Chapter IV: Of Provincial and Communal Institutions (15)

1851.
The Coup d' Etat of Louis Napoleon, destroying the French
Republic and making himself dictator.
Dismissal of Lord Palmerston from the British cabinet.
Discovery of gold in Australia;
separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales.
Outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in China.
The Lopez filibustering expedition to Cuba.
Passage of the Massachusetts Free Public Library Act.
The first World's Fair, in London.
Visit of Kossuth to America.
Publication of Spencer's "Social Statics."

1852.
Defeat and resignation of the Russell Ministry;
the first Derby-Disraeli Ministry:
the Aberdeen Ministry.
Rise of the Know Nothing or American party in the
United States;
election by the Democratic party of Franklin Pierce
President of the United States.
Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
Promulgation of a new Constitution for France by the dictator,
Louis Napoleon, soon followed by the revival of the Empire.
Second Anglo-Burmese War;
annexation of Pegu to British India.

1853.
Expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan.
Dispute between Russia and Turkey, leading to the Crimean War.

1854.
Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in the United States,
by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill;
rise of the Republican Party.
Negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty between the United
States and Canada.
Treaties of Japan with the United States and Great Britain,
opening the former country to trade.
Promulgation by Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate
Conception of the Virgin Mary.
Alliance of England, France and Sardinia with Turkey
against Russia in the Crimean War;
siege of Sebastopol;
battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman;
siege of Kars.

{3853}

1855.
Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry in England;
rise of Palmerston to the head of government.
Continued siege of Sebastopol.
Beginning of the struggle for Kansas between the supporters
and the opponents of Slavery in the United States.
Rise to power in Abyssinia of an adventurer afterwards
known as King Theodore.
Introduction of Civil Service Reform in Great Britain.
Walker's first filibustering invasion of Nicaragua.
Abolition of the Stamp tax on newspapers in England.

1856.
Assault on Mr. Sumner in the United States Senate by
Preston Brooks of South Carolina;
continued struggle in Kansas;
election of James Buchanan President of the United States.
Operations of the San Francisco Vigilance Committee.
Quarrel of England with China over the affair of the "Arrow."
Congress of Paris and treaty ending the Crimean War.
Publication of first part of Lotze's "Mikrokosmos."

1857.
Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Triumphant appeal of Palmerston to English voters on the
question of war with China;
alliance with France in the war;
capture of Canton.
The Sepoy Mutiny in India:
siege and capture of Delhi;
massacre of English at Cawnpore;
siege and relief of Lucknow.
Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon rebellion in Utah.
Publication of the first volume of Buckle's
"History of Civilization."

1858.
Fall of Palmerston, consequent on his Conspiracy Bill;
second Derby-Disraeli Ministry in England.
Debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, as
candidates for the United States Senate, from Illinois.
Regency of Prussia assumed by Prince William in consequence
of the mental incapacity of the king.
Treaty of peace between England, France and China.
Discovery of gold in Colorado.
Laying of the first Atlantic Cable, which quickly failed.
Assumption of the government of India by the British crown.
Beginning of the Fenian movement in Ireland.
Discovery of Lake Victoria Nyanza by Captain Speke.
Publication of George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life,"
Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," and Holmes' "Autocrat of
the Breakfast Table."

1859.
War of Sardinia and France with Austria;
battles of Montebello, Magenta and Solferino;
defeat of Austria;
treaties of Villafranca and Zurich;
cession of Lombardy to Sardinia.
John Brown's invasion of Virginia and
seizure of Harper's Ferry;
his capture, trial and execution.
Admission of Oregon to the American Union.
Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species,"
and George Eliot's "Adam Bede."
Return of Palmerston to the English premiership.
Separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wales.
Renewed war of England and France with China.
Nationalization of Church property in Mexico;
suspension of payments on foreign debts.

1860.
Election of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States;
secession of South Carolina;
disunion message of President Buchanan;
the Crittenden Compromise and its failure;
treachery of Floyd, Secretary of War; occupation of
Fort Sumter by Major Anderson.
Franco-English capture of Pekin and destruction of
the summer palace.
Annexation of the Central Italian states to Sardinia
by popular vote;
cession of Savoy and Nice to France.
Negotiation of the Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty
between England and France.

1861.
Secession of Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana,
Alabama and Texas from the American Union;
seizure of United States arsenals, arms and forts in
the seceded States;
abortive Peace Convention at Washington;
admission of Kansas to the Union;
adoption of a Constitution for the "Confederate States
of America," and organization of a Confederate government;
inauguration of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States;
outbreak of civil war by the attack of Confederate forces
on Fort Sumter;
rising of the North on President Lincoln's call to arms;
attack on Massachusetts Volunteers in Baltimore;
Secession of Virginia and North Carolina;
blockade of Southern ports;
proclamation of British neutrality by Queen Victoria;
declaration of General Butler that slaves are
Contraband of War;
fight at Big Bethel;
Secession of West Tennessee;
campaign of General McClellan in West Virginia;
Union advance from Washington and defeat at Bull Run;
depredations by the Confederate cruiser Sumter;
struggle with secession in Missouri, battles of Boonville
and Wilson's Creek;
appointment of General McClellan to the chief command
of the Union forces;
creation of the Army of the Potomac;
expedition against Fort Hatteras;
Fremont's emancipation proclamation modified by the President;
campaign of Rosecrans against Lee in West Virginia;
General Grant's first battle at Belmont;
Union disaster at Ball's Bluff;
Port Royal expedition;
the Trent affair (arrest of Mason and Slidell on a
British steamer) and its settlement.
Death of King Frederick William IV. of Prussia and
accession of his brother, William I.
Liberation of Sicily and Naples by Garibaldi;
Sardinian occupation of Umbria and the Marches;
proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy;
death of Cavour.
Polish insurrection at Warsaw.

1862.
Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley,
battle of Kernstown;
capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by General Grant;
expulsion of the Confederates from Missouri,
battle of Pea Ridge;
expedition of Burnside to Roanoke and capture of Newbern;
siege and capture of Fort Pulaski;
Union advance up the Tennessee and battle of Shiloh;
proposal of compensated emancipation by President Lincoln,
approved by Congress;
battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac in Hampton Roads;
capture of New Madrid on the Mississippi and Island No. 10;
movement of McClellan against Richmond by way of the
peninsula, battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, or Seven
Pines, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station,
Glendale and Malvern Hill;
forcing of the lower Mississippi and capture of New Orleans;
separation of West Virginia from the Old Dominion;
abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia;
passage of the Homestead Act and the Legal Tender Act;
arming of freed negroes, evacuation of Norfolk by the
Confederates and destruction of the Merrimac;
second campaign of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley;
first undertakings against Vicksburg;
capture of Memphis;
Confederate invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, battle of Perryville:
confiscation of the slave property of rebels;
beginning of the destructive career of the
Confederate cruiser Alabama;
end of the peninsular campaign and withdrawal of the
Army of the Potomac;
campaign under General Pope, battles of Cedar Mountain,
Second Bull Run and Chantilly;
Lee's invasion of Maryland and check by McClellan at
South Mountain and Antietam;
preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation by President Lincoln;
successes by Grant at Iuka and Corinth;
battle of Prairie Grove in Arkansas;
removal of McClellan from command of the Army of
the Potomac and appointment of Burnside;
disastrous attack on Fredericksburg;
second Union attempt against Vicksburg;
victory of Rosecrans at Stone River.
Land-grant of the United States for industrial colleges.
Intervention of Louis Napoleon in Mexico;
creation of the empire under Maximilian of Austria.
Bismarck made chief minister of the king of Prussia.
Revolution in Greece;
deposition of King Otho;
election of Prince George of Denmark to the Greek throne;
annexation of the Ionian Islands.
Attempt of Garibaldi against Rome checked by the
Italian government;
his defeat and capture at Aspromonte.
Publication of Spencer's "First Principles."

{3854}

1863.
President Lincoln's final Proclamation of Emancipation;
passage of the National Bank Act, and the Conscription Act;
Hooker's disaster at Chancellorsville;
death of Stonewall Jackson;
naval attack on Charleston;
Grierson's raid;
Grant's siege and capture of Vicksburg;
Banks' siege and capture of Port Hudson;
Lee's second invasion of the North;
battle of Gettysburg;
Draft riots in the city of New York;
Morgan's raid into Ohio and Indiana;
assault on Fort Wagner;
battles of Bristol Station and Rappahannock Station;
Burnside's advance into East Tennessee;
defeat of Rosecrans at Chickamauga;
siege and reduction of Fort Wagner;
Grant's victory at Chattanooga;
siege of Knoxville;
President Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, and
Proclamation of Amnesty.
Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark and
accession of Christian IX.;
reopening of the Schleswig-Holstein question;
coalition of Prussia and Austria against Denmark.
Appointment of General Gordon to command in China.
Confederation of the United States of Colombia.
Rebellion in Poland.
Political organization of Socialism in Germany by Lassalle.
Publication of Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature,"
and Renan's "Vie de Jesus."

1864.
Reconstruction in Louisiana and Arkansas, the President's
plan and the Congressional plan;
Sherman's Meridian expedition;
Kilpatrick and Dahlgren's raid to Richmond;
appointment of General Grant to
the chief command of the army;
Banks' Red River expedition;
Price's invasion of Missouri;
Forrests' capture of Fort Pillow and massacre
of colored soldiers;
Grant's movement on Richmond, battles of the Wilderness,
Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor;
Sherman's movement on Atlanta, battles of New Hope Church,
Kenesaw and Peach Tree Creek;
Sheridan's raids to Richmond and Trevelyan Station;
Grant's siege of Petersburg, battle of Reams' station;
destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge;
Greeley and Jaques-Gilmore peace missions;
Early's invasion of Maryland;
Farragut's great battle in Mobile Bay;
Sheridan's campaign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley,
battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek;
Sherman's clearing of Atlanta;
Hood's movement into Tennessee and defeat by Thomas at
Franklin and Nashville;
re-election of President Lincoln;
St. Albans raid from Canada;
Cushing's destruction of the ram Albemarle;
Sherman's March to the Sea and occupation of Savannah.
Schleswig-Holstein war: Austro-Prussian
conquest of the duchies.
Detention and imprisonment of foreigners in Abyssinia
by King Theodore.
End of the Taiping Rebellion in China.
Publication of the Encyclical "Quanta cura" and the
Syllabus of Pope Pius IX.
Organization at London of the International.

1865.
Adoption by the Congress of the United States of the
Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment, prohibiting
slavery forever;
creation of the Freedman's Bureau;
Hampton Roads Peace Conference;
evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates;
Sherman's northward march from Savannah;
battle of Bentonsville;
occupation of Wilmington by Schofield;
battle of Kinston;
second inauguration of President Lincoln;
battle of Five Forks;
evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates;
battle of Sailor's Creek;
surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House;
assassination of President Lincoln;
succession of Andrew Johnson, Vice President,
to the Presidency;
surrender of General Johnston;
fall of Mobile;
capture of Jefferson Davis;
end of the Rebellion;
opening of the conflict between Congress and
President Johnson on questions of Reconstruction.
Death of Lord Palmerston in England;
premiership of Lord John Russell.
Transfer of the capital of Italy to Florence.
Ferocious suppression of an insurrection in Jamaica
by Governor Eyre.
Beginning of war between Paraguay and Brazil.

1866.
Quarrel of Austria and Prussia over the administration
of Schleswig and Holstein;
alliance of Prussia with Italy;
outbreak of the Seven Weeks War;
decisive Prussian victory at Sadowa, or Königgrätz;
treaty of Prague;
exclusion of Austria from the Germanic political system;
formation of the North German Confederation;
incorporation of the kingdom of Hanover, the electorate of
Hesse, the duchies of Nassau, Schleswig and Holstein, and
the free city of Frankfort, by Prussia.
Success of Austria in the war with Italy, at Custozza on
the land and at Lissa on the sea;
success of Italy in the settlement of peace, receiving
Venetia, on the demand of Prussia.
Wreck of the Ministry of Lord John Russell on a reform bill;
third Derby-Disraeli administration.
Fenian invasion of Canada from the United States.
Laying of the first successful Atlantic Cable.
Beginning of the struggle of the Cretans for deliverance
from the Turkish yoke.
Reconstruction riot in New Orleans.
Organization of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States.
Passage of the first Civil Rights Bill by the Congress of
the United States over the President's veto;
Congressional adoption of the Fourteenth Constitutional
Amendment.
Formation of the Ku-Klux Klan in the Southern States.

1867.
Passage of the Disraeli Reform Bill by the British Parliament.
Purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia.
Federation of Austria and Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
Federation of the provinces of British America, forming
the Dominion of Canada.
Purchase of the title of Khedive from the Sultan by Ismail
Pasha of Egypt.
Fenian risings in Ireland.
Renewed attempt by Garibaldi to liberate Rome from the
Papal government;
his defeat by the French at Mentana.
Withdrawal of the French from Mexico;
fall of the empire;
execution of Maximilian.
Passage of the Military Reconstruction Acts by the
Congress of the United States;
extension of suffrage to blacks in the District of Columbia.

{3855}

1868.
Withdrawal of Lord Derby from the British Ministry;
advancement of Disraeli to the premiership;
passage of reform bills for Scotland and Ireland;
defeat of the ministry on the Irish Church question;
resignation of Disraeli;
first administration of Mr. Gladstone.
Revolution in Spain and flight of Queen Isabella to France.
British expedition for the rescue of captives in Abyssinia;
storming of Magdala;
suicide of King Theodore.
Negotiation of the Burlingame Treaty between China and
the United States.
Revolution in Japan;
abolition of the Shogunate;
restoration of the authority of the Mikado.
Occupation of Samarcand by the Russians
Impeachment, and trial of President Johnson in
the United States;
election of General Grant to the American Presidency.
Ratification by the States of the Fourteenth Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States.

1869.
Disestablishment of the Irish Church.
Negotiation of the Johnson-Clarendon Treaty between the
United States and Great Britain, rejected by the
United States Senate.
Expiration of the charter of the Hudson Bay Company and
incorporation of its territory in the Dominion of Canada.
Creation of the United States Bureau of Education.
Opening of the Suez Canal.
"Black Friday" in New York.
Organization of the Knights of Labor.
Congressional adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States.
Adoption of a monarchical constitution in Spain;
regency of Marshal Serrano.
Adoption of Woman Suffrage at municipal elections in
England, and at all elections in Wyoming Territory.
Publication of Hartmann's "Philosophie des Unbewusstens."

1870.
Sudden occurrence of the Franco-German War:
invasion of France by the Germans;
victories at Wörth, Spichern, Gravelotte, and Sedan;
captivity of the French emperor;
revolution at Paris;
fall of the Empire;
investment and siege of Paris by the Germans;
surrender of Bazaine at Metz;
unsuccessful resistance in the provinces.
Completion of the new Germanic Confederation, embracing the
states of South Germany, with the North German Confederation,
and having the king of Prussia for its president.
Passage of Mr. Gladstone's first Irish Land Bill by
the British Parliament.
Passage of the Education Bill in England.
Occupation of Rome by the troops of the king of Italy;
plebiscite for annexation to the Italian kingdom;
end of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope.
Election of Amadeo, of Italy, to the Spanish throne.
Completed reconstruction of the American Union;
ratification of the Fifteenth Constitutional Amendment.

1871.
Capitulation of Paris;
peace preliminaries of Versailles and treaty of Frankfort;
French cession of Alsace and part of Lorraine, with five
milliards of francs indemnity;
election and meeting of a National Assembly at Bordeaux;
organization of the Third Republic with Thiers
as its President;
evacuation of Paris by the Germans, followed by the
insurrection of the Communists and their seizure of the city;
siege and reduction of Paris by the national government.
Assumption by King William of Prussia of the title
"German Emperor";
proclamation of the constitution of the new Empire.
Negotiation and ratification of the Treaty of Washington,
between the United States and Great Britain;
meeting of the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, for the
settlement of the Alabama claims.
Gradual emancipation of slaves enacted in Brazil.
First attempts at Civil Service Reform in the United States,
made by President Grant.
Exposure of the Tweed Ring in New York.
The Great Fire in Chicago.
Transfer of the capital of Italy from Florence to Rome.
Abolition of feudalism in Japan.
Passage of the Force Bill by the Congress of the United States.
The finding of Dr. Livingstone in Africa by Henry M. Stanley.
Publication of Darwin's "Descent of Man," and
Swinburne's "Songs before Sunrise."

1872.
Award of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration in settlement
of the Alabama Claims.
Re-election of General Grant, President of the United States.
The Credit Mobilier Scandal in the United States Congress.

1873.
Resignation of President Thiers in France and
election of Marshall MacMahon.
Passage of the May Laws in the Prussian Diet, opening the
contest with the Catholic Church known as the Kulturkampf.
Appearance of the Home Rule movement in Irish politics.
Abdication of the throne of Spain by Amadeo;
unsuccessful attempt at republican government.
Financial panic in the United States.

1874.
Fall of the Gladstone Government in England;
return of Disraeli to power.
General Gordon's first appointment in the Sudan.
Restoration of monarchy in Spain, under Alphonso XII.,
son of Queen Isabella.
Publication of the first volume of Stubb's
"Constitutional History."

1875.
Adoption of a constitution in France.
Revolt against Turkish rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Passage of the second Civil Rights Bill by the
Congress of the United States.

1876.
Founding of the International African Association by
King Leopold of Belgium.
Insurrection in Bulgaria, suppressed with atrocious
cruelty by the Turks.
Holding of the United States Centennial Exhibition
at Philadelphia.
First exhibition of the Telephone, by Professor Graham Bell.
Disputed Presidential Election in the United States.

1877.
War of Servia with the Turks;
defeat of the Servians.
Russo-Turkish War;
sieges of Plevna and Kars.
Assumption by Queen Victoria of the
title "Empress of India."
First election of Porfirio Diaz to the Presidency of
the Mexican republic.
Creation of the Electoral Commission in the United States;
award of the Presidential election to Rutherford B. Hayes.
Return of Stanley from his expedition across Africa,
exploring the Congo.

1878.
Second war of the English in Afghanistan.
End of the Russo-Turkish war;
Treaty of San Stefano, superseded by the Congress and
Treaty of Berlin;
independence secured to Servia and Roumania;
transfer of Bosnia to Austria;
division of Bulgaria into two states.
Election of Pope Leo XIII.
Passage of the Bland Silver Bill in the United States.

1879.
Resignation of the Presidency of the French Republic
by Marshal MacMahon and election of M. Jules Grevy.
Massacre of English in Cabul;
occupation of the Afghan capital by British forces;
deposition of the Ameer.
Beginning of war between Chile and Peru.
Organization of the Land League in Ireland.
Zulu War in South Africa.
Formation of the International Congo Association.

{3856}

1880.
Resignation of Disraeli from the British Ministry and
return of Gladstone to power;
passage of Gladstone's Second Irish Land Act.
Renewed war against the English in Afghanistan.
Election of James A. Garfield
President of the United States.

1881.
Occupation of Tunis by the French.
Evacuation of Afghanistan by the British forces.
Submission of Peru to Chile.
Advent of the Mahdi in the Sudan.
Arabi's revolt in Egypt.
Suppression of the Irish Land League and arrest of
Mr. Parnell and others.
Institution of local assemblies in Japan.
Assassination of the Czar Alexander II.
Capture of Geok Tepe by Skobeleff, the Russian general.
War of Great Britain with the Boers.
Assassination of President Garfield;.
succession of Vice President Arthur to the
Presidency of the United States.

1882.
Death M. Gambetta, in France.
Elevation of Servia to the rank of a kingdom.
British bombardment of Alexandria.
Phœnix Park murders, of Lord Frederick Cavendish and
Mr. Burke, at Dublin.
Beginning of work on De Lesseps' Panama Canal.

1883.
Death of the Comte de Chambord (called Henry V. by his
supporters), claimant of the crown of France and last of
the elder line of the Bourbons.
Passage in England of the Act for Prevention of
Corrupt and Illegal Practices at Elections.
Destruction of Hicks Pasha and his army by the
Mahdists of the Sudan.
Passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill in
the United States.
Suppression of Arabi's rebellion;
British occupation of Egypt.

1884.
War of the French in Tonquin and with China.
Passage in England of the Third Reform Bill.
Meeting of the Berlin Conference to settle questions of
acquisition in Africa.
Beleaguerment of General Gordon at Khartoum by the Mahdists;
British rescue expedition.
Occupation of Merv by the Russians and completed conquest
of the Turcomans.
Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.

1885.
Overthrow of the Gladstone Government in Great Britain and
brief reign of Lord Salisbury.
Revolutionary reunion of the two Bulgarias.
Fall of Khartoum and death of Gordon.
Transformation of the Congo Association into the
Independent State of Congo.

1886.
Banishment of the Bourbon princes from France.
Recall of Gladstone to the head of
the Government in England;
his Home Rule Bill for Ireland and its defeat;
resignation of Gladstone and return of Salisbury;
division of the Liberal Party.
Anarchist crime in Chicago.
Undertaking of the "Plan of Campaign" in Ireland.

1887. Forced resignation of President Grevy, in France,
and election of M. Sadi Carnot.
Revision of the constitution of the
kingdom of the Netherlands.
Tariff Message of President Cleveland.
African expedition of Stanley to rescue Emin Pasha.

1888.
Threatening intrigues of General Boulanger in France;
his prosecution and flight.
Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company.
Death of the German Emperor William I.;
accession and death of Frederick III.,
and accession of William II.
Incorporation in the German Zollverein of Hamburg and
Bremen, the last of the Free Cities.
Final abolition of slavery in Brazil.
Inquiry into Irish matters by the Parnell Commission.
Defeat of the Mills Tariff Bill in the United States Senate.
Election of General Benjamin Harrison
President of the United States.

1889.
Abdication of King Milan of Servia in favor of his young son.
Revolution in Brazil;
expulsion of the Emperor and royal family from the country.
Promulgation of the Constitution of Japan.
Opening of Oklahoma to settlement.
Destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, by flood.
Admission of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and
Washington, to the American Union.
Chartering of the British South Africa Company.
Publication of Bryce's "American Commonwealth."

1890.
Dismissal of Bismarck from office by the
German Emperor William II.
Commercial collapse and political revolution in the
Argentine Republic.
Organization of the Republic of the United States of Brazil.
Expulsion of Jews from Russia.
Passage of the McKinley Tariff Act in the United States.
Admission of Idaho and Wyoming to the American Union.
Passage of the Sherman Silver Act.
Anglo-German Convention defining boundaries in Africa.

1891.
Dictatorship proclaimed by President Fonseca of Brazil,
producing revolt;
resignation of the President;
installation of Floriano Peixoto.
Civil war in Chile;
defeat and suicide of President Balmaceda.
Establishment of free schools in England.
Death of Mr. Parnell.

1892.
The Panama Canal Scandal in France.
Election in Great Britain of a Parliament favorable to
Home Rule for Ireland;
resignation of the Salisbury Ministry;
reascendency of Gladstone;
passage of the Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Commons
and its defeat by the Lords.
Evacuation of Uganda by the British East Africa Company.
Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act by the Congress
of the United States.
Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.
Revolution in Venezuela.
Difficulty between the United States and Chile.

1893.
The World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
Revolution in the Hawaian Islands.
Suspension of free coinage of silver in India.
Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act by the
Congress of the United States.
Revision of the Belgian Constitution.
War of the British South Africa Company with the Matabele.
Popular vote in Colorado for the extension of equal
suffrage to women.

1894.
Assassination of President Carnot, in France;
election of M. Casimir-Périer.
War between Japan and China.
The strike at Pullman, Illinois, and the "sympathy strike"
of the American Railway Union.
The "Coxey movement" in the United States.
Passage of the Wilson Tariff Act.
Turkish atrocities in Armenia.
Passage of enabling act for the admission of Utah
to the American Union.
Triumph of the Peixoto government over the insurgents in Brazil.
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Ship Canal.
Death of Alexander III., Czar of Russia;
accession of Nicholas II.

1895.
Resignation of M. Casimir-Périer,
President of the French Republic;
election of M. François Felix Faure to succeed him.
Armistice pending negotiations between China and Japan.

{3857}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE WEST SAXON KINGS OF ENGLAND and LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF NORMANDY TO THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.]

{3858} {3859}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST.]

{3860}

[Image:THE GUELF LINE OF DESCENT OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER.

{3861}

[Image: THE CAROLINGIANS.]

{3862} {3863}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE KINGS OF GERMANY AND EMPERORS.] HOUSE OF HAPSBURG.]

{3864} {3865}

[Blank]

{3866} {3867}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE.]

{3868}

[Image: GENEALOGY OF THE BONAPARTE FAMILY.]

{3869}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY.]

{3870} {3871}

[Image: THIRD HOUSE OF ANJOU.]

{3872}

[Image: LATER HOUSE OF LORRAINE.]

{3873}

[Blank]

{3874} {3875}

[Image: LINAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF CASTILE AND ARAGON TO THE UNION OF THE CROWNS.]

{3876}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE HAPSBURG AND BOURBON SOVEREIGNS OF SPAIN.]

{3877}

[Image: THE HOUSE OF SAVOY.]

{3878}

[Image: THE FAMILY OF THE MEDICI, IN FLORENCE.]

{3879}

[Image: THE HOUSE OF ORANGE-NASSAU.]

{3880}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF SWEDEN.]

{3881}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF DENMARK.]

{3882}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE ROMANOFF SOVEREIGNS OF RUSSIA.]

{3883}

[Image: THE SELJUK TURKISH SULTANS.]

[Image: THE OTTOMAN TURKISH SULTANS.]

{3884}

[Blank]

{3885}

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH OCCASIONAL NOTES.

ANCIENT HISTORY: ORIENTAL.

BLISS, FREDERICK J.
A mound of many cities, or Tell el Hesy excavated.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.

BRUGSCH, HENRY.
History of Egypt under the Pharaohs,
derived entirely from the monuments.
London: J. Murray. 1879. 2 volumes.

History of Egypt under the Pharaohs,
derived entirely from the monuments.
A new edition, condensed and revised by Mr. Brodrick.
London: J. Murray. 1891.

Corrected in some particulars by later discoveries, the
work of Dr. Brugach is still the most comprehensive
summary of Egyptian history derived from the study of
the monuments.

BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS.
Babylonian life and history.
London: R. T. S. 1884.

Number IV. In the series entitled
"By-paths of Bible Knowledge."

The Mummy: chapters on Egyptian funeral archaeology.
Cambridge: University Press. 1893.

CHEYNE, T. K.
Jeremiah: his life and times.
London: J. Nisbet & Co. [1888.]

CHURCH, ALFRED J.
The story of the last days of Jerusalem.
London: Seeley & Co. 1881.

The narrative of Josephus translated in the
happy style for which Mr. Church Is famous.

CONDER, CLAUDE R.
Heth and Moab, explorations in Syria In 1881-82.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883.

Syrian stone-lore; or the monumental history of Palestine.
London: Bentley & Son. 1886.

Published for the Committee of the
Palestine Exploration Fund.

DARMESTETER, JAMES.
Les Prophètes d'Israel.
Paris: C. Lévy. 1892.

DUNCKER, MAX.
History of Antiquity;
translated by Evelyn Abbott.
London. 1877-82. 6 volumes.

EDWARDS, AMELIA B.
Pharaohs, fellahs and explorers.
New York: Harper & Bros. 1891.

A thousand miles up the Nile.
London: Longmans. 1877.

EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
Memoirs.
London: Trübner & Co. 1885.

The Store-city of Pithom and the route of the Exodus;
by E. Naville.

Tanis;
by W. M. Flinders Petrie, parts 1 and 2.

Naukratis;
by W. M. F. Petrie, parts 1 and 2.

The Shrine of Saft el Henneh and the Land of Goshen;
by E. Naville;

The Mound of the Jew and the City of Onias;
by E. Naville;

Bubastis;
by E. Naville.

The festival Hall of Osorkon II.
in the great temple of Bubastis;
by E. Naville.

Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna);
by E. Naville.

ERMAN, ADOLF,
Life in ancient Egypt.
London and New York: Macmillan &Co.

EVETTS, BASIL T. A.
New light on the Bible and the Holy Land, being an
account of some recent discoveries in the East.
New York: Cassell Co. [1894.]

EWALD, HEINRICH.
History of Israel.
London: Longmans. 1869-86. 8 volumes.

GEIGER, W.
Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in ancient times;
with an introduction on the Avesta religion.
London: H. Frowde. 1885. 2 volumes.

GRAETZ, H.
History of the Jews, from the earliest times
to the present day.
London: D. Nutt. 1891. 5 volumes.

Sketches the ancient history of the Jews very slightly
but is full from the Roman Period down to 1870.

GRANT Sir ALEXANDER. Xenophon.
(Ancient Classics for English Readers.)
Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons.
Philadelphia: Lippincott & Co. 1811.

HARPER, HENRY A.
The Bible and modern discoveries,
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890.

HERODOTUS.
Stories of the East from Herodotus;
by A. J. Church.
London: Seeley & Co. 1881.

The story of the Persian War from Herodotus;
by A. J. Church.
London: Seeley & Co. 1882.

HERODOTUS.
History; a new English version;
edited with notes, etc.,
by George Rawlinson and G. Wilkinson.
London: J. Murray. 1858. 4 volumes.

A work of great value, in which Canon Rawlinson and Mr.
Wilkinson were assisted by Sir Henry Rawlinson, the
Assyriologist. It in not every reader who has leisure two
master such a book as Rawlinson's English 'Herodotus.' But;
something of this fountain of history all may know; Even
such pleasant boy's as Mr. Church's 'Stories from the East'
and 'Stories from Herodotus' we get some flavour of the
fine old Greek traveller. There are three great sections of
Herodotus which are of special interest:
1. the history of the foundation of Cyrus' kingdom;
2. the books on the history, antiquities and customs of Egypt;
3. the immortal story of Marathon, Thermopylæ and Salamis."
Frederic Harrison, The Meaning of History, page 90.

JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS.
Works; Whiston's translation,
revised by A. R. Shilleto.
London: Bell & Sons. 1889.

LACOUPERIE, TERRIEN DE.
Western origin of the early Chinese civilization.
London: Asher & Co. 1894.

A definite presentation of the view long urged by Dr.
Lacouperie, that the Akkadian or primitive Babylonian
culture was communicated at an early day to the Chinese.

LEWIN, THOMAS.
The siege of Jerusalem by Titus.
London: Longmans. 1863.

LOCKYER, J. N.
The dawn of Astronomy; a study of the temple-worship
and mythology of the ancient Egyptians.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co.

McCURDY, JAMES FREDERICK.
History, Prophecy and the Monuments.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.

A work in which the latest researches and studies
in the East are made fruitful.

MARIETTE, AUGUSTE.
Outlines of ancient Egyptian history.
London: Gilbert & Rivington. 1890.

MASPERO, G.
The dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa;
edited by A. H. Sayee.
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1894.

Egyptian archæology;
translated from the French by Amelia B. Edwards.
London: H. Grevel & Co.

Hlstoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient.
Paris: Hachette. 1886.

MILMAN, HENRY HART.
History of the Jews.
London: J. Murray. 3 volumes.

Bringing the modern account of the Jews throughout
the world down to about 1860.

MORRISON, W. D.
The Jews under Roman rule.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1890.

In the series of "The Story of the Nations."

MYERS, P. V. N.
Eastern nations and Greece.
(Ancient history for colleges and high schools.)
Boston: Ginn & Co. 1890.

NEWMAN, FRANCIS W.
History of the Hebrew Monarchy, from the administration of
Samuel to the Babylonish captivity.
2d edition London: J. Chapman. 1853.

PERROT, GEORGES, and CHARLES CHIPIEZ.
History of Art in ancient Egypt;
translated from the French.
London: Chapman & Hall. 1883. 2 volumes.

History of Art In Chaldea and Assyria.
London. 1884. 2 volumes.

History of Art In Phœnicia and its dependencies.
London. 1885. 2 volumes.

History of Art in primitive Greece.
London. 1894.

PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS.
History of Egypt from the earliest times to the XVIth dynasty.
London: Methuen & Co. 1894.

"This volume is but the first of a series which is intended
to embrace the whole history of Egypt down to modern times.
It is expected that three volumes will treat of the period
of the Pharaohs, one volume of the Ptolemies, one volume of
the Roman age, and one volume of Arabic Egypt. So far as
practicable, the same system will be maintained throughout,
though by different writers; and the aim of all will be to
provide a general history, with such fulness and precision
as shall suffice for the use of students."
From the Author's Preface.

{3886}

PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS.
Tell el Amarna;
with chapters by A. H. Sayce and others.
London: Methuen & Co. 1894.

Ten years' digging in Egypt, 1881-1891.
London: R. T. S. 1892.

POOLE, REGINALD STUART.
The cities of Egypt.
London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1882.

RAGOZIN, ZENAÏDE A.
The story of Chaldea, to the rise of Assyria.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1886.

Story of Assyria: to the fall of Nineveh.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1887.

The story of Media, Babylonia and Persia, to the Persian War.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin.

Three good popular histories in the series entitled
"The Story of the Nations."

RAMSAY, W. M.
Historical geography of Asia Minor.
London: J. Murray. 1890.

RAWLINSON, GEORGE.
The Five Great Monarchies of the ancient eastern world
[Chaldea, Assyria, Babylon, Media and Persia].
London: Murray. 1862.

The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy [Parthia].
London: Longmans. 1873.

The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy
[Sassanian or New Persian].
London: Longmans. 1876.

In the light of later discoveries, Rawlinson's history of
the five earlier oriental monarchies is very defective;
but the history of Parthia and of the revived Persian
monarchy retains its value.

RECORDS OF THE PAST;
being English translations of the
Assyrian and Egyptian monuments.
London: S. Bagster & Sons. 1873-81, 12 volumes.,
and 1889-1893. 6 volumes.

RENAN, ERNEST.
History of the People of Israel till
the time of King David.
London: Chapman & Hall. 1888. 3 volumes.

SAYCE, A. H.
The Ancient Empires of the East. Herodotus I-III.
With notes, introductions, and appendices.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1883.

Assyria, its princes, priests and people.
London: R. T. S. 1885.

Fresh light from the ancient monuments.
London: R. T. S. [1883.]

Numbers VII. and III. in the series entitled
"By-path of Bible Knowledge."

The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire.
London: R. T. S. 1888.

Introduction to the books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther.
London: R. T. S. 1885.

Life and times of Isaiah,
as illustrated by contemporary monuments.
London: R. T. S. 1889.

Number XIII. in the series of small monographs entitled
"By-paths of Bible Knowledge."

A primer of Assyriology.
New York: F. H. Revell Co. [1894.]

SCHÜRER, EMIL.
History of the Jewish people in the time of Christ.
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 1885.
5 volumes and index.

SHARPE, SAMUEL.
History of Egypt from the earliest times
till the conquest of the Arabs.
London: Moxon & Co. 1859. 2 volumes.

Important as covering the Ptolemaic and Roman
periods in Egyptian history more fully than any other
work in English.

SIMCOX, EDITH J.
Primitive civilizations; or outlines of
the history of ownership in archaic communities.
London: S. Sonnenschein & Co. 1894. 2 volumes.

SMITH, GEORGE ADAMS.
Historical geography of the Holy Land.
London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1894.

SMITH, R. BOSWORTH.
Carthage and the Carthaginians.
London: Longmans. 1878.

SMITH, W. ROBERTSON.
The Prophets of Israel and their place in history,
to the close of the 8th century B. C.
Edinburgh: A. & C. Black. 1882.

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHÆOLOGY.
Transactions, 1872-1894. 10 volumes.
Proceedings, 1878-1894. 16 volumes.

TIELE, C. P.
Babylonische-Assyrische Geschichte.
Gotha: F. A. Perthes. 1886. 2 volumes.

Western Asia, according to the most recent discoveries.
Rectorial address, Leyden University, 1893.
London: Luzac & Co.

TOMKINS. H. G.
Life and times of Joseph, in the light of Egyptian lore.
London: R. T. S. 1891.

In the series entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."

Studies on the times of Abraham.
London: Bagster & Sons. [1879.]

TWENTY-ONE YEARS' WORK IN THE HOLY LAND
(a record and a summary); 1865-1886.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1886.

Published for the Committee of the
Palestine Exploration Fund.

WELLHAUSEN, J.
Sketch of the history of Israel and Judah.
3d edition. London: A. & C. Black. 1891.

A republication of the article "Israel" contributed to
the Encyclopædia. Britannica.

WENDEL, F. C. H.
History of Egypt.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1890.

An extremely condensed and not very readable sketch of the
history of ancient Egypt, but one which specialist have
commended for correctness of knowledge.

WILKINSON, Sir J. GARDNER.
Manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians.
New edition, revised and corrected by Samuel Birch.
London: J. Murray. 1878. 2 volumes.

WRIGHT, W. B.
Ancient cities; from the dawn to the daylight.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886.

ANCIENT HISTORY: GREECE AND ROME.

ABBOTT, EVELYN.
History of Greece.
London: Rivingtons. 1888. volumes 1-2.

The first volume carries the narrative to the Ionian
revolt, the second to the Thirty Years Peace. "When
completed, it will supply a want long felt, that of a good
history of Greece of a size intermediate between Thirlwall,
Grote, and Curtius, on the one hand, and the smaller text
books and manuals on the other."
_English Historical Review,
January, 1889._

Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.

In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."

ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. Papers:
Classical Series. Boston. 1882.

Including "Papers of the American School of Classical
Studies at Athens."

ARISTOTLE.
On the Constitution of Athens;
translated by E. Poste.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.

A translation of the lately-found treaties believed to be
by Aristotle. "While putting us in possession of more facts
concerning the constitutional history of Athens than have
been known hitherto, this treatise presents very great
difficulties, both critical and historical. … We must
receive the new information with caution, and far from
looking on it as superseding our older authorities, we must
remember that much of it may not be the work of Aristotle
or of Aristotle's time."
E. Abbott, History of Greece, part 2, appendix 2.

Politics;
translated by B. Jowett: with essays, notes, etc.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1885. 2 volumes.

ARNOLD, THOMAS.
History of Rome; new edition.
London: T. Fellowes. 1871. 3 volumes.

Dr. Arnold's History is founded on Niebuhr's. The fact is
frankly stated in his preface: " When Niebuhr died, and
there was now no hope of seeing his great work completed in
a manner worthy of its beginning, I was more desirous than
ever of executing my original plan, of presenting in a more
popular form what he had lived to finish, and of continuing
it afterwards with such advantages as I have derived from a
long study and an intense admiration of his example and
model." It was Dr. Arnold's hope to cover the whole stretch
of Roman history, to Charlemagne; but he had only reached
the narrative of the second Punic War when death arrested
his work.

BARTHÉLEMY, Abbé.
Travels of Anacharsis the younger in Greece, 4th century, B. C.

BLÜMNER, H.
The home life of the ancient Greeks;
translated from the German.
London: Cassell Co. 1890.

BURY, J. B.
History of the later Roman Empire, from Arcadius to Irene.
(395 to 800 A. D.),
London: Macmillan & Co., 1889. 2 volumes.

A work written with more knowledge and carefulness
than literary art.

BUTCHER, S. H.
Some aspects of Greek genius.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.

CÆSAR, CAIUS JULIUS.
Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars,
with the supplementary books attributed to Hirtius;
literally translated, with notes [Bohn edition].

CICERO.
Life and letters;
the life by Dr. Conyers Middleton;
letters translated by W. Melmoth and Dr. Heberden.
Edinburgh: W. P. Nimmo. 1892.

CURTIUS, ERNST.
History of Greece;
translated from the German by A. W. Ward.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1871-74. 5 volumes.

Professor Curtius ends his History at the attainment of
supremacy in Hellas by Philip of Macedonia. See note to
Thirlwall's "History of Greece," below.

DAVIDSON, THOMAS.
The education of the Greek people and
its influence on civilization.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894.

{3887}

DODGE, THEODORE A.
Alexander: a history of the origin and growth of the art
of war, to the battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301.
Boston: Houghton; Mifflin & Co. 1890.

Cæsar: a history of the art of war among the
Romans down to the end of the Roman Empire.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.

Hannibal: a history of the art of war among the Carthaginians
and Romans, down to the battle of Pydna, 168 B. C.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1891.

DUNCKER, MAX.
History of Greece;
translated, from the German.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883-86. volumes 1-2.

An unfinished work.

DURUY, VICTOR.
History of Greece and of the Greek people,
to the Roman conquest;
translated from the French.
Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1892. 4 volumes.

History of Rome and the Roman people, to the
establishment of the Christian Empire;
translated from the French;
edited by J. P. Mahaffy.
Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1883.

Works both scholarly and popular, and made exceedingly
attractive by admirable illustrations.

DYER, THOMAS H.
Ancient Athens: its history, topography and remains.
London: Bell & Daldy. 1873.

EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY;
edited by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox, Bart., and C. Sankey.
London: Longmans.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons.

The Greeks and the Persians;
by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.

The Athenian Empire, to the fall of Athens;
by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.

The Spartan and Theban Supremacies;
by Charles Sankey;

The rise of the Macedonian Empire;
by Arthur M. Curteis:

Rome to its capture by the Gauls;
by Wilhelm Ihne.

Rome and Carthage;
by R. Bosworth Smith.

The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla;
by A. H. Beesly.

The Roman Triumvirates;
by Charles Merivale.

The Early Roman Empire, from the assassination
of Cæsar to that of Domitian;
by W. W. Capes.

The Roman Empire of the second century,
or the age of the Antonines;
by W. W. Capes.

FALKE, JACOB VON.
Greece and Rome; their life and art;
translated from the German.
New York: H. Holt & Co. 1882.

FELTON, C. C.
Greece, ancient and modern.
Boston: Ticknor & Fields. 1867. 2 volumes.

FINLAY, GEORGE.
Greece under the Romans.
Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons.

FOWLER, W. WARDE.
The city-state of the Greeks and Romans.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1893.

Julius Cæsar and the foundation
of the Roman imperial system.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1892.

In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."

FREEMAN, EDWARD A.
History of Federal Government. volume 1.
General Introduction.
History of the Greek Federations.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1863.

"This noble work, in some respects the grandest of the
author's conceptions, was never completed. … The war of
1866 between Prussia and Austria marked the beginning of
organic changes in Germany which Mr. Freeman was anxious to
watch for awhile before finishing his book. He therefore
turned aside and took up the third of his three great
works[the History od Sicily being the second]—the only one
that he lived to complete—the History of the Norman
Conquest of England."
_J. Fiske. Edward Augustus Freeman
(Atlantic Monthly; January, 1893)._

History of Sicily.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1891. volumes 1-4.

Left unfinished at Professor Freeman's death. The fourth
volume, prepared by other hands, from the materials that he
had made ready, carries the history to the death of
Agathokles.

FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY.
Cæsar: a sketch.
London: Longmans. 1879.

A brilliant and fascinating piece of historical writing,
but tainted with Carlylean hero worship.

FUSTEL DE COULANGES, N. D.
The ancient city: a study of the religion, laws and
institutions of ancient Greece and Rome;
translated from the French.
Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1874.

GARDNER, PERCY.
New chapters in Greek history: historical results of
recent excavations in Greece and Asia Minor.
London: J. Murray. 1892.

GIBBON, EDWARD.
History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire;
with notes by Milman, Guizot, and Dr. William Smith.

"We may correct and improve in detail from the stores which
have been opened since Gibbon's time; we may write again
large parts of his story from other, and often truer and
more wholesome, points of view. But the work of Gibbon, as
a whole, as the encyclopædic history of thirteen hundred
years, as the grandest of historical designs carried out
alike with wonderful power and with wonderful accuracy,
must ever keep its place. Whatever else is read, Gibbon
must be read too."
_E. A. Freeman, Historical Essays, pages 307-308._

"It is no personal paradox but the judgment of all
competent men, that the 'Decline and Fall' of Gibbon is the
most perfect historical composition that exists in any
language: at once scrupulously faithful in its facts;
consummate in its literary art; and comprehensive in
analysis of the forces affecting society over a very long
and crowded epoch."
_Frederic Harrison,
The Meaning of History, page 101._

GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E.
Juventus Mundi; the gods and men of the heroic age.
London: Macmillan. 1869.

GROTE, GEORGE.
History of Greece, to the close of the generation
contemporary with Alexander the Great.
London: J. Murray. 12 volumes.

"A business man, foreign to university life and its
traditions, a skeptic in religion, a positivist in
philosophy and, above all, an advanced Radical in
politics," Grote. "was persuaded that the great social and
political results of Greek history were because of, and not
in spite of, the prevalence of democracy among its states.
He would not accept the verdict of all the old Greek
theorist who voted for the rule of the one or enlightened
few; and he wrote what may be called a great political
pamphlet in twelve volumes in vindication of democratic
principles. It was this idea which not only marshalled his
facts, but lent its fire to his argument; and when combined
with his Radicalism in religion and philosophy, produced a
book so remarkable, that, however much it may be corrected
and criticised, it will never be superseded. It is probably
the greatest history among the many great histories
produced in this century; and though very inferior in style
to Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall,' will rank next to it as a
monument of English historical genius."
_J. P. Mahaffy,
Problems in Greek History, chapter 1._

GUHL, E. and W. KONER.
The life of the Greeks and Romans;
translated from the German. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1875.

HODGKIN, THOMAS.
The dynasty of Theodosius;
or eighty years' struggle with the barbarians;
a series of lectures.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1889.

HORTON, R. F.
History of the Romans.
London: Rivingtons. 1885.

A short history of republican Rome, containing more of the
tracing of influences, constitutional and institutional,
and more of the interpreted meaning of events, than are
found in any other work of its modest class.

IHNE, WILHELM.
History of Rome.
English edition.
London: Longmans. 1871-77. 5 volumes.

Closes with the death of Sulla., where Dean Merivale begins
his "History of the Romans under the Empire." "As the book
maintains in all its parts a strictly judicial attitude, it
is far less entertaining than the brilliant advocacy of
Mommsen; but for this very reason it is to be held as a
safer authority."
_C. K. Adams,
Manual of Historical Literature,
page 124,_

LANCIANI, RODOLFO.
Ancient Rome in the light of recent discoveries.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888.

LEWIS, GEORGE CORNEWALL.
An inquiry into the credibility of early Roman history.
London: J. W. Parker & Sons. 1855. 2 volumes.

LIDDELL, HENRY G.
History of Rome, to the establishment of the Empire.
London: J. Murray. 1855. 2 volumes.

LIVIUS, TITUS.
History of Rome,
literally translated by Dr. Spillan, C. Edmonds,
and others [Bohn edition].
London: G. Bell & Son.

Stories from Livy;
by A. J. Church.
London: Seeley & Co. 1883.

LONG, GEORGE.
Decline of the Roman Republic.
London: Bell & Daldy. 1864. 5 volumes.

MAHAFFY, J. P.
Greek life and thought from the age of Alexander
to the Roman conquest.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1887.

The Greek world under Roman sway, from Polybius to Plutarch.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1890.

History of classical Greek literature.
London: Longmans. 1880. 2 volumes.

Old Greek life. (History Primer.)
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1878.

Problems in Greek history.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1892.

Social life in Greece, from Homer to Menander.
3d edition revised and enlarged.
London: Macmillan & Co.

The story of Alexander's Empire.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London:. T. F. Unwin. 1887.

One of the very good books in the series of
"The Story of the Nations."

MERIVALE, CHARLES.
The fall of the Roman Republic;
a short history of the last century of the Commonwealth.
London: Longmans.

History of the Romans under the Empire.
London: Longmans. 8 volumes.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 7 volumes.

"His [Merivale's] history is a great work in itself, and it
must be a very great work indeed which can outdo it within
its own range. In days of licensed blundering like ours, it
is delightful indeed to come across the sound and finished
scholarship; the unwearied and unfailing accuracy, of Mr.
Merivale. … On some points we hold that Mr. Merivale's
views are open to dispute; but it is, always his views,
never his statements."
_E. A. Freeman,
Historical Essays; page. 309._

{3888}

MOMMSEN, THEODOR.
History of Rome;
translated by W. P. Dickson;
new edition revised throughout and embodying recent additions.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1894-95. 4 volumes.

The Provinces, from Cæsar to Diocletian.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1886.

"The Roman History of Mommsen is, beyond all doubt, to be
ranked among those really great historical works which do
so much honour to our own day. We can have little doubt as
to calling it the best complete Roman History that we have.
… We have now, for the first time, the whole history of the
Roman Republic really written in a way worth of the
greatness of the subject."
_E. A. Freeman,
Historical Essays,
pages. 239-240._

MÜLLER, C. O.
History and Antiquities of the Doric race;
translated from the German by H. Tufuell and G. C. Lewis.
2d edition revised.
London: J. Murray. 1839., 2 volumes.

NIEBUHR, B. G.
History of Rome;
translated by J. C. Hare and C. Thirlwall.
London: Walton. 1859. 3 volumes.

Lectures on the history of Rome,
to the fall of the Western Empire.
London: Walton. 3 volumes.

OMAN, C. W. C.
History of Greece, to the Macedonian conquest.
London: Rivingtons. 1890.

"This is the best school history of Greece which has
appeared for many a day. While the style is never heavy,
nothing of importance has been omitted."
_English Historical Review, October 1890._

PELHAM, H. F.
Outlines of Roman history.
London: Percival.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1893.

PLUTARCH.
Lives,
the translation called Dryden's corrected from the Greek
and revised by A. H. Clough.
London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1859. 5 volumes.

POLYBIOS.
Histories;
translated from the text of Hultsch by E. S. Shuckburgh.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1889. 2 volumes.

Polybios, "the historian of the Decline and Fall of Ancient
Greece," "is like a writer of our own times; with far less
of inborn genius, he possessed a mass of acquired knowledge
of which Thucydides could never have dreamed. He had, like
a modern historian, read many books and seen many lands. …
He had, himself personally a wider political experience than
fell to the lot of any historian before or after him. … He
could remember Achaia a powerful federation, Macedonia a
powerful monarchy, Carthage still free, Syria still
threatening; he lived to see them all subject provinces or
trembling allies of the great municipality Rome."
_E. A. Freeman,
History of Federal Government,
page 226._

RAMSAY, WILLIAM.
Manual of Roman antiquities;
revised and partly rewritten by R. Lanciani.
London: C. Griffin.

SCHLIEMANN, Dr. H.
Ilios: the city and country of the Trojans.
London: J. Murray. 1880.

Troja: results of the latest researches and discoveries
on the site of Homer's Troy.
London: J. Murray. 1884.

Mycenæ: a narrative of researches and discoveries.
London.

Tiryns, the prehistoric palace of the King of Tiryns.
London: John Murray. 1885.

SCHÖMANN, G. F.
A dissertation on the assemblies of the Athenians;
translated from the Latin.
Cambridge: W. P. Grant. 1838.

The antiquities of Greece;
translated from the German.
London: Rivingtons, 1880.

Only the first volume, treating of "The State,"
has been published.

SCHUCHHARDT, C.
Schliemann's excavations;
an archæological and historical study;
translated from the German.
London: Macmillan & Co.

SUETONIUS, C. TRANQUILLUS.
Lives of the Twelve Cæsars [Bohn edition].
London: Bell & Sons.

TACITUS, C. CORNELIUS.
The Annals, The History, The Germany, The Agricola,
The Dialogue on Oratory;
translated by A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb;
revised edition, with notes.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1877-82. 3 volumes.

The annals of Tacitus extend over most of the period from
the death of Augustus to Nero, with important parts lost.
The fragments preserved of the history gives us only four
and a half out of fourteen books which made up the original
work. These books contain the history of the years 69 and
70, not quite complete, and tell the story of the Vitellian
conflict.

THIRLWALL, CONNOP.
History of Greece.
London: Longmans. 1835. 8 volumes.