. (Hager.)

=Elixir, Claude's.= _Syn._ ELIXIR CLAUDERI, L. 1. (Pideret.) Salt of tartar, sal-ammoniac, strained aloes, and myrrh, of each 1 oz.; elder-flower water, 1-1/4 pint, digest, with agitation, for 24 hours, and filter.

2. (Parrish.) Carbonate of potassa, 1 oz.; aloes, guaiacum, myrrh, saffron, and rhubarb (contused), of each 2 dr.; water, 18 fl. oz. Macerate a few days, and decant.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls; in amenorrh[oe]a, constipation, scurvy, visceral obstructions, &c.

=Elixir, Cough.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ANTI-CATARRHALE, L. _Prep._ 1. See ANTI-ASTHMATIC ELIXIR.

2. (Hufeland.) Extracts of blessed thistle and dulcamara, of each 1 dr.; cherry-laurel water, 1 fl. dr.; fennel-water, 1 fl. oz.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls, 3 or 4 times a day. It is a most useful remedy in coughs occurring in nervous, hysterical, or irritable patients. See ELIXIR OF IPECACUANHA, ELIXIR LETTSOM'S, &c. (_below_).

=Elixir, Daffy's.= _Syn._ ELIXIR SALUTIS, E. SENNÆ COMPOSITUM, TINCTURA SENNÆ COMPOSITA, L. This is an aromatised and sweetened tincture of senna, to which other cathartics are generally added. Nearly every drug-house has its own formula for this article. The following are those employed in the London trade:--

_Prep._ 1. East India senna, 1-1/2 lb.; jalap, 5 oz.; coriander seed and aniseed, of each 1/2 lb.; rhubarb, 1/4 lb.; red sanders wood, 2 oz.; salt of tartar, 2 oz.; treacle, 7 lbs.; rectified spirit of wine, 2-1/2 galls.; water, 3-1/4 galls. All the solids are well bruised, and macerated in the mixed fluids for 14 days, when the whole is pressed, and strained through a flannel bag. It is too glutinous to run through filtering paper.

2. Senna, rhubarb, and aniseed, of each 2 lbs.; jalap and caraways, of each 1 lb.; red sanders wood, 1/2 lb.; brown sugar, 7 lbs.; proof spirit, 10 galls.; as the last.

3. Senna, 56 lbs.; aniseed, 7 lbs.; rhubarb (East India), 14 lbs.; coriander seed, 6 lbs.; caraway seed and red sanders wood, of each 5 lbs.; cassia bark and jalap, of each 3 lbs.; proof spirit, 100 galls.; digest for 14 days, press, strain, and add molasses, 84 lbs.; mix well, and either clarify or strain through flannel.

4. For proof spirit in the last two formulæ, equal parts of spirit of wine and water are employed by the smaller houses.

5. (Redwood.) Senna, 1/2 lb.; aniseed, caraways, and jalap, of each 1 oz. 2 dr.; juniper berries, 2-1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 6 pints; macerate for 14 days, then add of treacle, 10-1/2 oz.; water, 1 lb. 5 oz.; mix and strain.

6. (Dicey's.) Senna, 1 lb.; guaiacum shavings, elecampane root (dried), aniseed, caraway seed, coriander seed, and liquorice root, of each 1/2 lb.; stoned raisins, 2 lbs.; proof spirit or brandy, 9 quarts; macerate for 10 days.

7. (Swinton's.) Senna, 1 lb.; jalap, 3 lbs.; coriander seed, caraway seed, liquorice root, and elecampane root, of each 4 oz.; moist sugar, 2 lbs.; rectified spirit of wine and water, of each 1 gal.; as the last.

_Obs._ Daffy's elixir is a favorite purge with drunkards, and is a common and very popular remedy in flatulent colic, dyspepsia, diarrh[oe]a, &c.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 table-spoonfuls, or more.

=Elixir de Pepsin Digestif.= (Grimault & Co.) For loss of appetite and disordered digestion. Contains pepsine, in quantities not at all proportionate to the price of the article.

=Elixir Deslauriers Toni-Febrifuge au Quinquina et Caffé.= A tonic febrifuge. Yellow cinchona (Köningschina), 20 grammes; brown cinchona, 8 grammes; powdered coffee beans, slightly roasted, 16 grammes; wine, 250 grammes; sugar, 15 grammes; citric acid, 2·5 grammes. Boil once after standing some time in a warm place, and filter. Add to the filtered liquid 85 grammes sugar and 15 grammes spirit.

=Elixir de St. Hubert pour les Chasseurs= is a solution of 2 parts carbolic acid in 50 parts spirit. (Casselmann.)

=Elixir, Devil's.= _Syn._ ELIXIR CAPSICI COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ From pods of capsicum, and cloves (bruised), of each 1 oz.; ginger and saffron, of each 3 oz.; cantharides, 5 dr.; proof spirit, 7 lbs.; digest for 10 days.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 3 dr., in mixtures. It is stimulating, anti-choleraic, and aphrodisiac.

=Elixir of Garlic.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ALLII, L. _Prep._ From garlic roots (bruised), 80 in no.; rectified spirit, 1 pint; digest, distil to dryness, and repeat the process with the same spirit from fresh roots, a second and a third time; lastly, add camphor, 2 dr. Diaphoretic and pectoral.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful, twice a day; in asthma, old coughs, diarrh[oe]a from debility, &c.

=Elixir, Garus's.= _Syn._ ELIXIR GARI, L.; ELIXIR DE GARUS, Fr. _Prep._ 1. Myrrh, 1 oz.; aloes and saffron, of each 1/2 oz.; cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg, of each 1 dr.; proof spirit, 1 quart; digest a week, add water, 5 fl. oz., and distil over 1 quart; to the distillate (ALCOOLAT DE GARUS) add of syrup of maidenhair, 2 lbs.; orange-flower water, 1-1/2 fl. oz.

2. (Foy.) Compound tincture of saffron, 8 pints; syrup of maidenhair, 10 pints; mix; add caramel, q. s. to colour, dissolved in orange-flower water, 1/2 pint.

3. (P. Cod.) Aloes and saffron, of each 1 oz.; myrrh, cinnamon, and cloves, of each 1/2 oz.; nutmeg, 1/2 dr.; proof spirit, 12 pints; orange-flower water, 16 fl. oz.; macerate 2 days, distil 6 pints, and add to the distillate (ALCOOLAT DE GARUS), of syrup of capillaire, 7-1/2 pints; and colour with saffron q. s.

4. (Soubeiran.) Socotrine aloes and saffron, of each 1 oz.; myrrh, canella alba, citron, and nutmegs, of each 1/2 oz.; spirit (sp. gr. ·923), 20 lbs.; orange-flower water, 16 fl. oz.; macerate as last, distil 10 lbs., and add to the distillate (ALCOOLAT DE GARUS), of syrup of capillaire, 12-1/2 lbs.; orange-flower water, 8 fl. oz.; with saffron q. s. to colour.

5. (Thierry.) Aloes, myrrh, and saffron, of each 2 dr.; nutmeg, 4 dr.; canella alba and cloves, of each 1 oz.; spirit (·864), 13 lbs.; draw over 12 lbs. of 'alcoolat,' add to the residue of the distillation rose water, 10 lbs.; distil 6 lbs., and add as much of this aromatic water to the alcoolat as will raise its sp. gr. to ·890. Then to every 11 lbs. of the above mixed liquor add of simple syrup, 15 lbs.; tincture of vanilla and orange peel, of each 2-1/2 fl. oz.; fresh milk (skimmed), 1 lb.; and tincture of saffron q. s. to colour; digest with agitation for two days, and filter. Used as a stomachic, carminative, and stimulant, in doses of a wine-glassful. That prepared without distillation forms an excellent stomachic purge. With the exception of that from the 2nd formula, the products may be regarded as agreeable cordial liquors rather than medicines. It is much employed on the Continent.

=Elixir of Gold.= _Syn._ ELIXIR AURII, L.; ELIXIR D'OR, Fr. _Prep._ 1. De la Motte's Golden Drops.

2. Terchloride of gold, 20 gr.; rectified spirit, 6 fl. dr.; ether, 3 fl. dr.; dissolve.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 drops, taken in distilled water; in gout, scrofula, nervous diseases, cancer, indurated glands, secondary syphilis, &c. This last preparation is often confounded with the _gouttes d'or du Général de la Motte_; but the two are evidently distinct articles. See DROPS.

=Elixir, Haller's.= See ELIXIR ACID (_above_).

=Elixir, Hoffman's Visceral.= _Syn._ ELIXIR HOFFMANNI, E. H. VISCERALE, L. _Prep._ 1. As ELIXIR OF ORANGE-PEEL,--Ph. Bor. 1847.

2. Thin outside peel of orange (dried), myrrh, and centuary, of each 2 dr.; extracts of carduus benedictus, cascarilla, and gentian, of each 1 dr.; white wine (sherry), 1 quart. Aromatic and stomachic.--_Dose._ A dessert-spoonful, or more.

=Elixir for Impotence in Males= (Dr Ludwig Tiedemann). Prepared from directions given in the Puntsaou from genuine ginseng root. 135 grammes of a dark brown aromatic vinous liquid, prepared by digesting orange berries in wine. The embrocation is an equal quantity of a pleasantly-smelling liquid consisting of spirit with tincture of storax and a small admixture of volatile oils. (Hager.)

=Elixir of Ipecac'uanha.= _Syn._ ELIXIR IPECACUANHÆ, L. _Prep._ (Cadet.) Powdered ipecacuanha and balsam of tolu, of each 4 dr.; flowers of benzoin, opium, and saffron, of each 2 dr.; oil of aniseed, 1 dr.; camphor, 40 gr.; alcohol (rectified spirit), 1-1/2 pint; digest a week and filter.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr., as a stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, and stomachic; in chronic coughs, asthmas, and old colds, and in certain forms of deficient appetite, dyspepsia, diarrh[oe]a, &c.

=Elixir of Jal'ap.= _Syn._ ELIXIR JALAPÆ COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ From jalap, 4 oz.; scammony, 4 dr.; gamboge, 2 dr.; proof spirit, 1 quart.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 3 dr., as a purgative; especially in worms.

=Elixir Karoly pour les Fourrures.= A solution of camphor and carbolic acid in strong spirit, mixed with a clear brown acrid tincture, perhaps tinct. pyrethri rosei. (Casselmann.)

=Elixir, Lettsom's.= _Prep._ (Augustin.) Oil of aniseed, 1 dr.; camphor, 1-1/2 dr.; benzoic acid, opium, and saffron, of each 2 dr.; ipecacuanha and balsam of tolu, of each 4 dr.; rectified spirit, 2 lbs.; digest 10 days and filter.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 drops, for a child; 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful, for an adult; in ordinary coughs, hooping-cough, &c.

=Elixir of Life, Bitter= (Jacob Wolff). For strengthening the constitution. A brandy prepared from 1 gramme aloes, 10 grammes cinnamon, 2·5 grammes sweet flag, 5 grammes angelica root, ·6 grammes cake saffron, 10 grammes caramel, 215 grammes glycerin, 180 grammes spirit, 350 grammes water. (Hager.)

=Elixir, Live-long.= _Syn._ ELIXIR OF LONG LIFE; E. LONGÆ VITÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. See TINCTURE OF RHUBARB AND ALOES.

2. (ELIXIR VITÆ MATTHIOLI.) A mixture of several aromatics and stimulants, made with rectified spirit.

=Elixir of Myrrh.= _Syn._ ELIXIR MYRRHÆ, L. See TINCTURE OF SAVINE (Comp.),--Ph. L. 1788.

=Elixir d'Or.= See ELIXIR OF GOLD.

=Elixir of Or'ange Peel.= _Syn._ ELIXIR AURANTIORUM COMPOSITUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. Bor. 1847.) Orange peel, 6 oz.; cinnamon, 2 oz.; carbonate of potassa, 1 oz.; Madeira wine, 4 lbs.; macerate 6 days, express the tincture, and add of extracts of buckbean, cascarilla, gentian, and wormwood, of each, 1 oz.; dissolve, and after repose for subsidence, decant and filter. An excellent aromatic bitter and stomachic.

2. (Moscati.) Orange peel, 1 oz.; cascarilla, 1/2 oz.; waters of citron peel and wormwood, and rectified spirit, of each 1/2 pint; digest a week. Resembles the last.--_Dose_ (of either). A table-spoonful to a wine-glassful.

=Elixir, Parego'ric.= _Syn._ ELIXIR PAREGORICUM, L. See TINCTURE OF CAMPHOR (Comp.).

=Elixir, Paregoric (Scotch).= _Syn._ ELIXIR PAREGORICUM SCOTICUM, L. See TINCTURE OF OPIUM (Ammoniated).

=Elixir, Pec'toral.= _Syn._ ELIXIR PECTORALE, L. (Ph. E. 1745.) Balsam of tolu, 2 oz.; gum benzoin, 1-1/2 oz.; saffron, 1/2 oz.; rectified spirit, 32 fl. oz.; digest in a gentle heat for 4 days and filter.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful. (See _above_.)

=Elixir, Pol'ychrest.= _Syn._ ELIXIR POLYCHRESTON, L. _Prep._ (Ph. E. 1745.) Guaiacum (gum), 6 oz.; balsam of Peru, 1/2 oz.; rectified spirit, 23 fl. oz.; digest as last, strain, and add oil of sassafras, 2 fl. dr. Pectoral and anti-rheumatic.--_Dose_, 10 to 60 drops, or more.

=Elixir, Paracelsus's.= See ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS (_below_).

=Elixir Proprieta'tis.= [L.] _Syn._ PARACELSUS'S ELIXIR OF PROPRIETY; ELIXIR DE PROPRIÉTÉ DE PARACELSE, Fr. An old preparation, nearly corresponding to the compound tincture of aloes of modern pharmacy, and which is now sold for it. _Prep._ 1. (Soubeiran.) Tincture of myrrh, 4 oz.; tinctures of aloes and saffron, of each 3 oz. ('Trait. Pharm.' 1847.)

2. (ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS CUM ACIDO.)--_a._ The last, slightly acidulated with oil of vitriol, and filtered.

_b._--Ph. Bor. 1847.--Aloes and myrrh, of each 2 oz.; saffron, 1 oz.; spirit (sp. gr. ·900), 2 lbs.; dilute sulphuric acid (1 to 5), 2 oz.; macerate 4 days, and filter.

3. (ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS TARTARIZATUM; E. P. ALKALIZATUM.) From elixir proprietatis, alkalised with salt of tartar, and filtered. The last two are old preparations, now seldom inquired for in this country, except in places remote from London.

=Elixir, Radcliffe's.= _Prep._ 1. From socotrine aloes, 6 dr.; rhubarb, 1 dr.; cinnamon (cassia), cochineal, and zedoary root, of each 1/2 dr.; syrup of buckthorn, 2 fl. oz.; brandy, 1-1/4 pint; digest 10 days and strain.

2. As the last, but substituting proof spirit, 1 pint, and water, 1/4 pint, for the brandy. Aromatic, stomachic, and aperient.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.; in similar cases to those in which 'DAFFY'S ELIXIR' is taken.

=Elixir of Ro'ses.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ROSÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. Eau de rose, 2 fl. oz.; spirits of horseradish and scurvy grass, of each 1 fl. oz.; otto of roses, 3 drops; camphor and cochineal (both in powder), 12 gr.; powdered sugar-candy, 1/2 oz.; digest, with frequent agitation, for a week, and after repose decant the clear, and strain through a piece of muslin. Used as an elegant application in scurvy of the gums, and also to perfume the breath.

2. (Beasley.) Cinnamon, 3 oz.; ginger, 2 oz.; cloves, 1 dr.; essence of peppermint, 1 oz.; oil of orange peel, 1 dr.; otto of roses, 15 (? 25) drops; rectified spirit, 2-1/2 pints; digest 15 days and filter. Used as a tooth cosmetic.

=Elixir Sa'crum.= Tincture of aloes and rhubarb.

=Elixir Salu'tis.= _Syn._ ELIXIR OF HEALTH. The compound tincture of senna of old pharmacy. See ELIXIR, DAFFY'S.

=Elixir of Scam'mony.= _Syn._ ELIXIR SCAMMONII, L. _Prep._ (Guibourt.) Scammony (pure), 2 dr.; proof spirit, 8 fl. oz.; mix in a suitable vessel, apply heat, set the spirit on fire, and add of sugar, 4 oz.; when the whole is dissolved (melted down), extinguish the flame, and further add of syrup of violets, 2 fl. oz.; mix well, and after sufficient repose decant the clear portion from the dregs. The product should be 12 oz., containing 12 gr. of scammony per oz.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 dessert-spoonfuls in milk or aromatised water; or made into an emulsion with aromatics; in worms, &c.

=Elixir, Squire's.= _Prep._ 1. (Original Formula.) Aurum musivum, 3 oz.; opium, 2 oz.; camphor, 1 oz.; cochineal, 1/2 oz.; sweet fennel, 1/4 oz.; tincture of serpentary, 1 pint (old meas.); spirit of aniseed, 1 gal. (old meas.); sugar, 1 lb.; dissolved in water, 1 pint (old meas.); digest 10 days and filter.

2. Powdered opium, 2 oz.; ginger, red sanders wood, and camphor, of each 1 oz.; oil of aniseed, 1/2 oz.; oil of sweet fennel, 1/2 dr.; tincture of serpentary, 1 pint; proof spirit, 5 pints; water, 1 quart; as last. Stimulant, anodyne, diaphoretic, and pectoral.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls; in chest affections, nervous headaches, &c., in the absence of inflammatory symptoms.

=Elixir, Stomach'ic.= Compound tincture of gentian was formerly so called.

=Elixir, Stoughton's.= _Prep._ 1. Raisins (stoned and bruised), 1 lb.; gentian root, 3/4 lb.; dried orange peel, 6 oz.; serpentary, 1/4 lb.; calamus aromaticus, 1-1/2 oz.; cardamoms, 1/2 oz.; sugar colouring, 1/4 pint; brandy or proof spirit, 2 galls.; digest a week and strain.

2. Tincture of gentian (compound), and brandy or proof spirit, of each 1 quart; tincture of serpentary and syrup of saffron, of each 1 pint; tinctures of aloes and rhubarb, of each 1/4 pint; bitter almonds (bruised), 8 in no.; digest as before.

3. (Foy.) Aloes and cascarilla, of each 1 dr.; rhubarb, 4 dr.; gentian, germander, dried orange peel, and wormwood, of each 6 dr.; rectified spirit, 32 fl. oz.; as before. Stimulant, tonic, and stomachic.--_Dose_, 20 drops to a teaspoonful.

=Elixir, Ton'ic.= _Syn._ ELIXIR ROBORANS. See TINCTURE OF CROWN BARK (Comp.,--Ph. Bor. 1847).

=Elixir Tonique Antiglaireux de Guillé.= A stomachic tonic for diarrh[oe]a. Calumba root, 90 parts; orris root, 60 parts; gentian root, 8 parts; jalap root, 1500 parts; aloes, 13 parts; saffron, 60 parts; sulphate of quinine, 16 parts; tartar emetic, 2 parts; nitre, 16 parts; yellow sandal, 30 parts; syrup prepared from barley sugar, rectified spirit, and water, of each 11,000 parts. Macerate the drugs in spirit for 24 hours, and dissolve the salts in the water. Filter the liquids, mix and leave for 24 hours, then add the syrup, stand and filter next day. (Reveil and Hager.)

=Elixir, Tooth.= _Syn._ ELIXIR DENTIFRICUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (Lefandinière's.) Guaiacum raspings and cloves, of each 1 oz.; pellitory of Spain and nutmeg, of each 2 dr.; oil of rosemary, 20 drops; bergamotte, 10 or 12 drops; brandy, 1 quart; macerate a fortnight, and filter.

2. Cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg, of each, 1 dr.; vanilla, 1/2 dr.; camphor, 10 gr.; tincture of pellitory, 2 fl. oz.; brandy or proof spirit, 1/2 pint; digest as before. See ANTISCROFULOUS and ROSE ELIXIRS (_above_).

=Elixir Valerianatis Ammonici (Goddard).= Valerianic acid, 3 grammes dissolved in 40 grammes distilled water and neutralised with ammonium carbonate. Add this to 35 grammes spirit, 50 grammes syrup, 1 drop bitter almond oil, 2 drops oil of orange peel, 30 grammes diluted bitter almond water, 12 grammes tincture of red sandal, 3 grammes tincture of orange peel, 2 grammes burnt sugar, and filter.

=Elixir, Vis'ceral.= _Syn._ ELIXIR VISCERALE, L. See ELIXIRS, BOERHAAVE'S and HOFFMAN'S (_above_).

=Elixir of Vit'riol.= 1. The old name for aromatic SULPHURIC ACID (which _see_).

2. (Mynsicht's.) See TINCTURE (Acid Aromatic).

3. (Scourer's.) Dilute sulphuric acid 1 to 5). Used to scour metals.

4. (SWEET E. OF V.; E. VITRIOLI DULCI, L.) The old name for aromatic SPIRIT OF ETHER (which _see_).

5. (Virgani's). _Prep._ From spirit of sulphuric ether, 2 lb.; aromatic tincture, 3 lb.

=Elixir, Woroneje.= Capsicum, 1 oz.; nitre, 1/2 oz.; sal-ammoniac, 2 dr.; nitro-hydrochloric acid, 2 fl. dr.; vinegar, 1-1/2 pint; native white or rose naphtha, or petroleum, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; olive oil, 1 fl. oz.; oil of peppermint (Mitcham), 15 fl. oz.; strongest rectified spirit, 6 quarts; digest 12 days, with constant agitation, and filter.--_Dose_, 2 teaspoonfuls every 15 minutes; in cholera, diarrh[oe]a, &c.

=ELLAG'IC ACID.= HC_{7}H_{2}O_{4}.Aq. When an aqueous infusion of nut-galls is left for some time exposed to the atmosphere, the tannic acid gradually disappears, and is replaced by gallic acid, and an insoluble grey powder, to which the term ellagic acid was applied by Chevreul. It is soluble in alkalies, forming salts, and is precipitated by acids.

=ELM.= _Syn._ ULMUS, L. A genus of tree forming the type of the natural order _Ulmaceæ_. The interior bark of the _Ulmus campestris_, or _common small-leaved elm_ (_Ulmi cortex_), is officinal in B. P. This substance is demulcent, diaphoretic, and diuretic, and slightly febrifuge, astringent, and tonic. It has been employed in agues, and as a substitute for sarsaparilla in cutaneous eruptions, but is now little used. The leaves of the elm-tree are reported to be vulnerary. See DECOCTION and ULMIN.