Chapter IV: Of Provincial and Communal Institutions (13)

1540.
Marriage and divorce of Anne of Cleves by Henry VIII.
and his marriage to Catherine Howard.
Submission of Ghent to the Emperor, annulling of its
charter and removal of the great bell Roland.
Death of John Zapolya, king of Hungary, and support given
by the Turkish sultan to the claims of his son, against
Ferdinand (now emperor).
Expedition of Coronado from Mexico into New Mexico,
seeking the "Seven Cities of Cibola."
Papal sanction of the Society of Jesus,
founded by Ignatius Loyola.
First known Printing done in America (in Mexico).

1541.
Disastrous expedition of Charles V. against Algiers.
Buda occupied by the Turks, becoming the seat of a pasha
who ruled the greater part of Hungary.
Assassination of Pizarro.
Third and last voyage of Cartier to the St. Lawrence.

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1542.
Execution of Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII.
Death of Hernando de Soto on the shores of the Mississippi.
Renewed war between Charles V. and Francis I.
Alliance of the latter with the Turks, who ravaged the
coasts of Italy.
Organization of Calvin's religious state in Geneva.
Mission of Saint Francis Xavier to Goa.
War of the Scots and English;
Scottish panic at Solway Firth;
death of James V.;
birth of Mary Stuart.
Promulgation of the "New Laws" of Charles V., prohibiting
the enslavement of Indians in America.

1543.
Marriage of Henry VIII. to Catherine Parr.

1544.
Victory of the French at Cerisoles over the Imperialists;
treaty of Crespy, terminating the war.
Birth of Torquato Tasso (d. 1595).

1545.
Assembling of the Council of Trent (called in 1542).

1546.
Massacre of Waldenses in southeastern France.
Death of Luther.
Treaty of the Emperor Charles V. with the Pope,
binding the former to make war on the Protestants of Germany.
Murder of Cardinal Beatoun in Scotland.
Birth of Tycho Brahe (d. 1601).

1547.
Death of Henry VIII. and accession of Edward VI., in England;
repeal of the Six Articles and completion of the
English Reformation.
Death of Francis I. king of France,
and accession of Henry II.
Defeat of the Elector of Saxony by the Emperor,
at the battle of Muhlberg;
his imprisonment and deposition;
bestowal of the Electorate of Saxony on Duke Maurice of Saxony.
The Interim of Augsburg.
Marriage of Jeanne d'Albret, heiress to the crown of
Navarre, to Antoine de Bourbon.
Assumption of the title of Czar, or Tzar, by the Grand
Prince of Moscow, Ivan IV., called the Terrible.
Siege of the Castle of St. Andrew's in Scotland;
captivity and condemnation of John Knox to the French galleys.
Birth of Cervantes (d. 1616).

1549.
Mission of Xavier to Japan.
Election of Pope Julius III.
Publication of the English Book of Common Prayer
(First Book of Edward VI).

1550.
Promulgation of the most infamous of the edicts of
Charles V. against heresy in the Netherlands.
Election of Pope Julius III.
Birth of Coke (d. 1634).

1551.
Alliance of the French king, Henry II.,
with the Protestants of Germany.
Narrow escape of the Emperor Charles V. from capture by
Maurice of Saxony.

1552.
French seizure of Les Trois Évéchés, Metz, Toul and Verdun.
Treaty of Passau between the Emperor and
the German Protestants.
Unsuccessful efforts of the Emperor to recover
Metz from the French.
Ravages of the Turks on the coast of Italy and blockade of
Naples by their galleys.
Birth of Sir Walter Raleigh (d. 1618).
Birth of Paolo Sarpi (d. 1623).
Birth of Spenser [Uncertain date] (d. 1599 [Uncertain date]).

1553.
Death of Edward VI. and accession of Queen Mary, in England;
unsuccessful attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne.
Battle of Sievershausen in Germany and death of Maurice
of Saxony;
religious Peace of Augsburg, giving religious supremacy to
each German prince in his own dominions.

1554.
Wyat's insurrection in England;
execution of Lady Jane Grey;
marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain.
Birth of Sir Philip Sidney (d. 1586).

1555.
Beginning of Queen Mary's persecution of
Protestants in England;
burning of Rogers, Latimer and Ridley.
Return of John Knox to Scotland.
First act of the abdication of the Emperor, Charles V.,
performed in Brussels;
accession of his son Philip in the Netherlands.
Election of Pope Paul IV. (Cardinal Caraffa).

1556.
Burning of Cranmer in England.
Unsuccessful expedition of the duke of Guise against Naples.
Completed abdication of all his crowns by Charles V.;
succession of his son Philip II. in Spain, Naples and Milan;
succession of his brother, Ferdinand I.,
to the imperial throne.
Second Mongol victory at Panipat, by Akbar, founder of the
Mongol or Mogul empire in India.

1557.
Battle and siege of St. Quentin, with success for the
Spaniards, invading France.
Signing of the first Scottish Covenant by the Lords
of the Congregation.

1558.
Recovery of Calais by the French from the English.
Death of Queen Mary and accession of Queen Elizabeth,
in England.
Marriage of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, to the French
dauphin, afterwards Francis II.

1559. Passage of the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity in England.
Treaties of Cateau Cambresis, restoring peace between
France, Spain and England.
Death of Henry II., king of France,
and accession of Francis II.;
dominating influence of the Guises in France.
Institution of the Papal Index of prohibited books.
Election of Pope Pius IV.

1560.
Huguenot Conspiracy of Amboise, in France;
death of Francis II. and accession of Charles IX., under
the controlling influence of Catherine de' Medici.
Death of Melancthon.
Election of Pope Pius V.
Successful rebellion of the Scottish Lords
of the Congregation;
adoption in Scotland of the Geneva Confession of Faith.
Printing of the Geneva Bible.
Birth of the Duke of Sully (d. 1641).

1561.
Return of Queen Mary Stuart from France to Scotland.
Birth of Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam (d. 1626).

1562.
First slave-trading voyage of John Hawkins.
First attempt of Coligny to found a Huguenot colony in Florida.
Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy, beginning the
War of Religion in France;
capture of Orleans by Condé for the Huguenots;
battle of Dreux.
Birth of Lope de Vega (d. 1635).

1563.
Assassination of the Duke of Guise while besieging Orleans;
treaty and Edict of Amboise, restoring peace between
Catholics and Huguenots in France.
Closing of the Council of Trent.
Publication of Foxe's "Book of Martyrs."

1564.
Huguenot colony settled on the St. John's river in Florida.
Death of the Emperor, Ferdinand I., and accession of his
son Maximilian II., the tolerant emperor.
Birth of Shakespeare (d. 1616).
Birth of Marlowe (d. 1593).
Birth of Galileo (d. 1642).

1565.
Destruction of the Huguenot colony in Florida
by the Spaniards;
Spanish settlement of St. Augustine.
Great defense of Malta against the Turks by the
Knights of St. John.
Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to Lord Darnley.

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1566.
Beginning of organized resistance to Philip II. in the
Netherlands by the signing of "The Compromise" and
formation of the league of the Gueux, or Beggars;
rioting of image-breakers in Flemish cities.
Sack of Moscow by the Crim Tatars.
Murder of Rizzio, secretary to the queen of Scots.
Publication of Udall's "Ralph Royster Doyster," the first
printed English comedy.

1567.
Renewal of the religious civil war in France;
battle of St. Denis, before Paris, in which the Constable
Montmorency was slain.
Peace in Hungary with the Turks, and between the Emperor
and Zapolya, rival claimants of the crown.
Arrival of the duke of Alva, with his army,
in the Netherlands;
arrest of Egmont and Horn, and retirement of the Prince
of Orange into Germany.
Creation of Alva's Council of Blood.
Murder of Lord Darnley, husband of the queen of Scots;
marriage of the queen to Earl Bothwell;
rising of the Scottish barons, imprisonment and deposition
of the queen, and accession of her son, James VI.
Birth of Saint Francis de Sales (d. 1622).

1568.
Treacherous Peace of Longjumeau and gathering of Huguenots
at Rochelle, joined there by Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre.
Decree of the Inquisition condemning the whole population
of the Netherlands to death;
opening of war against the Spaniards by the Prince of Orange.
Escape of Mary, queen of Scots, to England.
Printing of the Bishop's Bible in England.

1569.
Creation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the
sovereignty of the Medici.
Defeat of the French Huguenots at Jarnac and murder of Condé;
choice of young Henry of Navarre for the Huguenot command;
second Huguenot defeat at Moncontour.

1570.
Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between the warring
religions in France.
Assassination of the regent, Murray, in Scotland, and
outbreak of civil war.
Publication of Ascham's "Scholemaster."

1571.
Holy League of Venice, Spain and the Pope against the Turks;
Turkish conquest of Cyprus;
sea-fight of Lepanto and defeat of the Turks by
Don John of Austria.
Death of Zapolya in Hungary.
The Thirty-nine Articles of the English Church made
binding on the clergy.
Birth of Kepler (d. 1630).

1572.
Marriage of Henry of Navarre to Margaret of Valois;
massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in France;
death of Jeanne d'Albret;
submission of Henry of Navarre and the young Prince of
Condé to the Catholic Church.
Election to the Hungarian throne of Rudolph, eldest
son of the Emperor Maximilian.
Capture of Brill by the "Beggars of the Sea," and rapid
expulsion of the Spaniards from Holland and Zealand.
Election of Pope Gregory XIII.
Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland.

1573.
Siege of the Huguenots gathered in Rochelle,
followed by the Peace of Rochelle.
Election of Henry of Valois, duke of Anjou,
to the throne of Poland.
Spanish siege and capture of Haarlem.
Retirement of Alva from the Spanish command in the
Netherlands and appointment of Requesens.
Publication of Tusser's
"Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry."

1574.
Death of Charles IX. of France and accession of his
brother, Henry III. (the lately crowned king of Poland).
Siege and relief of Leyden, commemorated by the founding
of the University.
Birth of Ben Jonson (d. 1637).

1575.
Election of Rudolph, the Emperor's son,
to the throne of Bohemia, and, as King of the Romans,
to the imperial succession.
Election of Stephen Batory to the throne of Poland.
Offer of the sovereignty of the Netherlands to Queen
Elizabeth of England.

1576.
Escape of Henry of Navarre from the French court and
return to the Huguenots and their faith;
negotiation of the Peace of Monsieur;
rise of the Catholic League in France.
Death of the Emperor, Maximilian II., and accession of
his son Rudolph.
Death of Requesens;
the "Spanish Fury" at Antwerp and elsewhere;
union of the Protestant and Catholic provinces of the
Netherlands by the treaties called the Pacification of
Ghent and the Union of Brussels;
appointment of Don John of Austria to the Spanish
government of the Netherlands.
Birth of St. Vincent de Paul (d. 1660).

1577.
The sailing of Sir Francis Drake on his voyage which
encompassed the world.
Renewed war and renewed peace between the religious
factions in France.
Publication, in England, of Holinshed's "Chronicle."
Birth of Rubens (d. 1640).

1578.
Death of Don John of Austria and appointment of Alexander
Farnese, of Parma, Spanish governor of the Netherlands.

1579.
Treaty of Nerac arranged by Catherine de' Medici with
Henry of Navarre.
Constitution of the United Provinces or Dutch Republic
by the Union of Utrecht;
submission of the Walloon provinces of the Netherlands
to the Spanish king.

1580.
Final founding of the city of Buenos Ayres.
Jesuit mission dispatched to England from the continent.
Protestant persecution of Jesuits and Seminary priests
in England.
War of the Lovers, reopening the civil conflict in France;
suspended by the Treaty of Fleix.
Outlawry of the Prince of Orange by Philip II. of Spain,
inviting his assassination.
Seizure of the crown of Portugal by Philip II. of Spain.
Publication of the first two books of Montaigne's Essays.

1581.
Formal declaration of independence by the Dutch provinces
of the Netherlands.
The Second Covenant, or first National Covenant, in Scotland.
Publication of Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata."

1582.
Sovereignty of Brabant and other Netherland provinces
conferred on the French duke of Anjou.
Raid of Ruthven and confinement of King James, in Scotland.
Founding of the University of Edinburgh.

1583.
Colonizing expedition of Sir Humphrey Gilbert to
Newfoundland, returning from which he perished.
Treacherous attempt of Anjou to seize Antwerp.
Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in most Catholic
countries of Europe.
Birth of Grotius (d. 1645).
Birth of Oxenstiern (d. 1654).
Birth of Wallenstein (d. 1634).

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1584.
Assassination of the Prince of Orange by instigation of
Philip II. of Spain.

1585.
First colonizing attempt of Sir Walter Raleigh in America,
at Roanoke.
Alliance of the Catholic League of France with Philip II.
of Spain, and renewal of war with the Huguenots;
the War of the Three Henrys.
Siege and capture of Antwerp by Parma.
Practical recovery of Flanders and Brabant by the Spaniards.
Arrival of the Earl of Leicester in the Netherlands with
delusive aid from England.
Election of Pope Sixtus V.
Birth of Cardinal Richelieu (d. 1642).

1586.
Battle of Zutphen in the Netherlands and death of
Sir Philip Sidney.
Beginning of the reign in Persia of Shah Abbass,
called the Great.
Election of Sigismund of Sweden to the Polish throne.
Publication of Camden's "Britannia."

1587.
Second colony planted by Raleigh on Roanoke island.
Execution of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, in England.
Defeat of the Catholic League by Henry of Navarre at Coutras.

1588.
Destruction of the Spanish Armada.
Insurrection in Paris in favor of the duke of Guise;
escape of the king (Henry III.) from Paris;
assassination of the duke of Guise at Blois by
order of the king;
alliance of Henry III. with Henry of Navarre
against the League.
Birth of Hobbes (d. 1679).

1589.
Death of Catherine de' Medici;
siege of Paris by Henry III. and Henry of Navarre;
assassination of Henry III., the last of the Valois,
leaving Henry of Navarre (first of the Bourbons)
the nearest heir to the French crown.
Publication of the first volume of Hakluyt's
"Voyages and Discoveries. "

1590.
Continued war of the League, in France,
against Henry of Navarre;
his victory at Ivry and siege of Paris;
summons of the duke of Parma from the Netherlands to
save Paris from Henry.
Publication of the first three books of Spenser's
"Faerie Queene," Sidney's "Arcadia," and part of
Marlowe's "Tamburlane."

1591.
Siege of Rouen by Henry of Navarre and second interference
by the Spaniards in aid of the League.
Death of the duke of Parma.

1592.
Election of Pope Clement VIII.
Birth of Sir John Eliot [Uncertain date] (d. 1632).

1593.
Abjuration of the Protestant religion by Henry of Navarre.
Publication of Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis."

1594.
Coronation of Henry of Navarre as Henry IV.,
king of France, and his reception in Paris.
Publication of four books of Hooker's" Ecclesiastical
Polity" and Shakespeare's "Lucrece."

1595.
Expulsion of Jesuits from Paris.
War of the French king with Spain.
First expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh in
search of El Dorado.

1596.
Frightful defeat of the Austrians and Transylvanians
by the Turks, on the plain of Cerestes, in Hungary.
Capture of Cadiz by the Dutch and English.
Birth of Descartes (d. 1650).

1597.
Abolition of the privileges of the Hansa
merchants in England.
Irish rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.
Annexation of Ferrara to the States of the Church.
Publication of Bacon's Essays, also of a pirated copy of
Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," and of the first editions
of "King Richard II." and "King Richard III."

1598.
The Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV., of France,
securing religious freedom to the Huguenots;
peace with Spain by the Treaty of Vervins.
Publication of Shakespeare's" Love's Labor Lost,"
of Stowe's" Survey of London," and of Drayton's "England's
Heroical Epistles."

1599.
Birth of Oliver Cromwell (d. 1658).
Birth of Van Dyck (d. 1641).
Birth of Velasquez (d. 1660).

1600.
First charter granted to the English East India companies.
Gowrie Plot in Scotland.
Publication of Shakespeare's "King Henry V."
(pirated and imperfect), "King Henry IV.," part 2,
"Much Ado about Nothing," "Midsummer Night's Dream," and
"Merchant of Venice."
Death of Giordano Bruno at the stake.
Birth of Calderon de la Barca (d. 1683 [Uncertain date]).
Birth of Claude Lorraine (d. 1682).

Seventeenth Century.

1601.
Suppression of the rebellion in Ireland.
Enactment of the first English Poor Law.

1602.
Chartering of the Dutch East India Company.
Beginning of the long imprisonment of Sir Walter Raleigh
in the Tower on charge of treason.
First acting of Shakespeare's "Hamlet."
Founding of the Bodleian Library.
Birth of Cardinal Mazarin (d. 1661).

1603.
Death of Queen Elizabeth of England and accession of
the Scottish king, James I. of England and VI. of Scotland.
First publication of "Hamlet."

1604.
Founding of a French colony at Port Royal in Acadia
(Nova Scotia).
The Hampton Court Conference of King James with the
English Puritans.

1605.
Gunpowder plot of English Catholics against
King and Parliament.
Election of Pope Paul V.
Death of Akbar, founder of the Mogul empire in India,
and accession of Jahangir.
Publication of Bacon's "Advancement of Learning,"
and part 1 of Cervantes' "Don Quixote."

1606.
Charter granted by King James I. of England to the London
and Plymouth companies, for American colonization.
Venice placed under interdict by the Pope;
beginning of the public service of Fra Paolo Sarpi.
Peace of Sitvatorok, ending the war with the Turks in Hungary.
Deposition of the Emperor Rudolph from the headship of the
House of Austria, by a family conclave, in favor of his
brother Matthias.
Surrender of Austria and Hungary to Matthias by Rudolph.
Organization of the Independent church of Brownists at
Scrooby, England.
Birth of Corneille (d. 1684).
Birth of Rembrandt (d. 1669).

1607.
Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia.
Migration of the Independents of Scrooby to Holland.
Birth of Roger Williams [Uncertain date] (d. 1683).

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1608.
Formation of the Evangelical Union among the
Protestant princes of Germany.
First French settlement, by Champlain, at Quebec.
Publication of Shakespeare's "King Lear."
Birth of Milton (d. 1674).
Birth of Thomas Fuller (d. 1661).
Birth of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (d. 1674).

1609.
Discovery of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson.
Arrangement of a twelve years truce between Spain and
the United Provinces.
Final expulsion of the Moriscoes from Spain.
Opening of the Julich-Cleve contest in Germany.
Settlement of the exiled Pilgrims of Scrooby at Leyden.
Publication of the Douay translation of the Bible.
The royal charter called the Letter of Majesty granted to
Bohemia by Rudolph.
Founding of the Bank of Amsterdam.
Discovery by Champlain of the lake which bears his name.
Construction of the telescope by Galileo and discovery
of Jupiter's moons. [Uncertain date]

1610.
Assassination of Henry IV. of France and accession of
Louis XIII., under the regency of Marie de Medici.
Formation of the Catholic League in Germany.
Beginning of trade with the Indians on the Hudson
by the Dutch.
First acting of Shakespeare's "Macbeth";
publication of twelve books of Chapman's translation
of the Iliad.

1611.
Founding of Montreal by Champlain.
Death of Charles IX., king of Sweden, and accession
of Gustavus Adolphus.
Publication in England of the King James or
Authorized version of the Bible.
Plantation of Ulster by English courtiers and London
livery companies.
Birth of Turenne (d. 1675).

1612.
Death of the Emperor Rudolph and coronation of Matthias.
Birth of Samuel Butler (d. 1680).

1613.
Destruction of the French colony at Port Royal, Acadia,
by Argall of Virginia.
Election to the throne of Russia of Michael Romanoff,
founder of the reigning dynasty.
Birth of Jeremy Taylor (d. 1667).
Birth of Gerard Dow (d. 1680 [Uncertain date]).

1614.
Last meeting of the States General of France
before the Revolution.
Beginning of the extermination of Christianity in Japan.
Publication of Raleigh's "History of the World."
Birth of Cardinal de Retz (d. 1679).

1615.
Visit of the first English ambassador to the court of
the Great Mogul.
Appearance at Frankfort-on-the-Main of the first known
weekly newspaper, regularly printed and published.
Birth of Salvator Rosa (d. 1673).

1616.
Opening of war between Sweden and Poland.
Death of Shakespeare and Cervantes.

1617.
Election of Ferdinand, duke of Styria, to the thrones
of Bohemia and Hungary.
Cession of territory on the Baltic to Sweden by Russia.
Second expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh
in search of El Dorado.
Opening of the famous reunions at the Hotel de Rambouillet.

1618.
Rising of Protestants in Bohemia,
beginning the Thirty Years War.
Union of Prussia with the electorate of Brandenburg.
Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh.
Adoption of the Five Articles of Perth by the Assembly
of the Scottish Church.
Birth of Murillo (d. 1682).

1619.
Death of the Emperor Matthias, and succession in the
Empire of his cousin, Ferdinand II., already for several
years his imperial colleague, and also king of
Bohemia and Hungary.
Deposition of Ferdinand in Bohemia and election of
Frederick, elector palatine, to the Bohemian throne.
Meeting of the Synod of Dort and condemnation of
Arminianism in the United Provinces.
Trial and execution of John of Barneveldt.
Introduction of slavery in Virginia.
Birth of Colbert (d. 1683).

1620.
Decisive defeat of the Protestants of Bohemia in the battle
of the White Mountain, and flight of Frederick,
the newly elected king.
Annexation of Navarre and Bearn to France.
Rising of the French Huguenots at Rochelle.
Final migration of the Pilgrims from Leyden to America,
landing at Plymouth in New England.
Incorporation by King James I. of England of the Council
for New England, successor to the Plymouth Company of 1606.
Publication of Bacon's "Novum Organum."

1621.
The Elector Palatine under the ban of the Empire.
Invasion and subjugation of the Palatinate.
Dissolution of the Evangelical Union.
Peace of Montauban between the French king and the Huguenots.
Renewed war of the United Provinces with Spain.
Grant of Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander.
Formation of the Dutch West India Company.
The first Thanksgiving Day in New England.

1622.
Founding of the College of the Propaganda at Rome.
Grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason
of a province embracing parts of New Hampshire and Maine.
Appearance of the first known printed newspaper in
England—"The Weekly Newes."
Birth of Molière (d. 1673).

1623.
Conquest and transfer of the Palatine electorate to
Maximilian, duke of Bavaria.
Erection of a fort on Manhattan Island by the Dutch West
India Company.
Publication of "The First Folio" edition of
Shakespeare's plays.
Birth of Pascal (d. 1662).

1624.
Alliance of England, Holland and Denmark, to support
the Protestants of Germany.
Beginning of Richelieu's ministry, in France.
Birth of George Fox (d. 1690).

1625.
First Jesuit mission to Canada.
Death of James I. of England, and accession of Charles I.
Beginning of the English struggle between
King and Parliament.
Opening of the Valtelline War by Richelieu, to expel the
Austrians and Spaniards from the Valtelline passes.
Fresh insurrection of the French Huguenots.
Engagement of Wallenstein and his army in the service of
the Emperor against the Protestants.

1626.
Peace of Monzon between France and Spain.
End of the Valtelline War.
Purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians by the Dutch
West India Company.

1627.
Seizure of a part of Brazil by the Dutch.
Death of the Mogul Emperor Jahangir and accession of
Shah Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, at Agra.
Alliance of England with the French Huguenots.
Siege of Rochelle by Richelieu.
Birth of Bossuet (d. 1704).

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1628.
Unsuccessful siege of Stralsund by Wallenstein.
Passage by the English Parliament of the act
called the Petition of Right.
Assassination of the duke of Buckingham.
Surrender of Rochelle to Richelieu.
Outbreak of the war of the Mantuan succession between
France, Spain, Savoy and the Emperor.
Publication of Harvey's discovery of the
circulation of the blood.
Birth of Bunyan (d. 1688).

1629.
The Emperor's Edict of Restitution, requiring the
Protestant princes of Germany to surrender sequestrated
church property.
Tumult in the English Parliament and forcible detention
of the Speaker;
dissolution by the king and arrest of Eliot and others.
Division of the grant made in New England to Gorges and
Mason, giving New Hampshire to the latter.
Introduction of the Patroon system in New Netherland
by the Dutch West India Company.
First conquest of Canada by the English.

1630.
Dismissal of Wallenstein by the Emperor.
Appearance in Germany of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden,
as the champion of Protestantism.
Settlement of the colony of Massachusetts Bay,
in New England, and founding of Boston.
The Day of the Dupes in France and triumph of Richelieu.

1631.
Siege, capture and sack of Magdeburg by the imperial
general, Tilly.
Treaty of Bärwalde between Gustavus Adolphus and
the king of France.
Defeat of Tilly on the Breitenfeld, at Leipzig,
by Gustavus Adolphus.
End of the war concerning Mantua.
Appearance of the first printed newspaper in France.
Birth of Dryden (d. 1700).

1632.
Defeat and death of Tilly, in battle with the
Swedish king on the Lech.
Victory and death of Gustavus Adolphus in battle with
Wallenstein at Lützen;
accession in Sweden of Queen Christina;
Chancellor Oxenstiern invested with the supreme direction
of Swedish affairs in Germany.
Patent to Lord Baltimore by James I., king of England,
granting him as a palatine principality the territory in
America called Maryland.
Restoration of Canada and Nova Scotia by England to France.
First Jesuit mission to Canada.
Birth of John Locke (d. 1704).
Birth of Spinoza (d. 1677).
Birth of Bourdaloue (d. 1704).
Birth of Christopher Wren (d. 1723).

1633.
Union of Heilbronn formed by Oxenstiern, consolidating
Protestant interests.
Appointment of Wentworth to be Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.

1634.
Conspiracy against Wallenstein,
resulting in his assassination.
Defeat of the Swedish army in Germany, by imperialists and
Spaniards, at Nördlingen.
Terms of peace with the Emperor made by Saxony
and Brandenburg.
Levy of Ship-money in England.
Naming the town on Manhattan island New Amsterdam.
Acting of Milton's "Comus."

1635.
Active interference of Richelieu in the Thirty Years War.
Unsuccessful French expedition into Italy for
the expulsion of the Spaniards from Milan.
First settlements in the Connecticut valley.
Dissolution of the Council for New England and
partitioning of its territory.

1636.
Banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts, and his
founding of Providence.
Migration of the Newtown congregation from Massachusetts
to the Connecticut valley, founding Hartford.
Founding of Harvard College in Massachusetts.
Campaign of Duke Bernhard of Weimar in Alsace and Lorraine,
in the pay of France.
Success of the Swedish general, Baner, at Wittstock,
over Saxons and imperialists.
Birth of Boileau (d. 1711).

1687.
Death of the Emperor Ferdinand II. and accession of his
son Ferdinand III.
The Pequot War in New England.
Introduction of Land's Service-book in Scotland;
tumult in St. Giles' church.
Publication of Descartes' "Discours de la Méthode."

1638.
Planting of the Swedish colony on the Delaware
river in America.
Banishment of Anne Hutchinson from Massachusetts.
Settlement and naming of Rhode Island.
Opening of New Netherland to free colonization and trade.
Rising in Scotland against the Service-book;
organization of the Tables;
signing of the National Covenant.
Planting of New Haven colony in New England.
Turkish siege and capture of Bagdad and horrible massacre
of its people.

1639.
Adoption of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and the
Fundamental Agreement of New Haven.
Grant of Maine as a palatine principality to
Sir Ferdinando Gorges.
The First Bishops' War of the Scotch with King Charles I.
Birth of Racine (d. 1699).

1640.
Meeting of the Long Parliament in England.
English settlement of Madras in India.
Recovery of national independence by Portugal,
with the House of Braganza on the throne.
Extraordinary double siege of Turin.
Introduction in Europe of Peruvian bark (cinchona).

1641.
Impeachment and execution of Strafford and adoption
of the Grand Remonstrance by the English Parliament.
Catholic rising in Ireland and alleged massacres
of Protestants.

1642.
King Charles' attempt, in England, to arrest the
Five Members, and opening of the Civil War at Edgehill.
Conspiracy of Cinq Mars in France.
Death of Cardinal Richelieu.
Second battle of Breitenfeld in Germany,
won by the Swedes under Torstenson.
Birth of Sir Isaac Newton (d. 1727).

1643.
Confederation of the United Colonies of New England.
Meeting of the Westminster Assembly of Divines.
Subscription of the Solemn League and Covenant
between the Scotch and English nations.
Siege of Gloucester and first battle of Newbury.
Death of Louis XIII. of France and accession of Louis XIV.
under the regency of his mother, Anne of Austria, and the
ministry of Cardinal Mazarin.
Victory of the Duke d' Enghien (afterwards called
the Great Condé) over the Spaniards at Rocroi.
Alliance of Denmark with the Emperor and
disastrous war with Sweden.

1644.
Battles of Marston Moor and the second Newbury, and siege
of Lathom House, in the English civil war.
Charter granted to the colony of Providence Plantations.
Invention of the barometer by Torricelli.
Birth of William Penn (d. 1718).

1645.
Oliver Cromwell placed second in command of the English
Parliamentary army.
His victory at Naseby.
The storming of Bridgewater and Bristol.
Exploits of Montrose in Scotland.
Victory of Torstenson and the Swedes over the imperialists
at Jankowitz in Bohemia.
Defeat of the imperialists by the French near Allerheim.
Peace of Bromsebro between Sweden and Denmark.
Beginning of the War of Candia (Crete).

{3839}

1646.
Adoption of Presbyterianism by the English Parliament.
Surrender of King Charles to the Scottish army.
Capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards by
the French and Dutch.
Birth of Leibnitz (d. 1716).

1647.
Surrender of King Charles by the Scots to the English, his
imprisonment at Holdenby House and his seizure by the Army.
Insurrection of Masaniello at Naples.
Truce of the Elector of Bavaria with the Swedes and French.
Election of Ferdinand, son of the Emperor,
to the throne of Hungary.
Beginning of the administration of Peter Stuyvesant
in New Netherland.

1648.
The second Civil War in England.
Cromwell's victory at Preston.
Treaty of Newport with the king, Grand Army Remonstrance,
and Pride's Purge of Parliament, reducing it to "the Rump."
Conflict of the French crown with the Parliament of Paris,
and defeat of the crown.
Last campaigns of the Thirty Years War.
Peace of Westphalia;
cession of Alsace to France;
separation of Switzerland from the Empire;
division of the Palatinate;
acknowledgment of the independence of the United Provinces
by Spain.
Election of John Casimir king of Poland.

1649.
Trial and execution of King Charles I., of England,
and establishment of the Commonwealth.
Mutiny of the Levellers in the Parliamentary Army.
Campaign of Cromwell in Ireland.
First civil war of the Fronde in France,
ended by the treaty of Reuil.
Passage of the Act of Toleration in Maryland.

1650.
Charles II. in Scotland.
War between the English and the Scotch.
Victory of Cromwell at Dunbar.
The new Fronde in France, in alliance with Spain.
Its defeat by Mazarin at Rethel.
Suspension of the Stadtholdership in the United Provinces.
Publication of Baxter's "Saint's' Everlasting Rest," and
Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Living."
Birth of Marlborough (d. 1722).

1651.
Invasion of England by Charles II. and the Scots;
Cromwell's victory at Worcester;
complete conquest of Scotland.
Passage of the Navigation Act by the English Parliament.
Banishment of Mazarin from France and restoration of peace. Renewal of civil war by Condé.
Adoption of the Cambridge Platform in Massachusetts.
Beginning of the rule, in the United Provinces,
of John De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland.
Publication of Hobbes' "Leviathan," and Jeremy Taylor's
"Holy Dying."
Birth of Fenelon (d. 1715).

1652.
Victorious naval war of the English with the Dutch.
Battle of Porte St. Antoine, Paris,
between the armies of Condé and Turenne.
End of the Fronde, and departure of Conde to enter the
service of Spain.
Recovery of Dunkirk by the Spaniards.
Institution of the Liberum Veto in Poland.
Transfer of the allegiance of the Cossacks of the Ukraine
from Poland to Russia.
Legislation to restrict and diminish slavery in Rhode Island.
Settlement of a Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

1653.
Expulsion of "the Rump" by Cromwell, and establishment
of the Protectorate in England.
Adoption of the Instrument of Government.
Return of Mazarin to power in France.
The Cromwellian settlement of Ireland.
Concession of municipal government to
New Amsterdam (New York).
Establishment of a penny post in Paris by M. de Velayer.
Publication of Walton's "Complete Angler."

1654.
Incorporation of Scotland with the English Commonwealth,
under Cromwell.
Peace between the English and Dutch.
Conquest of Nova Scotia by the New England colonists.
Death of Ferdinand, king of Hungary,
and election of his brother Leopold.
Abdication of Queen Christina of Sweden;
accession of Charles X.

1655.
Conquest of the Swedish colony on the Delaware by
the Dutch of New Netherland.
Alliance of England and France against Spain.
English conquest of Jamaica from Spain.
Occurrence in the Russian Church of the great schism
called the Raskol.
Publication of the first of Pascal's" Provincial Letters."

1656.
Beginning of the Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts.

1657.
Death of the Emperor Ferdinand III.
Intrigues of Louis XIV. of France
to secure the imperial crown.

1658.
Siege and capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards and
possession given by the French to the English.
Death of Cromwell and succession of his son
Richard as Protector.
Election of Leopold I., son of the late emperor,
to the imperial throne.
Seizure of the Mogul throne in India by Aurungzebe.

1659.
Meeting of a new Parliament in England;
its dissolution;
resuscitation and re-expulsion of the Rump, and formation
of a provisional government by the Army.
Treaty of the Pyrenees between France and Spain,
and marriage of Louis XIV. to the Spanish infanta.
Production of Molière's "Les Précieuses Ridicules."

1660.
March of the English army under Monk from
Scotland to London.
Call of a new Parliament by Monk, and restoration of
the monarchy, in the person of Charles II.
Abrogation of the incorporated union with Scotland.
Renewed war of Austria with the Turks.
Closing of the schools of Port Royal through Jesuit influence.
Death of Charles X. of Sweden and accession of Charles XI.
Publication of Dryden's "Astræa Redux."

1661.
Restoration of the Church of England and passage of a new
Act of Uniformity, ejecting 2,000 nonconformist ministers.
Personal assumption of government by Louis XIV. in France.
Beginning of the ministry of Colbert.
Cession of Bombay by the Portuguese to the English.
Birth of Defoe (d. 1731).

1662.
Royal charter to Connecticut colony, annexing New Haven.
Sale of Dunkirk to France by Charles II.
Beginning of the attacks of the Mahrattas on the Mogul empire.
Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland and persecution of
the Covenanters.
Publication of Fuller's "Worthies of England."

1663.
Grant of the Carolinas by Charles II. of England to
Clarendon and others.
Erection of New France (Canada) into a royal province.
Publication of the first part of Butler's "Hudibras."
Birth of Prince Eugene of Savoy (d. 1736).

{3840}

1664.
Passage of the Conventicle Act in England, for suppression
of the nonconformists.
Seizure of New Netherland (henceforth New York) by the
English from the Dutch and grant of the province to the
duke of York.
Grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret,
by the duke of York.
War by France upon the piratical Barbary states.
Great defeat of the Turks by the Austrians and French,
in the battle of St. Gothard.
Publication of the first Tariff of Colbert, in France.

1665.
Passage of the Five Mile Act, in continued persecution of
the English nonconformists.
Outbreak of the great Plague in London.
Formal declarations of war between the English and the Dutch.

1666.
The great fire in London.
Tremendous naval battles between Dutch and English and
defeat of the former.
Production of Molière's "Le Misanthrope."

1667.
Ravages by a Dutch fleet in the Thames.
Peace treaties of Breda, between England, Holland,
France and Denmark.
War of Louis XIV., called the War of the Queen's Rights,
in the Spanish Netherlands.
Restoration of Nova Scotia to France.
Augmentation of Colbert's Protective Tariff in France.
Publication of Milton's "Paradise Lost,"
and Dryden's "Annus Mirabilis."
Production of Racine's "Andromaque."
Birth of Swift. (d. 1745).

1668.
Triple alliance of England, Holland and Sweden against France.
Abdication of John Casimir, king of Poland.
Birth of Vico (d. 1744).
Birth of Boerhaave (d. 1738).

1669.
First exploring journey of La Salle from
the St. Lawrence to the West.
Adoption of the fundamental constitutions framed by
John Locke for the Carolinas.
Surrender of Candia to the Turks.

1670.
Treaty of the king of England with Louis XIV. of France,
betraying his allies, the Dutch, and engaging to profess
himself a Catholic.
Publication of Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-politicus."

1671.
Publication of Milton's "Paradise Regained."
Birth of Steele (d. 1729).

1672.
Declaration of Indulgence by Charles II. of England.
Alliance of England and France against the Dutch.
Restoration of the Stadtholdership in Holland to the
Prince of Orange, and murder of the DeWitts.
Birth of Joseph Addison (d. 1719}.
Birth of Peter the Great (d. 1725).

1673.
Discovery of the Upper Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette.
Recovery of New Netherland by the Dutch from the English.
Sale of West Jersey by Lord Berkeley to Quakers.

1674.
Treaty of Westminster, restoring peace between the Dutch
and English and ceding New Netherland to the latter.
Purchase of Pondicherry, on the Carnatic coast of India,
by the French.
Election of John Sobieski to the throne of Poland.
Birth of Isaac Watts (d. 1748).

1675.
War with the Indians in New England,
known as King Philip's War.
Defeat of the Swedes by the Elector of Brandenburg at
the battle of Fehrbellin.

1676.
Bacon's rebellion in Virginia.
Birth of Sir Robert Walpole (d. 1745).

1677.
Tekeli's rising in Hungary against oppression and
religions persecution.
Production of Racine's" Phèdre."

1678.
The pretended Popish Plot in England.
Treaties of Nimeguen between France, Rolland and Spain.
Publication of the first part of Bunyan's
"Pilgrim's Progress."
Birth of Bolingbroke (d. 1751).

1679.
Passage of the Habeas Corpus Act in England.
Oppression of Scotland and persecution of the Covenanters.
Murder of Archbishop Sharp.
Defeat of Claverhouse by the Covenanters at Drumclog.
Defeat of Covenanters by Monmouth at Bothwell Bridge.
Treaty of Nimeguen between France and the Emperor.
Building of the Griffon on Niagara river by La Salle.

1680.
First naming of the Whig and Tory parties in England.
Complete incorporation of Alsace and Les Trois Évéchés,
and seizure of Strasburg, by France.
Imprisonment of the Man with the Iron Mask.
Founding of Charleston, S. C.

1681. Merciless despotism of the duke of York in Scotland.
Beginning of "dragonnade" persecution of Protestants in France.
Alliance of Tekeli and the Hungarian insurgents with the
Turks and the French.
Proprietary grant of Pennsylvania by Charles II. to
William Penn.
Publication of Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel."

1682.
Exploration of the Mississippi to its mouth by La Salle.
Purchase of East Jersey by Penn and other Quakers.
Penn's treaty with the Indians.
Accession of Peter the Great in association with
his brother Ivan.

1683.
The Rye-house Plot, and execution of Lord Russell and
Algernon Sidney, in England.
Great invasion of Hungary and Austria by the Turks;
their siege of Vienna, and the deliverance of the city by
John Sobieski, king of Poland.
Establishment of a penny post in London by Robert Murray.
Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn.

1684.
Forfeiture of the Massachusetts charter.
Holy League of Venice, Poland, the Emperor and the Pope
against the Turks.
Birth of Bishop Berkeley (d. 1753}.
Birth of Händel (d. 1759).

1685.
Death of Charles II., king of England, and accession
of his brother James II., an avowed Catholic.
Rebellion of the duke of Monmouth, crushed at Sedgemoor
and in the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffreys.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. of France.
First lighting of the streets of London.
Demand upon Connecticut for the surrender of its charter;
concealment of the instrument in the Charter Oak.
Birth of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1750).

1686.
Revival of the Court of High Commission in England.
Consolidation of New England under a royal governor-general.
League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France, formed by
the Prince of Orange and including Holland, Spain, Sweden,
the Emperor, and several German princes.
Recovery of Buda by the Austrians from the Turks and
end of the Hungarian insurrection.
Introduction of Bradford's Printing Press in Pennsylvania.

1687.
Action of the Hungarian diet making the crown of Hungary hereditary in the Hapsburg family.
Second battle of Mohacs, disastrous to the Turks.
Siege of Athens by the Venetians;
bombardment of the Acropolis and
partial destruction of the Parthenon.
Rule in Ireland of Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel.
Publication of Newton's "Principia."

{3841}

1688.
Declaration of Indulgence by James II. of England,
and imprisonment and trial of the seven bishops for
refusing to publish it.
Invitation to William and Mary of Orange to accept the
English crown.
Arrival in England of the Prince of Orange and
flight of James.
Battle of Enniskillen in Ireland.
Recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians.
Union of New York and New Jersey with New England under
Governor-general Sir Edmund Andros.
Birth of Swedenborg (d. 1772).
Birth of Pope (d. 1744).

1689.
Completion of the English Revolution.
Settlement of the crown on William and Mary.
Passage of the Toleration Act and the Bill of Rights.
Landing of James II. in Ireland and war in that island;
siege and successful defense of Londonderry;
battle of Newton Butler.
Battle of Killiecrankie, in Scotland,
and death of Claverhouse.
Revolution in New York led by Jacob Leisler.
Birth of Montesquieu (d. 1755).

1690.
Destruction of Schenectady, New York, by French and Indians.
The first congress of the American colonies.
The League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France
developed into the Grand Alliance of England, Holland,
Spain, Savoy and the Emperor.
Second devastation of the Palatinate by the French.
Reconquest of Belgrade by the Turks.
English conquest of Acadia and unsuccessful
attempt against Quebec.
French naval victory off Beachy Head, over the English
and Dutch fleets.
Battle of the Boyne in Ireland;
defeat and flight of James II.
Publication of Locke's
"Essay concerning Human Understanding."

1691.
Battle of Aughrim and surrender of Limerick, completing
the Orange conquest of Ireland.
The violated Treaty of Limerick.
Execution of Jacob Leisler in New York.

1692.
Ernst Augustus, duke of Hanover and of Brunswick, raised
to the rank of Elector.
New Hampshire settlements, in New England, separated from
Massachusetts.
Defeat of King William by the French at Steinkirk.
Beginning of the Salem Witchcraft madness in Massachusetts.
Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland.
Attempted invasion of England from France defeated by the
English and Dutch fleets at the battle of La Hogue.
Destructive earthquake in Jamaica.

1693.
Founding of the College of William and Mary in Virginia.
Removal of Bradford's Press from Philadelphia to New York.
French victories at Neerwinden and Marsaglia.
Absolutism established in Sweden by Charles XI.
Discovery of the fixed temperature of boiling water.

1694.
The founding of the Bank of England.
Birth of Voltaire (d. 1778).

1695.
Passage of the first of the Penal Laws,
oppressing Catholics in Ireland.
Expiration of the Press-censorship law in England.

1696.
Death of John Sobieski and purchase of the Polish crown by Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony.

1697.
Peace of Ryswick, ending the war of the Grand Alliance.
Cession of Strasburg and restoration of Acadia to France.
Campaign of Prince Eugene against the Turks and his
decisive victory at Zenta.
Death of Charles XI. of Sweden and accession of Charles XII.
Sojourn of Peter the Great in Holland.
Publication of Bayle's Dictionary.
Birth of Hogarth (d. 1764).

1698.
Grant to the English by the Mogul of the site on which
Calcutta grew up.
Undertaking, in Scotland, of the Darien scheme of
colonization and commerce.
Visit of Peter the Great to England.
Publication of Algernon Sidney's "Discourse on Government."
Birth of Metastasio (d. 1782).

1699.
Peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey, Russia, Poland,
Venice, and the Emperor, which reduced the European
dominions of the Sultan nearly half.
Settlement of Iberville's French colony in Louisiana.
Publication of Fénélon's "Télémaque."

1700.
Prussia raised in rank to a kingdom.
First campaigns of Charles XII. of Sweden, against the
Danes and the Russians.
Death of Charles II. of Spain, bequeathing his crown to
Philip, duke of Anjou, second son of the Dauphin of France.

Eighteenth Century.

1701.
English Act of Settlement, fixing the succession to the
throne in the Electress Sophia of Hanover and her heirs.
Death of James II., of England, at St. Germains.
Possession of the crown of Spain taken by Philip of Anjou,
as Philip V.
Founding of Yale College at New Haven, Connecticut.

1702.
Death of William III., king of England and stadtholder of Holland.
Accession in England of Queen Anne.
The Camisard rising in France.
Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession
(called in America Queen Anne's War).
Battle of Friedlingen in Germany.
Dutch and English expedition against Cadiz.
Attack on the treasure fleet in Vigo Bay.
Victories of Prince Eugene in Italy, followed by reverses
and retreat into the Tyrol.
Savoy overrun by the French.
Union of rival English East India Companies.
Publication of the first daily newspaper in England,
the "Courant."
Legislative separation of Delaware from Pennsylvania.
Union of East and West Jersey in one royal province.

1703.
The Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.
The Aylesbury Election case in England.
Birth of Jonathan Edwards (d. 1758).
Birth of John Wesley (d. 1791).

1704.
Campaign of Marlborough and Prince Eugene on the Danube.
Victory of Blenheim.
Capture of Gibraltar by the English from Spain.
Insurrection in Hungary under Rakoczy.
Publication (at Boston) of the first newspaper in
the English American colonies.
Completed subjugation of Poland by Charles XII. of Sweden.
Publication of Swift's "Tale of a Tub," and of the first
part of Clarendon's "History of the Great Rebellion" (England).

1705.
Capture of Barcelona by the Earl of Peterborough.

1706.
Marlborough's victory at Ramillies over the French
under Villeroy.
Expulsion of the French from Antwerp, Ghent, and other
strong places of Flanders.
Madrid lost and regained by the Bourbon king of Spain.
French siege of Turin.
Deliverance of the city by Prince Eugene.
Birth of Benjamin Franklin (d. 1790).

{3842}

1707.
Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland.
Victories of Marlborough and Prince Eugene at Oudenarde
and Malplaquet, over Vendôme and Villars.
Victory of Berwick, for the French and Spaniards, at Almanza.
Disastrous expedition of Prince Eugene against Toulon.
Death of Aurungzebe, the last important Mogul emperor.
Subjugation of Saxony by Charles XII.
Birth of Buffon (d. 1788).
Birth of Fielding (d. 1754).

1708.
English conquest of Majorca and Minorca, by General Stanhope.
Renewed persecution of the Jansenists.
Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal of the Fields.
Invasion of Russia by Charles XII.
Birth of Charles Wesley (d. 1788).
Birth of William Pitt, Lord Chatham (d. 1778).

1709.
The first Barrier Treaty between Holland and Great Britain.
Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal.
Defeat of Charles XII. at Pultowa by the Russians and his
escape into Turkish territory.
Publication of the first numbers of Steele and Addison's
"Tatler," and of Berkeley's "New Theory of Vision."
Birth of Dr. Samuel Johnson (d. 1784).

1710.
Trial of Dr. Sacheverell in England.
Peace conferences at Gertruydenberg between France,
Great Britain, Holland, Spain and Austria.
Madrid again lost and recovered by Philip V.
Franco-Spanish victories of Villa Viciosa and Brihuega.
Capture of Port Royal, Acadia, by the New Englanders;
final English conquest of Acadia and change of name to
Nova Scotia.

1711.
Fall of the Whigs from power, in England.
Passage of the Occasional Conformity Act.
Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph I.
Election and coronation of Charles VI.
Opening of negotiations for peace between England and France.
Peace of Szathmar, ending the revolt in Hungary.
Publication of the first numbers of "The Spectator," by
Addison, Steele, and others; also of Pope's
"Essay on Criticism."
Birth of David Hume (d. 1776).

1712.
Dismissal of Marlborough from his command,
by the British Government.
Peace Conference at Utrecht.
Imposition of the Stamp Tax on newspapers in England.
Birth of Frederick the Great (d. 1786).
Birth of Jean Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778).

1713.
The Peace of Utrecht, ending the War of the Spanish
Succession except as between France and the Emperor;
cession of Sicily by Spain to the duke of Savoy, with the
title of king;
restoration of Savoy and Nice to the same prince,
by France, with cessions of certain valleys and forts;
exchange by the king of Prussia of the principality of
Orange and the lordship of Châlons for Spanish Guelderland
and the sovereignty of Neufchatel and Valengin;
cession by Spain to the House of Austria of the kingdom
of Naples, the duchy of Milan, the Spanish Tuscan territories,
and the sovereignty of the Spanish Netherlands, reserving
certain rights of the elector of Bavaria;
agreement for the destruction of the fortifications and
harbor of Dunkirk;
relinquishment to Great Britain of Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Gibraltar, Minorca, Hudson Bay, and the island of
St. Christopher;
concession of the Assiento or Spanish slave-trading
contract to Great Britain for thirty years.
Second Barrier Treaty between Great Britain and Holland.
The papal Bull Unigenitus against the doctrines
of the Jansenists.
Production of Addison's "Cato."
Birth of Sterne (d. 1768).
Birth of Diderot (d. 1784).

1714.
Death of Queen Anne of England;
accession of George I.
Treaty of Rastadt or Baden, establishing peace between
France and the Emperor;
relinquishment of Sardinia by the Elector of Bavaria to
the Emperor, in return for the Upper Palatinate.
Opening of war with the Turks by the Emperor, Charles VI.
Return of Charles XII. to Sweden.
Invention of Fahrenheit's Thermometer.
Birth of Condillac (d. 1780).
Birth of Helvetius (d. 1771).
Birth of Vauvenargues (d. 1747).

1715.
Jacobite rising in Great Britain.
Death of Louis XIV. in France;
accession of Louis XV., under the regency of the
duke of Orleans.
Barrier treaty of Holland with the Emperor.
Publication of the first books of Pope's translation of
the "Iliad," and the first books of Le Sage's "Gil Blas."

1716.
Passage of the Septennial Act, extending the term of the
British Parliament to seven years.
Victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks, at Petervardein.

1717.
Launching of the Mississippi scheme of John Law, in France.
Triple Alliance of France, Great Britain and Holland to
oppose the projects of Alberoni and Queen Elizabeth Farnese,
in Spain.
Spanish capture of Sardinia.
Final recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians.
Birth of D' Alembert (d. 1783).

1718.
Promulgation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.,
defining the Austrian succession in favor of his daughter,
Maria Theresa.
Spanish conquest of Sicily from the duke of Savoy.
Quadruple Alliance of France, Great Britain, Holland and
the Emperor against Spain.
Peace of Passarowitz between the Emperor and the Porte.
Removal of the capital of Russia to St. Petersburg.
Death of Charles XII. of Sweden.
Founding of the city of New Orleans by Bienville.

1719.
French and English attacks on Spain.
Submission of Philip V. to the Quadruple Alliance.
Banishment of Alberoni.
Spanish evacuation of Sicily and Sardinia.
Restoration of the oligarchical constitution of Sweden.
Publication of the first part of De Foe's
"Robinson Crusoe," and of Watts' "Psalms and Hymns."

1720.
The South Sea Bubble in England.
Forced exchange by the duke of Savoy, with the Emperor,
of Sicily for Sardinia, the latter being raised to the rank
of a kingdom.
Reversion of the duchies of Parma and Placentia and of the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany to Don Carlos, son of the king
of Spain.
Publication of Vico's "Jus Universale."

1721.
Rise of Walpole to ascendancy in the British Government.
Introduction of preventive inoculation against smallpox
in England by Lady Montague.
Election of Pope Innocent XIII.

1722.
Grant of Wood's patent for supplying Ireland with
a copper coinage.
Conquest of Persia by the Afghans.
Birth of Samuel Adams (d. 1803).

1723.
Majority of Louis XV., king of France.
Termination of the Regency.
Publication of Ramsay's "Gentle Shepherd."
Birth of Adam Smith (d. 1790).

{3843}

1724.
Election of Pope Benedict XIII.
Publication of Swift's "Drapier's Letters" against
Wood's halfpence, in Ireland.
Birth of Kant (d. 1804).

1725.
Treaty of Spain with Austria guaranteeing the
Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.
Alliance of Hanover between France,
Great Britain and Holland.
Death of Peter the Great, of Russia, and accession of his
empress, Catherine I.
Birth of Clive (d. 1774).

1726.
Treaty of Russia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic
Sanction of Charles VI.
Publication of Swift's "Gulliver's Travels."

1727.
Death of George I. of England.
Accession of George II.
Hostilities without formal war between
Great Britain and Spain.
Siege of Gibraltar by the Spaniards.
Deliverance of Persia from the Afghans by Nadir Kuli.
Birth of Turgot (d. 1781).

1728. Treaty of Prussia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic
Sanction of Charles VI.
Birth of Goldsmith (d. 1774).

1729.
End of proprietary government in the Carolinas.
Birth of Edmund Burke (d. 1797).
Birth of Lessing (d. 1781).
Birth of Moses Mendelssohn. (d. 1786).

1730.
Election of Pope Clement XII.
Founding of Baltimore in Maryland.
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway;
accidental death of Mr. Huskisson, prime minister of England.
Birth of Edmund Burke [Uncertain date] (d. 1797).

1731.
Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain.
Don Carlos established in the duchies of Parma and Placentia.
Treaties of England and Holland with Austria, guaranteeing
the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.
Founding of the "Gentleman's Magazine."
Birth of William Cowper (d. 1800).

1732.
Usurpation of the Persian throne by Nadir Kuli,
thenceforward entitled Nadir Kuli Khan, or Nadir Shall.
Grant of Georgia in America to General Oglethorpe by
George II., of England.
Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Subscription
Library in the United States, by Franklin.
Publication of the first part of Pope's" Essay on Man."
Birth of Washington (d. 1799).
Birth of Haydn (d. 1809).

1733.
The first Bourbon Family Compact between the French
and Spanish sovereigns.
Death of Augustus II. of Poland.
War of the Polish Succession between France and Austria.
John Kay's invention of the fly-shuttle for weaving.
Founding of Savannah, Georgia, by General Oglethorpe.
Birth of Wieland (d. 1813).
Birth of Joseph Priestley (d. 1804).