Chapter II: REDUCTION OF SOLUTIONS:--The reduction of the solution to the proper (3)

_c._ (Ph. D. 1826.) As the last, but using boiling water, and exposing the mixed liquors to the air for 2 days, before filtering, and evaporating them. Inferior to the last.

_d._ (Purified.) The extract, prepared with cold water, is evaporated to dryness, powdered, and redissolved in cold water; after 48 hours' exposure, and defecation, it is decanted from the dregs, filtered, and gently evaporated, as before. Superior to any other extract of opium made.

_Obs._ Good opium yields from 60% to 70% of its weight of extract, but much depends upon the variety used.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr. to 2 gr., as an anodyne, sedative, and hypnotic. It is less stimulating than ordinary opium. That prepared by the third formula is, indeed, scarcely inferior in its action to the salts of morphine.

This extract is kept in both the hard and soft state (EXTRACTUM OPII DURUM, E. O. MOLLE). A solution of the former, in distilled water, with the addition of a little spirit to keep it, forms Battley's 'LIQUOR OPII SEDATIVUS,' The Dublin formula is that adopted by the wholesale druggists.

Besides the aqueous extract, there are the following preparations:--

2. (EXTRACTUM OPII LIQUIDUM, B. P.; EXTRACT OF OPIUM.) Distilled water, 16; rectified spirit, 4. Digest the extract of opium in the water for an hour, stirring frequently; filter, and add the spirit. The product should measure 20.--_Dose_, 10 to 30 minims.

3. (Acetic; EXTRACTUM OPII ACETICUM, L.--Soubeiran.) Opium, 1 oz.; distilled vinegar, 1 quart; digest 2 days (with heat), decant, filter, and evaporate.

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM OPII ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Ph. Antwerp.) From the tincture.

5. (Aqueo-alcoholic; E. OPII AQUO-ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Taddei.) The opium, exhausted by spirit, is digested in warm water, and the infusion and tincture, separately filtered, are mixed and evaporated.

6. (De-narcotised; EXTRACTUM OPII ABSQUE NARCOTINA, L.--_a._ (P. Cod.) The aqueous extract is reduced with hot water to the consistence of a syrup, and when cold this is mixed with 8 times its volume of ether, and the whole is frequently shaken for a day or two; the ethereal solution is then decanted, and the process repeated with fresh ether, as long as it dissolves anything. The original form of Robiquet is similar. Said to consist entirely of impure MURIATE OF MORPHINE, GUM, and EXTRACTIVE.

_b._ (M. Lamousin-Lamothe.) Aqueous extract, 4 parts; resin, 1 part; beat well together; add boiling water, 16 parts; boil to one half; add cold water, 8 parts, filter, and evaporate.

7. (By fermentation; EXTRACTUM OPII PER FERMENTATIONEM, L.)--_a._ Opium and sugar, of each 4 oz.; water, 1 quart; rub together, and keep the mixture, loosely covered, in a warm situation (about 70° Fahr.), for 10 days or more; then add of cold water, 1 quart, and the next day filter and evaporate.

_b._ (Duyeux.) From an unstrained mixture of opium, 1 part, with water, 8 parts, and a little yeast; left for a week at a temperature of 68° to 77° Fahr., and then diluted, filtered, and evaporated. Some parties have recommended quince juice as the menstruum.

8. (Roasted; EXTRACTUM OPII TORREFACTI, L.--Guibourt.) Powdered opium is heated on a flat dish over a moderate fire, with constant stirring, as long as fumes are given off; it is then exhausted by treating it twice with 6 times its weight of water, and the mixed liquor, after filtration, is evaporated.

9. (Vinous; EXTRACTUM OPII VINO PARATUM, L.--P. Cod.) From wine of opium. The above extracts of opium (excepting the alcoholic) are regarded as less exciting than the other preparations of the drug. The dose of each is similar to that of the aqueous extract.

=Extract of Or'ange Peel.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CORTICIS AURANTII, L. _Prep._ 1. From the thin yellow peel, as EXTRACT OF MADDER.

2. See AURANTII.

=Extract of Ox-gall.= _Syn._ INSPISSATED OX-GALL; EXTRACTUM FELLIS BOVINI, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) From ox-gall, strained, and evaporated in a water bath.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.; in pills.

2. (Hunter Lane.) As the last, but reducing the gall to dryness, and then powdering it. It must be preserved in well-corked bottles.--_Dose_, 3 to 12 gr.

=Extract of Parei'ra.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PAREIRÆ (B. P.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Pareira root in coarse powder, 1; boiling distilled water, 10, or a sufficiency; digest the pareira with 1-1/2 of water for twenty-four hours, then pack in a percolator, and water till by slow percolation 10 has passed through; evaporate in a water bath to a pilular consistence.--_Dose_, 13 to 20 gr.

2. (Ph. L.) From the root of velvet leaf or pareira brava (_Cissampelos Pareira_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.

3. (P. E.) As EXTRACT OF LIQUORICE--Ph. E. The P. Cod. formula is similar. Alterative, tonic, and diuretic.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; chiefly in affections of the bladder.

4. EXTRACTUM PAREIRA LIQUIDUM (B. P.). Pareira in coarse powder, 16; boiling distilled water, 160, or a sufficiency; rectified spirit, 3; macerate in 20 of water for twenty-four hours; pack in a percolator, adding more of the water; allow the liquor slowly to pass until 160 has been collected, or the pareira is exhausted; evaporate to 13, and, when cold, add the spirit; filter and make up to 16.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 2 dr.

=Extract of Par'sley.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PETROSELINI, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) From the root, as EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.

2. (M. Peraibe.) From the fresh leaves, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE. Febrifuge and tonic.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr.

=Extract of Pasque Flower.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ANEMONIS, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) From the recent or dried flower, as either of the EXTRACTS OF ACONITE--P. Cod.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 gr.

_Obs._ Several species of _Anemone_ have been used in medicine, especially _Anemone pratensis_ and _A. pulsatilla_. According to Baron Stoerck, the former is resolvent, and is an effectual remedy in various chronic diseases, particularly in amaurosis, cataract, opacity of the cornea, nocturnal pains, suppressions, &c. 1/2 to 1 gr., combined with sugar of milk, has been highly recommended in hooping-cough.

=Extract of Pa'tience Dock.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PATIENTIÆ, L. _Prep._ From the root of _Rumex Patientia_ or garden patience, as EXTRACT OF HOPS. Aperient and stomachic. Used in double doses in lieu of extract of rhubarb.

=Extract of Paullin'ia.= See EXTRACT OF GUARANA.

=Extract of Peach Blos'som.= _Prep._ From essence of lemons, 1 oz.; pure balsam of Peru, 2 dr.; essence (oil) of bitter almonds, 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 3 pints; spirit of orange flowers, 1 pint; spirit of jasmin, 1/4 pint; mix. A pleasant and powerful perfume.

=Extract of Pel'litory.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PYRETHRI, E. P. ÆTHERO-ALCOHOLICUM, L. Prep. (W. Procter.) Alcohol (rectified spirit), 1 pint; ether, 1/2 pint; mix, and pour it gradually on root of pellitory (_Anacyclus Pyrethrum_), 1 lb., placed in a percolator; afterwards pour on alcohol, 1 pint; and subsequently sufficient dilute alcohol (proof spirit) to displace 2-1/2 pints of tincture (ESSENCE OF PELLITORY, TOOTHACHE ESSENCE); the latter is either suffered to evaporate spontaneously, or by a very gentle heat, until a soft extract is attained. Used to destroy the sensibility of the nerves of the teeth, previous to plugging, and for toothache.

=Extract of Pep'per.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PIPERIS, E. P. NIGRI, L. _Prep._ 1. From decoction of black pepper (bruised). Stimulant; stronger tasted than the berries, but less aromatic.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1 dr.; in agues.

2. (Fluid; EXTRACTUM PIPERIS FLUIDUM, L.)--Ph. U. S. From black pepper, as FLUID EXTRACT OF CUBEBS--Ph. U. S., separating the PIPERINE by expression through a cloth, and keeping the fluid portion for use.

=Extract of Pimpinel'la.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PIMPINELLÆ, L. _Prep._ From the root of burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella saxifraga_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS. Astringent.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr.

=Extract of Pink'root.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF WORM GRASS, E. OF WORMSEED ROOT; EXTRACTUM SPIGELIÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From Carolina pinkroot (_Spigelia Marylandica_), as EXTRACT OF BOX--P. Cod.--_Dose_, 5 to 20 gr.

2. (Fluid; ESSENCE OF PINKROOT, LIQUOR OF P.; EXTRACTUM SPIGELIÆ FLUIDUM, L.) Pinkroot, 1 lb.; proof spirit, 3 pints; make a tincture, evaporate to 10 fl. oz., add sugar, 3/4 lb., and rectified spirit, q. s. to make the whole measure exactly a pint.--_Dose._ For a child, beginning with 1/2 a teaspoonful.

3. (Compound; COMPOUND LIQUOR OF PINKROOT; EXTRACTUM SPIGELIÆ FLUIDUM COMP., L.)--_a._ (Estlack.) Carolina pinkroot or spigelia (bruised), 4 oz.; senna, 3 oz.; savine, 1 dr.; pour on boiling water, 1 quart; when cold, add rectified spirit, 1/2 pint; digest 24 hours, express (or percolate), filter, evaporate to 12 fl. oz., in which dissolve, manna, 1 oz.; sugar, 8 oz. Every fl. oz. is equal to 2 dr. of pinkroot and 1-1/2 dr. of senna.--_Dose._ For a child, 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful; for an adult, a tablespoonful.

_b._ (W. Procter.) Pinkroot, 16 oz.; senna, 8 oz. (both in coarse powder); dilute alcohol (sp. gr. ·935), 2 pints; macerate for 2 days, then proceed by displacement, adding fresh spirit, until 4 pints have passed through; filter, evaporate to 20 fl. oz., and add carbonate of potassa, 1 oz.; next add oils of caraway and aniseed, of each 1/2 dr.; (previously triturated with) powdered sugar, 24 oz.; lastly, apply a gentle heat to dissolve the sugar.

_c._ (EXTRACTUM SPIGELIÆ ET SENNÆ FLUIDUM--Ph. U. S.) As the last (nearly).--_Dose._ As above. All the above preparations of pinkroot are regarded as powerful and certain anthelmintics; particularly the last two.

=Extract of Pipsis'sewa.= See EXTRACT OF WINTER-GREEN.

=Extract of Poi'son Oak.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RHOIS TOXICODENDRI, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) From the expressed juice of the leaves of _Rhus toxicodendron_. Narcotic, stimulant, and alterative.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 1 gr., gradually increased; in chronic rheumatism, obstinate skin diseases, &c.

=Extract of Pomegran'ate.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GRANATI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Soubeiran, & P. Cod.) From the root-bark of pomegranate, as EXTRACT OF BOX. In tapeworm.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr.; followed by a purgative.

2. (E. G. CORTICIS FRUCTUS, L.) From the decoction of the fruit-rind. As the last.

=Extract of Pop'pies.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PAPAVERIS (B. P.), E. P. ALBI, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Capsules coarsely powdered, 16; rectified spirit, 2; distilled water, a sufficiency; mix the poppy capsules with 40 of the water, stirring them frequently during 24 hours; then pack in a percolator, and pass water slowly through them until about 160 have passed through; evaporate the liquor by a water bath to 20; when cold, add the spirit. After 24 hours filter the liquor, and evaporate to a pilular consistence.--_Dose_, 2 or 5 grains.

2. (Ph. L.) Bruised poppy-heads (without the seeds), 15 oz.; boiled distilled water, 1 gall.; macerate 24 hours, boil to one half, strain, and complete the evaporation.

3. (Ph. E.) As the last, with "capsules not quite ripe."

_Obs._ The medical action of extract of poppies, for the most part, resembles that of opium; but it is considerably weaker, and is generally regarded as less prone to produce headache and delirium.--_Dose_, 2 to 12 gr. It is usually prepared by the large manufacturers, by exhausting the capsules, by coction with water; hence the inferior quality of the extract of the shops, which contains a considerable quantity of inert matter.

The principal consumption of this extract is among the brewers, brewers' druggists, and wine merchants. For this purpose it is evaporated until it becomes hard on cooling, when it is formed into half-pound rolls, and covered with paper, like lead plaster. One of these rolls added to a hogshead of ale, stout, or sherry, materially increases the 'headiness' or apparent strength of these beverages.

=Extract of Pota'to.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SOLANI TUBEROSI, L. _Prep._ (Dr J. Latham.) From the stem and leaves of the potato plant, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Narcotic.--_Dose_, 2 to 10 gr.

=Extract of Pur'ging Flax.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM LINI CATHARTICI, L. _Prep._ (Dr B. Lane.) From the dried herb, as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L. Aperient and diuretic--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr.; 14 lbs. yielded 2-1/4 lbs. of extract.

=Extract of Quas'sia.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM QUASSIÆ (B. P.), EX. Q. LIGNI, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Quassia scraped, 1 lb.; distilled water, a sufficiency; macerate the quassia in 8 oz. of water for 12 hours; pack in a percolator; add water till the quassia is exhausted; evaporate, filter before it becomes thick, and again evaporate in a water bath to a proper consistence for pills.--_Dose_, 2 to 5 gr.

2. From the decoction of quassia chips. Product, 5% to 6%.

3. (Ph. E.) From the rasped wood, as EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod. Bitter and stomachic.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr., or more.

_Obs._ This extract is almost universally prepared by coction, and is principally consumed by the brewers, who employ it as a substitute for hops, in large quantities. The bark is frequently substituted for the wood, but is considerably less bitter. The Ph. Baden has an extract prepared with spirit of ·944.

=Extract of Quince Seeds.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CYDONIÆ, E. C. SEMINUM. _Prep._ From the decoction. Sucked as a lozenge, in hoarseness, &c.

=Extract of Ragwort.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JACOB[OE]Æ. The inspissated juice of rag-wort.

=Extract of Rha'tany.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RHATANIÆ; E. KRAMERIÆ (B. P.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Rhatany in coarse powder, 1; cold distilled water, 15; macerate 24 hours in 2 of the water, then percolate the whole; evaporate by water bath to dryness.--_Dose_, 5 to 20 grains.

2. (Ph. E. Baden and U. S.) From dried rhatany root (_Krameria triandria_), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.

3. (Ph. Bor.) By two successive macerations in boiling water of 24 hours each, and evaporating at a temperature not exceeding 165° Fahr.

_Obs._ Extract of rhatany is astringent and tonic.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr. A large quantity of this extract, of very inferior quality, is imported from Brazil, and other parts of South America. It is kept in two states, hard and soft; the former resembles KINO, and is often sold for it; the latter is chiefly consumed by the manufacturers and 'improvers' of port wine.

=Extract of Rhu'barb.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RHEI (B. P.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Rhubarb (sliced or bruised), 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 5 oz.; distilled water, 50 oz.; macerate 4 days, strain, and set it aside, that the fæces may subside; next decant the clear portion, strain, mix, and evaporate to a proper consistence over a water bath at 160° F.

2. (Ph. L.) As EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L. (nearly). "The extract is obtained of finer quality by evaporation in a vacuum with a gentle heat." The Baden formula is similar.

_Obs._ This extract is usually prepared by decoction from inferior and damaged rhubarb, picked out from the chests on purpose; hence the inferior quality of the extract of the shops. When made of good Turkey, or even East India rhubarb, it is a very valuable preparation.--_Dose._ As a stomachic, 5 to 10 gr.; as a purgative, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr. It is seldom exhibited alone. _Product._ 5%.

3. (Fluid; LIQUOR OF RHUBARB, ESSENCE OF R.; LIQUOR RHEI, EXTRACTUM RHEI FLUIDUM, L.)--_a._ (W. Procter.) Rhubarb (in coarse powder), 8 oz.; mix it with an equal bulk of coarse sand, and moisten it with dilute alcohol (sp. gr. ·935, = 13 u. p.) to form a pasty mass; in a short time introduce it into a percolator, shake it until uniformly settled, and cover it with cloth or paper; then pour on the rest of the spirit (the remainder of 2 pints) until the product has little odour or taste of the root; next gently evaporate the tincture to 5-1/2 fl. oz., and add sugar, 5 oz., when the whole should measure 8 fl. oz.--_Dose_, 15 to 30 drops.

_b._ (Ph. U. S.) As the last, adding of oils of fennel and anise, of each 4 drops; (dissolved in) tincture of ginger, 4 fl. dr.

4. (Compound; EXTRACTUM RHEI COMPOSITUM, E. PANCHYMAGOGUM, L.--Ph. Bor.) Extract of rhubarb, 3 dr.; extract of aloes, 1 dr. (softened with) water, 4 dr.; mix, and add of soap of jalap, 1 dr. (dissolved in) proof spirit, 4 dr.; lastly, evaporate to an extract, dry this in a warm place, and powder. Stomachic and purgative.--_Dose_, 4 to 20 gr.

=Extract of Rue.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RUTÆ, E. FOLIORUM RUTÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From rue leaves (_Rutæ graveolens_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.

2. (Alcoholic--P. Cod.) As ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--P. Cod. (nearly.) The formula of the Ph. Wert. is similar.

_Obs._ This extract is stomachic, carminative and emmenagogue.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr., twice a day. It is usual to add a little of the essential oil to the extract, just before taking it out of the evaporating-pan, and when nearly cold. The first is the form adopted in trade in this country.

=Extract of Saf'fron.= _Syn._ POLYCHROITE, EXTRACTUM CROCI, L. _Prep._ 1. From hay saffron, as EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH--Ph. L.

2. (P. Cod.) From the tincture. Superior to the last.

_Obs._ The first is used chiefly as a colouring and flavouring substance by cooks, confectioners, wine and cordial brewers, &c.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.; as an excitant, antispasmodic, and emmenagogue.

=Extract of Sarsaparil'la.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SARZÆ, E. SARSAPARILLÆ, L.; EXTRAIT DE SALSEPAREILLE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. 1836.) From sarsaparilla, as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L. The Ph. D. 1826 is similar.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1 dr. _Product._ (From Jamaica sarsaparilla) 32% to 36%.

2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SARZÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ From a tincture of the root-bark, prepared with proof spirit, either by digestion or percolation.

_b._ (P. Cod. and Ph. U. S.) From sarsaparilla root (powdered), as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--P. Cod. Superior to the aqueous extract.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr.

3. (Fluid; LIQUOR OF SARSAPARILLA, ESSENCE OF S.; LIQUOR SARZÆ, ESSENTIA SARSAPARILLÆ, EXTRACTUM SARZÆ LIQUIDUM--Ph. L., E. S. FLUIDUM--Ph. E. & D., L.); EXTRACTUM SARZÆ LIQUIDUM--(B. P.) _a._ Jamaica sarsaparilla cut transversely, 16; distilled water (temp. 160° Fahr.), 280; rectified spirit, 1. Macerate in half the water for 6 hours, and decant the liquor; digest the residue in the remainder of the water for 6 hours more, mix the liquors, express and filter; evaporate by water bath to 7, or until it has a sp. gr. of 1·130; when cold add the spirit. Sp. gr. should be about 1·025.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.

_b._ (Ph. L.) Sarsaparilla, 3-1/2 lbs.; distilled water, 3 galls.; boil to 12 pints, pour off the liquor, and strain whilst hot; again boil the sarsaparilla in water, 2 galls., to one half, and strain; evaporate the mixed liquors to 18 fl. oz.; and when cold, add of rectified spirit, 2 fl. oz. Each fl. oz. represents 2-1/8 oz. of the root (nearly).

_c._ (Ph. E.) Sarsaparilla, 1 lb.; boiling water, 4 pints; digest 2 hours, then bruise the root, boil it for 2 hours, filter, and express the liquid; repeat the coction with water, 2 pints, as before; evaporate the mixed liquors to the consistence of a thin syrup, and, when cold enough, add of rectified spirit q. s. to make up 16 fl. oz. Each fl. oz. represents 6 dr. of the root, and 6 fl. oz. of the decoction.

_d._ (Ph. D.) Sarsaparilla, 1 lb. (avoir.); proceed as before, and add of rectified spirit, q. s. to make the product up to 20 fl. oz. Strength, as the last (nearly). In the Ph. D. 1826 the decoction of sarsaparilla, 1 lb. (troy), was ordered to be evaporated to 30 oz., which with the spirit (2 oz.) made the preparation only half the strength of the present one.

4. (Compound; EXTRACTUM SARZÆ COMPOSITUM, E. SARSAPARILLÆ COMP., L.) There is no form for this preparation in the Pharmacop[oe]ias, but it is nevertheless in immense demand, from its great convenience in dispensing. The following formulæ are employed by one of the wholesale houses that does largest in this preparation:--

_a._ Guaiacum shavings (from which the small has been sifted), 30 lbs., Italian juice, 24 lbs., mezereon root, 6 lbs., are boiled with water q. s., for 1 hour; the decoction is then drawn off, and the boiling repeated with fresh water a second and a third time; the mixed decoctions are allowed to deposit for 6 or 8 hours, or longer, and the clear portion decanted and strained through flannel; the liquid is now reduced to the consistence of treacle, when extract of sarsaparilla, 9 lbs., is added, and the evaporation conducted at a considerably lower temperature until near its completion, when the source of heat is removed, and the remaining evaporation conducted at the expense of that retained by the metal of the 'pan,' when nearly cold, and just before removing the extracts to the 'pots' or 'jars,' essential oil of sassafras, 2 dr., dissolved in rectified spirit, 1 quart, is added, and quickly but completely stirred in. The product is a very showy article, if well managed, and weighs about 45 lbs., the precise quantity depending on the quality of the juice employed. It is labelled 'EXT. SARZÆ COMP.'

_b._ As the last, but only using 15 lbs. of juice, and that Solazzi. _Prod._ About 35 lbs. It is labelled and sent out as 'EXT. SARZÆ CO. OPT.'

_c._ By any of the forms given under COMPOUND DECOCTION OF SARSAPARILLA, either common or concentrated, by continuing the evaporation.--_Dose._ Same as that of the simple extract.

5. (Fluid Compound; COMPOUND LIQUOR OF SARSAPARILLA.)--_a._ From any of the preceding formulæ by arresting the evaporation when the fluid has acquired the consistence of a thin syrup, and adding to each pint, when cold, rectified spirit, 4 fl. oz.

_b._ (Alcoholic--W. Hodgson.) Sarsaparilla (bruised), 16 oz.; liquorice root (bruised), guaiacum wood (rasped), and sassafras bark (sliced), of each 2 oz.; mezereon (sliced), 6 dr.; spirit, sp. gr. ·935 (= 13 u. p.) 7 pints; digest 14 days, express, filter, evaporate to 12 fl. oz.; add of sugar, 8 oz., and as soon as this is dissolved, withdraw the heat. Stronger than the last.--_Dose_, 1 fl. dr.

_c._ (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLÆ COMPOSITUM FLUIDUM.) _Prep._ Sarsaparilla in moderately fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); liquorice root in moderately fine powder, 2 oz. (troy); sassafras in moderately fine powder, 2 oz. (troy); mezereon in moderately fine powder, 360 grains; glycerin, 4 oz. (old measure); rectified spirit, 8 oz. (old measure); water, 4 oz. (old measure). Macerate in a closed percolator for 4 days, and then let the percolation commence, and finish it by adding diluted alcohol (equal volumes of alcohol at ·835, and water), until 2 pints (old measure) have been obtained. Reserve the first 12 oz., having added 4 oz. (old measure) of glycerin to the remainder of the percolate, which evaporate to 6 oz. (old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.

6. (From the root-bark; EXTRACTUM CORTICIS SARZÆ, L.) From the decoction or tincture of the root-bark. The cortical portion of sarsaparilla yields fully 50% of aqueous extract. "Five times as much as the meditullium." (Pope.)

_Obs._ Each of the above extracts of sarsaparilla (simple, fluid, and compound), when of good quality, dissolves in water, forming a deep reddish-brown solution, perfectly transparent, and depositing little sediment, even by standing some days. See SARSAPARILLA.

1. =Extract of Savine.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SABINÆ. (Ph. L. 1788.) By evaporating a decoction of dry savine.

2. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SABINÆ FLUIDUM.) As fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Scam'mony.= _Syn._ RESIN OF SCAMMONY; RESINA SCAMMONII, E. S. ALCOHOLICUM, E. SIVE RESINA SCAMMONII (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. From powdered scammony, exhausted with proof spirit, and the resulting tincture distilled until little but water passes over; the remaining water is then poured from the resin, which is next well washed in boiling water and dried at a temperature below 240° Fahr. Brown; impure.

2. As the last, but using either alcohol of 90% or ether, and animal charcoal. White; pure.

_Obs._ Scammony resin is translucent, fusible, and combustible; and freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and oil of turpentine. It is frequently adulterated with jalap resin, a fraud readily detected by its insolubility in the last two menstrua.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr. "When pure or virgin scammony can be procured it is an unnecessary preparation." (Pereira.)

=Extract of Scurvy-grass.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM COCHLEARIÆ, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) From the clarified juice of fresh scurvy-grass, by exposure to warm air. Anti-scorbutic, stimulant, anti-rheumatic, and diaphoretic.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr. The valuable principles of the juice are dissipated by much heat.

=Extract of Sen'ega.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) From seneka or snake-root (_Polygala Senega_), as EXTRACT OF BOX--P. Cod.

2. Compound; EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ, COMPOSITUM, E. S. ET SCILLÆ, L.--Ecky.) From equal parts of squills and senega, as the last, but by displacement. Both the above are stimulant, expectorant, sudorific, and diuretic.--_Dose_, 1 to 12 gr.

3. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ FLUIDUM.) As EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Sen'na.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SENNÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (EXTRACTUM SENNÆ AQUOSUM, L.)--_a._ As EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH--Ph. L.

_b._ (P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.

_c._ (Ph. Bor.) From senna leaves, by maceration in tepid water (104° Fahr.) for 24 hours, and expression and filtration; the operation is repeated with fresh water, and the strained liquors evaporated to a thick extract (at 149° to 157° Fahr.), which is dissolved in water, 4 parts, the solution filtered, and again evaporated.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr. It is principally used as a basis for purgative pill. When prepared by decoction it is nearly inert. A better extract is prepared from the common tincture made with proof spirit.

2. Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SENNÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--(Guibourt.) Senna (in powder), 1 part; rectified spirit, 5 parts; heat gradually to boiling, let it cool; in 24 hours express, strain, and repeat the process with fresh spirit; lastly, distil and evaporate. Proof spirit answers for this purpose.

3. (Fluid; EXTRACTUM SENNÆ FLUIDUM, L.--Ph. (U. S.) Senna (in coarse powder), 2-1/2 lbs.; spirit (at or near proof), 64 fl. oz.; macerate 24 hours, then act by displacement, subsequently adding weak spirit (1 of rectified spirit to 3 of water) until 10 pints of tincture are obtained; evaporate to 1 pint, filter, add sugar, 20 oz., and oil of fennel, 1 fl. dr. (dissolved in) compound spirit of ether, 2 fl. dr. Every fl. oz. represents 1 oz. of senna.

=Extract of Smoke.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM FULIGINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous.) Wood-soot, 2 oz.; water, 1 pint; boil to 16 fl. oz., filter, and evaporate.

2. (Acetic.) Wood-soot, 2 oz.; distilled vinegar and water, of each, 1/2 pint; as the last. Formerly reputed antispasmodic, alterative, &c.--_Dose_, 3 to 6 gr., 2 three times a day; in dyspepsia, hysteria, cancer, scrofula, and various syphilitical affections.

=Extract of Snake-root.= See EXTRACT OF SENEGA.

=Extract of Black Snake-root (fluid).= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUGÆ FLUIDUM (Ph. U. S.). _Prep_. As FLUID EXTRACT OF CUBEBS. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Soap'wort.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SAPONARIÆ, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod. & Ph. Bad.) From the dried roots of soapwort (_Saponaria officinalis_), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod. Aperient and alterative.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Spruce.= See ESSENCE OF SPRUCE.

=Extract of Squills.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous; E. S. AQUOSUM.--_a._ (Ph. Baden.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH--Ph. L. (nearly).

_b._ (Ph. Bor.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF SENNA--Ph. Bor. (nearly), but using boiling water, avoiding ebullition during the evaporation, and powdering the residuum.--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr.

2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--P. Cod.) From the tincture prepared with proof spirit, by distillation and evaporation.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 3 gr., as an expectorant and diuretic, twice or thrice a day. In larger doses it is nauseant and emetic.

3. (Acetic; EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ ACETICUM.) Digest powder of squills, 1 lb., in acetic acid, 3 oz.; and distilled water, 1 pint, with a gentle heat, for 48 hours.

Express strongly, and without straining; evaporate to a proper consistence. (One grain of this is said to equal three of the powder.)

=Extract (fluid) of Stillingiæ.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM STILLINGÆ FLUIDUM (Ph. U. S.). _Prep._ Stillingia, in fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); macerate with 12 oz. (old measure) of rectified spirit; 3 oz. (old measure) of glycerin; and 1 oz. (old measure) of water, for four days in a closed percolator, and proceed as for FLUID EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Stor'ax.= See STYRAX.

=Extract of Stramo''nium.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF THORN-APPLE; EXTRACTUM STRAMONII, (Ph. L. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Pack stramonium seeds, coarsely powdered, in a percolator, and pass about their own weight of washed ether slowly through them, remove the ether, and set aside. Now pour over them proof spirit until the seeds are exhausted; distil off the spirit, and evaporate the residue by a water bath to a proper pill consistence.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr., gradually increasing.

2. (Ph. L.) Seeds of thorn-apple (_Datura stramonium_), 15 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 gall.; macerate for 4 hours in a vessel lightly covered, near the fire; afterwards take out the seeds, bruise them in a stone mortar, and return them to the liquor; then boil down to 4 pints, strain whilst hot, and evaporate. The Ph. D. is similar. _Product._ (About) 12%, Anodyne and narcotic.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr. to 1/2 gr., gradually increased, twice or thrice a day; neuralgia, rheumatism, tic doloureux, spasmodic asthma, epilepsy, worms, &c.

3. (P. Cod. & Ph. U. S.) From the expressed juice of the fresh leaves, heated to boiling, and filtered. The P. Cod. also orders it to be prepared as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Anodyne and narcotic.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 1 gr.

_Obs._ On the large scale, this extract is prepared by expressing the juice of the fresh herb, and boiling the remainder in water; the juice and decoction are then mixed, filtered, and evaporated. 1-1/2 cwt. of stramonium yielded 37 lbs. of juice, and this, with the decoction, gave 31 lbs. of extract. (Gray.)

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM STRAMONII--Ph. E., E. S. ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ (Ph. E. & Ph. U. S.) From the seeds (ground in a coffee-mill), by percolation with proof spirit. _Product._ (About) 14%; 1 lb. yielded 2-1/4 oz. (Recluz.)

_b._ (P. Cod.) From the leaves, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--P. Cod.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr. gradually increased. (See _above_.)

=Extract of Suc'cory.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CHICORII, L. _Prep._ (Guibourt.) From the fresh root, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Aperient, deobstruent, and tonic.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Sweet Flag.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ACIDI, E. CALAMI AROMATICI, L. _Prep._ From the rhizomes, as EXTRACT OF RHUBARB--Ph. L. See SWEET FLAG.

=Extract of Tan'sy.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TANACETI, L. _Prep._ 1. From the herb (_Tanacetum vulgaris_), as EXTRACT OF HOP--Ph. L.

2. (Giordano.) As EXTRACT OF HOREHOUND--Ph. Lusitan.

_Obs._ This extract is said to be tonic, stomachic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, and febrifuge. Dr Clark says that in Scotland it was found to be serviceable in various cases of gout. The infusion is, however, preferable.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 20 gr.

=Extract of Taraxacum.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF DANDELION; EXTRACTUM TARAXACI (Ph. L. & E.), E. T. HERBÆ ET RADICIS (Ph. D. 1826), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Crush fresh dandelion root, press out the juice, and allow it to deposit; heat the clear liquor to 212° F., and maintain the temperature for 10 minutes; then strain and evaporate by a water bath, at a temperature not exceeding 160° F. to a proper consistence.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 grains.

2. (Ph. L.) From the recent root of dandelion (_Leontodon Taraxacum_), as EXTRACT OF HOP--Ph. L. The formulæ of the Ph. E. & U. S. are nearly similar.

3. (Ph. D.) From the herb and root, as the other simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA).

4. (P. Cod.) From the expressed juice, as EXTRACT OF STRAMONIUM--P. Cod.)

5. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF SENNA--Ph. Bor. (nearly).

6. (Ph. Baden.) By displacement with cold water.

7. (Wholesale.) From the decoction.

8. (Fluid.) See LIQUOR OF TARAXACUM.

_Obs._ The extract of the shops is usually prepared by exhausting the root by coction with water. The products of the first two of the above formulæ, when recent, have a faint and agreeable odour, and a sweet bitter taste; those of Nos. 4, 5, and 6, smell strongly of the recent root, have a pale and lively brownish-yellow colour, and a bitter acidulous taste, without any trace of sweetness; that of the last one is devoid of odour, and possesses a coffee-brown colour, and a sweetish, burnt taste, not much unlike a solution of burnt sugar. The medicinal virtue of this extract is greatest when the aroma and bitter taste of the recent root is well developed; and when sweet, its efficacy as a remedy is impaired. (Squire.)

Taraxacum root should be gathered during the winter months, when the quantity of the product is looked at; as then a given weight of the juice yields more extract; but in summer and autumn it possesses more bitterness and aroma. 4 lbs. of juice from roots gathered in November and December yielded 1 lb. of extract, while it took from 6 to 9 lbs. of juice from the root, gathered in spring or summer, to yield a like quantity. (Squire.) The herb yields by the evaporation of its expressed juice about 5% of extract. According to Mr Jacob Bell, the average yield of 1 cwt. of root is about 7-1/8 lbs. ('Pharm Journ.,' x, 446.)

Good extract of taraxacum should be wholly soluble in water.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; as a resolvent, aperient, and tonic, in liver and stomach complaints, &c.

=Extract of Tea.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM THEÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From an infusion of any of the rougher kinds of black tea. Astringent. Has been recommended in diarrh[oe]a; formed into pills.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr. A hard, black-looking substance, smelling and tasting faintly of tea, is imported under the same name from China.

2. (Pidding's.) The joint products of distillation and infusion combined. Proposed to be made in China, and exported as a condensed preparation of tea. (ESSENCE OF TEA; ESSENTIA THEÆ); to be used as a substitute for the leaves, in order to save the expense of freight, &c.

=Extract of Thorn-Apple.= See EXTRACT OF STRAMONIUM.

=Extract of Tobac'co.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TABACI, E. NICOTIANÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Chippendale.) From decoction of tobacco. Proposed as an external application in neuralgia, &c.

2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM TABACI ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Ph. Bor.) Tobacco leaves, 1 lb.; spirit (sp. gr. ·900), 2 lbs.; digest in a warm place for some days, express strongly, and again digest in a mixture of water and spirit (·900), of each, 1 lb., for 24 hours; again press out the liquor, and evaporate the strained and mixed liquors into a vapour bath, at a temperature not exceeding 167° Fahr.

=Extract of Tor'mentil.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TORMENTILLÆ, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Amst.) From the root of _Potentilla Tormentilla_, as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L. The Ph. Baden directs its preparation by displacement with cold water. Astringent and febrifuge.--_Dose_, 15 to 30 gr.; in diarrh[oe]a. It was formerly regarded as a specific in syphilis. (Lindley.)

=Extract of U'va Ur'si.= See EXTRACT OF WHORTLEBERRY.

=Extract of Valer'ian.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM VALERIANÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From valerian root, as EXTRACT OF HOP--Ph. L.; but using a covered vessel.

2. (Ph. Bor. and Baden.) As EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L. (nearly), employing strong force in the expression of the liquor, and only evaporating to the consistence of syrup.

_Obs._ It is usual to add to this extract a little of the ESSENTIAL OIL OF VALERIAN, dissolved in a small quantity of rectified spirit, just before removing it from the evaporating-pan, and when nearly cold. Anti-spasmodic and nervine.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr. In hysteric and spasmodic diseases. Valerian yields about 40% of soft extract.

3. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM VALERIANÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BOX.--P. Cod.

4. (Fluid; EXTRACTUM VALERIANÆ FLUIDUM, L.--Ph. U. S.). Rectified spirit, 12 fl. oz.; mix, add of valerian (in coarse powder), 8 oz. digest and percolate, adding, subsequently, spirit (at or near proof) until 16 fl. oz. of tincture have passed through; let this evaporate spontaneously, in a shallow vessel, until reduced to 5 fl. oz.; in the meantime add fresh spirit to the mass in the percolator, until 10 fl. oz. more of tincture are obtained, which add to the above residuum of the evaporation, observing to dissolve any oleo-resinous deposit in a little rectified spirit, and add to it to the rest; lastly, filter, and add of rectified spirit, q. s. to make the whole measure 16 fl. oz.

=Extract of Vanil'la.= See LIQUOR OF VANILLA.

=Extract of Wall Pel'litory.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM PARIETARIÆ, L. _Prep._ From fresh wall-pellitory (_Parietaria officinalis_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Aperient, diuretic, and pectoral.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Wal'nut.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS IMMATURÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From unripe walnuts (_Juglans regia_), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L.

2. From the decoction of the green shells. Vermifuge.--_Dose_, 20 to 30 gr. in cinnamon water.

=Extract of Walnut Leaves.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS FOLIORUM, L. _Prep._ 1. From the decoction of dried walnut leaves.

2. (Soubeiran.) By displacement with tepid water. Diaphoretic and alterative.--_Dose_, 2 to 4 gr., twice or thrice a day; in scrofula, scirrhus, &c.

3. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS FOLIORUM ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Ph. Bor.) From walnut leaves (cut), as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF TOBACCO--Ph. Bor. (nearly).

=Extract of Wa'ter-dock.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RUMICIS AQUATICI, L. _Prep._ From the root, as EXTRACT OF HOPS, Ph. L. Astringent and antiscorbutic.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; in skin diseases, &c.

=Extract of Whor'tleberry.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF BEARBERRY; EXTRACTUM UVÆ URSI. (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. From the dried leaves of the bearberry (_Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr., twice or thrice a day; in chronic diseases of the bladder and kidneys, attended with increased secretion of mucus, without inflammation.

2. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM UVI-URSI ELUIDUM.) As fluid extract of cotton-root. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Willow Bark.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SALICIS. (Ph. Par.) From Powdered willow bark, as EXTRACT OF RHATANY.

=Extract of Win'ter Cher'ry.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ALKEKENGI, L. _Prep._ From the berries of _Physalis alkekengi_, as EXTRACT OF ELDER. Aperient, detergent, and diuretic. _Dose_, 2 to 4 dr.

=Extract of Win'ter-green.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF PIPSISSEWA; EXTRACTUM CHIMAPHILÆ, L. _Prep._ From the herb winter-green or pipsissewa (_Chimaphila umbellata_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; in dropsy, scrofula, and chronic affections of the urinary organs.

=Extract of Wood Sor'rel.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ACETOSELLÆ, L. _Prep._ (Pideret.) From the expressed juice of the fresh herb (_Oxalis acetosella_.) Acid, bitter, and antiscorbutic.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Worm Grass.= See EXTRACT OF PINKROOT.

=Extract of Worm'seed.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CINÆ ÆTHEREUM, E. SEMINUM C. Æ., L. _Prep._ (Hamb. Cod. 1845.) Wormseed, 1 oz.; ether, 4 oz.; digest 3 or 4 days, press, filter, distil off 4-5ths, and evaporate the residuum to a proper consistence. _Prod._ 25% to 30%. Vermifuge.--_Dose_, 3 to 10 gr., night and morning, for 2 or 3 successive days, followed by a brisk purge.

=Extract of Worm-wood.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ABSINTHII; EXTRACTUM ARTEMESIÆ ABSINTHII, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D., 1826.) From the dried flowering tops of wormwood, as the other simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA--Ph. D.)

2. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF RHATANY--Ph. Bor.

3. (P. Cod. and Ph. Baden.) By displacement by cold water.

_Obs._ Bitter, stomachic, tonic, and vermifuge.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 20 gr., 2 or 3 times daily; in dyspepsia, loss of appetite, gout, &c. It is usual to add a few drops of the oil of wormwood to the extract before taking it from the pan.

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM ABSINTHII ALCOHOLICUM, L.--Guibourt.) From a tincture prepared from the dried tops of wormwood boiled in proof spirit. More active than the last.

=Extract of Yew.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TAXI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Loder.) From the inspissated juice of the fresh leaves of the yew (_Taxus baccata_). Its action on the circulation greatly resembles that of digitalis, but is more manageable.--_Dose_, 1 to 7 gr.; in epilepsy, &c.

2. (Alcoholic,--Ph. Baden.) From the dried leaves, as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Baden.

_Obs._ In addition to the preparations given above, there are many others which are often called 'EXTRACTS,' These may be grouped under the following heads:--

=Extracts, Concentra'ted.= _Syn._ RESINOIDS. Pharmaceutical preparations of more or less value, largely employed by the American physicians who style themselves 'ECLECTICS,' They are supposed to present in the most concentrated form the medicinal virtues of the plants from which they are derived. See RESINOIDS.

=Extracts, Fluid.= _Syn._ EXTRACTA FLUIDA, EXTRACTA LIQUIDA, L. This name has been applied in modern pharmacy to various preparations differing materially from each other in their degree of fluidity and concentration. Some of these have been already noticed, and others will be found under one or other of their synonyms. Much confusion would be avoided by confining the name 'FLUID EXTRACT' to those preparations only which differ from the ordinary officinal extracts in being in the liquid form; whilst others of a like character, but of less consistence or concentration, might be conveniently classed under the general denomination of 'LIQUORS' (LIQUORES, L.). The various condensed preparations of vegetable substances, now common in trade, professedly several times stronger than the common DECOCTIONS, INFUSIONS, and TINCTURES, might be simply and advantageously distinguished by the addition of 'CONCENTRATED' to their names. Tinctures made with rectified spirit, and of (say) at least 8 times the usual strength, might be appropriately termed 'ESSENCES,' See DECOCTION, ESSENCE, EXTRACT, INFUSION, OLEO-RESIN, SYRUP, TINCTURE, &c.

=Extracts, Perfu'matory.= See EXTRAIT.

=Extracts, Pulver'ulent.= _Syn._ DRIED EXTRACTS, DESICCATED E.; SACCHARATED E.; EXTRACTA PULVERATA, E. SICCA, E. CUM SACCHARO, L. _Prep._ 1. Ordinary soft extract of the drug, 4 parts; white sugar (in powder), 1 part; mix, and dry by exposure in a warm situation; lastly, reduce the mass to powder, and if it weighs less than 4 parts, triturate it with more powdered sugar until its weight is equal to the original weight of the extract used in its preparation. The strength of the extract thus continues unchanged.

2. (Ph. Bor.) As the last, but using powdered sugar of milk, in lieu of cane sugar.

3. (Gauger.) Alcoholic extract, 3 parts, rectified spirit, 1 part, are triturated together in a porcelain mortar until thoroughly incorporated, when white sugar (in powder), 15 oz., is gradually added, and the two carefully and completely blended together; the mixture is dried as before, and more sugar added until the whole weighs exactly 18 oz. Six grains represent one grain of the unprepared extract.

_Obs._ The above are admirable preparations, intended chiefly to render the perishable extracts of the narcotic plants (EXTRACTA NARCOTICA) less liable to suffer by age. See EXTRACT OF ACONITE (Saccharated), &c.

=EXTRAC'TIVE.= _Syn._ EXTRACTIVE PRINCIPLE. Fourcroy entertained the belief that all vegetable extracts contained a common basis of definite composition, to which he gave the name of _extractive_. Chevreul and other chemists have shown, however, that Fourcroy's _extractive_ is not a chemical compound but a heterogeneous mixture, varying in composition with the plant from which it is obtained. Extractive has a brown colour, or one becoming so in the air; it speedily putrefies, and becomes oxidised, and is rendered insoluble by long exposure to air, and by repeated solutions and evaporations. In its unaltered state it is soluble in water and in alcohol, is nearly insoluble in ether, and is precipitated from its solutions by the acids and metallic oxides. With alumina it forms the basis of several brown dyes.

=EXTRAIT.= [Fr.] Literally an extract. Among perfumers, extraits are mostly spirituous solutions of the essential oils or odorous principles of plants and other fragrant substance. The French commonly apply the term to any concentrated spirit, either simple or compound. In the shops of the Parisian perfumers upwards of 60 preparations of the kind are distinguished by this name. The extracts of JASMINE, JONQUIL, MAY-LILY, ORANGE BLOSSOMS, VIOLETS, and other like flowers of delicate perfume, are obtained by agitating and digesting the 'huiles' and 'pomades' of the flowers with the purest rectified spirit in the manner described under SCENTED SPIRITS ('esprits'). This process is repeated with fresh oil or pomade until the spirit is rendered sufficiently fragrant. The other extracts (both simple and compound) are made by the common methods of infusion and distillation. See ESSENCE, EXTRACT, SPIRIT, &c.

=EYE.= In _anatomy_ and _physiology_, the organ of vision. In order that vision may be distinct, it is necessary that the pencil of rays diverging from each point of the object and entering the pupil should converge to a focus on the retina. Near-sightedness ('MYOPIA,' L.) is due to the too great convexity of either the 'lens' or 'cornea,' causing the rays to converge to a focus before reaching the retina. The spectacles worn by myopic persons have concave glasses, which, by increasing the divergence of the rays falling upon the eye, have the effect of carrying back each focal point towards the retina. In the long sight of old people ('PRESBYOPIA,' L.) the foci of the refracted pencils are situated behind the retina, the 'lens' or the 'cornea' being not sufficiently convex. This defect is corrected by convex glasses, which increase the convergence of the incident rays.

_Foreign Bodies in the Eye._--Particles of dust, small insects, hairs, and such like minute bodies frequently get under the eyelid, and thus become a source of considerable discomfort, and very frequently of great pain. Hence the necessity of their prompt removal. In order to effect this the inside of the lids should be so exposed as to reveal the intruding substance. The lower lid may be easily turned down so as to show the inner surface, but the upper lid cannot be so easily manipulated. The end, however, may be attained by taking firm hold of the lid with the finger and thumb, drawing it downward and forward, placing a quill or a small pencil-case on the outer upper part, and turning the lid backwards over it. When the annoying particle is seen it should be removed by gently drawing over it, with a wiping motion, a piece of rag or linen handkerchief, wrapped round the finger, or by means of a camel-hair brush, if this latter be at hand.

If these means fail to remove it, and it should be imbedded too firmly in the membrane, it may be picked off with a tooth-pick, the end of a pair of tweezers, a fine ivory paper-knife, or with a stiff hair from a clothes-brush bent at right angles. If lime-dust has blown into the eye it is only the larger particles that can be removed in this manner; the finer particles may be dissolved out by washing the eye with a lotion made of one part of common vinegar and two parts of water. A drop or two of pure sugar syrup will also frequently dissolve the lime. When a powerfully destructive substance, such, for instance, as sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, is, as sometimes happens, thrown by some person into the eye, the best course is to wash it out with a solution containing four grains of washing soda in an ounce of water. This should be done as quickly as possible, and pending the time the soda lotion is being got ready, the eye, being kept open, should be diligently washed with cold water. Grains of gunpowder should be carefully removed. Hot fluid, such as melted fat or pitch, may be got rid of by putting into the eye a few drops of almond or olive oil.

Upon removal of the foreign body the pain generally subsides; but it sometimes happens that the membranes may be lacerated, in which case more or less inflammation may ensue. Under these circumstances a medical practitioner should be consulted. For _animals_ the same treatment may be followed. See BLINDNESS, COLOUR BLINDNESS, VISION, &c.

=Eye Balsam=, Vegetable (Martin Reichel, Würzburg). Opium, 5 parts; oxide of mercury, 5 parts; camphor, 2 parts; wax cerate, 52 parts. (Hager.)

=Eye Drops.= See WATER (Eye).

=Eye Essence= (Dr Romershausen). A tincture prepared from fennel seeds and fresh young fennel. (Hager.)

=Eye Powder= (Laeyson, Paris), also known as Odorous Powder. For the strengthening, restoration, and preservation of the sight. A powder composed of--Burnt chalk, 100 parts; ammonia, 50 parts; charcoal, 6 parts; oxide of iron, 2 parts; cinnamon bark, 2 parts. (P. L. Geiger.)

=Eye Pow'ders.= See COLLYRIA.

=Eye Salt.= Powdered alum. (G. Graefe.)

=Eye Salve.= See OINTMENT (Eye).

=Eye Snuff.= See SNUFF.

=Eye Water= (Biedermann, Annaberg). 2 grms. sulphate of zinc in 60 grms. distilled water, with a little infusion of cloves.

=Eye Water= (Brun) is a solution of 4 parts of aloes in 32 parts of white wine, with 32 parts of rose water, and 1-1/2 part of tincture of saffron.

=Eye Water= (Chantomelanus) "makes spectacles superfluous." A turbid yellow-brownish liquid, consisting of a weak extract of lavender flowers in diluted spirit, in which some oil of lavender has also been dissolved. (Opwyrda.)

=Eye Water, Dr Graefe's= (L. Roth, Berlin). Sulphate of zinc, 1·5 grms.; fennel water, 100 grms., slightly coloured with fennel seed tincture. (Schädler.)

=Eye Water= (J. P. H. Hette). A solution of ethereal oils of lavender, bergamot, rosemary, and tincture of opium in spirits of wine, 50 per cent. (Wittstein.)

=Eye Water= (Bernhard Kraft, Calbe) for acute inflammation of the eyes and for strengthening the sight. Seven grammes of an impure muddy sediment-leaving spring water containing half a gramme of native sulphate of zinc containing iron. (Schädler.)

=Eye Water= (Inspector Stroinski, Neisse). One part of sulphate of zinc dissolved in 500 parts of common river water. (Schreiber.)

Once a trace of patchouli perfume was added to this water. (Hager.)

=Eye Water, Dr White's= (T. Ehrhard, Altenfeld, Thuringia). Four cloves, a piece of cinnamon the size of a large pea, 2 teaspoonfuls of rose water, 1 drop of vinegar, 10 drops of arnica tincture. Digest for an hour and filter. Dissolve in the filtrate some white vitriol of the size of a pea. (Hager.)

Sulphate of zinc, 3 parts; honey, 4 parts; water, 80 parts; perfumed with oil of cloves and a trace of mustard oil. (Wittstein.)

=Eye Waters.= See WATER.

=FACE A'GUE.= The common name for the intermittent form of facial NEURALGIA or TIC DOULOUREUX. See NEURALGIA.

=FACE PAINTS.= _Syn._ FARDS, Fr. See BLOOM, CARMINE, PEARL WHITE, ROUGE, &c.

=FAC-SIM'ILE.= An exact imitation of an original in all its traits and peculiarities. The term is chiefly used in relation to copies of old manuscripts, or of the handwriting of famous men, or of interesting documents, produced by engraving or lithography. See SIGNATURES.

=FACTI''TIOUS.= _Syn._ FACTITIUS, L. Artificial; made by art, in distinction from that produced by nature. Numerous illustrations of the application of this word occur in the pages of the present work.

=FÆCES.= Excrement. In the _laboratory_, the 'settling' or sediment deposited by a liquor. See DEFECATION, EXCRETA.

=FAINT'ING.= _Syn._ SWOONING; SYNCOPE, DELIQUIUM ANIMI, L. In _pathology_, a state in which the respiration and circulation are apparently suspended for a time, or are extremely feeble. The symptoms are too well known to require description. The causes are supposed to be--diminished energy of the brain, and organic affections of the heart or neighbouring vessels. This has led nosologists to divide syncope into two varieties:--

1. _Occasional_ (SYNCOPE OCCASIONALIS, S. ACCIDENTALIS, L.), primitively induced by sudden and violent emotions of the mind, powerful odours, derangement of the stomach or bowels, constrained position of the body, tight-lacing, pressure, loss of blood, debility from disease, &c. This variety is frequently followed by vomiting, and, occasionally, by convulsions or epileptic fits. The recovery is accelerated by the horizontal position, without the head being the least elevated, by which the arterial blood is more vigorously thrown upon the brain, and thereby stimulates it to resume its usual functions. Pungent substances (smelling-bottle, vinaigrette, &c.) may be applied to the nostrils, and cold water sprinkled on the face and chest. In all cases the dress (corset, waist-band, neck-cloth, &c.) should be instantly loosened, and indeed this is the first assistance which should be given, either in syncope or apoplexy. As soon as the patient can swallow, a little brandy-and-water, or wine, or a few drops of ether or spirit of sal volatile, may be given.

2. _Cardiac_ (SYNCOPE CARDIACA, L.), arising without any apparent cause, with violent palpitation during the intervals, and altogether of a more formidable character than the preceding. The subsequent treatment must here be directed to the cure or alleviation of the original disease.

=FAINTS.= The first and last runnings of the whiskey-still. The one is technically termed the 'strong faints,' the other, the 'weak faints.' They are both purified by rectification, &c. See DISTILLATION.

=FAITH.= Dr Pereira remarks, that "faith in the beneficial agency of remedies, and confidence in the skill of the medical attendant, are important adjuvants in the treatment of disease. To them both the physician and empiric owe part of their success."

=FAL'LING SICK'NESS.= See EPILEPSY.

=FAMILIENSALBE=, Family Ointment (Göring). 16 grammes of a hard yellow salve in a round box; a mixture of 9 parts wax, 3 parts fat; 2 parts turpentine, 2 parts inspissated juice of _Ornithogalium scilloides_ Jacquin, or _O. candatum_ Aiton. These plants are known to the public as Meerzwiebel (sea onion or squill), but they are only related to that plant in appearance. (Hager.)

=FAR'CY.= See GLANDERS.