Chapter II: REDUCTION OF SOLUTIONS:--The reduction of the solution to the proper (2)

3. (Wholesale.) The formulæ adopted by the wholesale druggists are mere modifications of that of the Ph. L. 1809; water being used instead of spirit as the menstruum, with actual benefit, as we honestly believe, to the quality of the preparation. The following are extensively employed by those who do most in this article, and we can speak highly of the quality of the products obtained by their use.

_a._ Turkey colocynth, 18 lbs., is boiled in about 20 times its weight of water for five or six hours; to the strained decoction is added hepatic aloes, 40 lbs., which are boiled until dissolved, when the solution is decanted. In the mean time the colocynth is exhausted with a second quantity of water (less than the first), and the strained liquor is added to the undissolved residuum of the aloes, and boiled for a few minutes; after which it is drawn off and mixed with the first decoction of aloes; the mixed liquors are then allowed to stand until quite cold (commonly until the next day), to deposit the resinous portion. The liquor is next decanted or drawn off, and set evaporating as quickly as possible; as soon as the consistence of treacle is arrived at, the whole is allowed to cool considerably, and moist sugar (clean), 4 lbs., and Castile soap, 10 lbs. (previously melted with a little water), are added; powdered scammony, 6 lbs., is next gradually sifted in, the extract all the time being assiduously stirred by a second person. Lastly, the heat is further moderated, and the stirring continued until a rather harder consistence is acquired than is proper for the extract, when the steam is wholly 'shut off,' or the vessel removed from the heat, and as soon as the whole has become sufficiently cool to prevent any considerable evaporation of the spirit, essence of cardamoms, 2 lbs. (say 1 quart), is expertly stirred in; and the extract at once (whilst still warm) put into stone jars or pots, and tied or covered over for store or use. The product is usually labelled 'EXT. COLOCYNTH. COMP. OPT.' It looks well, and smells very aromatic, and is really an excellent preparation.

_b._ Turkey colocynth, 2-1/4 lbs.; hepatic aloes, 5-1/2 lbs.; powdered scammony, 1-1/2 lb.; powdered cardamoms, 6 oz. (or essence, 1/2 pint); Castile soap (genuine), 1 lb. 2 oz.; pale moist sugar, 1/2 lb.; proceed as last. This produces a beautiful article, and of unquestionable quality, equally effective, and milder in its action than the College preparation. It is labelled and sent out as EXT. COLOCYNTH. COMP. PH. L. (1836).

4. (Ph. L. 1809.) Colocynth, 6 dr. (6 parts); aloes, 1-1/2 oz. (12 parts); scammony, 1/2 oz. (4 parts); hard soap, 3 dr. (3 parts); cardamoms, 1 dr. (1 part); as No. 3, _a_ (nearly).

_Qual., &c._ Compound extract of colocynth is often adulterated with acrid cathartics to make up for the deficiency or inferiority of its proper ingredients, and foreign matter often becomes mixed with it by the use of impure scammony. The presence of cape aloes may usually be detected by the nauseous odour; chalk (an article frequently present in bad scammony), by placing a little ball of the extract in a glass tube, and pouring over it some dilute hydrochloric or acetic acid, when an effervescence will ensue if that substance be present; jalap, scammony adulterated with fecula, and other starchy substances, by the filtered decoction of the extract turning blue on the addition of tincture of iodine; gamboge, by the decoction becoming deep red on the addition of liquor of potassa, and by a filtered alcoholic solution of the extract forming a yellow emulsion with water, which becomes transparent and assumes a deep-red colour on the addition of caustic potassa; and further, by this solution (if the alkali is not in excess) giving a yellow precipitate with acids and with acetate of lead, a brown precipitate with sulphate of copper, and a very dark brown one with the salts of iron; also by the ethereal solution of the extract dropped on water yielding an opaque yellow film, soluble in caustic potassa if it contains gamboge.

_Dose_, 3 gr. to 15 gr. It is a safe and mild, yet certain, purgative. It may be mixed with calomel without the latter being decomposed. 2-1/2 or 3 gr., mixed with an equal weight of blue pill and taken overnight forms an excellent aperient in dyspepsia, liver complaints, &c. See ABERNETHY MEDICINES.

_Obs._ There are few formulæ which have undergone so many alterations in the hands of the College as that for compound extract of colocynth. Before 1809, proof spirit was ordered to be employed as the menstruum, and, omitting the soap, the preparation resembled that of the Ph. L. 1836. In 1809, the College directed water to be used instead of spirit, and added a certain quantity of soap. In the next edition of the Pharmacop[oe]ia (1815), the soap was again omitted; but in the edition of 1824, the formula of 1809 was again adopted, substituting, however, proof spirit for the water. These directions were also continued in the edition of 1836. In the last London Pharmacop[oe]ia (1851) the formula for this extract is omitted altogether, and in its place a pill (PILULA COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITA) is inserted.

The compound extract of colocynth and the simple and compound extracts of sarsaparilla are in greater demand in the wholesale trade, and are sold in larger quantities at a time, than all the other medicinal extracts put together. As a proof, if it were necessary, that honesty is the best policy, it may be mentioned that a certain metropolitan druggist, remarkable for the superiority of this preparation, has obtained no inconsiderable fortune by its sale alone; while the host of miserable vendors of the evaporated decoction of musty colocynth seed, Cape aloes, worthless scammony, and scentless cardamoms, sold under the name, attempt to ruin each other by offering their rubbish at a price that precludes the possibility of a large profit, or even of the establishment of a respectable connection.

=Extract of Conia.= See EXTRACT OF HEMLOCK.

=Extract of Contrayer'va.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CONTRAYERVÆ, L. _Prep._ (Palat. Cod.) From contrayerva root, as EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; as a diaphoretic tonic in low conditions of the system.

=Extract of Copai'ba.= _Syn._ RESINOUS EXTRACT OF COPAIBA; EXTRACTUM COPAIBÆ, E. C. RESINOSUM, L. _Prep._ (Mr Thorn.) From balsam of copaiba, by distilling off the oil until the residuum assumes the consistence of an extract.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr., or more. One of the many useless preparations which encumber modern pharmacy. It may be taken in 3 dr. doses without any perceptible effect beyond a fit of indigestion.

=Extract of Copal'che.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM COPALCHI, E. CORTICIS C., L. _Prep._ From copalchi bark (_Croton pseudo-China_), as EXTRACT OF CASCARILLA, which it for the most part resembles.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr.

=Extract (Fluid) of Cotton Root.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GOSSYPII RADICIS FLUIDUM (Ph. U. S.). Cotton root in very fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); macerate with glycerin, 3 fluid oz. (old measure); rectified spirit, 8 oz. (old measure); water, 5 oz. (old measure), in closed percolator for 4 days; then let the percolation commence, and finish it by adding dilute alcohol (eq. vols. of alcohol ·835 and water) until 24 oz. (old measure) have been obtained; reserve the first 14 oz., and evaporate the remaining 10 oz. (to which previously add 1 fluid oz., old measure) of glycerin to 2 fluid oz. (old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.

=Extract of Couch Grass.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF DOG'S GRASS; EXTRACTUM GRAMINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) From the root of couch grass, or dog's grass (_Triticum repens_), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.

2. From the fresh root, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L.

3. (Fluid; MELLAGO GRAMINIS, EXTRACTUM GRAMINIS FLUIDUM, L.--Ph. Hann. 1831.) From the decoction of the fresh root of couch grass, evaporated to the consistence of new honey. Pectoral.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1/2 dr., or more.

=Extract of Cu'bebs.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CUBEBÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From the alcoholic tincture evaporated by a very gentle heat.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 30 gr.

2. (Mr Toller.) To the last add a little powdered Castile soap, when it begins to thicken, and evaporate to a pilular consistence.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 30 gr.

3. (Fluid: LIQUOR CUBEBÆ, EXTRACTUM C. FLUIDUM, L.)--_a._ Cubebs (ground in a coffee-mill), 1-1/4 lb.; rectified spirit, 1 quart; prepare a tincture, either by displacement or by digestion for a week, and reduce it, by distillation at a very gentle heat, until the whole measures exactly 1 pint. Every fl. oz. represents 2 oz. of cubebs.--_Dose_, 20 to 40 drops.

_b._ (M. Puche.) From cubebs and proof spirit, equal parts, by percolation; without subsequent evaporation. Represents its own weight in cubebs.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 fl. dr.

_c._ (Ph. U. S. 1851.) Cubebs, 1 lb. (nearly); ether, q. s.; make 1 quart of tincture; then distil off 1-1/2 pint of the ether by the heat of a water bath, and expose the residuum in a shallow vessel until the remainder of the ether has evaporated.

_d._ (Ph. U. S.) EXTRACTUM CUBEBÆ FLUIDUM. Cubebs in moderately fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); alcohol (·817), 16 oz. (old measure). Macerate in a closed percolator for 4 days, and then let the percolation commence, and finish it by adding more menstruum until 24 oz. (old measure) have been obtained; reserve the first 14 oz., evaporate the remaining 10 oz. to 2 oz., and mix this with the reserved portion.

4. (Oleo-resinous; EXTRACTUM CUBEBÆ, E. CUBEBRUM, E. C. OLEO-RESINOSUM, L.)--_a._ (M. Dublanc.) The essential oil resulting from the careful distillation of any given quantity of cubebs, is mixed with the resinous extract obtained by evaporating a tincture of the dried residuum made with rectified spirit; the whole being reduced to the consistence of a thick syrup. 1 lb. of cubebs yields about 6 oz. of this extract.

_b._ (Labelonge.) Cubebs are first exhausted with ether, and then with proof spirit, in a displacement apparatus; the alcoholic tincture is evaporated to an extract over a water bath, and when cold, the ethereal tincture is mixed with it, and the mixture abandoned to spontaneous evaporation until the ether is volatilised.

_c._ (W. Procter.) An ethereal tincture (by displacement) is poured into a large retort, and 5-6ths is drawn over by the heat of a water bath; the evaporation of the residuum, to the proper consistence, is carried on at a heat not exceeding 120° Fahr. The formula of the Ph. Baden is nearly similar. Said to represent 6 to 8 times its weight in cubebs. 1 lb. yields 2 oz. of this extract.

_d._ (Hamb. Cod. 1845.) This resembles _a_ (_above_).

_Obs._ This extract has a darkish brown colour, and tastes and smells strongly of cubebs. It is only slightly soluble in water.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 20 gr.; made into an emulsion or pills, or enclosed in a capsule. See CUBEBS.

=Extract of Cu'cumber.= See ELATERIUM.

=Extract of Cuspa''ria.= EXTRACT OF ANGOSTURA BARK; EXTRACTUM CUSPARIÆ, E. CORTICIS C., E. ANGOSTURÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From angostura bark, as EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L.

2. (Alcoholic.) As EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. E. Stronger than the last. Both are aromatic, bitter, tonic, and stimulant.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; in dyspepsia, chronic diarrh[oe]a, dysentery, &c.

=Extract of Daff'odil.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM NARCISSI, L. _Prep._ 1. From the fresh flowers of daffodil or yellow narcissus (_Narcissus pseudo-narcissus_), as EXTRACT OF ANCONITE--Ph. L.

2. (Alcoholic.) From the dried flowers, as EXTRACT OF BOX. Both are pectoral and expectorant; and in large doses nauseant and emetic.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 2 gr.; in hooping-cough, &c.

=Extract of Dandeli'on.= See EXTRACT OF TARAXACUM.

=Extract of Digita'lis.= See EXTRACT OF FOXGLOVE.

=Extract of Dog's Grass.= See EXTRACT OF COUCH GRASS.

=Extract of Dog'wood.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CORNÛS, E. CORNI, L. _Prep._ From American or tree dogwood (_Cornus Florida_), as EXTRACT OF CINCHONA BARK.

_Obs._ In its general effects, American dogwood approaches the cinchonas, and is said to be not inferior to them in the cure of intermittents. (Bigelow.) It contains a peculiar bitter principle, called cornine. Several other varieties of the genus _Cornus_, as round-leaved dogwood (_Cornus circinata_), swamp dogwood (_Cornus sericea_), &c., are used in America, but are less valuable.

=Extracts, Dried or Powdered.= _Syn._ EXTRACTA SICCA VEL PULVERATA (Ph. Prus.). These are made by mixing 4 parts of the extract with 1 part of powder of sugar of milk, and setting the mixture in a warm place till dry.

Triturate the mass to powder, adding more of the sugar of milk if necessary, to make the weight the same as the extract used. The German Pharmacop[oe]ia directs them to be mixed with dextrin, and then dried at a temperature of 122° Fahr., and, while still warm, triturated into a uniform powder, with dextrin q. s. to make the weight of the powder equal to twice the weight of the extract employed.

=Extract of Dulcama''ra.= See EXTRACT OF BITTER SWEET.

=Extract of Elate'rium.= _Syn._ INSPISSATED JUICE OF THE SQUIRTING CUCUMBER; SUCCUS SPISSATUS MOMORDICÆ ELATERII. For preparation and recent synonyms, see ELATERIUM.

=Extract of El'der Berries.= _Syn._ ELDER ROB; ROOB SAMBUCI, EXTRACTUM SAMBUCI, E. S. NIGRÆ, E. BACCARUM S., SUCCUS SAMBUCI INSPISSATUS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. 1788.) The expressed and depurated juice of elder berries, evaporated to the consistence of honey.

2. (Ph. E. 1744.) To the above, when it begins to thicken, add 1-5th part of sugar.

3. (Ph. Bor.) As the last (nearly), but adding only 1 oz. of white sugar to each pound of the extract whilst still warm.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.; in rheumatism, gout, and various skin affections.

=Extract of El'ecampane.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM INULÆ, E. RADICUM I. CAMPANÆ, E. HELENII, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. 1746.) From a decoction of the dried root.

2. (P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.

3. (Ph. Suec 1845.) From a tincture prepared with proof spirit and water, equal parts.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; as a diaphoretic, expectorant, and tonic; in asthma, hooping-cough, various skin diseases, &c.

=Extract of Elm.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ULMI, E. CORTICUS U., L. _Prep._ 1. From the decoction of the bark of the common elm (_Ulmus campestris_).

2. (Soubeiran.) As EXTRACT OF BOX. Astringent and alterative.--_Dose_, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; in secondary syphilis, chronic skin affections, &c.

=Extract of Er'got.= _Syn._ AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ERGOT, HÆMOSTATIC EXTRACT; EXTRACTUM ERGOTÆ, E. E. AQUOSUM, E. SECALIS CORNUTI, E. HÆMOSTATICUM, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) _Extractum Ergotæ Liquidum._ Ergot in coarse powder, 16; ether, 20; distilled water, 70; rectified spirit, 8. Shake the ether in a bottle with half its bulk of the water, and, after separation, decant the ether. Place the ergot in a percolator, and free it from oil by passing the washed ether through it; remove the marc and digest it in the remainder of the water for twelve hours at 160° F. Press out the liquor, and evaporate it to 9, and when cold add the 8 of spirit; allow it to stand for an hour to coagulate, filter, and make up the quantity to 16.--_Dose_, 15 to 30 minims.

According to Squire, the amount of ether employed should be double the above, in two percolations, and the marc should be dried in the air before digesting with water. See ERGOTINE (Bonjeau's).

2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM ERGOTÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.) See ERGOTINE (Wigger's).

=Extract of Eucalyptus Globulus.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM EUCALYPTI GLOBULI. (Griffith.) _Prep._ Eucalyptus leaves cut at will. Distil the volatile oil with water; exhaust the residue in the still with water, prepare an extract, exhaust this with alcohol, evaporate to the consistence of an extract, and, while cooling, stir in the volatile oil.--_Dose_, 2 gr. to 8 gr.

=Extract of Fern.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM FILICIS 1IQUIDUM--B. P. see EXTRACT OF MALE FERN.

=Extract of Fleabane (Canadian).= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ERIGERONIS. _Prep._ 1. From Canadian fleabane, by evaporating an aqueous infusion.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr.

2. (EXTRACTUM ERIGERONTIS CANADENSIS FLUIDUM--Ph. U. S.) Canadian erigeron in moderately coarse powder, 16 oz. (troy); rectified spirit, 16 oz. (old measure). Proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs (Ph. U. S.).

=Extract of Flesh.= See EXTRACT OF MEAT, ESSENCE OF BEEF, TEA (Beef), &c.

=Extract of Fox'glove.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. 1836.) From the leaves of _Digitalis purpurea_, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--(Ph. L.)

2. (Ph. E.) From the filtered expressed juice, either evaporated _in vacuo_, with the aid of heat, or by exposure to a current of dry air.

3. (P. Cod.)--_a._ As EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.

_b._ As EXTRACT OF BOX--P. Cod.

4. (Ph. Baden.) As ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Bad.

_Obs._ The juice of foxglove is very readily injured by exposure to air and heat. The evaporation should therefore be conducted as rapidly as possible, but at a low temperature. It is narcotic, sedative, and is powerfully poisonous.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr., cautiously increased to 2 or 3 gr. It is principally given in fevers, dropsy, diseases of the heart, pulmonary consumption, epilepsy, scrofula, and asthma. This extract spoils by long keeping. The last two are stronger than the rest, and keep better. It is omitted in the present Ph. L.

=Extract of Fu'mitory.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM FUMARIÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From either the infusion or decoction of the dried leaves of common fumitory (_Fumaria officinalis_).

2. (B. Cod.) From the clarified juice of the fresh herb. Slightly aperient, diaphoretic, and alterative. It has been given in obstructions of the liver and cutaneous affections of the leprous kind.

=Extract of Galls.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GALLÆ, E. GALLARUM, L. _Prep._ 1. From the infusion by maceration or displacement with cold water.

2. From the hot infusion or decoction. The first is to be preferred. Astringent. Used chiefly in ointments and injections for piles, foul ulcers, &c., and, internally, in hæmorrhages, spitting of blood, &c.

=Extract of Gen'tian.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GENTIANÆ (B. P.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Gentian root (sliced), 3 lbs.; distilled water (temperate), 4 pints; macerate for 12 hours, and gently express the liquor; repeat the maceration with water, 1 quart, for 6 hours; and evaporate the mixed liquors.

2. (Ph. L. 1836.) From the ordinary infusion of the root made with 10 or 12 times its weight of boiling water, the maceration being continued for 24 hours.

3. (Ph. E.) From an infusion prepared by percolation with cold water. The formulæ of the Ph. Baden, Paris, and U. S. are similar.

4. (B. P.) Gentian, 1 lb.; water (boiling), 10; macerate for 2 hours, boil 15 minutes, strain, and evaporate to a soft pilular consistence.--_Dose_, 10 to 15 gr.

5. (Ph. D. 1826.) From the decoction.

_Obs._ On the large scale, this extract is almost universally prepared by exhausting the root by coction with water, as in the last formula. When well prepared it is one of the smoothest and brightest extracts of the Pharmacop[oe]ia. Good gentian root yields by infusion in hot water fully 50%, and by decoction about 60% of extract.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 30 gr., two or three times daily, as a stomachic bitter and tonic; either alone or combined with rhubarb, ginger, or aloes. It is, however, more especially used as a vehicle for chalybeates and other metallic preparations. The principal consumption of extract of gentian is by the brewers, in lieu of hops.

6. (HARD E. OF G.; E. D. DURUM, L.) The last dried by a gentle heat until brittle enough to powder.

=Extract (Fluid) of Ginger.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS FLUIDUM. (Ph. U. S.) As fluid extract of cubebs, but using rectified spirit.

=Extract (Fluid) of Golden Seal.= _Syn._ (Ph. U. S.) EXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS FLUIDUM. _Prep._ Hydrastis (Golden Seal) in very fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); macerate with 2 oz. (old measure) of glycerine; rectified spirit, 14 oz. (old measure), in closed percolator for 4 days; then let the percolation commence, and finish it by adding a mixture consisting of 2 parts of spirit and 1 of water, until 24 oz. (old measure) have been obtained. Remove the first 14 oz.; evaporate the remaining 10 oz. to 2 oz. (old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.

=Extract, Goulard's.= See SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.

=Extract of Guaiac'um.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GUAIACI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. 1746.) From lignum vitæ shavings or sawdust, exhausted by coction with water; as soon as the mass becomes thick, 1-8th of rectified spirit is to be added.

2. As the last, omitting the spirit. Diaphoretic, diuretic, and alterative; in dropsy, gout, rheumatism, skin diseases, &c.

=Extract of Guarana'.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GUARANÆ, E. PAULLINIÆ, L. _Prep._ (Dr Gavrelle.) From tincture of guarana (seeds of _Paullinia sorbilis_), prepared by coction with proof spirit. Tonic and alterative.--_Dose_, 2 to 5 gr., twice or thrice daily.

=Extract, Hæmostat'ic.= See EXTRACT OF ERGOT.

=Extract of Hedge Hyssop.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GRATIOLÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. Bor.) From the herb (_Gratiola officinalis_), as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Bor.

2. (Ph. Baden.) As EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Baden.

3. (Vinous.) As VINOUS EXTRACT OF CINCHONA. Purgative, diuretic, and vermifuge.--_Dose_, 2 to 5 gr., gradually increased, watching its effects; in dropsy, jaundice, gout, &c. It has been said to be the basis of the celebrated 'EAU MÉDICINALE D'HUSSON,'

=Extract of Hel'lebore.= The extracts prepared from three different plants may be included under this head:--

1. (EXTRACT OF BLACK HELLEBORE; EXTRACTUM HELLEBORI, E. H. NIGRI, L.)--_a._ (Ph. L., 1788.) From the infusion or decoction of black hellebore (_Helleborus officinalis_).--_Dose_, 5 to 12 gr.

_b._ (Alcoholic--P. Cod. & Ph. U. S.) As EXTRACT OF BOX (nearly). That of the Ph. Bad. is similar.--_Dose_, 3 to 8 gr.

_c._ (Vino-alcoholic--Cottereau.) Powdered black hellebore, 2 lbs.; salt of tartar, 1/2 lb.; dilute alcohol (sp. gr. ·935), 7 pints; digest 12 hours, and express the tincture; add to the marc, white wine, 7 pints; digest for 24 hours, express, mix the tincture, filter, and evaporate.--_Dose_, 2 to 6 gr.

_Obs._ When prepared by coction with water till exhausted of soluble matter, black hellebore root yields about 40% of extract. In small doses it is alterative, purgative, and resolvent; in larger ones, it is a drastic, hydragogue cathartic, and emmenagogue, dangerous unless combined and its effects carefully watched.

2. (EXTRACT OF GREEN HELLEBORE, E. OF AMERICAN H., E. OF ITCH-WOOD; EXTRACTUM VERATRI VIRIDIS, L.) From the fresh root (rhizome) of the green hellebore (_Veratrum viride_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 1/6 to 1/2 gr. Used in America in the same cases as white hellebore.

3. (EXTRACT OF WHITE HELLEBORE; EXTRACTUM VERATRI, E. HELLEBORI ALBI, L.) From the root (rhizome) of the white hellebore (_Veratrum album_), as EXTRACT OF BLACK HELLEBORE.--_Dose_, 1/12 gr. to 1/4 gr. Emetic, purgative, stimulant, and highly acrid. In gout, rheumatism, and nervous affections, mania, &c. See VERATRINE.

=Extract of Hem'lock.= _Syn._ INSPISSATED JUICE OF HEMLOCK; EXTRACTUM CONII (B. P.), SUCCUS SPISSATUS CONII, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) The inspissated juice of the fresh plant, prepared as directed for EXTRACTUM BELLADONNÆ.--_Dose_, 4 to 6 gr.

2. (Ph. L.) From the fresh plant (_Conium maculatum_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE.--Ph. L.

3. (Ph. E.) As EXTRACT OF FOXGLOVE--Ph. E.

4. (Ph. D.) As EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA--Ph. D.

_Obs._ Of all the inspissated juices (not even excepting that of aconite), this is the one most readily injured by exposure to the air and heat, and which soonest loses its qualities by age. Its active principle is CONINE. Extract of hemlock has a greenish colour, and a strong odour of the fresh-bruised plant. It is "of good quality only when a very strong odour of conia (a 'mouse-odour') is disengaged by degrees, on its being carefully triturated with liquor of potassa." (Ph. E.) "The extracts of hemlock may become feeble, if not inert, in one of two ways,--either by the heat being continued after the concentration has been carried to a certain extent, or by long keeping. On the one hand, I have always observed that from the point at which the extract attains the consistence of thin syrup, ammonia begins to be given off in abundance, together with a modified odour of conine; and, on the other hand, I have found extracts which were unquestionably well prepared at first, entirely destitute of conine in a few years." (Christison.) "The most active extract is that which is procured by moderate pressure from the leaves only." (Brande.) "The extract of the Ph. D., being freed from the inert albumen and chlorophyll, contains most of the active principle, and is nearly soluble in water." (Royle.) On the large scale, the whole of the green portion of the plant is pressed for juice. 1 cwt. of hemlock yields from 3 to 5 lbs. of extract.--_Dose_, 2 gr., gradually increased to 5 gr., or more, until some obvious effect is produced; as an anodyne, alterative, and resolvent in various obstinate disorders, as glandular and visceral enlargements, foul and painful ulcers, scrofula, cancer, neuralgia, rheumatism, troublesome coughs, &c.

5. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM CONII ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ (Ph. Baden.) As ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Baden.

_b._ (P. Cod.) As the last, but using proof spirit.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 gr.

6. (Dried; EXTRACTUM CONII SICCUM, L.)--_a._ As the DRIED EXTRACT OF ACONITE--P. Cod.

_b._ (Archer.) By drying the extract of the Dublin College with a continuous current of warm air.

7. (EXTRACTUM CONII SEMINIS ALCOHOLICUM.) (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Hemlock seeds in coarse powder, 1 lb; percolate with proof spirit until exhausted. Distil off most of the spirit, and evaporate residue in a water bath to pilular consistence.

=Extract of Hemp.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF AMERICAN HEMP; EXTRACTUM APOCYNI, E. A. CANNABINI, L. _Prep._ From the root of the _Apocynum cannabinum_, as EXTRACT OF GENTIAN. A hydragogue cathartic.--_Dose_, 2 to 6 gr.; in dropsy, &c. The plant from which this extract is prepared is called 'Indian HEMP' in the United States of America, a practice which should be avoided, as this name is now almost exclusively appropriated to _Cannabis Indica_, a variety of the common hemp (_Cannabis sativa_, var. _Indica_) growing in India. See EXTRACT OF INDIAN HEMP.

=Extract of Hen'bane.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF HYOSCYAMUS; EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI (B. P.), SUCCUS SPISSATUS HYOSCYAMI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) From the fresh leaves and leafstems of common henbane (_Hyoscyamus niger_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L.

2. (Ph. E.) As EXTRACT OF FOXGLOVE--Ph. E.

3. (Ph. P.) From the fresh leaves and young branches, as EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA.--_Dose_, 3 to 6 gr.

4. (Ph. U. S.) From the expressed juice coagulated by heat and strained.

_Obs._ In the Paris Codex Extracts are ordered to be prepared from henbane both by the processes Nos. 1 and 4 above.--_Product_ (by the ordinary method):--1 lb. of the fresh leaves yielded fully 8 dr. of extract (Geiger); 1 cwt. yielded 4 to 5 lb. (Brande); 1 cwt. of the recent plant yielded, by an ordinary screw press, 59-1/2 lbs. of juice, and this evaporated in a water bath gave 5 lbs. 9 oz. of extract (Squire); 1-3/4 cwt. of the green herb yielded 11 lbs. of extract (Gray).--_Dose_, 2 to 10 gr.; as an anodyne, hypnotic, antispasmodic, sedative, and narcotic, more especially in those cases in which the use of opium is objectionable. _Externally_, as a topical application to sore or inflamed parts, either made into an ointment or spread on plaster.

5. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI ALCOHOLICUM, L.) The formulæ of the Ph. Bad., Par. & U. S. are similar to those for ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE.

6. (E. OF HENBANE SEEDS; EXTRACTUM SEMINUM HYOSCYAMI, L.--P. Cod.) An extract of the seeds made with spirit sp. gr. ·900 (=about 16 o. p.) is dissolved in 4 parts of cold water, and the solution filtered and evaporated. Stronger than the simple extract.--_Dose_, 1/4 to 3 gr.

=Extract of Ho'ly This'tle.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CARDUI BENEDICTI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. Baden.) From holy or blessed thistle (_Carduus Benedictus_) by displacement with cold water.

2. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF GENTIAN--Ph. L. (nearly). Tonic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, often diuretic, and occasionally emetic.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr., as a tonic or stomachic chiefly.

=Extract of Hops.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM LUPULI (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), E. HUMULI (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Hop, 8; rectified spirit, 15; distilled water, 80. Macerate the hop in the spirit for 7 days, press out the tincture, filter, and distil off the spirit, leaving a soft extract; boil the residual hop with the water for one hour, then express the liquor, strain, and evaporate on a water bath to the consistence of a soft extract. Mix the two extracts, and evaporate at a temperature not exceeding 160° to a pilular consistence.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr.

2. (Ph. L.) From commercial hops (the strobiles or catkins of _Humulus Lupulus_), 2-1/2 lbs.; boiling distilled water, 2 galls.; macerate for 24 hours, boil to a gallon, strain whilst hot, and evaporate to a proper consistence. The form of the Ph. E. is nearly similar.

3. (Ph. D.) As EXTRACT of ALOES--Ph. D. Tonic and stomachic, and slightly anodyne and hypnotic.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 30 gr.; in dyspepsia, and cases that do not permit of the use of opium. 1 cwt. of ordinary hops yield about 40 lbs. of extract. (Brande.) The druggists usually employ hops 2 or more years old, called by the dealers 'yearlings,' 'olds,' or 'old olds,' because these may be purchased at 2/3 to 1/2 the price of those of the last season's growth. The first of the above are estimated to have only 2/3 the strength of new hops; the second about 1/2; and the last little or none, at least in a medical point of view.

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM LUPULI ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Cottereau.) By displacement with proof spirit. Stronger than the aqueous extract.

=Extract of Hore'hound.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM MARRUBII, L. _Prep._ 1. From the fresh herb, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE.

2. From the infusion or decoction. Antispasmodic, pectoral, tonic, and emmenagogue.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1 dr.

3. (Ph. Baden.) By displacement with cold water.

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM MARRUBII ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ From a tincture made with proof spirit. Said by M. Thoriel to possess considerable power as a febrifuge.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 20 gr.

_b._ (Ph. Lusit.) From a tincture made with a mixture of rectified spirit, 1 part, and water, 7 parts. Inferior to the last.

=Extract of Ind'ian Hemp.= _Syn._ CANNABINE, HEMP RESIN, ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF INDIAN HEMP; EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDICÆ, E. C. I. ALCOHOLICUM, RESINA CANNABIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Indian hemp in coarse powder, 1; rectified spirit, 5; macerate seven days, press out the tincture, distil off the spirit, and evaporate.--_Dose_, 1/4 to 1 grain in pill.

2. (O'Shaughnessy.) The dried resinous tops of Indian hemp ('GUNJAH') are boiled in rectified spirit until all the resin is taken up, when most of the spirit is distilled off, and the evaporation completed by the heat of a water bath. 1 cwt. yields about 7 lbs.

3. (Robertson). By slowly acting on the 'gunjah' with the vapour of alcohol, by a species of percolation; the spirit of the resulting tincture is partly removed by distillation, and the rest by slow evaporation at a temperature not above 150° Fahr. 1 cwt. yields about 8 lbs.--_Dose_ of the last two, 1 to 3 gr., gradually increased.

4. (Messrs Smith.) The bruised 'gunjah' is exhausted with tepid water, then with a solution of carbonate of soda (1 of carbonate to 2 of gunjah), and next with pure water; it is then pressed, dried, and exhausted by displacement with rectified spirit; the tincture is agitated with a milk of lime (containing 1 oz. of lime for every lb. of gunjah), and, after filtration or decantation, any retained lime is precipitated by a little sulphuric acid in slight excess; the tincture is next agitated with animal charcoal, and again filtered; most of the spirit is now removed by distillation, and 3 or 4 times its bulk of water being added, the remaining spirit is removed by a gentle heat; lastly, the remaining water is poured off, and the resin remaining washed with fresh water, and dried. Product, 6%.--Commencing dose, 1/4 gr.

3. (Purified; EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDICÆ PURIFICATUM, L.--Ph. D.) From the crude extract of Indian hemp, as imported ('CHURRUS'), 1 oz.; rectified spirit, 4 fl. oz.; dissolve, and after defecation, decant, and evaporate.

_Obs._ The preparations of Indian hemp are said to be anæsthetic, anodyne, hypnotic, stimulant, phrenic, and aphrodisiac, and, in overdoses, to produce catalepsy. They have been recommended in hysteria, hydrophobia, cholera, rheumatism, chorea, convulsions, and various other painful spasmodic and nervous affections of a serious character. According to the observations of Dr O'Shaughnessy, 1 gr. of the extract produced catalepsy in a rheumatic patient. The extract prepared with the plant grown in our botanic gardens has quite a different effect to that of the Indian plant; and it also appears that the inhabitants of this country are less susceptible to its action than those of India, and consequently bear the drug in larger doses. This hemp is known in India as the 'increaser of pleasure,' the 'exciter of desire,' the 'cementer of friendship,' the 'causer of a reeling gait,' the 'laughter-mover,' &c. See EXTRACT OF HEMP (_above_), HEMP, &c.

=Extract of Ipecac'uanha.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM IPECACUANHA, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) From ipecacuanha, as EXTRACT OF BOX.--P. Cod.

2. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF HENBANE SEEDS. Expectorant and emetic.--_Dose_, 1-1/2 to 8 gr.

=Extract of I'ron.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM FERRI, E. MARTIS, L. _Prep._ 1. From tincture of tartarised iron.--_Dose_, 2 to 10 gr.; as a chalybeate tonic.

2. (Compound.) See EXTRACT OF APPLE.

=Extract of Jabor'andi (Fluid).= (F. V. Greene, 'Amer. Journ. Pharm.,' 1877.) _Prep._ Jaborandi leaves in moderately fine powder, 16 troy oz.; alcohol (50 per cent.), a sufficient quantity. Moisten the powder thoroughly with the menstruum, pack in a conical glass percolator, place a layer of two inches of well-washed sand on the top of the cloth covering the material, add menstruum until the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, when the lower orifice is to be closed with a cork, and the percolator securely covered; set aside in a moderately warm place for four days. At the expiration of this time remove the cork, and add more menstruum by degrees until the material is exhausted. The first 14 ounces (old measure) of the percolate are to be reserved, and the remainder evaporated on a water bath, with constant stirring towards the close, to 2 fluid ounces (old measure), which are to be added to the reserved portion. If the percolation and evaporation have been properly performed the fluid extract will not be required to be filtered.

=Extract of Jal'ap.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JALAPÆ (B. P.), E. SIVE RESINA JALAPÆ (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Jalap in coarse powder, 1; rectified spirit, 5; distilled water, 10; macerate the jalap in the spirit for seven days, press out the tincture, then filter, and distil off the spirit, leaving a soft extract; again macerate the residual jalap in the water for four hours, express, strain through flannel, and evaporate by a water bath to a soft extract; mix the two extracts, and evaporate at a temperature not exceeding 140° F. to a proper consistence for forming pills.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.

2. (Ph. L.) Jalap (powdered) 2-1/2 lbs.; rectified spirit, 1 gall.; digest four days, and express the tincture; boil the 'marc' in water, 2 galls.; until reduced to 1/2 gall.; filter the tincture and decoction separately, and let the one distil and the other evaporate until each thickens; lastly, mix the two and complete the evaporation.--_Product._ About 66% = 16% of alcoholic and 50% of aqueous extract. (Brande.) 18 lbs. yield 12 lbs. of extract. (Lab. Journ.)--_Dose_, 6 to 15 gr.

3. (Ph. E.) From tincture of jalap prepared by displacement with rectified spirit. It consists of impure resin of jalap. It is more active than the last.--_Prod._ 16%.--_Dose_, 2 to 6 gr.

4. (Ph. Ed. 1744, EXTRACTUM JALAPÆ ALKALINUM.) As extract jalap (B. P.) adding for every pound of jalap, 1 oz., or q. s. of carbonate of potash.

_Obs._ Extract of jalap is an active purgative. It should be well beaten up with a little sulphate of potassa, sugar, or some aromatic powder, to prevent it griping. The substance commonly sold as extract of jalap in the shops is prepared by boiling jalap root for 3 or 4 hours in water, when it is taken out, and well bruised or sliced, and again boiled with water until exhausted of soluble matter. The mixed decoctions are then allowed 12 or 14 hours for defecation, after which the supernatant portion is decanted and evaporated.

Extract of jalap "should be kept in the soft state (EXTRACTUM JALAPÆ, E. J. MOLLE), so as to form pills; and in the hard state (HARD EXTRACT OF JALAP; EXTRACTUM JALAPÆ DURUM), that it may be rubbed to powder." (Ph. L.)

=Extract of Jasmine (Yellow).= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GELSEMII FLUIDUM. (Ph. U. S.) _Prep._ Yellow jasmine in very fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); rectified spirit, 16 oz. (old measure). Proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Ju'niper.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JUNIPERI, E. BACCARUM J., L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Macerate juniper berries in water at 77° to 86° Fahr., for 24 hours, strain, repeat the process with a fresh quantity of water, mix the liquors, filter, and evaporate.--_Dose_, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; as a stimulant diuretic, in dropsy, &c.; and also as a pill-basis.

=Extract of Kalada'na.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM KALADANÆ, L. _Prep._ (Bengal Disp.) From the tincture of the seeds of kaladana (_Pharbitis Nil_). Purgative said to be equal to EXTRACT OF JALAP, and of double the strength.

=Extract of Lettuce=. _Syn._ INSPISSATED JUICE OF LETTUCE; EXTRACTUM LACTUCÆ (B. P.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) The inspissated juice evaporated to a pillular consistence, according to the directions given for EXTRACTUM BELLADONNÆ.

2. (Ph. L.) From the fresh leaves of garden lettuce (_Lactuca sativa_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Anodyne, sedative, hypnotic, and antispasmodic.--_Dose_, 3 to 10 gr. 1 cwt. of lettuce yields 4 lbs. to 5 lbs. of extract.

3. (Probait.) From the external parts of the stalks and the old and yellow leaves, after the plants have flowered, by maceration in water for 24 hours, and decoction for 2 hours; the expressed liquid is first evaporated by a gentle heat, and afterwards spread on shallow dishes, and dried by exposure to a current of air. Stronger than the last.--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr.

4. (E. OF WILD LETTUCE, INSPISSATED JUICE OF W. L.; EXTRACTUM LACTUCÆ VIROSÆ, SUCCUS SPISSATUS L. V.--Ph. E., L.)--_a._ (Ph. E.) From the leaves of strong-scented wild lettuce (_Lactuca virosa_).[295]

[Footnote 295: See general instructions, p. 682.]

_b._ (P. Cod.) As ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE.--P. Cod.

_c._ (Ph. Baden.) As EXTRACT OF FOXGLOVE--Ph. Baden. See LACTUCARIUM.

=Extract of Liq'uorice.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ (B. P.), L. _Prep._ 1. (SOFT E. OF L.; EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ MOLLE, L.)--_a._ (Ph. L.) From fresh liquorice root, as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.

_b._ (Ph. E.) From the fresh root, cut into slices, dried, and powdered, as EXTRACT OF GENTIAN--Ph. E. The form of the Ph. Baden is very similar.

_c._ (Ph. D.) As ordered for simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA--Ph. D.).

_d._ (B. P.) Liquorice root in coarse powder, 1; cold distilled water, 5; macerate the root in half the water for twelve hours, strain, and press; again macerate the pressed marc with the remainder of the water for 6 hours, strain and press, mix the strained liquors, heat to 212° F., strain, and evaporate to a pill consistence.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 dr.

_e._ (B. P. EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ LIQUIDUM.) _Prep._ Liquorice root in coarse powder, 1 lb.; distilled water, 4 pints. Macerate the liquorice with two pints of water for twelve hours, strain, and press; again macerate the pressed marc with the remainder of the water for six hours, strain, and press. Mix the strained liquors, heat to 212° Fahr., and strain through flannel; then evaporate by a water bath until it has acquired, when cold, a specific gravity of 1·160; add to this one eighth of its volume of rectified spirit; let the mixture stand for twelve hours and filter.

_f._ (U. S. Disp.) Crude liquorice (SPANISH JUICE), q. s. is dissolved in water, and the solution filtered and evaporated. To produce a good article (EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ PURIFICATUM) in this way, the solution should be allowed some hours for defecation, and should not be decanted and strained until quite cold.

_Obs._ Soft extract of liquorice is often employed as a pill-basis, and the hard extract (SPANISH JUICE, &c.) is used as a lozenge to allay tickling cough. The principal portion of the latter is, however, consumed by the porter brewers and brewers' druggists. The product of the last formula, evaporated until it is quite solid when cold, and made into small pipes, sticks, or rolls, forms the BEST REFINED LIQUORICE or REFINED JUICE of the shops.

2. (HARD E. OF L., SPANISH JUICE, S. LIQUORICE, GLYCYRRHIZIN, BLACK SUGAR; EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ SIMPLEX, E. G. DURUM, SUCCUS G., S. G. SPISSATUS, L.) This is seldom prepared by the English druggists, being principally imported in the dry state from Spain and Italy. That from Solazzi (SOLAZZI JUICE) is the most esteemed. A great deal of the foreign extract is mixed with fecula, or the pulp of plums, hence its inferior quality. It also frequently contains copper, derived from the boilers in which it is prepared. The extract prepared from the fresh root is usually preferred to the best foreign, as the latter has a less sweet and agreeable taste. REFINED JUICE is prepared by dissolving the foreign juice in water, filtering and evaporating. See LIQUORICE, and _above_.

=Extract of Lobe'lia.= _Syn._ ACETIC EXTRACT OF INDIAN TOBACCO; EXTRACTUM LOBELIÆ, E. L. INFLATÆ, L. _Prep._ (W. Proctor.) Lobelia seeds (bruised), 8 oz.; dilute alcohol (sp. gr. ·935), 4 pints; acetic acid, 1 fl. oz.; by maceration for 24 hours, and subsequent displacement. Expectorant and diaphoretic, in small doses; emetic and narcotic, in larger ones. It is principally used in asthma and other chest diseases.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr. to 5 gr.

=Extract of Log'wood.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM HÆMATOXYLI (B. P.), E. H. CAMPECHIANI, (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Logwood in chips, 1; boiling distilled water, 10; macerate 24 hours, boil to 5, strain, and evaporate to an extract, but not in iron vessels.

2. (Ph. L.) From cut logwood (logwood chips), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.

3. (Ph. E.) As the last (nearly).

4. (Ph. D. 1826 and Wholesale.) From the decoction.

_Obs._ The Ph. U. S. 1841 orders the wood to be rasped. The Ph. Baden directs displacement with cold water. On the large scale, this extract is prepared solely by decoction. 1 cwt. of wood yields about 20 lbs. of extract (Brande); 80 lbs. yield 14 lbs. of extract (Gray.) It is kept in two states--hard (EXTRACTUM HÆMATOXYLI DURUM) and soft (E. H. MOLLE). The dose of the first is 10 to 20 gr., dissolved in wine, or any cordial water; as an astringent, after each motion in diarrh[oe]a; the second is often employed as a lozenge in the same disease, and is an inexpensive and agreeable remedy for simple relaxation of the bowels.

=Extract of Lov'age.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM LEVISTICI, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Baden.) From lovage (_Levisticum officinale_), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod. Aromatic, stomachic, and diaphoretic.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.

=Extract of Lu'puline.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM LUPULINÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From lupuline (the powder separated from hops by rubbing and sifting), by infusion in cold water, or by displacement.

2. (EXTRACTUM LUPULINÆ COCTIONE PARATUM.) From the decoction. Both similar to extract of hops, but stronger. The first is the most aromatic; the last the most bitter.

=Extract of Mad'der.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RUBIÆ. L. _Prep._ (Ph. Hamb.) From the tincture of dyer's madder (_Rubia tinctorum_), made with rectified spirit, 1 part, and water, 3 parts.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 30 gr.; as a diuretic, emmenagogue, and parturifacient; and in jaundice, &c.

=Extract of Mahog'any.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SWIETENIÆ, L. From the chips and sawdust of mahogany (_Swietenia Mahogoni_). It is astringent, and is frequently sold for kino. It is also employed in tanning.

=Extract of Male Fern.= _Syn._ ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF MALE FERN; EXTRACTUM FILICIS, B. P. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Ebers.) From the tincture of the dried root of male fern (_Lastræa Filix-mas_), made with rectified spirit. In tape-worm.--_Dose_, 20 gr. to 1/2 dr., twice a day, made into an electuary with powdered sugar, and followed by a strong dose of castor oil.

2. (Ethereal.) B. P. (EXTRACTUM FILICIS LIQUIDUM.) Fern root, in coarse powder, 1; ether, 2-1/2, or a sufficiency. Pack closely in a percolator with 1 of the ether, add the rest at intervals, until it passes through colourless, distil off the ether, and the liquid extract remains.--_Dose_, 30 to 60 minims. See OIL OF MALE FERN.

=Extract of Malt.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM MALTI, E. BYNES, L. _Prep._ 1. From the infusion made with water at a temperature ranging between 160° and 170° Fahr., drained off, without pressure, and evaporated to the consistence of honey. Nutritious and laxative.--_Dose._ A table-spoonful, or more, _ad libitum_.

2. EXTRACT OF MALT, FERRATED. (Ph. G.) Extract of malt, 47-1/2 oz., mixed with 1 oz. of pyrophosphate of iron and citrate of ammonia, dissolved in 1-1/2 oz. of water.

=Extract of Ma''rygold.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CALENDULÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Guibourt.) By maceration of the herb and flowers of the common marygold (_Calendula officinalis_) in tepid water for 24 hours, and subsequent coction for 15 or 20 minutes.

2. (Ph. Baden.) As EXTRACT OF ANGELICA--Ph. Baden.--_Dose_, 2 to 10 gr.; cordial, diaphoretic, alterative, and emmenagogue; in dyspepsia, and scirrhous and cancerous affections.

=Extract of May-apple.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI. L. _Prep._ (Ph. U. S. 1841.) From the tincture of the root (rhizomes) of may-apple (_Podophyllum peltatum_).--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.; as a substitute for extract of jalap. See PODOPHYLLIN.

=Extract of Mea'dow Saf'fron.= See EXTRACT OF COLCHICUM.

=Extract of Meat.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF FLESH; EXTRACTUM CARNIS, L. _Prep._ (Liebig.) The lean of recently killed meat (chopped very small), 1 part; cold water, 8 parts; agitate it well together for 10 minutes; then heat it gradually to the boiling-point, let it simmer gently for a few minutes, and strain through a hair sieve whilst still hot; lastly, evaporate to a soft mass. 1 lb. of meat yields barely 1 oz. See ESSENCE OF BEEF, TEA (Beef), &c.

=Extract of Mezere'on.= _Syn._ MEZEREON RESIN; EXTRACTUM MEZEREI, RESINA MEZEREI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Alcoholic; E. M. ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ (Ph. Hamb.) By distilling off 5/6ths of the tincture made with rectified spirit, and filtering the residue, retaining what is left on the filter.

_b._ By the simple distillation of the tincture.

_Obs._ Green or brownish green; insoluble in water. 1/2 oz. mezereon root-bark yielded 1-1/2 oz. (Hamb. Disp.) It is chiefly used in preparing blistering ointments and plasters.

2. (Ethereal; GREEN OIL OF MEZEREON; EXTRACTUM MEZEREI ÆTHEREUM. B. P.)--_a._ B. P. Mezereon bark cut small, 1 lb.; rectified spirit, 8 pints; ether, 1 pint. Macerate the mezereon in 6 pints of the spirit for 3 days, with frequent agitation, strain, and press. To the residue of the mezereon add the remainder of the spirit, and again macerate for 3 days, with constant agitation, strain, and press. Mix and filter the strained liquors, recover the greater part of the spirit by distillation, evaporate what remains to the consistence of a soft extract, put this in a stoppered bottle with the ether, and macerate for 24 hours, shaking them frequently; decant the etherial solution, recover part of the ether by distillation, and evaporate what remains to the consistence of a soft extract.

_b._ (Ph. Bor.) By digesting alcoholic extract of mezereon in ether for some days with agitation, reducing the tincture to 1-4th by careful distillation, and evaporating the residuum by a gentle heat to the consistence of an extract.

_c._ (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM MEZEREI FLUIDUM.) Mezereon in moderately coarse powder, 16 oz. (troy); alcohol (·817), 16 oz. (old measure); proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph. U. S.)

_Obs._ Both the alcoholic and ethereal extract of mezereon must be kept in stoppered bottles. The latter, like the former, is used as an external irritant.

=Extract of Mil'foil.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM MILLEFOLII, _E. Achiliæ m._, L. _Prep._ From the herb milfoil or yarrow (_Achillea millefolium_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L. Astringent, tonic, and alterative.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Mimo'sa Bark.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CORTICIS MIMOSÆ, L. _Prep._ From the bark of several Australian species of Acacia or Mimosa (_Acacia mollissima_, _A. decurrens_, _A. melanoxylon_, &c.). It is chiefly imported from Van Diemen's Land. Astringent. Said to be superior to oak bark for tanning.

=Extract of Mone'sia Bark.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM MONESIÆ, E. M. PURIFICATUM, L. _Prep._ From the monesia or buranheim bark (bark of _Chrysophyllum Buranheim_); or from commercial monesia, as EXTRACT OF CATECHU. Astringent.--_Dose_, 4 to 8 gr.

=Extract of Mug'wort.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ARTEMISIÆ, L. _Prep._ From the tops of the common mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), as EXTRACT OF BOX,--P. Cod. An active emmenagogue.

=Extract of Myrrh.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM MYRRHÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous; EXTRACTUM MYRRHÆ AQUOSUM, L.)--_a._ From the strained decoction.

_b_. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF ALOES--Ph. Bor., afterwards reducing it to a fine powder. The formula of the Ph. Baden is similar.--_Dose_, 6 to 15 gr., or more.

2. (Alcoholic; RESIN OF MYRRH; EXTRACTUM MYRRHÆ ALCOHOLICUM, E. M. RESINOSUM, L.) From the tincture. Tonic and stimulant.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr., or more.

3. (Compound; EXTRACTUM MYRRHÆ COMPOSITUM, L.--Swediaur.) Myrrh, 2 oz.; gum arabic (in powder), 2 dr.; triturate, add water, q. s. to form a thick emulsion, and add extract of couch grass, 4 oz. Much recommended in phthisis and uterine ulcerations.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr. in water, twice or thrice daily.

=Extracts, Narcotic, with Sugar.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM NARCOTICA CUM SACCHARO. (Guager.) _Prep._ Dissolve 6 oz. of alcoholic extract of the plant in 14 dr. or 2 oz. of strong alcohol by trituration in a porcelain mortar, and mix with it 30 oz. of powdered white sugar, gradually added, with constant stirring. Set the mixture in a warm situation until dry. Add sugar q. s. to make up 36 oz. These preparations are less liable to lose their efficacy than the simple extracts. 6 gr. represent one of the extract.

=Extract of Net'tles.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM URTICÆ, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) From the juice of nettles (_Urtica dioica_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Antiscorbutic, diuretic, and narcotic.

=Extract of Nose'gay.= _Syn._ ESSENCE OF NOSEGAY; EXTRAIT DE BOUQUET, Fr. _Prep._ Flowers of benzoin, 1 dr.; essence of ambergris, 2 fl. oz.; spirits of jasmine and extract (esprit) of violets, of each 1 pint; spirits of cassia, roses, orange flowers and gillyflowers, of each 1/2 pint; mix. A delightful perfume.

=Extract of Nux Vom'ica.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF KOOCHLA NUTS; EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICÆ, B. P. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous; E. N. V. AQUOSUM, L.--Ph. Bor.) From the powdered nut, as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L. (nearly.)--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr.

2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICÆ--Ph. L. E. and D., E. N. V. ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ (B. P.) Soften nux vomica by steam, dry rapidly, and reduce to fine powder; boil with rectified spirit until exhausted, strain, distil off the spirit, and evaporate to the consistence of a soft extract.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 gr.

_b._ (Ph. L.) Koochla or poison nuts (seed or fruit of _Strychnos Nux-vomica_), 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 3 pints; expose them to steam until softened, then bruise, slice, and dry them, and macerate them in 2-3rds of the spirit for 7 days; express the tincture, and repeat the maceration with the remaining 1-3rd of the spirit; again express the liquid; lastly, filter the mixed tinctures, distil off the greater part of the spirit, and complete the evaporation by a gentle heat. The formula of the P. Cod. is similar, but using spirit sp. gr. ·863 (=41 o. p.).

_c._ (Ph. E.) The sliced and dried nuts are to be ground in a coffee-mill, and either exhausted by percolation with rectified spirit or by boiling the powder in repeated portions of the menstruum. The formulæ of the Ph. Baden and U. S. are similar.

_d._ (Ph. D. 1826.) From a tincture of the rasped nut made with proof spirit, observing that the extract, whilst thickening, should be properly stirred.

_Obs._ This extract consists chiefly of impure igasurate of strychnia, and is exhibited in similar cases to that alkaloid. Used as a stimulant of the nervous system in paralysis.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr., gradually and cautiously increased to 2 gr. It is very poisonous. On the large scale, the nuts are ground in a drug-mill.

=Extract of Oak Bark.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM QUERCÛS, E. CORTICIS QUERCÛS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. D. 1826.) From the decoction. Astringent.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr. Now seldom used.

=Extract of O'pium.= _Prep._ 1. (AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF OPIUM, SIMPLE E. OF O.; EXTRACTUM OPII (B. P.), E. O. AQUOSUM (Ph. D.), E. O. PURIFICATUM, L.)--_a._ (B. P.) Opium in thin slices, 1 lb.; distilled water, 6 pints. Macerate the opium in 2 pints of the water for 24 hours, and express the liquor. Reduce the residue of the opium to a uniform pulp, macerate again in 2 pints of the water for 24 hours, and express. Repeat the operation a third time. Mix the liquors, strain through flannel, and evaporate by a water bath to a proper consistence for forming pills.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 gr., or more.

_b._ (Ph. L.) Opium (powdered), 1-1/2 lb.; distilled water (cold), 2-1/2 pints; mix gradually, and macerate for 24 hours, frequently stirring with a spatula; (press), strain, and repeat the maceration for 24 hours with a fresh quantity (2-1/2 pints) of water; lastly, evaporate the (mixed) strained liquors to a proper consistence. The formulæ of the Ph. E. D. and Baden, and P. Cod., are essentially the same.