Chapter XI: Preface (10)

(b) The root-word may express an object by virtue of which the action becomes possible or has concrete manifestation; this use closely approaches transient passives of various kinds. Root-words in this use are most commonly conjunctive attributes, but the object construction, especially in the predicate, is frequent. Ang ágaw nya ng laruwàn ay inilagay nyà sa kahòn. The toys he snatched were put by him into a box. Síno sa manga táo ang ináko ni Mariyáno? Ang áko ni Mariyáno ay si Pédro. Which one of the men did Mariano relieve?--The one whom Mariano relieved is Pedro. Hwag kayò ng mamútol nang kawáya ng hindí ninyo ári`. Don't make a cutting of bamboo not owned by you; ang ári` property, ang may ári` the owner or master. Ang bigay nyà sa ákin nang Paskò nang Panganganàk na nagdaàn ay isa ng tabakéra. For last Christmas he gave me a tabatiere. ang bíhis nya ng damìt the (good) clothes she has put on (in place of her others). isa ng bíro` a joke. ang byày na isdà` sa palàisdáan the fish allowed to swim free in the fish-reservoir. ang dalà that carried; Dalà ni Hwàn ang lumbò. Juan is carrying the cup. ang dikìt nang apòy the blazing of the fire. Ang orasàn ni Hwàn ay gáling sa Parìs. Juan's watch comes from Paris. Ang tornìlyo ng itò y gámit sa mákina. This screw is used in the machine. ang gantì nya ng pála` the gift he gave in return. Ang kwáko ng itò ay ganti ng pála` sa ákin ni Hwàn. This cigar-holder is a return-gift to me from Juan. May hálo ng iba ng bágay ang gátas na itò. This milk has something else mixed in with it. háti ng gabì midnight. Ang hampàs na tinanggàp ni Hwàn sa kanya ng panginoòn ay isà ng kabàn. The whipping Juan got from his master was twenty-five strokes. May hárang na púno-ng-káhoy ang daà ng patúngo sa báriyo nang San-Visènte. The road toward the district of San Vicente has a tree obstructing it. Húle si Hwàn nang pulìs. Juan was arrested by the policeman. Ang igìb nya ng túbig ay marumè. The water he dipped from the spring is dirty. Ang binàbása nya ng librò ay kathà ni Risàl. The book he is reading was written by Rizal. Laàn (or: taàn) kay Pédro ang alaála ng itò. This present is reserved for Pedro. Ang lákad ni Hwàn ay ang panghihiràm. Juan's errand is to borrow something. Ang lúlan ni Hwàn sa kanya ng karitòn ay manga kahòn nang álak. Juan's load on his wagon is cases of liquor; ang lúla ng kasangkápan the loaded utensils. Ang manòk na yitò y lúto sa durúan. This chicken is roasted on the spit. Nàhúle si Hwàn sa tabì nang kanya ng nákaw na kabáyo. Juan was caught with the horse he stole. Ang pásak nang bangkà` ay bunòt nang nyòg at pagkìt. The boat is calked with cocoanut fibre and wax. Ang pígil ni Hwàn ay ang kabáyo. Juan is trying to restrain the horse. Ang pintàs ko kay Hwàn ay ang kanya ng bísyo ng paginòm. What I don't like about Juan is his vice of drunkenness. ang púlot anything picked up; an adopted child. ang isa ng pútol na púno-ng-káhoy a tree that has been cut up; Ang pútol nang káhoy ay nàpakaiklè`. The wood has been cut too short. Ang librò ay ang sadyá ko sa báhay ni Hwàn. The book is what I went to Juan's house for. Ang sakày sa trèn ay limà ng kompanyà ng sundálo. The people in the train are five companies of soldiers. Ang sangkàp nang manòk ay kalabása. The chicken is cooked with pumpkin. "Magsipagsísi kayò, manga táo ng makasalánan," ang sigàw nang kúra mulá sa pùlpito. "Repent, ye sinners," was the cry of the priest from the pulpit. isa ng súbo` a mouthful. Marámi sya ng tágo ng kwaltà. He has much money saved away. Ang tanìm nang búkid ay pálay na malagkìt. The field is planted with a sticky rice. Ang tanggàp nya ng bílin ay lubhà ng marámi. The commissions he received were numerous. Malakàs ang táwa ni Hwàn. Juan's laughter was loud. Ang táwag sa lugàr na itò ay Kinamatayà-ng-Kabáyo. They call this place Dead Horse. ang tungtòng that on which something stands; a mat on which dishes are set (specific name: dikìn). Ang túrù nang báta` ay ang mansánas sa mésa. The child is pointing at the apple on the table. Ang usísa` sa ákin ni Hwàn ay kung saan nàndon ang kanya ng sombréro. What Juan asked me was where his hat was. Walá sya ng uwì ng manga librò. He did not bring home any books. Ang talìm nang gúlok ay yári sa Yurúpa. The cutting-edge of the bolo is made in Europe.

(c) Especially with the particle nà (§ 223) the root-word often expresses a brusque command; in this use it is in competition with transient forms. Dalí ka nang iyo ng pagtakbò. Hurry your running, i. e. Run faster. Hampàs na kayò, manga báta`, sa manga langgàm. Whip at the ants, boys. Hátì na nang mansánas. Divide up the apples. Hintú na kayò, manga báta`. Stop, children. Ísip na kayò kung anò ang kahulugàn nang áki ng bugtòng. Guess the meaning of my riddle. Láyas na! Get out! Lígù na! Take a bath! Luksu nà sa tinìk na iyàn. Jump across those spines. Sáma nà sa kanyà. Go to him. Táwag na nang manga polìs. Call the police. Tayò`. Stand up. Upú na. Sit down.

(d) Repeated with nang (§ 191) root-words, as predicates, denote an actor in repeated and continuous action: Nàkíta ko ng pútol nang pútol si Hwàn nang tubò. I saw Juan cutting away at the sugar-cane. Similarly (see Index) bilì and táwa.

342. Root-words with accent-shift. Barytone roots are used as root-words with shift of accent to the last syllable to denote something which has been affected by the action, quality, or (in fewer cases) thing, which is denoted by the root. The particle nà is usually added. Agaw nà sa súnog ang manga laruwàn. The toys have been snatched from the fire. Awá na si Hwàn sa kanya ng pinarùrusáha ng anàk. Juan is already overcome with pity for his child, whom he is punishing. Ang áso ni Hwàn ay bahày. Juan's dog is grown up in the house, is completely domesticated. Ang báta ng si Hwàn ay bahày. Little Juan is shy, is unused to strangers. Bayad nà ang útang sa ákin ni Hwàn. Juan's debt to me is paid now. Bihis nà ang báta`. The child's clothes have been changed, The child is dressed up now. Bilang nà ang manga itlòg na itò. These eggs are already counted. Ang úlo ni Hwàn ay bilòg. Juan's head is round; or: Juan has been fooled; ang bilòg na tábo` the round dipper. Buhày ang áki ng inà. My mother is living. Sya y bulàg. He is blinded; or: He is blind; ang babáye ng bulàg the blind woman. Daing nà ang isdà`. The fish has been laid open. isa ng táo ng gutòm a hungry (or: gluttonous) person. Hatí na ang tubò. The sugar-cane is cut in two. Huli nà si Hwána sa trén. Juana is late for the train. Ang karnè ay ihaw nà. The meat is done. Init nà ang gátas. The milk is heated. Kayas nà ang kawáya ng itò. This bamboo is already smoothed. Ang pagkùkúnan nya nang itlòg ay ang kahò ng kulang nà. He will take eggs from the box that is already started (literally: incomplete, cf. Ápat na sèntimos ang kúlang nitò. This lacks four cents, is four cents too little). Lakàd kamì ng umwè`. We went home on foot. Lipas nà ang gamòt (ang pabangò`). The medicine (the perfume) is stale, has lost its strength. Lipas nà ang áki ng gútom. My hunger has disappeared. Pasò` ang lugàr na itò nang kanya ng kamày. This spot on his hand is burned; ang pasò` a pottery dish. Ang pagkakàgalítan ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay pawí nà. The quarrel between Juan and Pedro is now allayed. Pigil nà ang kabáyo. The horse is under control now. Ang káhoy ay putul nà. The wood is now cut. Itò y sirá na. This is already ruined. Sunòg ang damìt na kanya ng pinirìnsa. The clothes which she ironed are scorched; sunòg na asúkal burnt sugar. Tamá na ang iyo ng pagkwènta. Now you have figured it correctly. Tipun nà an manga kalabàw. Now the carabao are rounded up. Tulis nà ang lápis. The pencil is sharpened. Turò` ang kanya ng dalíre`. His finger is stiff.

This form occurs, in this book, also from the following roots (see Index): básag, búnot, gálit, gámit, hása`, kilála, lápad, límang, págod, sákop, sánay, súlat, tápos, tiwála`, túloy.

(a) In the case of some roots this form is used like a simple root-word without accent-shift; these are roots in which the accent-shift expresses a modification of the material meaning; see § 337. So: alàm that known (see Index); Babá na riyàn sa iyò ng kinàùupàn! Come down from your perch! Ang sakìt na kanya ng tinítiis ay ang lagnàt na típus. The sickness from which he is suffering is typhoid fever. (ang sákit na kanya ng tinítiìs the grief he is enduring). Sama táyo sa pagbilì nang pálay. Let us be partners in buying rice. Cf. also hulì, above.

(b) In oxytone roots, where the accent-shift cannot occur, our form is homonymous with the simple root-word: Bigti nà si Pédro. Pedro is now strangled. Bukas nà ang láta. The can is opened. Busug nà ang manga háyop. The animals have been fed their fill. Hintú na ang trén nang akò y sumakày. The train had stopped when I got on. Hubad nà ang báta`. The child is undressed now. Ang manga Igoróte ay hubàd. The Igorote go naked. Hungkuy nà ang bigàs. The rice is fanned now. Sya y kasàl. He (she) is married. Pantay nà ang lúpa`. The ground has been levelled. Nàkíta ko ng patìd ang sampáyan nang damìt. I saw that the clothes-line was broken. Punú na ang bóte ng itò. This bottle is already full. Tayú na ang báhay. The house is already erected. Tikwas nà ang káhoy. One end of the log is down.

Similarly are used: angkìn, bilì, tadtàd, tuwà`.

(2) Doubling.

343. Simple doubling. Simple doubling expresses explicit plurality or repetition, often with the idea of variation, intensity, or diminution: ápat-ápat four by four, four at a time, ang mata-matà trellis-work. Ang dúrù nya nang karáyom ay hindi parè-parého. Her stitches with the needle are not even. Sabày-sabày sila ng umalìs. They all went away at the same time. Similarly from: agàd, alìn, anò, áraw, bágay, bakìl, baluktòt, barà, gabì, gibà`, halò`, isà, lahàt, líbo, linggò, loòb, pantày, sári`, síno, sunòd, tulà`, untì`.

(a) The simple root does not occur and the meaning is discrepant in paru-parò butterfly.

(b) From derived words, in the same meaning: kaní-kanilà (ka-n-ilà § 528), kaní-kaníno (ka-n-í-no § 528), dalá-dalawà two by two, two at a time (da-lawà § 345), tatlu-tatlò three by three, three at a time (ta-tlò § 345).

(c) With retraction of accent: Dálì-dáli sya ng tumakbò. He ran off like a flash.

344. (1) D. In some cases the accent is shifted; the meaning is the same: Putòl-putòl ang katawàn ni Hwàn nang áki ng màkíta. Juan's body was all cut up when I saw it. This form from: báhay, báyan, púnit, sábi, súlok.

(3) Reduplication.

345. Simple reduplication. In a very few cases the place of the root-word is taken by the root with reduplication. The only clear case is tutulè ear-wax, root -tulè. The numerals dalawà two and tatlò three seem to be irregularly reduplicated forms of roots -lawà and -tlò (for -talò?), as a few of the derivatives seem to indicate. A number of words, treated in the following as simple roots, have, however, the aspect of this formation: babáye, bibingkà, bubuwìt a kind of mouse, gagambà, laláki, papáya (Spanish), tutubè, totoò.

346. Accented reduplication. Accented reduplication is used chiefly in transient forms (§ 348); distinct from this use seems to be that of numerals, in the meaning of only so many: àápat, íilàn, íisà; similarly dá-dalawà only two (from da-lawà) (§ 345).

mámayà`, mámyà` seems to be felt as a simple root-word and has been treated as such.

(4) pang-.

347. Of the two prefixes round which primary forms are grouped (§ 340), pag- is used only for abstracts of action (§§ 348. 350. 351); with pang- are formed words denoting the thing used for doing so and so, or as such and such: Nawalà` ang kanyà ng pangakála`. His power of thought left him. ang pangatìp that used for roofing, a shingle. Magpapútol ka, Pédro, nang manga kawáya ng pangbákod. Have some bamboo cut for a fence, Pedro. ang pangbambò a stick or club used for beating. pangbayò instrument for pounding rice, pestle. pangdilìg implements used for sprinkling. panggápas a slicer, a curved knife with saw-toothed edge. Ang ginámit nya ng panggupìt na guntìng sa damìt ay mapuròl. The scissors he used for cutting cloth were dull; also simply: ang panggupìt scissors, shears, ang panghampàs a whip. Ang ginawà ng panghárang sa daàn nang manga tulisàn ay isa ng gibà ng karitòn. The robbers used a broken-down wagon to make the obstruction on the road. Ang laséta ng itò ay pangháte` nang dáyap. This knife is used for cutting limes. ang panglípa` the sticky mud used for smoothing the threshing-floor. ang pangagínip a dream. pamitìk a single rein (one guides the animal by flicking it in various ways, cf. pitìk a fillip, a flick, a snap). pamatày in pamatay-kúto thumb, literally: that with which one kills head-lice (kúto). Pamútol nang buhòk ang guntìng na itò. These shears are used for cutting hair. Ang salawàl na yitò y sya kò ng pangsakày sa kabáyo. These are my trousers for horseback-riding. Ang manga pintò ng may pangsarà na gámit ay sumásara ng kúsa`. Doors that have closing attachments close themselves automatically. ang panáli` a halter or rope for tying up an animal. Ang kulilìng na ytò y sya kù ng panáwag nang alíla`. This bell is what I use for calling the servants; also: pangtáwag. Ang pangtayò nang halíge ay hindí dumating. The instruments for setting up posts (i. e. the cranes) did not arrive. Ang kalaykày ay sya kò ng ginámit na pangtípon nang manga bunòt na damò. I used the rake for piling up the uprooted grass. ang panúro` a pointer, anything used for pointing. Sya y may salawàl na pangupò sa damúhan at gayon dìn máy-roon syà ng pangupò sa sùgálan. He has trousers for sitting on the lawn and others for when he sits at the gaming-table.

Similarly from, the following roots: áhit, áko`, alaála, anàk, bilì, bilmìt, dalángin, gamòt, hilámos, húli, ísip, ngalán, pálo`, pukpòk, sábong, takìp, tanìm, tiwála`.

(a) This derivative from numerals denotes a thing used to fill such and such a place: ang pangápat that used as fourth, as: the fourth horse in a team; of similar meaning: panglimà fifth, pangánim sixth, pamitò seventh, pangwalò eighth, pangsiyàm ninth. From the ordinal (§ 416,a) is formed pangúna first. From phrases the higher numbers: pangsa-m-pù` the tenth (sa m pù` ten), panglabi-ng-isà the eleventh (labi ng isà), pangdalawa-ng-pù` twentieth, pamito-ng-pù` seventieth.

(b) A few formations show irregularities: panukála` equivalent to pangakála` above, is felt to belong with akála`; cf. the similar insertion of u in paubáya` (§ 481,d); panginoòn master, does not seem to be felt as a derivative of ginoò and has therefore been treated as a separate root.

Second and third are derived from the reduplicated form (§ 345) and show phonetic irregularity: ang pangalawà the second; one's second in a duel; pangatlò third, third horse in a gun-carriage; similarly pangatlo-ng-pù` the thirtieth.

(c) From root with accent shift (§ 337) only panghulè the last (of an established series).

B. Transients, abstracts, and special static words.

(1) Active with -um- and abstract with pag-.

348. Of the active forms of the primary groups, that of the type with prefix zero expresses the actor in a simple action or process. Both of the punctual forms, actual and contingent, are made with infix -um-; the actual durative consists of the root reduplicated, with infix -um-; the contingent durative is reduplicated, but lacks the infix; the reduplication is in both cases accented. The abstract of action consists of the root with prefix pag-. Thus the forms are: p-um-útol, p-um-ù-pútol, p-um-útol, pù-pútol, pag-pútol. Examples:

Umabang kà nang maglalakò nang gátas. Watch for a milkman. Sya y umágaw nang manga laruwàn. He snatched some toys. Sya y umáhon sa ílog (sa bundòk, sa gulòd). He went up the river (up into the mountains, up the hill). Pumútol ka, Hwàn, nang búho`, pagáhon mo sa bundòk. When you go up into the mountains, Juan, cut some slender bamboo. Umámin sila Pédro sa harapàn nang hukòm. Pedro and his band confessed before the judge. umámot sold, of other than a regular merchant. Umánib ka kay Pédro. Let your mat overlap Pedro's, i. e. Sleep next to Pedro. Umangkìn ka nang laruwàn. Take some toys for yourself. Ang pagáyaw nya ng kumáin nang karnè ay sya ng nakabùbúte sa kanyà. His not being willing to eat meat is what does him good. Ang halíge nang báhay ay bumába` sapagkàt hindí káya nang lúpa` ang bigàt na kanya ng dinádala. The post of the house sank because the weight it was bearing was too great for the ground. Bàbábag si Hwàn nang kanya ng kalarò`. Juan will fight with one of his playmates. Bumaluktot kà nang yantòk. Bend a piece of rattan. Ang áhas ay bumaluktòt. The snake doubled itself up. Bumálot ka nang súman (nang sigarìlyo, nang kúmot). Roll up some suman (sticky rice cooked in banana-leaves; some cigarettes, a blanket). Ang pagbása ay mahírap. Reading is hard. Sya y bumigtì nang táo. He choked a man to death. Ang pagbigtì ay isa ng pagpatày sa kápwa táo sa pamamagítan nang pagsakàl. Strangling is killing a person by means of choking. Bumílog si Hwàn nang isa ng turumpò. Juan turned out (on a lathe) a spinning-top. Bumíngit sya sa malaki ng pangánib. He went (voluntarily) to the brink of a great danger. Bumitìw sa lúbid ang isà sa inyò. One of you let go of the rope. Bumúbukàs ang manga bulaklàk sa hàlamanàn. The flowers in the garden are opening. Sya y bumúnot nang damò. He plucked up some grass. Lahàt nang táo sa báya ng iyòn ay bumóto sa kandidáto ng si Manikìs. All the people in that town voted for the candidate Maniquís. Ang halíge ay dumádala nang tahílan. The post bears up girders. Dumamdàm si Hwàn nang isa ng mabigàt na sakìt. Juan felt a severe pain. Sya y dumapà`. He lay down on his face. Ang kanità ng kwaltà sa bangkò ay kasalukúya ng gumàgána nang buwìs. Your money and mine in the bank is even now earning interest. gumantì act in retaliation. gumápas cut with the panggápas. Ang máy sakìt ay guminháwa. The patient became more comfortable ... ay gumìginháwa nà ... is getting more comfortable now. Sya y humalìk sa kanya ng nánay. She kissed her mother. Ang báta ng si Hwàn ang humampàs sa anàk ni Áli ng Maryà. It was little Juan who hit Aunt Maria's little boy with a whip. ang paghánap a seeking (especially of one's daily bread). Sya y humárang nang manga táo ng nagháhatid nang kabáyo sa báya-ng-San-Migèl. He held up some people who were taking horses to the town of San Miguel. Akò ay humátì nang mansánas. I cut an apple in two. Humátì ako nang manga itlòg na binilè ni Hwána. I took half of the eggs Juana bought. Ingátan mo ang pagháwak sa mákina ng iyàn, sapagkàt baká ka maputúlan nang dalíri` na gáya nang nangyári sa ibà. Be careful how you take hold of that machine, for you might get your finger cut off like others before you. Humínà nang pagtakbò ang kabáyo. The horse lost its speed as a runner. ang paghingì` a requesting, a request. Híhiram kamì nang librò sa libreríya. We shall borrow books from the library. humúla` predicted, prophesied. umigìb get water by dipping from a well, spring, or stream. Akò y umìíhip nang píto. I was blowing the small flute. Umìíhip ang hángi ng habágat. The spring wind is blowing. Umílag ka. Get out of the way. Ang kanyà ng manga pagilàng ay lubhà ng makínis. His little dodges are very clever. Umínit ang plànsa. The flatiron became hot. Umínit ang túbig. The water got hot. Ang paginùm nang álak ay masamà`. Drinking liquor is harmful. Sya y uminùm nang gátas. He drank some milk. Umísip ka, Nánay, nang isa ng kwènto. Try to think of a story, Mother. Ang pagísip nang bugtòng na itò ay mahírap. This riddle is hard to solve. ang kanyà ng pagiyàk her weeping. kumabiyàw press sugar-cane. Kumaluskòs sa súlok ang dagà`. The rat pattered in the corner, i. e. I heard the pattering of a rat in the corner. Ang íbon ay kumákantà. The bird is singing. Kumapá si Hwàn nang itlòg sa púgad nang manòk. Juan felt out some eggs in the hen's nest. Kumákapá sya nang isa ng palakà`. He felt around for a frog. Sya y kumáyas nang isa ng kawáyan. He smoothed a stick of bamboo. Hwag kà ng kumuròt ngayòn! Don't pinch now! Si Pédro ay lumabàs. Pedro went out. Ang áso y lumàlámon. The dog is feeding. Si Pédro ay lumàlámon at hindí kumàkáin. Pedro is eating like an animal, not like a human being. Lumáyag si Manuwèl sa Amérika. Manuel sailed (i. e. voyaged) to America (ang láyag a sail). Ang bantay-pálay ay lumáyas. The watchman of the rice-field left his post. Isa ng sundálo ay lumáyas sa ínit nang paglalabanàn. A soldier deserted in the heat of the battle. Sya y lumíbot. He went for a walk. Magpútol ka, Pédro, nang manga kúgon, úpang lumínis ang búkid. Cut the cugon-grass, Pedro, so that the field may become clear. Si Pédro ay lumípat sa iba ng báyan. Pedro moved to another town. Lumuhod kà, Hwán. Kneel down, Juan. Si Hwàn ay lumuhòd sa haràp nang háre`. Juan knelt down before the king. Sya y ngumíngitì`. She is smiling. Pumagítan sya sa dalawà ng dalága. He placed himself between two young ladies. Akò y pumána nang usà. I shot an arrow at a stag (pána` an arrow). Pumánaw ang kanya ng hiningà. His breath departed, i. e. He gave up the ghost. Si Hwàn ang pumáso sa áki ng kulugò. It was Juan who burned out my wart for me. Huwàg kà ng pumatìd nang sampáyan! Don't you break the clothes-line! Si Hwàn ay sya ng pumáyag sa paraà ng itò. It was Juan who agreed to this plan. Sya y pumàpáyag. He is willing. Pumíli akò nang malakì ng mansánas. I chose a big apple. Pumìpílit sya ng magbukàs nang kabà ng bákal. He was trying hard to open an iron safe. (But punctual: Pumílit sya ... He forced open...). pumitìk give a fillip, snap at with one's finger. Sya y pumúpukpòk nang bunòt nang nyòg. He is pounding cocoanut husks. Pumùpútol nang kawáyan si Mariyáno. Mariano is cutting bamboo. Pùpútol ... will cut.... Ang sumàsábuy na túbig ay nanggàgáling sa bubungàn nang báhay. The water that was splashing on us came from the roof of the house. sumagása` jostle. sumaguwàn paddle. sumáhod put something under to catch what flows or falls. Sya y sumásakay sa bangka` nang akò y dumatìng. He was getting into the canoe when I arrived. Sumála siyà sa singsìng. He missed the ring (in the juego de anillo, in which one tries to catch a ring on a stick). sumálok dip out water (ang sálok a dipper, a basket for catching fruit when it is cut from the tree; a net for catching insects). Sya y sumandòk nang sináing. She dipped out some boiled rice. Sumánib ka kay Pédro, (same meaning as umánib above). Sumíkad ang kabáyo. The horse struck out, gave a kick. Sumikìp ang daàn sa karamíhan nang táo. The road became crowded with the multitude of people. Sumikìp ang damìt. The garment shrank and became tight. Sumiksìk si Hwàn sa púlong nang manga táo. Juan crowded his way into the gathering of people. Sumilakbò ang apòy (ang kanya ng gálit, ang kanya ng tuwà`). The fire (his anger, his joy) welled up. Ang pagsintà ni Pédro ay hindí tinanggàp nang dalága. The young lady did not accept Pedro's proffer of love. Siyà ang sumuklày sa kanya ng anàk. It was she herself who combed her child's hair (ang suklày a comb). sumúlid spin thread. sumúlong push ahead, progress; also as family name: Sumúlong. Si Pédro ay sumundò` nang páre`. Pedro fetched a priest. Hindí sya nagkapálad sa pagsundò nang médiko. He did not succeed in fetching a doctor. Pagsuntok nyà ay tumakbo kà. When he strikes you, run (suntòk a blow on the head). Sya y sumúsutsòt. He is whistling. Ang báta y tumahímik. The boy quieted down. Tumátahòl ang áso. The dog was barking. Sya y tumámà sa hwéting. He won in the lottery. Tumátandá siyà. He is getting old. Sya y tumánod sa báhay sa boò ng magdamàg. He guarded the house all night. Tumanùng akò kay Hwàn. I asked Juan. Tumanùng akò nang kwàlta kay Hwàn. I asked Juan for money. tumanghà` wonder. Sya y tumátangò`. He is willing, He assents. Tumàtáwa siyà. He is laughing. Ikàw ang tumáwag kay Hwàn. Do you call Juan. Nárinig ko ang iyò ng pagtáwag sa ákin. I heard you calling me. Sya y tumayò`. He stood up. tumibà` cut bananas off the tree. tumilàd cut wood small along the grain, shave off, cut into small parts. Sya y tumimbá nang túbig. He drew water with a bucket. ang pagtingìn the act of looking at something, observation. Ang pagtipìd sa kwaltà ay ginágawa nang marámi. Many people practise economy in the matter of money. Ang pagtípon sa manga káhoy kung tagulàn ay mahírap, sapagkàt mapútik. It is hard to collect logs in the rainy season, on account of the mud. Tumirà si Hwàn na isa ng taòn sa báya-ng-Balíwag. Juan lived one year in the town of Baliuag. tumukà` pick with the beak (tukà` the beak of a fowl). Sya y tumúlak sa isinùsúlong na kahò ng bákal. He pushed (i. e. took part in pushing) at the iron safe they were moving. Also: Sya y tumúlak. He "shoved off", i. e. He went away. Si Hwàn ay tumúlog sa báhay ni Pédro. Juan went and slept in Pedro's house. Ang kanya ng pagtúlog ay mabábaw. His sleep is light. Tumúngo sya sa báya-ng-Balíwag. He went toward Baliuag. Ang pagubrà nang manga barìl na ytò sa pamamarìl nang kalabàw-ramò ay hindí pinakamabúte. These guns are not the best for shooting wild carabao. Umubrà ang ininùm nya ng purgà. The purge he drank took effect. Umubrà sa kakanàn ang kanya ng ginawà ng lamésa. The table he made was suitable for the dining-room. Umubrà ng nagámit ang tornìlyo ng bákal sa lugàr nang tansò. It was possible to use the iron screw instead of the copper. Sya y umupò`. He sat down. Ang pagupò` sa hángin ay isa ng mahírap na parúsa. "Sitting on the air" (standing in sitting position with the forefingers pointing up) is a hard punishment. Umùúrung ang trèn. The train is backing. Umútang ka nang salapì kay Pédro. Borrow some money from Pedro. Umuwé si Hwàn. Juan went home, Yumáyà si Hwàn nang kanya ng mangà kaybígan. Juan invited some of his friends. ang pagyáya` the invitation.

Other roots occurring in these forms (and roots occurring above out of their alphabetical order): abála, ágos, ákay, akiyàt, alìs, ása, áyon, bábaw, bahà`, balìk, bílang, bilì, búhat, bútas, daìng, dála, dalàs, dálaw, dalò, dámi, dápit, dápo`, daràs, datìng, dilìm, dúkit, dumì, doòn, galàw, gámit, gamòt, gápang, gastà, gawà`, gúlang, gupìt, gustò, hába`, hábol, hágod, hakbàng, hángo`, haràp, hátak, higà`, híla, hilìng, hingà, húkay, húli, húni, íbig, kagàt, káin, kalabòg, kápit, katàm, kibò`, kilála, kílos, kinìg, kíta, kúha, kulòng, kuwènta, lában, lagánap, lagpàk, lákad, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lampàs, langòy, lápit, lígaw, lindòl, lipàd, litàw, liwánag, lubòg, lúha`, luksò, luwàs, nákaw, ngiyàw, panhìk, pasàn, pások, patày, páwis, píhit, pitàs, pukòl, púri, putòk, sagòt, sakàl, sákop, salákay, sáma, sanggà, sápit, sarà, sayàw, sigàw, síkat, silìd, sípa`, sísid, subò, súgat, súlat, sumpòng, sunòd, suwày, súyo`, tabà`, tagà`, takbò, tálik, talòn, tanàw, tanglàw, taráto, tawìd, tíbay, tiktìk, tikuwàs, túbo`, tugtòg, tuktòk, túlong, tungtòng, tupàd, ulàn, ulì`, untì`, úpa, yáman.

(a) Kumusta kà? How d'you do? may be felt to belong here. [10]

(b) An irregular inflection in which variation of the initial consonant takes the place of the infix is known to Mr. Santiago from a few traditional phrases: Hwag kà ng matày (for: pumatày) nang kápwa táo. Thou shalt not kill.

(c) Forms with accent shift owe this feature to the root (§ 337): Umabòt ka nang isa ng mansánas. Help yourself to an apple. Ang sumunòd na silakbò nang lagablàb ay siya ng umabòt sa bubungàn. The next leap of the flame reached the roof. Ang pagabùt nang búnga ng itò ay mahírap. This fruit is hard to reach. Nárinig ko syà sa kanya ng pagayàw sa sinábe ni Hwàn. I heard him disagree with what Juan had said. Nagálit akò sa kanya ng pagayàw sa lamésa. I was angered at his leaving the table. Si Pédro ay umayàw na. Pedro has left the table. Similarly from bába` and sákit.

(d) From a phrase: Hindí marúnong gumanti-ng-pála` si Hwàn. Juan does not know how to make return for kindness (gantì ng pála`).

(e) From derived words: tumagílid, pagtagílid (ta-gílid § 523); tumalíkod, pagtalíkod (ta-líkod § 523). See also §§ 404. 488.

349. The doubled root with the same formation is used of actions aimlessly repeated at intervals. Nátinik syà sa kanya ng pagtakbò-takbò sa bakúran. In his constant running about the yard, he got a splinter into his foot. Tumàtáwa-táwa si Hwàn hábang nagbíbigkàs nang talumpáte si Pédro. Juan kept laughing at intervals while Pedro was making his speech. Si Hwàn ay tumàtáwa-táwa nang sya y hampasìn ni Pédro. When Juan kept laughing every little while, Pedro finally struck him with the whip.

(a) From a root with accent shift (§ 337): Tumátawa-tawà si Hwàn twì ng ákin sya ng màmasdàn hábang nagbíbigkas nang talumpáte si Pédro. Juan kept snickering every time I happened to look at him while Pedro was delivering his oration.

(2) Active with mag- and abstract with pag-r.

350. Many roots form their active with the prefix mag- for the contingent, nag- for the actual mode; the durative is reduplicated before the prefix is added. The corresponding abstract of action has unaccented reduplication and prefix pag-. Thus: nagpútol, nag-pù-pútol, mag-pútol, mag-pù-pútol, pag-pu-pútol. These actives express, generally, a more deliberate action than those with -um-; often also one involving more effect on external objects than do those with -um-. We take up first those roots from which forms with -um- do not occur in our material:

Akò y nagáantòk. I am sleepy. Ang lúsong kay Hwàn sa kanya ng pagaaráro ay nagsidating nà. The helpers for Juan in his plowing have arrived (ang aráro a plow). Si Pédro ay magàasáwa. Pedro is going to take a wife. Si Pédro ay magàasáwa kay Hwána. Pedro is going to marry Juana. Silà y nagàáway. They are fighting. magbáhay build a house. Akò y nagbastà nang áki ng damìt. I packed up my clothes. Sya y nagbáyad nang kanyà ng manga útang. He paid off his debts. magbayò pound rice in a mortar. magbigàs hull rice (i. e. make bigàs, hulled rice, out of pálay, rice in the grain). Sya y nagbigày nang librò sa ákin. He gave me some books. Sya y nagbíhis kanína ng umága. She put on her good clothes this morning. Ang pagbibiyábo ay isa ng ugáli nang manga Intsèk. Swinging the feet when sitting is a habit of the Chinese. Nagbiyày si Hwàn nang isdà` sa kanya ng palàisdáan. Juan put some fish into his fishpond. magbuhòl tie a knot. Nagbwàl sila nang isa ng púno-ng-káhoy. They felled a tree. Ang ságing ay nagdàdáhon. The banana-tree is putting out leaves. Ang paghahása` nang pangáhit ay mahírap. Sharpening razors is difficult. Sya y nagháhatìd nang manga laráwan sa simbáhan. He is delivering images to the church. Maghubad kà nang damìt. Take off your clothes. Sya y naghùhúgas nang pinggàn. She is washing dishes. Naghungkòy sya. He fanned rice. magíhaw roast (something). Nagkamìt sya nang marámi ng túbo`. He obtained much profit. Sya y nagkúkuble. He is in hiding. maglakò` peddle (something). Maglálarú na siyà. He is going to play after all. Naglarú na akò. I have played enough now. Naglálaro silà. They are playing. Naglawìt akò nang lúbid sa bintána`. I hung a rope out of the window. maglúgaw prepare rice-broth. Naglùlúto siyà nang gúlay. She is cooking vegetables. Sya y magpápasyàl. He is going to take a walk. Nagpùpúnas sya nang sahìg. He is scrubbing floors. Nagpúyat akò kagabì. I staid up last night. magsáing cook rice dry (with little water). Nagsampày sya nang damìt. She hung out some clothes. Sya y nagtábon nang isa ng húkay. He dammed up a ditch. Magtahàn ka nang paglalarò`. Stop playing. Nang nárinig nya iyòn ay malakì ang kanya ng nagìng pagtatakà. When he heard this, his surprise was great. Sya y nagtálì nang bábuy sa halíge. He tied a pig to the post. Magtúrù ka nang wíka ng Kapampángan sa iyo ng pàaralàn. Teach the Pampanga language in your school. Sya y nagtùtúro`. He is teaching. Támà ang kanya ng pagtutwìd. His reckoning is correct. Sya y nagusísa`. He made inquiry. Sya y nagusísa nang marámi ng bágay. He inquired into many things. Hindí ba akò nagútos sa iyò ng gumawá itò? Didn't I order you to do this? Ang pagwawalá nang mangà bíhag ay pinarùrusáhan nang kamàtáyan. The escaping of captives is punished with death. Sya y nagwáwalìs. She is sweeping.

Other roots so used: akála`, alaskuwátro, alsà, aluwáge, aniyò`, ári`, balíta`, bantày, bángon, bátis, baòn, bigkàs, bendisiyòn, biniyàg, bintàng, bunò`, búnga, daàn, dalamháti`, dasàl, dáos, dáya`, díwang, dugò`, dúsa, rosáriyo, hágis, handà`, hári`, hátol, hinála`, hintày, hintò`, hírap, hiwalày, íngat, kasàl, kúlang, kumpisàl, kurùs, kuwènto, lasìng, libàng, libìng, ligtàs, limòs, litsòn, liwalìw, lubày, lublòb, mahàl, máno, masìd, milágro, mísa, mulà`, ningnìng, pasiyènsiya, paséyo, sábi, sábog, sábong, sadiyà`, salità`, sánay, silbè, simbà, sísi, siyásat, súbo`, sugàl, sumbòng, sundálo, tabáko, tadtàd, tágo`, tálo, talumpáti`, tamò, taniyàg, tangày, tanggòl, tígil, tindìg, trabáho, túlin, túlos, umpisà, úsap, wíka`.

351. When a root is used both with -um- and mag-, the latter form usually differs by adding another object affected (dumalà bear, bear up: magdalà carry to someone, to a place; bumalìk go back; magbalìk return to a place, to someone); in some instances the added object is the actor himself (reflexive); in others the mag- form expresses a general activity, that with -um- a specific act (so, in part, pútol). Examples:

Sya y nagàáral. He is studying (umáral is known as an archaic word for teach morals, instruct; ang áral that taught, precept, moral doctrine). Magbaluktot kà nang yantòk. Curve some pieces of rattan (bumaluktòt, § 348, intransitive or of a single specific transitive action). Magbálot ka nang súman, nang sigarìlyo. Roll up some suman, some cigarettes (more general than -um-); Magbálot ka nang kúmot. Wrap yourself up in a blanket (cf. -um-, § 348). Si Hwàn ay nagbigtì. Juan hanged himself; ang pagbibigtì suicide by hanging. Nagbilè si Hwána nang marámi ng sombréro. Juana sold many hats. Nagbíbile si Hwána nang sombréro. Juana is selling hats (bumilì buy). Siya y nagdádala nang túbig sa kabáyo. He is bringing water to the horse. Ang báta` ay nagdádala nang káhoy. The boy is bringing wood. Hwag kà ng magdamdàm sa hindí ko pagkatupàd nang áki ng pangáko`, sapagkàt iyò y hindí ko sinadyà`. Don't feel bad about my not having fulfilled my promise, for I did not do it intentionally (dumamdàm feel something). Si Hwàn ay naghampàs noò ng Byerne-sànto ng nagdaàn. Juan performed flagellation last Good Friday. Maghánap kayò nang inyo ng ikabùbúhay. Go and find a living for yourselves. Sya y naghárang nang púno-ng-káhoy sa daàn. He blocked the road with a tree. Ang paghahárang sa daàn ay báwal. It is forbidden to make obstructions on the roads. Naghátì ako nang manga bunga-ng-káhoy sa manga báta`. I distributed fruits among the children; ... nang damò sa manga kabáyo ... grass to the horses. ang paghaháti nang manga búnga-ng-káhoy sa manga báta` the distribution of fruits to the children. Naghínà sya nang pagtuktòk sa pintò`. He made his knocking at the door gentle. Sya y nagìínit nang gátas. She is heating some milk. Magísip ka. Bethink yourself, Be reasonable. Si Hwàn ay nagísip na nakáwan si Pédro. Juan planned to rob Pedro. Ang kanya ng pagiísip ay matálas (mahína`). His thinking-power is acute (weak). Silà y nagkàmáyan nang magkíta. They shook hands when they met. Maglabas kà nang manga sìlya. Bring out some chairs. ang paglalákad the drawing of something on foot; Naglákad ang manga estudyànte nang isà ng karósa. The students drew a float. Sya y naglíbot nang isa ng bandíla`. He walked about bearing a flag. Sya y naglìlínis nang mésa. He cleans tables. Ang pagnanákaw ay isa ng kasalána ng mabigàt. Thievery is a serious offense (numákaw of a single theft). Nagpìpílit sya ng magbukàs nang kaba ng bákal. He tries (often) to force open safes. Pagpupútol ni Hwàn nang búho` ay pumaroòn ka t tulúngan mo syà. When Juan cuts bamboo (as an occupation throughout a longer period of time), go along and help him. Magpùpútol kamì nang manga kawáya ng gàgamítin sa pagtatayò nang báhay. We shall cut bamboo for use in building houses. Magpùpútol akò nang kukò. I am going to cut my fingernails (reflexive). Nagpútol nang buhòk ang Intsèk na si Yàp. The Chinaman Yap cut his queue. Nagsakày sya sa kanya ng bangkà nang dalawa ng estudyànte. He took two students into his canoe. Nagsikìp ang daàn. The road grew crowded (apparently equal to -um-, but cannot be used of a garment). Nagsísiksik si Hwàn nang bigàs sa sáko. Juan was stuffing rice into the sack. Sya y nagsuklày. She combed her hair. Ang pagtatahòl nang áso ng itò sa manga nagdàdàánan ay masamà ng ugále`. This dog's way of barking at passers-by is a bad habit. Ang Kastíla` ay nagtátanòng. The Spaniard was asking questions. Nagtanùng akò kay Hwàn kung saàn ang daàn. I asked Juan where the road was (mag- with indirect questions or questions implied). Si Hwàn ay syà ng nagtáwag nang bágo ng léyi. It was Juan who announced (as town crier) the new law. Ang pagtatáwag ni Hwàn ay hindí márinig nang karamíhan dahilàn sa mahínà nya ng tinìg. Juan's announcement was not audible to the majority, owing to his weak voice. Sya y nagtayó nang bágu ng báhay. He built a new house. Ang pagtatayó nang manga báhay díto ay lubhà ng mahalagà. The building of houses here is very expensive. Nagtikwàs si Pédro nang manga suléras nang báhay. Pedro put some of the joists of the house out of level. Ang pagtitipìd nang kwàlta ay ginágawá nang maráme. Many people save money. Nagtipìd si Hwàn sa kanya ng pananamìt. Juan was saving of his clothing. Ang pagtitípon nang manga àrmas ay báwal. Storing up arms is forbidden. Magtípun ka nang káhoy. Store up some wood. Sila y nagtípon nang káhoy sa likòd nang kanila ng báhay. They stored up wood in the rear of their house. Nagtípon siya nang manè` sa isa ng súlok nang bakúran. He kept a pile of peanuts in a corner of his yard. Sya y nagtúlak nang isinùsúlong na kahò ng bákal. He did the shoving of the iron chest that was being moved (-um- shoved at, took part in the shoving). Magúubra ang karitò ng itò sa mahírap na daàn. This wagon will be suitable for difficult roads. Nagupó sya nang manga báta sa bangkò`. He seated some children on the bench.

Similarly: balìk, bukàs, kantà, sáboy, sáma, sarà, sayàw, takbò, talòn, tánod, tirà, yáya`.

352. Transients with mag- are much used with derived words; in so far as these belong to secondary groups, they will be treated below; see §§ 384. 405. 410. 427,a. 430,a.b.c. 453,a. 489. 489,a. 513.

(a) From phrases: Nagmàmadali-ng-áraw. The day is dawning (madalì ng áraw proximate day, i. e. dawn, daybreak), nagmèmè-ári` is possessing, has mastery of (may ári` owner, master). naghàháti-ng-gabì. It is midnight (háti ng gabì midnight). pagtatatlo-ng-gabì the three nights' celebration (tatlò ng gabì).

(b) From compound words: pagbibigày-loòb (bigày-loòb); Ang maghampas-lúpa` ay nakasìsíra` nang púri. Being a vagabond is dishonorable (hampàs-lúpa`); maghàhánap-búhay (hánap-búhay).

(c) From derived words: Transients with mag- from the contingent of transients with -um- express insistent and prolonged action: Káhit na walá sya ng talíno ay nagpùpumílit sya ng màtúto. Although he has no gifts, he is trying very hard to get educated. Sya y nagpùpumílit na pumaroòn sa pìknik. He is trying hard to be able to go to the picnic (pumílit). Similarly, nagtùtumirà (tumirà).

From words with prefix ma- (§ 454) in the sense of making something or making (claiming) oneself to have a quality: Magmámadalì táyo nang paglákad, úpang hwàg táyo ng máhuli sa trèn. We will hurry our pace, so as not to be late for the train (madalì`). Nagmámaligsì si Kulàs sa pagsunòd sa manga útos sa kanyà. Nicolás is quick about obeying the orders that are given him (maligsì). Nagmalwàt sya nang pagparíto. He took a long time coming here. Hwag kà ng magmaluwàt nang pagparíto. Don't take too long about coming here (maluwàt). Similarly, pagmamarúnong (marúnong).

From various words: Sila y naghimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict (-himagsìk § 518). Si Hwána ay naghíhimatày. Juana is fainting (himatày). Si Hwána ay nagkàkakanìn. Juana makes sweetmeats (for sale) (kakanìn, § 367,e). Sya y nagkalatimbà nang marámi. He did the well-bucket exercise many times (kala-timbà`, § 519).

(d) Especially common are transients with mag- from special static words with suffix -an; they express mutual or concerted action by two or more actors.

From the forms in S -an (§ 377): Nagàlísan ang mangà aluwáge no ng lúnes nan hápon. The carpenters all left last Monday afternoon (àlís-an). Naglàlàbásan silà. They were all going out. Silà y nagpìtásan nang manga biyábas. They all picked guavas together. Magsìsìgáwan múna táyo bágo tapúsin ang míting. We will all give a yell together before we close the meeting. Ang manga áso sa báya ng itò ay nagtàhúlan kagabì. The dogs in this town all barked last night. Similarly, from: bangkà`, bastà, daàn, hukòm, iyàk, kamày, kantà, salità`, takbò, tampò, taniyàg, tipàn, tugtòg, uwì`. The form in S -an is itself from a derived word in: Naghìmagsíkan ang mangà sundálo ng Tagálog at Kastíla`. The Tagalog and Spanish soldiers fought each other (hìmagsíkan from -himagsìk, § 518).

From the forms in S (1) -an (§ 378): Nagààwítan silà nang akò y dumatìng. They were singing in chorus when I arrived. Magìbígan kayò. Love one another. Nagììbígan si Pédro at si Hwána. Pedro and Juana love each other. Ang ginawá nya ng pagmumùráhan nang kanyà ng mangà kalákal ay dahilàn sa kanya ng pangangailángan nang kwàlta. His putting down the prices of his goods was due to his need of money. Similarly: hákot, káin.

From forms in (2) -an (§ 379): Hwag kayò ng magmurahàn sa daàn. Don't abuse each other on the street. Nagmùmurahàn silà. They were engaged in an abusive quarrel. Ang kàgalítan ni Pétra at ni Kulása ay natápus sa hàyága ng pagmumurahàn. The hostility between Petra and Nicolasa ended in an abusive quarrel in public. Nagpurihàn ang dalawa ng magkaybígan sa kanila ng pagtatalumpáte`. The two friends praised each other in their speeches. Nagpùpurihàn ang manga kaybíga ng itò sa pàhayágan. This group of friends praise each other in the newspapers. Si Hwána at si Maryà ay nagputulàn nang kukò. Juana and Maria cut their fingernails. Silà y nagsàgasaàn. They all jostled one another. Ang pagsasàgasaàn nang manga táo ay lubhà ng magulò. The jostling of all the people was most confused. Nagsugatàn silà. They inflicted wounds on one another. magtaanàn flee. Ang kanila ng pagtutulungàn ay hindí nátulòy. Their plan to help each other was not carried out. Similarly: ágaw, balíta`, dáhil, hánap, haráng, lában.

From diminutives in D -an (§ 381): Magàaswang-aswángan daw si Pédro sa karnabàl. Pedro says he will dress up as a bogey-man for the carnival. Hwag kà ng magaswàng-aswángan. Don't play bogey-man. Nagmanòk-manúkan si Hwàn sa karnabàl. Juan masqueraded as a rooster at the carnival. Silà y nagùunggú-unggúan. They are playing at being monkeys. Nagusà-usáhan siyà. He pretended he was a deer. So also: dapà`. From (1) D -an: Sya y nagbabá-babayíhan. He went dressed as a woman. So also from tákot.

353. Transients with accent shift and mag- may owe the shift to the root; so from ábot (§ 337): Nagáabòt si Hwàn nang sigarìlyo sa kanya ng manga kaybígan. Juan is passing cigarettes to his friends. Ang pagaabòt nang sigarìlyo ay isa ng ugáli ng magálang. Passing cigarettes is a polite custom (umabòt, § 348,c, does not involve a person to whom). So also múra.

In the great majority of instances, however, the accent shift is not peculiar to the root, but constitutes a special formation, which expresses a more plentiful and diverse action than the transient with -um- or simple mag-. Silà y nagbábabàg. They are fighting each other. Magbarú ka. Get dressed, Put on your clothes. Sya y nagbunòt nang damò. He plucked up a lot of grass. Maghanàp kayò nang manga bulaklàk sa párang. Go and look for flowers in the woods. Pabayaàn nawá ninyò na sya y maghanàp. Please allow him to make an inspection. Naghatí ako nang manga itlòg na pinatigasàn ni Hwána. I halved a quantity of eggs which Juana had hard-boiled. ang paghahatè nang manga mansánas the halving of the apples. Magisip kà nang manga lugàr na maàári ng kinaiwánan mo nang iyò ng librò. Think of the various places where you may have left your book. Si Hwàn ay nagíisip nang manga iháhandá nya sa fiyèsta. Juan is thinking of what things he will serve at the fiesta. Hwag kà ng magputòl nang abakà, Hwàn. Don't cut up any hemp, Juan. Magpúputol kamì nang búho`, yantòk, at bayúgin, pagdatìng námin doòn. We shall cut slender bamboo, rattan, and thick bamboo when we get there. Nagputòl si Hwàn nang tubò sa pinások nya ng tubúhan. Juan cut down a lot of sugar-cane in the cane-field he got into. Nagpúputol nang kawáyan na hindí nya árì si Hwàn. Juan cuts down bamboo that does not belong to him. Nagpuyàt akò sa manga gabì ng nagdaàn. I have repeatedly staid up late the last few nights. Hindí ko màputúlan nang tahìd ang kátyaw, sapagkàt itò y nagsísikàd. I couldn't cut the rooster's spur, because it kept struggling with its feet. Sya y nagsísinungalìng. He is telling lies. Pagsusulàt nya nang manga súlat ay pumaroòn ka t linísin mo ang kanyà ng aralàn. While he is writing all his letters, go and clean his study. Ang panginoò y nagtawàg nang manga alíla`. The master called various servants. Nagtátawag syà nang manga kitè`, nang ákin sya ng datnàn sa bakúran. She was calling to a lot of little chicks when I came upon her in the yard. Ang pagtatawag nyà sa manga kitè` at ang manga pùtákan nang manga manòk ay nakabíbingì. Her constant calling to the chicks and the clucking of all the hens made a deafening noise. Ang báta y nagtúturó nang kanyà ng gustò. The child points at the various things it wants. Hwag kà ng magutàng. Don't go about asking for credit. Ang magutàng sa marámi ng tindáhan ay hindí maínam na ugále`. Buying on credit in many shops is a bad habit. Similarly from: bálot, íngay, lákad, láyag, líbot, tágo`.

(a) When transients with mag- are made from derived words, the accent of the underlying word is occasionally shifted, apparently without change of meaning: Sya y nagmayabàng. He boasted (mayábang, § 454). Similarly: magkákalahatè` (kalaháti` § 519).

(b) In one such case there is not only accent shift, but also secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word: Sya y nagmápuri. He praised himself. Sya y nagmàmàpurì. He is praising himself. Ang pagmamápuri ay hindí magandà ng ugáli`. Praising oneself is not a becoming habit (ma-púri, § 454).

354. The corresponding form from oxytone roots is made with unaccented reduplication of the underlying word: mag-si-sigàw, mag-si-si-sigàw, nag-si-sigàw, nag-sí-si-sigàw; the abstract, however, lacks the extra reduplication, coinciding with that of §§ 350. 351: pag-si-sigàw.

Sya y naggugupìt nang manga papèl. He cut some pieces of paper into bits. Sya y naggúgugupìt nang manga papèl. He is cutting up some pieces of paper. Ang báta ng si Hwàn, kung walà ng mágawa`, ay sya ng nagháhahampàs sa manga púnu-ng-ságing. It is little Juan who goes whipping at the banana-trees when he can't find anything to do. Hwag kà ng magpupukòl nang batò, sapagkàt baká mo tamáan ang bintána ng salamìn. Don't be always throwing stones; you might break a window. Nagpúpuputàk ang inahì ng manòk na nása kulungàn. The hen in the crate keeps up a constant cackling. Ilágan mo ang dumárating na kabáyo na nagtátatakbò. Look out for the horse that's coming there; it's a run-away. Nagúuupú sya sa damò. He always sits on the grass. So also: dugò`, inòm, lundàg, sigàw, tagpò`.

(a) In one instance a barytone root has this reduplication with explicit plural meaning: magkikíta see one another, meet (of more than two people, cf. magkíta).

355. Accent shift and reduplication of the root appear in barytone roots in the same sense as accent-shift alone, with perhaps a somewhat greater intensity of the action: Nagpúpuputòl nang retáso ang báta`. The child was cutting some rags into small bits. Ang kátyaw ay nagsísisikàd. The rooster kept struggling with its legs. Sya y nagtátatawàg nang manga kitè`. She kept calling to the chickens.

356. With doubling of the root, transients in mag- express either action repeated at intervals or reciprocal action of explicitly more than two actors: Nagisà-isà ang manga báta` nang paglápit sa ákin. The children came to me one by one. So from: duklày, hiwalày, úlit.

(a) In one instance the root has accent shift: Naguna-unà ang manga báta` nang paglápit sa ákin. The children vied with each other for the first place in coming to me.

(3) Active with mang- and abstract with pang- r.

357. The active with mang- has the forms: ma-mútol, ma-mù-mútol, na-mútol, na-mù-mútol, pa-mu-mútol (from pútol); it expresses action more deliberate, selective, or in larger quantity (professional, habitual) than mag-; like the latter, but more clearly, it is used for the making or using of such and such an object. Examples: