Chapter XIX: Appendix: Lord Lyons in Private Life (1)

BY MRS. WILFRID WARD.

It is not uncommon to find a seeming contradiction between the official and the private characters of the same individual. Extreme reserve, for instance, even an astonishing power of silence in conducting official work, may not indicate the same power of silence in private life, or the same reserve in the life of the affections. In Lord Lyons there was no such contrast, and no attempt to depict him could pretend to penetrate his extreme reserve as to his deeper feelings. This reticence on his part must severely limit any account of his _vie intime_. Moreover, curiously enough there is another difficulty in describing him which lies in quite an opposite direction. Lord Lyons had a keen sense of the ridiculous, and he loved the absolute relaxation of talking pure nonsense which, however amusing at the moment, would hardly bear the strain of repetition. Indeed, very little can be added to the history of the public life of a man so absolutely reticent as to his feelings, his thoughts, and his opinions, which he further concealed rather than revealed by an almost burlesque habit of talking nonsense among his intimates.

It would be easy to give many instances of his gift for silence when he did not wish to be 'drawn' by his interlocutor. A little story told to me by the late Sir Edward Blount is a case in point.

Sir Edward, waiting to see Lord Lyons at the Embassy, heard talking in the next room which lasted some time, and soon distinguished the voice of M. Blowitz. As soon as he was alone with Lord Lyons he said that he felt obliged to warn him that, if he had liked, he could have overheard his conversation with the journalist.

'You might,' was the answer, 'have overheard what was said by M. Blowitz, but you could not have heard anything said by me for the good reason that I said nothing at all!'

It was never known to anybody, as far as it is possible to ascertain, whether Lord Lyons had ever even contemplated marriage, though he certainly did not recommend celibacy. 'Matrimony,' he constantly used to repeat--slightly varying the phrase in his favourite _Rasselas_--'may have thorns, but celibacy has no roses.'

There was at one moment, while he was attached to the Embassy at Rome, a rumour that he was engaged to be married. Hearing something of it he inquired of a lady friend whether she could tell him to whom he was supposed to be attached, and later on he discovered that she was herself the person in question!

His nature was certainly lonely, and I believe from quite early in life he was conscious of suffering from loneliness. I have been told of a letter of his written from school in which this was quite clearly set forth. In later life he would never have expressed so much. What he felt and thought on any intimate question can, I think, only be inferred by his comments on life in general, or on the sorrows and joys of others. Once only I believe did he take any part in directly influencing the lives of young people in the critical question of marriage. The daughter of an old friend, with a courage in her confidence which seems to me almost phenomenal, told him the story of a mutual affection existing between her and a young man who did not seem to her parents to be a sufficiently good match. Lord Lyons listened with the utmost attention, and eventually interceded with his old friend, speaking of the terrible danger of causing irremediable pain to two young hearts, and was the means of making these young people happy. Was there, perhaps, in this action some reminiscence of a possible past happiness lost by himself? No one can even make the faintest surmise as to whether this was the case. He made no allusion to his own past when telling the story.

Of his childhood I know little, but there is a toy preserved in the family that gives a curious and characteristic foretaste of what he was to become. It is a miniature escritoire fitted with pen and paper and seals, and also soap and towels, etc. All this was supposed to belong to the children's dog, who was promoted in their games to the position of an Ambassador, and described as 'His Excellency.' There are still existing despatches written to and by 'His Excellency' in the handwriting of the four children.

I think he must have been too old to have joined in his sister Minna's bit of naughtiness when at Malta she put snuff in the guitar of a young exquisite who had provoked their mirth, and whose name was Benjamin Disraeli.

He used to say that among his most vivid recollections of his boyhood while at Malta, was the unexpected return of his father and the fleet. The children had been deeply engaged in preparing theatricals which were postponed on account of their father's arrival. He remembered his guilty feeling that he ought to be glad, and that he was not glad at all!

It was not at first intended that Bickerton Lyons should enter the diplomatic service; he began life in the navy. But Bickerton, unlike his brother Edmund, had no vocation for the sea. The sorrow of Edmund's loss, who died at Therapia, from a wound received when commanding his ship in the Sea of Azoph during the Crimean war, was a shadow that never passed from the lives of the other three. Bickerton was deeply attached to both his sisters and their families. Annie married Baron Wurtzburg, and Minna married Lord Fitzalan, afterwards Duke of Norfolk. Other relations with whom he was in close intimacy all his life were his aunt, Mrs. Pearson and her children, especially her daughters, Mrs. Lister Venables and Mrs. Little, who both survived him.

All his life Lord Lyons was devoted to children, and especially so to the large family of the Duchess of Norfolk, with whom he was able to indulge his domestic tastes and his love of fun. He spent with them the greater part of every holiday, and in the last twenty-five years of his life they were frequently with him in Paris. My mother, Lady Victoria, the eldest of the family, married very young, and my aunt Minna, the second daughter, became a Carmelite nun. Mary, the eldest of the sisters who remained at home, was Lord Lyons's constant companion and secretary. I think she was the only person who did not experience the strong sense of his reserve which so impressed those who had to do with him even in everyday intercourse. In a very serious state of health which followed his work at Washington he depended greatly on the companionship of his nieces. I have been told that for months he could not raise his head, and the only thing he could do by himself was to play with glass balls on a solitaire board. During this interval in his career, before he accepted the Embassy at Constantinople, he had more leisure than usual for the society of his sister's family, but he had always been devoted to them when they were quite little children, and was once described as 'an excellent nursery governess.' He said to his sister: 'I could never have married; it would not have been right, as I could never have loved my own children as much as I love yours.'

Into this near association with him my sisters and I were more closely drawn after the death of our parents. We had lost our mother in the winter of 1870, and my father, James Hope-Scott, died in the spring of 1873. It was then that my grandmother took us to live with her at Arundel, and we were added to the large family party who had often stayed with him in Paris. My own earliest recollections of my great-uncle are tinged with an awe which no amount of time spent with him ever quite overcame; but it did not prevent great enjoyment of all the fun we had with him. He was certainly very indulgent to the younger members of the family circle, particularly my brother, who was some years younger than the rest of us, and this was especially the case when we were his guests.

I think that what inspired awe was the immense strength of character, the reserved force, the severely controlled natural irritability. He had, too, a humorous vehemence of expression which seemed at times to be a safety valve to the forces he had under control, and was a reminder of their existence.

I suppose that nothing could be imagined more stately and more regular than life at the Embassy in those days. The Ambassador himself lived in a routine of absolute regularity and extremely hard work. He got up at seven, had breakfast at eight, and was, I think, at work by nine o'clock. His very small leisure, when he was alone, was mostly spent in reading. And this was carefully classified in three divisions. In the morning he read history or science, in the evening, between tea and dinner, biography; while, for an hour before he went to bed he read novels. While in France he never left the Embassy. Once a year he did leave it for his annual holiday--generally spent in England. He used to boast how many nights in succession--I think in one year it amounted to over 300--he had slept in the same bed. Every afternoon when we were with him, he drove with my grandmother, generally in the Bois de Boulogne, and in the warm weather we always stopped at some _café_ for us children to have ices. He also took us to the circus once during each visit until, in later life, he became afraid of catching cold. He still occasionally went to the theatre, to which he had been much devoted as a younger man. We all dined downstairs, and he used to like my youngest sister and my brother to sit at a little table near the big one and have dessert. He insisted on this, and was rather pleased than otherwise at the scolding he received from an English friend for keeping them up so late. In later life he used to speak of the pretty picture the two children had made.

I recollect the extraordinary general sense of importance as to his movements in those days, partly on account of their phenomenal regularity. I could not imagine him ever acting on impulse, even in the matter of going up or downstairs. I cannot picture him strolling into his own garden except at the fixed hour. This without intention added to the dignity of his life which seemed to move like a rather dreary state procession.

I wonder if the servants who never saw him break through his routine, or lose one jot of his dignity, ever guessed at how shy he was of them, or suspected the rather wistful curiosity he felt about their lives. I think it was Pierre, the butler, who lived with his family in the _entresol_ between the two floors of reception rooms in the Embassy. Lord Lyons was much interested in their family life, and liked to speculate as to what went on there. One inconvenient result of his extreme shyness was that when he really wished to alter any detail as to the daily routine, he could not bring himself to impart his wishes to any of the servants. I have often heard him say how tired he was of the same breakfast which never varied in the least, and he would add that his Italian valet Giuseppe was so convinced that it was the only breakfast he liked that when he travelled, the man took incredible pains that the coffee, the eggs, the rolls, the marmalade, the two tangerine oranges in winter and the tiny basket of strawberries in summer, should not differ an iota from those served up every morning at the Embassy. But Lord Lyons could never summon up courage to speak to him on the subject. On certain days Pierre undertook Giuseppe's duties, and for many years Lord Lyons wished that Pierre would arrange his things as they were arranged by Giuseppe, but he never told him so. While he grumbled, he was amused at the situation and at himself. Indeed, his keen sense of the ridiculous and his endless enjoyment of nonsense explain a good deal of his life. He used to say that as he was too shy to look at the servants' faces, he had learnt to know them by their silk stockinged calves. When he dined alone he made an amusement of identifying the six or seven pairs of calves, and was proud of his success in this odd game of skill.

I recall one ludicrous instance of his shyness with servants. It was his custom annually when he came to stay with us to shake hands with the old family nurse, and on one occasion, meeting her on the stairs, he leant across the banisters to perform the ceremony with such _empressement_ and effort that he broke one of the supports. He always afterwards alluded to the extraordinary emotion he had shown in this greeting. Nothing is so unaccountable as shyness, but it was curious that a man who had seen so much of public life and of society should have so much of it as he had. I remember once helping him to escape with, for him, astonishing speed across the garden of a country house, when a very agreeable woman, whom I believe he really liked, had come to call; he was as full of glee as if he were a boy running away from a school-master.

_F. Contet, Paris. Phot._]

I don't think that in Paris he ever gave way to such impulses; they were the relaxation of a shy nature in the holidays.

To return for one moment to Paris. He occasionally gave a big official dinner which I don't think he at all enjoyed, and of which we knew nothing. But he certainly enjoyed small gatherings, especially if they included old friends who were passing through Paris, although not one word of ordinary sentiment would probably pass his lips, nor would one of the day's arrangements be changed. He certainly enjoyed the society of his women friends, and I liked to watch him talking to Mrs. Augustus Craven, the author of the _Récit d'une Soeur_. Two characteristic sayings of his about the Cravens I remember. He was always pleased at showing his knowledge of the most orthodox and strict views of Roman affairs. He used to say that Mrs. Craven could never make amends for her conduct at the time of the Vatican Council--when her _salon_ was a centre for 'inopportunist' Bishops--unless she went back to Rome and gave 'Infallibilist tea-parties.'

Mr. Augustus Craven, her husband, was intensely mysterious in manner, and Lord Lyons used to call him 'the General of the Jesuits.' Once, on meeting him in London, he asked him if his wife were with him. Mrs. Craven was staying with Lady Cowper, and Mr. Craven answered with solemn, slow and mysterious tones: 'She is at Wrest,' and my uncle said 'Requiescat in Pace,' with equal solemnity.

I think that with all his natural British prejudices he liked French people and their ways. He used to maintain that Frenchwomen were more domestic and kept earlier hours than Englishwomen. He certainly liked French cooking. He spoke once in tones of horror of an Englishman who had committed the monstrosity of putting pepper on young green peas--a crime of which a Frenchman was incapable.

Many of his opinions, however, like Dr. Johnson's, were evoked by the spirit of contradiction, and it was chiefly with English people that I heard him talk about the French.

In the holidays in England reading aloud was one of his chief pleasures. He read much poetry to us at one time, but later I think he had to give this up as it tired him. At Arundel he wrote his letters in the dressing-room opening out of his bedroom. We used to sit there waiting for him before the appointed time, making drawings in red ink, of which there was always a large supply, when he would make a mock solemn entrance, as of a stiff professor. We were allowed to scribble during the reading, but, woe betide us! if we showed any inattention. He read 'Marmion,' Southey's 'Thalaba,' and, I think, 'The Curse of Kehama,' also much of Byron, the 'Siege of Corinth,' with especial enjoyment. He knew many pages of Byron by heart, and we used to get him to repeat any amount while out walking. 'Rejected Addresses,' 'Bombastes Furioso,' 'The Rape of the Lock' were also among the many things he liked to recite. I wish I could remember half the things he read or repeated to us. I am sure there was no Tennyson, and certainly no Browning. He used to jeer at the obscurity of both the Brownings, and to mutter such phrases as the 'thundering white silence' of Mrs. Browning with intense scorn. I think he may have met the Brownings when he was in Rome. He saw a good deal of Fanny and Adelaide Kemble at that time. He liked Adelaide much the best of the two, and used to quote with delight a saying of hers as to the Brownings. When she was told of the birth of their son she exclaimed: 'There are now then not one incomprehensible, or two incomprehensibles, but three incomprehensibles!'

He was always amused at the Kemble grand manner. He used to imitate the dramatic utterance with which Fanny Kemble frightened a young waiter who had brought her some beer. 'I asked for _water_, boy; you bring me _beer_!'

At that same time he knew Sir Frederick Leighton, and they once had a pillow fight! Who could imagine that pillow fight who only knew him as Ambassador in Paris? He always spoke as if he had enjoyed life in Rome; he was devoted to the theatre, and he had much congenial society. He used to say, too, that Pius IX. was the most agreeable sovereign with whom he ever had diplomatic relations.

Lord Lyons's literary tastes were not those of the present generation. He declared that he only liked verse that rhymed and music with a tune. He loved the sonorous sound of Byron as he loved the solemn cadence of Latin verse. All the time the love of absurdity was never far off. He would suddenly imitate the action of a schoolboy repeating Latin verse, first with his arms and then with his feet! A stout, very dignified elderly man, in some path in the garden, punctuating the verse with the action of his feet, is sufficiently surprising. Occasionally he would have the oddest freaks of this kind, and I remember an afternoon when he took a whim of pretending to be imbecile; he made the most extraordinary faces, and not a word of sense could be got from him.

Once in a steamer on the lake of Lucerne he insisted on his nieces joining him in impersonating a typical family of English tourists out for their holiday. He was the _paterfamilias_, one niece was his wife, another the German governess, a third his child. In the middle of the performance he found that he was being regarded with surprise and curiosity by some English society friends whose acquaintance with him had hitherto been exclusively in the character of a very dignified ambassador.

My aunt, Mary Howard, used to read aloud to him by the hour, and we all enjoyed these times immensely. It would be difficult to say how often we had 'Pickwick,' 'Cranford,' 'Rasselas,' 'The Rose and the Ring,' and 'Mrs. Boss's Niece.' I have never met anybody outside that circle who ever even heard of 'Mrs. Boss's Niece;' it is a serious loss. To quote at all appropriately from any of his favourites was to be exceedingly in his good books for the rest of the day. Like the late Lord Salisbury he delighted in Miss Yonge; he could not have too many pairs of twins, or too large a family circle to read about. He loved the analysis of domestic life, and would have been ready to canonise any really and genuinely unselfish character. Detective stories were a great joy. 'The House on the Marsh,' and 'Called Back,' were among the most successful. He used to prolong discussion as to the solution of the mystery, and would even knock at our doors very late at night if he thought he had identified the murderer, and mutter in dramatic undertones, 'So-an-so was the man who did it.' But the detective story was never read before dinner, and to look into the book meanwhile was a crime. Anybody who peeped to see the end of a novel 'deserved to be dragged to death by wild horses.' And there must be no skipping. Only descriptions of scenery--to which he had the strongest objection--might be left out.

The annual holiday was, for the most part, spent with the Duchess of Norfolk at Arundel, and later at Heron's Ghyll. Sometimes he went to Germany to take the waters, in company with his eldest sister, Baroness Wurtzburg. When in England he always paid a certain number of country house visits. These generally included Knowsley and Woburn. The visits that were paid every year, I think without exception, were those to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, and to an old schoolfellow--Major Trower, who had been with him at Winchester. Major Trower was one of four old Wykehamists who remained close friends. The other two had died some time before. I think the visit to Raby was annual. He specially enjoyed the society of the Duchess of Cleveland and of Lady Mary Hope. He was at Raby in the September before he died, and I believe that was the last visit he ever paid. The famous visitors' book there always amused him, and he was fond of quoting from it. One of his own contributions I remember was written with mock modesty. He took from Lockhart's Spanish ballads the lines:--

''Twere better to be silent before such a crowd of folk,
Than utter words as meaningless as he did when he spoke.'

His recollections of the society of his youth in these houses had some amusing details. I think it was at the Duchess of Bedford's that there was a Christmas tree, off which each young man visitor was given a piece of flowered silk for a waistcoat. Early next morning, at Mr. Lyons's suggestion, one of the young men, provided with a list of the names and addresses of the tailors employed by the others, went up to London and brought back all the waistcoats made up in time to be worn at dinner that evening. He used to speak with some amusement of the ungraciousness of Rogers, the poet, whom he met at the Derbys'. On one occasion Rogers had lost his spectacles, and Mr. Lyons went a long way in the big house to find them. Rogers who was drinking tea took the spectacles, but did not thank him, and, a moment later, when he heard Mr. Lyons refusing sugar, he observed to the company: 'That young man, having nothing else to be proud of, is proud of not having sugar with his tea!'

I don't suppose that he talked much as a young man, and probably he followed the rule he always preached, that young men should speak 'little but often.'

Among the few serious sayings to be quoted from him was that the great axiom in diplomacy was 'Never do anything to-day that can be put off till to-morrow.'

In speaking of Leo XIII. and his successful policy with Bismarck, he said: 'Those very clever men succeed by doing what no one expects. My success has been made by always doing what was expected of me. I always did the safe thing.'

In conversation he enjoyed a Johnsonian style of repartee. One retort of his had an excellent practical result. He acted as a special constable in London during the Chartist Riots. Hearing a woman in the dense crowd cry out, 'Let me faint, let me faint,' he turned to her at once, and said: 'Pray do, madam,' whereupon she recovered immediately.

Soon after the Berlin Conference when the Disraeli party were making the most of the accession of Crete, a visitor at the Embassy, gushing over its charms concluded with the assertion that Crete was the loveliest island in the world. Whereupon Mr. William Barrington (now Sir William Barrington) said drily: 'Have you seen all the others?' This amused Lord Lyons immensely, and some years afterwards when a young lady who was and is still famous for her powers of conversation had talked at him for some time, he adopted the same method. After a good many other sweeping assertions she said of some work that had just come out: 'It is the best written book that has appeared this century.' 'Ah,' he said, 'have you read all the others?' Being alone with her soon afterwards I was not surprised at her inquiring of me dubiously whether I liked my great-uncle.

* * * * *

It need hardly be said that, in the matter of his personal religion, Lord Lyons was very reticent. He was absolutely regular in his attendance at the Sunday service in Paris and in England. He was very fond of the singing of English hymns.

He never had any sympathy with the ritualist party in the Church of England, and was inclined to be sarcastic as to those whom he designated 'Puseyites,' as was then the custom.

One who knew him very well told me that for a time he was somewhat unsettled in the matter of definite religious belief. There is also evidence that in middle life the idea of joining the Catholic Church had been present to him as a possibility. As far as can be known it was during the last summer of his life that he began to consider the question practically. It is not surprising that Lord Lyons, when he took the matter up, showed the same characteristics in its regard that he had shown in any serious question throughout his life, namely, the greatest thoroughness and care in studying the Catholic religion and in carrying out its practical side, reserve as to deep sentiment, not without humorous touches which were intensely characteristic. Newman's works formed the chief part of his study during those summer months. A letter written in that August says of him, 'He is always reading Newman.' It was not until shortly before his death that he spoke on the matter to any of the family. A note in the writing of his secretary and intimate friend--Mr. George Sheffield--says that he spoke of it six weeks before his death. Lord Lyons had known Bishop Butt for many years when he was parish priest at Arundel, and it was to him that he applied for advice. He studied the Penny Catechism most carefully, learning the answers by heart, like a child. He began to fulfil the practices of a Catholic with great regularity. He went to Mass daily at ten o'clock, and adopted little habits of self-denial and showed greater liberality in almsgiving. The last honour he ever received was the offer of an earldom on his retiring from the Paris Embassy. He suggested to Dr. Butt that it would be a good act of mortification to refuse this honour, but the Bishop would not advise him to do so. He began, against his usual custom, to give money to crossing-sweepers or beggars in the streets, and I am told by my aunt, Lady Phillippa Stewart, that, after returning from my wedding, he said to her: 'Is it not customary after an event of this kind to give money in alms?' He then suggested that he should make some offering to the hospitals and asked her to write out the names of those she thought would be the most suitable. It was about ten days before my marriage in November, 1887, that I first heard of his intentions. I learnt it in a fashion very characteristic of him. I was not staying in the house, but I had been dining with him when he remarked casually: 'Really, my austerities are becoming alarming. I have given up soup for dinner and jam for breakfast.' This struck me as a novel proceeding, as I knew his fondness for jam and that the ordinary routine of dinner beginning with a clear soup was a fixed ceremonial with him. That night I questioned my aunt, who told me that he had been for some weeks preparing to join the Church. It was at this time that he said to one of the family: 'I am now ready to be received as soon as the Bishop likes.' He also characteristically consulted his nephew, the Duke of Norfolk, as to whether he ought to inform Lord Salisbury of his intention of becoming a Catholic. He did not, during these weeks, know that he was in any danger. The last time I saw my great uncle was at my wedding. He had a stroke about ten days afterwards, and to all appearance became unconscious. Dr. Butt, knowing what his intentions had been, had no hesitation in giving him conditional Baptism and Extreme Unction. I was at the funeral at Arundel, and saw the coffin lowered into the vault in the Fitzalan Chapel, where his sister Minna had been placed two and a half years earlier.

* * * * *

I feel most strongly as I conclude these very imperfect notes, how entirely Lord Lyons belonged to a generation of Englishmen now long passed away. The force of will, the power of self-devotion, the dignity, the reticence, the minute regularity, the sense of order, the degree of submission to authority and the undoubting assertion of his own authority towards others--all were elements in a strong personality. There are, no doubt, strong men now, but their strength is of a different kind. Englishmen to-day are obliged to be more expansive and unreserved. No fixed routine can be followed now as then; no man can so guard his own life and his own personality from the public eye. Lord Lyons was not of the type that makes the successful servant of the democracy. Fidelity, reticence, self-effacement, are not the characteristics that are prominent in the popular idea of the strong man to-day. But no one who knew Lord Lyons can doubt that those qualities were in him a great part of his strength. He was and must always be to those who knew him very much of an enigma, and it certainly would not have been his own wish that any great effort should be made to interpret his inner life to the world at large.

INDEX

Aali Pasha, i. 146, 150, 151, 155, 161, 166, 167, 172;
and the Paris Conference, i. 153.

Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, i. 151, ii. 175;
effort for Navy, i. 152;
dismisses Fuad Pasha, i. 155;
unpopularity of, i. 161, 163;
visit to France, i. 169, 170;
to England, i. 171, 173.

Abdul Hamid, ii. 108, 208;
policy of, ii. 137;
reported conspiracy against, ii. 167;
suzerainty in Tunis, ii. 246;
overthrow of, i. 168.

Aberdeen, Lord, ii. 11.

Abolition proclamation, i. 93.

Abou Klea, battle of, ii. 343.

Adams, Mr., U.S. Minister in London, i. 38, 43, 59, 63, 71, 72, 98, 99.

Adams, Sir Francis, chargé d'affaires at Paris, ii. 72;
telegram on Anglo-French sympathies, ii. 136;
Minister at Berne, ii. 220.

Adrianople, railway to Constantinople, i. 176.

Aehrenthal, Count, i. 342.

Afghanistan, Lytton's policy in, ii. 209;
attacked by Russia, ii. 348, 352.

Africa, west coast, ii. 409.

_Alabama_ incident, i. 97, 98, 99, 105, 300;
question revived, i. 162, 189.

Alaska, bought by America, i. 168.

Albanian league, ii. 228.

Alderson, Capt., sent to report on army of the Potomac, i. 128, 129.

Alexander, Emperor of Russia, i. 187, 255, 273, 333, 354, ii. 52,
54, 404;
visit to Berlin, ii. 76;
friendliness to England, ii. 80;
attempt on life of, ii. 207.

Alexandretta, ii. 150, 151.

Alexandria, ii. 172, 188, 273;
Anglo-French Naval Demonstration at, ii. 283;
massacre at, ii. 285;
bombardment of, ii. 288.

Algeria, position of French in, i. 199, 268, 271, 382, ii. 159, 249.

Alsace and Lorraine, question of cession, i. 321, 332, 334, 358,
361, 369;
French hopes of recovery of, ii. 103, 135, 195, 197, 247, 346;
trade of, ii. 14.

America, army, i. 45, 47, 48, 79, 109;
methods of recruiting, i. 110, 116;
finance, i. 57;
slave trade, i. 20;
affairs in central, i. 13;
relations between North and South, i. 20, 29, 31;
relations with England, i. 12, 15, 16, 45, 46, 79, 129, 189.

American Civil War, i. 34, 343;
Blockade question, i. 33, 36, 37;
privateering, i. 42;
Confederate Government, i. 53;
Southern Confederacy, i. 31, 33, 34, 36;
position of Consuls, i. 83, 121;
Southern activity, i. 82, 83;
Revolutionary Party, i. 80;
proposed foreign intervention, i. 90, 91, 92, 96;
rising prices, i. 94;
vessel building in England, i. 101, 102;
position of foreigners during, i. 106-109;
seizure of British vessels, i. 100, 104, 105;
Irish in, i. 109, 114, 115;
Germans in, i. 115;
British officers sent to follow operations, i. 128;
M. Mercier on, i. 85.

Anarchical plots, i. 187.

Ancona district, Austrian troops in, i. 3.

Anderson, at Fort Sumter, i. 35.

Anderson, Mr., attaché at Washington, i. 87.

Andrassy, Count, ii. 85;
and the Eastern Question, ii. 127, 134, 138;
and the Austro-German Alliance, ii. 194.

Andrassy Note, ii. 95.

Anglo-Russian Agreement, ii. 143, 160.

Anglo-Turkish Convention, ii. 140-142;
disclosed to Waddington, ii. 148;
made public, ii. 151;
irritation in France, ii. 152, 159, 163.

Annam, French in, ii. 103, 307, 327.

Anti-Slavery party in England, i. 118.

Antonelli, Cardinal, i. 3, 4, 184.

Anzin, ii. 323.

Arabi Bey, rebellion of, ii. 258, 273, 278;
Minister of War, ii. 279, 283;
campaign against, ii. 295, 296.

Arago, Emmanuel, succeeds Gambetta as Minister of War, i. 361.

Archibald, Consul, on the kidnapping of recruits, i. 112.

Arcolay pamphlet, i. 220.

Argyll, Duke and Duchess of, i. 41.

Armenia, ii. 131, 137;
patriarch question, ii. 55.

Army Purchase Bill, ii. 9, 12.

Arnim, Count, Minister at Rome, i. 347;
Ambassador at Paris, ii. 14, 16, 27, 30, 60, 68, 140;
and Thiers, ii. 31;
on French policy, ii. 45;
Bismarck's dislike of, ii. 46.

Arundel, Lyons at, i. 139, ii. 222, 418, 422, 428.

Ashman, Mr., i. 50.

Asia Minor, Russian policy in, i. 268, ii. 133, 137.

Athens, i. 149; Lyons attaché at, i. 1.

Atlantic, coast defence, i. 40.

Augusta, Empress, Bismarck's dislike of, ii. 80, 354.

Aumale Duc d', ii. 2, 7, 16, 44, 48, 51, 56, 64, 311, 368.

d'Aunay, M., ii. 300, 376.

Austria, relations with Prussia, i. 186, 193, 202;
relations with France, ii. 35;
military power of, i. 268;
and the Eastern Question, ii. 85, 127;
in the Moldo-Wallachian Principalities, i. 153;
in the Ancona district, i. 3.

Austro-German Alliance, ii. 194, 199, 205, 398.

Austro-Prussian War, failure of French policy in, i. 177.

Azoph, Sea of, ii. 417.

Bac-ninh, ii. 324.

Baden, Grand Duchy of, and Confederation, i. 208, 266, 276, 285, 293;
French policy in, i. 190, ii. 36;
proposed neutrality, i. 302.

Bagdad railway, ii. 151.

Bahamas, the, i. 130.

Baker Pasha, defeat of, ii. 323.

Balkan Peninsula, ii. 223.

Bapaume, i. 355.

Bardo, Treaty of the, ii. 243.

Baring, Major (Earl of Cromer) in Egypt, ii. 189, 322, 352;
letter to Lyons, ii. 203;
and "Modern Egypt," ii. 295.

_Barracouta_, H.M.S., i. 100.

Barrère, M., ii. 322.

Barrington, Mr. (Sir William), ii. 128, 426.

Bateman, Sir Alfred, ii. 253.

Batoum, ii. 137, 138, 143.

Baucel, M., i. 228.

Bavaria, i. 193;
and Confederation, i. 266;
proposed neutrality, i. 302.

Bayazid, ii. 142.

Baynes, Admiral, i. 23.

Bazaine, General, i. 317, 320;
capitulation, i. 329.

Beaconsfield, Lord, ii. 144.

Beatrice, Princess, ii. 162.

Beauregard, General, i. 35.

Beaury, plot against Napoleon III., i. 285.

Bedford, Duchess of, ii. 425.

Belfort, i. 370, 374.

Belgium, Prince Napoleon on, i. 193;
French in, i. 211;
trade relations with France, ii. 25;
neutrality of, i. 298, 302;
foreign policy towards, i. 303, 355, ii. 113, 124, 206;
secret Treaty, i. 320, 340;
in Constantinople Conference, ii. 109;
Bismarck's policy in, i. 254, ii. 74, 83, 345.

Belgium, King of, i. 212, 216.

Belgrade, Fortress of, i. 161;
evacuated by the Turks, i. 163.

Belligerent Rights, Exposition of French Jurists on, i. 44, 46, 50.

Benedetti, French Ambassador at Berlin, i. 293;
on Franco-Prussian situation, i. 299;
affront to, i. 300, ii. 206;
despatch from, i. 304;
meeting with King of Prussia at Ems, i. 305.

Benjamin, Mr., i. 122.

Berlin, Congress at, ii. 147.

_Berlin Post_, "Is War in Sight" article, ii. 72.

Berlin, Treaty of, i. 342, ii. 227;
Layard on, ii. 160.

Bermuda, i. 130.

Berne, ii. 256.

Bernstorff, Count, Prussian Ambassador in London, i. 196, 256, 259,
260, 268, 293, 304, 309, 317, 323, 337;
on Belgian affairs, i. 218;
letter from Bismarck, i. 261.

Bert, M. Paul, ii. 323.

Berthaut, General, Minister of War, ii. 115.

Bessarabia, ii. 142, 367.

Bessborough, Lord, ii. 11.

Beust, Count, Austrian Minister, i. 162, 272, 314, 320; ii. 202, 231;
and the Belgian question, i. 229;
letter to Metternich, ii. 35.

Beyens, Baron, Belgian Minister, i. 213.

Biarritz, i. 197.

Biggar, Mr., ii. 234.

Billing, Baron de, plan to relieve Gordon, ii. 326.

Billot, General, ii. 311.

Bisaccia, Duc de, French Ambassador in London, ii. 57.

Bismarck, Prince, i. 162, 192, 387;
and Luxemburg railway affair, i. 168, 213;
and German Confederation, i. 247, 251, 276;
at Ems, i. 293;
and the Vatican, ii. 30, 68;
relations with Emperor, ii. 62, 120;
and disarmament negotiations, i. 254, 260-5, 270-3, 275, 278, 301;
foreign policy of, i. 179, 211, 214, 218, 314, 355, ii. 14, 29, 49,
54, 70, 72, 74, 77, 82, 124, 205, 345, 358;
with regard to Austria, ii. 42;
and the Austro-German Alliance, ii. 194;
and Belgium, i. 303;
and the Eastern Question, ii. 90, 97, 231;
and Egypt, ii. 150, 297, 325, 338, 339, 352;
and France, ii. 16, 60, 136, 283, 286, 384;
during war, i. 314;
peace negotiations, i. 345, 348, 357, 361, 365, 370, 374, 380,
ii. 20, 30, 82;
and payment of indemnity, ii. 3;
colonial policy, ii. 60;
and French colonial schemes, ii. 244-5, 251, 259, 264, 268, 342;
and Russia, i. 338;
and Russo-Turkish War, ii. 109;
Suez Canal transaction, ii. 94;
and claims of Prussia in Tunis, i. 200;
and Favre, i. 316, 318, 321, 323, 324, 352;
interviews with Malet, i. 319;
with Thiers, i. 329, 331, 342, 353, 358;
French views of policy, ii. 107;
and Arnim, ii. 46;
and Boulanger, ii. 401;
and Clarendon, i. 250, 279;
and Gramont, i. 307;
and Count Münster, ii. 388;
and Napoleon III., i. 221, 254, 333;
and Odo Russell, i. 338;
and Waddington, ii. 168;
on himself, ii. 61;
on French Press, i. 271-2;
and the German Press, i. 305;
power of, ii. 53, 73;
illness of, ii. 290.

"Bismarck, his Reflections and Reminiscences," quoted, i. 338.

Bizerta, ii. 243.

Black Sea Conference, i. 341, 350, 366;
clauses in Treaty of Paris, concerning, i. 337;
French policy in, i. 337, 339;
Russia policy in, ii. 127.

Blairgowrie, Lord Russell at, i. 119.

Blanqui, revolutionary leader, i. 385.

Bleichröder, ii. 384.

Blignières, M. de, ii. 171, 204;
in Egypt, ii. 189, 238, 261, 278;
resignation of, ii. 279;
on Egyptian finances, ii. 330.

Blockade, international law concerning, i. 97.

Blount, Sir Edward, ii. 415.

Blowitz, M., _Times_ correspondent, ii. 70, 241, 308, 416.

Blue Books, publication of, i. 101, 102, 300.

Boer War, i. 49;
pay of men in, i. 110.

Bonaparte, Prince Pierre, i. 244.

Bonapartist Party, policy of, i. 349, 356, 364, ii. 15, 17, 66, 106,
191.

Bordeaux, i. 345, 349.

Bosnia, ii. 127, 134, 141, 143;
annexation of, i. 342;
insurrection in, ii. 84.

_Bosphore Egyptien_, suspended, ii. 352.

Boston, i. 73, 75;
harbour, i. 64.

Boulanger, General, ii. 121;
policy, ii. 367, 384, 385, 393, 403;
and the army, ii. 365, 383;
popularity of, ii. 366;
at Longchamps, ii. 369;
mobilization scheme, ii. 401, 411;
transferred to Clermont-Ferrand, ii. 409.

Bourbaki, General, i. 327, 354;
on the military situation, i. 327;
at Bourges, i. 348;
defeated, i. 359;
army not included in armistice, i. 360.

Bourges, Bourbaki at, i. 348.

Brassey, Mr., application for railway concession, i. 176.

Bray, Bavarian Minister, i. 302.

Brodie, attaché at Washington, i. 87.

Broglie, Duc de, at Black Sea Conference, i. 341;
French Ambassador in London, ii. 22, 23, 24;
in French politics, ii. 64, 67, 100;
becomes Prime Minister, ii. 111;
unpopularity of, ii. 113.

Browning, Mr. and Mrs., ii. 422.

Bruce, Sir Frederick, i. 140, 141.

Brünnow, Baron, i. 186, ii. 38.

Buchanan, President (U.S.A.), i. 12, 19, 23, 29;
invitation to Prince of Wales, i. 25;
letter from Queen Victoria, i. 26.

Bucharest, i. 149.

Buffet, M., i. 282.

Bulgaria, i. 166-8, ii. 142, 143;
proposed limits of, ii. 130;
Union with Eastern Roumelia, ii. 360;
Russia in, ii. 367, 391, 399.

Bull's Run, Fight of, i. 47-50, 110.

Bülow, Count von, ii. 53, 74, 87.

Bulwer, Sir Henry, at the Constantinople Embassy, i. 145, 146;
opinion on a Turkish Navy, i. 152.

Bulwer, Lady, i. 146.

Bunch, Mr., British Consul at Charleston, i. 42, 51-53, 72, 94.

Burmah, ii. 358;
English in, ii. 360;
annexation of, ii. 361.

Burnley, Mr., Chargé d'Affaires in Washington, i. 134, 136.

Burns, Mr., ii. 343.

Busch, M., ii. 130;
quoted, ii. 82, 344, 352.

Butt, Bishop, ii. 427.

Buyak Dere, ii. 138.

_Cagliari_ case, i. 8-11.

Cairo, intrigues at, ii. 87, 258;
British troops enter, ii. 285;
Northbrook mission to, ii. 332.

Calais, ii. 22.

Calcutta, i. 223.

Calice, Baron, ii. 130.

Cambridge, Duke of, i. 379.

Canada, i. 15, 119;
defences of, i. 40, 43, 49, 60, 72, 74, 80, 132, 134, 291;
despatch of troops to, i. 54;
Reciprocity Treaties, i. 17, 123.

_Caradoc_, the, i. 146.

Carafa, Signor, Neapolitan Foreign Minister, i. 9, 11.

Carey, Capt., ii. 194.

Carnarvon, Lord, resigns office, ii. 123.

Cass, Miss, ii. 398.

Cass, General, i. 12.

Cayenne, i. 243.

Ceylon, i. 223.

Chalons, i. 204;
French army at i. 307.

Chambord, Comte de, i. 364; ii. 2, 9, 18, 21, 25, 56, 57, 64, 66;
proclamation of, ii. 7;
White Flag manifesto, ii. 47.

Chanzy, General, at Le Mans, i. 348, 354, 359;
suggested President, ii. 118, 197;
death of, ii. 305.

Charles X. of France, i. 254.

Charleston, fighting at, i. 34, 51;
prices in, during war, i. 94.

Charmes, M., ii. 376, 387.

Chartres, Duc de, ii. 3, 365.

Chase, Mr., Secretary of Treasury, U.S., i. 43, 119.

Chasseurs d'Afrique, ii. 118.

Chatsworth, Lyons at, ii. 222.

Chattanooga, i. 120.

Chaudordy, Comte de, i. 325;
and the elections, i. 338;
policy at Tours, i. 339;
on the recognition of the Government, i. 357, 362;
on cession of territory, i. 329;
and Black Sea Conference, i. 366, 371;
at Constantinople Conference, ii. 109, 398.

Cherbourg, i. 303.

Cherif Pasha, ii. 174, 204.

Childers, Mr., ii. 330.

China, French Treaty with, ii. 327;
French war with, ii. 337.

Chios, ii. 159.

Chislehurst, Empress Eugénie at, i. 327;
reported review by Napoleon at, ii. 21;
death of Napoleon at, ii. 36.

Choiseul, ii. 231.

Christ Church, Oxford, Lord Lyons at, i. 1.

Christiania, i. 345.

Christians in Turkey, i. 160, 165, 167.

Civita Vecchia, i. 8, 180, ii. 55.

Claremont, Colonel, British military attaché in Paris, i. 194, 196,
245, 351, 377;
on French army, i. 281.

Clarendon, Lord, interest in Lyons, i. 6, 8, 174;
and the _Cagliari_ case, i. 9;
succeeds Lord Russell as Foreign Secretary, i. 149;
on Roumanian affairs, i. 156;
on Franco-Prussian relations, i. 201;
and Napoleon III., i. 203;
return to office, i. 205;
and proposed Turco-Greek Conference, i. 210;
on foreign affairs, i. 214, 216;
on French politics, i. 231, 237, 241;
on disarmament, i. 247, 251, 256, 301;
views on the plébiscite, i. 287;
on North American colonies, i. 292;
and party voting, ii. 11;
Bismarck's tribute to, i. 279;
death of, i. 294;
his private correspondence, i. 221;
letters to Lyons, i. 207, 215, 217, 225, 234, 236, 247, 259, 260,
266, 276, 282, 287, 293;
letters to Loftus, i. 267, 251.

Clémenceau, M., ii. 201, 350;
open letter from de Blignières to, ii. 279.

Clermont-Ferrand, ii. 409.

Cleveland, Duchess of, ii. 424.

Coasting trade with U.S.A., i. 17.

Cobden, on intervention in American Civil War, i. 92.

Cochin China, ii. 103.

Cologne, i. 193.

Commercial Treaties, Anglo-French negotiations, i. 239, 241, 243,
245, 284, 368, 372; ii. 3, 7, 8, 14, 33, 43, 163, 165, 206, 252,
261, 265, 269, 315.

Commune, termination of, i. 388.

Compiègne, i. 206.

Congo Conference, ii. 334.

Connecticut, i. 113.

Conolly, General, ii. 102.

Conscription Act, in U.S., i. 115.

Constantinople i. 5;
Embassy at, offered to Lyons, i. 144;
position of British ambassador at, i. 147;
intrigues, i. 149, 151;
discontent among Mussulmans, i. 167;
railway scheme, i. 176;
Russian policy in, ii. 52, 124;
Moustier's policy in, i. 206;
Conference at, ii. 106, 107, 108, 109, 398.

Corfu, ii. 224.

Cotton trade with America, i. 31, 88, 89;
during the war, i. 115, 118, 122.

Courbet, Admiral, ii. 322;
in Chinese war, ii. 337.

Courbevoie, i. 381.

Courcel, overtures from Bismarck, ii. 353.

Coutouly, M., ii. 182.

Couza, Prince, i. 149, 150, 157;
deposed, i. 153.

Cowley, Lord, i. 70, 225;
on Eastern question, i. 170;
on Ambassadors' votes, ii. 9;
visit to Napoleon, i. 197;
letter to Lord Lyons, i. 165.

Cowper, Lady, ii. 421.

Crampton, Sir John, i. 41, 42.

Craven, Mr. and Mrs. Augustus, ii. 421.

Cremer, Mr., ii. 342.

Crete, i. 148, 180, 300, ii. 159, 426;
insurrection in, i. 160, 163, 208;
proposed cession to Greece, i. 163, 206;
Omar Pasha sent to, i. 166;
settlement in Turco-Greek Conference, i. 210.

Cridland, Mr., i. 122.

Crimean war, allusions to, i. 4, 49, 129, 170, ii. 229, 417.

Cromer, Earl of. _See_ Baring.

Crowe, Sir Joseph, ii. 196, 253, 323.

Cuba, United States and, i. 13, 15.

_Curaçoa_, H.M.S., i. 12.

Currie, Lord, ii. 371.

_Cuvier_, the, French gunboat, ii. 22.

_Cygnet_, H.M.S., i. 100.

Cyprus, ii. 143, 150, 151.

Czacki, Mgr., ii. 233.

Czarewitch, ill-will to Prussia, i. 255, 260.

_Daily Telegraph_, letter on Lyons' opinions, ii. 129.

Daira Land, administration of the, ii. 340.

Dallas, Mr., U.S. Minister in London, i. 18, 38.

Damietta, ii. 188.

Danube, Russian policy, ii. 145.

Dardanelles, the, i. 350, ii. 123, 224.

Daru, Count, i. 243, 247, 251, 256, 261, 282;
on disarmament, i. 258, 265, 274, 301;
on political situation in France, i. 244;
on Bismarck's policy, i. 257;
and the plébiscite, i. 289.

Davies, Jefferson, i. 89, 121, 123.

Dayton, Mr., i. 46.

_Débuts,_ anti-English articles in, ii. 180, 376.

Décazes, Duc, ii. 50;
French Foreign Minister, ii. 56;
and the suzerainty of Tunis, ii. 60;
and ministerial crisis, ii. 67;
on foreign affairs, ii. 68;
and the war scare, ii. 71, 83;
policy in Russo-Turkish war, ii. 109;
internal policy, ii. 90, 100, 112;
suggests secret treaty to England, ii. 113.

Declaration of Paris, allusions to, i. 38, 42.

Denmark, Bismarck and, i. 272, 278;
Danish War, i. 177;
position before Franco-Prussian War, i. 302;
and Russia, i. 355.

Derby, Earl of. _See_ Stanley.

Dervish Pasha, ii. 284.

Des Michels, M., ii. 231.

Dilke, Sir Charles, ii. 197;
and Anglo-French commercial negotiations, ii. 253, 263, 269;
his Cherbourg speech, ii. 244.

Disarmament negotiations, i. 246 _et seq._

Disraeli, Benjamin (Lord Beaconsfield), ii. 61;
quoted, ii. 138, 417;
on Franco-Prussian relations, i. 208;
on Anglo-French relations, ii. 73.

Dix, Maj.-General John A., Report to, on recruiting system, i. 112-3,
131;
and raid of St. Albans, i. 135.

Döllinger movement, ii. 31.

Domain Land, administration in, ii. 340.

Dongorita, ii. 386, 388.

Douglas, Governor, i. 19, 43.

Dragoman system, Lyons dislike of, i. 146, 150, 175.

Dresden, Lyons attaché at, i. 2.

Duclerc, M., ii. 154;
forms a Ministry, ii. 293;
refuses office of Foreign Minister, ii. 380.

Ducrot, General, ii. 111, 115.

Dufaure, M., in the National Assembly, i. 365;
President of the Council, ii. 119;
resigns office, ii. 167.

Dufferin, Lord, ii. 284, 287;
in Egypt, ii. 297, 299, 317.

Dulcigno, ii. 274;
demonstration at, ii. 228;
surrender of, ii. 232.

Dundas, Admiral, i. 5.

Dunkirk, ii. 22.

Dupanloup, Mgr., Bishop of Orleans, ii. 114.

Eastern Question, i. 221 _et seq._;
reopened, ii. 84, 89, 95;
Salisbury's circular on, ii. 132.

Edinburgh, Duke of, offer of throne of Spain to, i. 200.

Egerton, Sir Edwin, ii. 412.

Egypt, affairs of, ii. 128, 154, 163, 203;
crisis in, ii. 171;
controllers appointed, ii. 189;
question of independence, i. 240;
Dual Note presented, ii. 270;
proposed Foreign Commission, ii. 273;
Turkish Commission in, ii. 284;
Conference on situation, ii. 285, 333;
Italy refuses to join England in, ii. 293;
Loan Decree, ii. 357;
question of evacuation, ii. 389;
Anglo-Turkish Convention, ii. 405, 409;
financial affairs, ii. 330;
proposed Conference on, ii. 325;
French counter-proposals, ii. 341;
settlement of, ii. 347;
English policy in, ii. 89, 109, 123, 133, 139, 153, 187-9;
Anglo-French action in, ii. 182;
Anglo-French relations in, ii. 246, 258, 296, 302, 304, 375;
French policy in, ii. 103, 386;
fears of English annexation, ii. 135;
French retirement from, ii. 291, 293;
National Party in, ii. 273;
foreign interests in, ii. 104;
Derby's policy in, ii. 122.

Elliot, Sir Henry, ii. 216.

Elysée, the, New Year's reception at, ii. 305.

Emancipation of Slaves, i. 95.

Emly, Lord, letter to Czacki, ii. 234.

Ems, interviews at, i. 305;
visit of Emperor of Russia, i. 293.

Enfida estate dispute, ii. 238.

England, relations with the Papal Government, i. 4;
and the Neapolitan Government, i. 9;
and with U.S.A., i. 12;
and Belgian independence, i. 212;
commercial relations with France, i. 239, ii. 25.
(_See_ Commercial Treaties);
expenditure on armament, i. 278;
position in Franco-Prussian question, i. 203, 205, 314, 317;
and peace negotiations, i. 334;
military forces of, ii. 288;
military preparations in Central Asia, ii. 346;
press in, ii. 335.

Erlanger, Baron Emile d', ii. 93.

Errington, M.P., Mr. G., ii. 236;
secret mission to the Vatican, ii. 339.

Erskine, Mr., British Minister at Athens, i. 149.

Eugénie, Empress, on foreign affairs, i. 179, 180, 191;
visit to the East, i. 236, 239;
proposed visit to India, i. 222;
on Queen Victoria's postponed visit, i. 197;
on Spanish affairs, i. 205, 207;
and the war, i. 308, 309, 316;
on home affairs, i. 235, 245;
withdrawal from politics, i. 241;
press attacks on, i. 244;
a fugitive, i. 310;
at Chislehurst, i. 327, ii. 22;
Bismarck on, i. 271.

European Conference at Constantinople, ii. 85, 106;
at Berlin, ii. 125, 126, 147.

Exclusion Bill, ii. 309, 311.

Expulsion Bill, ii. 365, 366.

Fabrice, General von, i. 387, ii. 3.

Faidherbe, General, defeat at St. Quentin, i. 359.

Fair Trade League, ii. 255.

Fallières, M., ii. 309, 312.

_Faon_, the, French gunboat, ii. 22.

Fashoda, i. 71.

Favre, Jules, Minister for Foreign Affairs, i. 313, 315, 332, 341,
349, 356, 358, 361, 377, 381, 386, ii. 3, 16;
war policy, i. 310;
meeting with Bismarck, i. 316-324;
advises diplomatists to leave Paris, i. 322;
at Black Sea Conference, i. 350;
Bismarck refuses safe conduct to London, i. 353;
and peace negotiations, i. 360;
policy attacked, i. 362;
in the National Assembly, i. 368;
Lyons appreciation of, i. 359, 368.

Fazyl Pasha, and the Young Turk Party, i. 167.

Ferrières, i. 321.

Ferry, M. Jules, i. 361;
Prime Minister, ii. 230;
policy in Tunis, ii. 240;
and Gambetta, ii. 249;
forms a Ministry, ii. 312;
at Foreign Office, ii. 320;
Egyptian policy, ii. 330, 338;
policy in China, ii. 339;
resignation of, ii. 349;
on Soudan affairs, ii. 344.

Fielding, Hon. Percy, i. 348.

Fire Island, kidnapped recruits at, i. 112.

Fitzmaurice, Lord, i. 316;
"Life of Granville," quoted, i. 342.

Flahault, M. de, i. 92.

Fleury, General, i. 217;
proposed Minister at Florence, i. 230;
and Russo-French Alliance, i. 273;
Lord Clarendon on, i. 231.

Floquet, M., ii. 404;
duel with Boulanger, ii. 370;
fails to form an administration, ii. 380.

Florence, i. 2;
Lyons appointed secretary of legation at, i. 6;
Lyons appointed Minister at, i. 11;
Fleury's mission to, i. 230.

Florian, Count, ii. 399.

Flourens, M. Gustave, organizes riot in Paris, i. 330.

Flourens, M., appointed Foreign Minister, ii. 381;
policy, ii. 398, 406.

Flourens, Mme., ii. 387.

Fontainebleau, i. 197, 375.

Foochow, Chinese fleet destroyed at, ii. 337.

Formosa, blockade of, ii. 337, 344.

Forsyth, Mr., i. 14.

Fort Issy, i. 382.

Fort Lafayette, i. 131.

Fort Sumter, i. 34, 50.

Fort Warren, i. 71, 74, 75.

Fournier, M., French Ambassador at Constantinople, ii. 169, 182, 205;
withdrawn from Constantinople, ii. 210.

Fourtou, M., ii. 114.