Chapter XV: Preface (14)

(a) Genuine reflexive passive: Paábut ka sa mangà nagsìsihábul sa iyò. Let yourself be overtaken by your pursuers. Paakyat kà kay Hwàn sa itaàs nang káhoy. Ask Juan to take you up into the tree. Twì ng papásuk akò sa síne sa áki ng kúyang, ay nasìsiráan ang mákina. Every time I ask my oldest brother to take me to the moving-picture show, something goes wrong with the machine. So: kasàl, ligàw.

(b) Reflexive of interest: one who orders that something undergo such and such an action for him: Paakyàt ka kay Hwàn nang isa ng búnga-ng-nyòg. Ask Juan to climb for a cocoanut for you.

(c) Reflexive of motion; the pa- has faded value; thus are used the local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns and a few other words. Paríni ka. Come here. Tuwì ng aku y paroòn sa kanya ng báhay ay hindí ku sya inàabútan. Every time I go to his house, I fail to find him in.

(d) If the pa- is accented, the action is more intense: Pàága ka nang pagparíto. Be very early in your coming here.

(e) A contingent durative is formed with pa- R. (a) Paáakyat akò kay Hwàn sa itaàs nang káhoy. I shall ask Juan to take me up into the tree with him. Papàpások akò sa síne sa áki ng kúyang. I shall ask my brother to take me to the moving-picture show. (b) Paáakyat akò kay Hwàn nang isa ng búnga-ng-nyòg. I shall ask Juan to climb for a cocoanut for me. Papùpútol akò nang buhòk kay Hwàn. I shall ask Juan to cut my hair.

488. For the reflexive of motion (§ 487,c) a set of transients and an abstract are formed with -um- and pag-. These also are equivalent to the forms with ma-pa- (§ 506).

(a) Regularly from the four roots serving as locals of the demonstrative pronouns. Pumaríni ka! Come here! Pumaríne ka sa áki ng tabì. Come close here to my side.

Madálang ang pagparíto nang manga bálang. Locusts come here but rarely. Pího ako ng pàparíto sa alasìngko. I will surely come here at five o'clock.

Pápariyàn sána kamì, dátapuwat nagkaroòn kamì nang malakì ng kaabalahàn, kanyà hindí kami nátuloy. We were coming to you, but we had so much trouble that we did not carry out our intention.

Pagparoòn ko ay sàsabíhin ko sa kanyà ang ibinalítà mo. When I get there I shall tell him what you have told me. Kità ng dalawà ay páparon sa teyátro. We two are going to the theatre.

(b) Occasionally from loòb: pumaloòb.

(c) Also the abstracts pagpalígo`, pagpanáog; these form the transient with ma- from the root (§ 441); and pagpatúngo, which forms its transient with -um- from the root.

(d) Plurals: magsipalígo`, nagsìsipanáog.

489. mag-pa-, pag-pa-pa-. Active with mag- from the root with pa- denotes one who causes, orders, or allows such and such an action to be performed on something else or (reflexively) on himself.

Nagpaáyap ang ámi ng kaséra. Our landlady served a relish. Si Hwàn ay nagpabáya` sa kanya ng tungkúlin. Juan grew lax about his duties. Nagpabyày si Hwàn nang isdà` sa kanya ng palàisdáan. Juan had some fish put into his fishpond. Ang médiko ang nagpaginháwa sa máy sakìt. The doctor made the patient feel comfortable. Nagpagupìt akò sa barbéro. I had the barber cut my hair. Ang pagpapagupìt ko sa barbéro ng si Hwàn ay hindí ko lubhà ng gustò. I don't like very much to have my hair cut by barber Juan. Paráti ang manga pagpapahárang ni Andrès sa manga táo ng naglálakàd. Andrés often orders travellers to be held up. Si Pédro ay nagpaháte sa ákin nang pálay. Pedro had rice dealt out to me. Ang kàtiwála y syà ng nagpahátì nang pálay sa manga kasamà. It was the agent who ordered rice distributed to the field-workers. Ang pagpapaháte nang kàtiwála sa manga lariyò sa manga magkakápit-báhay ay hindí iniyútos nang panginoòn nya ng si Hwàn. The agent's having bricks distributed among the neighbors was not in accordance with the orders of his master Juan. Sya y nagpahíkaw sa kanya ng alíla`. She had her maid put her earrings on her. (híkaw an earring). Si Pédro ay nagpápahingà. Pedro is taking a rest (literally: allowing himself to breathe). Ang inà y nagpahubàd (or: nagpahubàd nang damìt) sa kanya ng anàk. The mother ordered her daughter to undress her. Sya y nagpakáin nang gúlay sa manga panaúhin. She served vegetables to the guests. Sya y nagpàpakaséra. She keeps a boarding-house. Sya y nagpàpalabàs nang lamòk. He is driving out the gnats. Nagpápalabàs nang teyátro ang sàmáha-ng-ópera. The opera company is producing a play. Nagpalígo si Hwàn nang kabáyo. Juan bathed some of the horses. ang pagpapalígo` the bathing something or someone. Nagpapútol si Hwàn nang labòng. Juan had some bamboo shoots cut. Nagpàpapútol kamì nang káhoy. We are having some wood cut. Ang pagpapapútol nya sa Intsèk nang buhòk ay hindí sinunòd nitò. When he ordered the Chinaman to cut his queue, the latter did not obey. Ang pagpapasakày sa trèn ni Hwàn nang manga kamátis ay hindí nautàs bágo lumákad ang trèn. Juan had not finished having his tomatoes loaded on the train, when the train started. Si Hwána ay nagpasákit nang marámi ng manglilígaw sa kanyà. Juana caused grief to many who wooed her. Si Hwána ay nagpasuklày sa kanya ng alíla`. Juana ordered her maid to comb her hair for her. Ang pagpapasundú nya sa ákin sa alíla` ay ikinagálit ko. His ordering me to fetch the servant made me angry. Sya y nagpàpatalìm nang isa ng gúlok. He is sharpening a bolo. Nagpatáwag akò nang isà ng kasamà. I had a workman called. Ang pagpapatáwag ko sa manga alíla ay hindí sinunòd nang báta ng si Hwàn. Little Juan did not obey my order to him to call some servants. Ang pagpapatáwag nang kúra sa léyi ay hindi nátuluy, sapagkàt binatò nang manga táo ang magtatawàg. The priest's order that the law be proclaimed was not carried out, for the crier was stoned by the people. Nagpatayó sya nang isa ng kúbo. He had a hut built. Ang pagpapatayó ni Hwàn nang isa ng kúbo ay hindí natápus bágo sya nàtáwag sa pagsusundálo. The hut Juan was having built was not finished before he was called to military service. Nagpatipìd sya sa manga kasamà nang kanila ng pagkáin. He had his workers be sparing with their food. Nagpatípon si Hwàn nang káhoy sa kanya ng manga kasamà. Juan ordered his workmen to gather wood. Ang pagpapatípon ni Hwàn sa manga kalabàw ay hindí sinunòd nang kanya ng kàtiwála`. Juan's order that the carabao be gathered together was not obeyed by his overseer. Sya y nagpatotoò sa úsap ni Maryà at ni Hwána. She gave testimony in the lawsuit between Maria and Juana. Si Hwána ay naparoòn sa ákin at siyà ng nagpatotoò na ikàw ay dumalò sa isa ng sabungàn. Juana came to me and assured me that you had attended a cock-fight. Ang pagpapatotoò nyà ay hindí tinanggàp nang hukòm. The judge did not accept his testimony. Sya y nagpaupò` nang ilà ng eskwéla. He had a few of the pupils sit down. Ang pagpapaupò nang maèstro sa manga eskwéla ay hindí nila sinunòd agàd. The teacher's order to the pupils to sit down was not promptly obeyed. Magpaútang ka nang kwaltà sa manga mahihírap. Lend money to the poor. Nagpauwí ba si Hwàn nang sìlya sa kanya ng inà?--Hindì`. Ang kanya ipinauwè` ay isa ng singsìng. Did Juan send a chair home to his mother?--No, he sent home a ring.

Similarly: ábot, alaála, balìk, baòn, dalà, dulàs, dúnong, dúsa, galìng, gálit, gandà, gawà`, háyag, hírap, húli, ísip, iyàk, kilála, kinábang, kintàb, kíta, kulò`, kumpisàl, lagày, lákad, larò`, láyas, láyaw, limòs, lípas, lúto`, magàt, mísa, pások, siglà, singkàw, sísid, tahòl, tugtòg, túlog, túlos, ulàn.

(a) Plural with magsi- (§ 386); nagsìsipagpalimòs.

(b) From a derived word: Huwag kayò ng magpaumága sa inyo ng pagsasàlitáan. Don't let yourselves be overtaken by the morning in your conversation (umága, § 358).

(c) Root with accent shift: Sya y nagpaabòt nang súlat sa ákin. He had a letter handed to me.

(d) The pa- is accented, expressing extreme degree of action; from shifted root: Nagpáuna si Hwàn sa lakaràn. Juan managed to get himself into the very first place in the walking-party. So from: íwan.

(e) Doubled root, shifted: Nagpáuna-unà si Hwàn sa lakaràn nang manga magkakasáma. Juan got himself too far ahead in the boys' walking-party.

(f) Special static word (of the kind in § 358,d): ang magpapatawàg a town-crier.

490. pa- (1) -in, p-in-a. The direct passive from words with pa- denotes the person ordered to do so and so, the thing caused to be so and so.

Padalángin mo ang iyo ng pagparíto. Make your coming here infrequent. Pagka pinapútol ka nyà nang káhoy ay sumunòd ka ng agàd. When he orders you to cut wood, do you obey at once. Pinapùpútol námin nang tubò si Pédro. We are having Pedro cut some sugar-cane. Paputúlin mo si Hwàn nang kúgon. Have Juan cut the cugon-weeds. Papùputúlin námin kayò nang yantòk. We shall ask you to cut some rattan. Pinatahòl ni Hwàn ang kanya ng áso. Juan made his dog bark. Pinatalìm nya itò. He made this sharp. Pinatayó ni Hwàn sa kanya ng pálad ang kapatìd nya ng maliìt na si Maryáno. Juan stood his little brother Mariano up on his open hand. Hindí ako pinatúlog nang pagtahòl nang áso. The barking of the dog kept me from sleeping. Patulúgin mo ang báta`. Put the child to sleep. Pinaupú nya ang manga eskwéla. He had the pupils sit down. Pinaupú ko ang áki ng bisíta. I asked my visitors to be seated.

Similarly: alìs, balìk, bilì, bútas, díto, hintò`, inòm, káin, kápit, lákad, láyas, lípad, pások, tahàn, takbò, táwad, túlin, túloy, untì`, yáman.

(a) With accented pà-: Pàbusugin mò ang manga háyop. Feed the animals till they have had enough. Pàhampasìn mo siyà. Whip him harder. Hwag mò ng pàputiìn ang pintà nang báhay. Don't paint the house too white.

(b) pà- with accent shift: Pàdalangin mò ang iyo ng pagparíto. Come here very rarely.

491. pa-pag- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-. The direct passive has pag- before the root when it corresponds to simple actives with characteristic mag- (§ 351). Màpàpahámak lámang ang báta ng ito, kapag hindí nátin pinapagáral nang sapàt. This boy will turn out a mere good-for-nothing, if we do not make him study enough. Pinapaghubàd nang inà ang kanya ng manga anàk. The mother ordered her children to undress. Pinapagpútol námin nang ságing sina Hwàn. We asked Juan and his people to cut bananas. Papagputúlin mo si Hwàn nang buhòk. Tell Juan to get a hair-cut. Papagpùputúlin nila kamì nang kanila ng manga kawáyan. They will order us to cut all their bamboo. Pinapagsuklày ni Hwána ang kanya ng alíla`. Juana told her maid to comb her (the maid's) hair.

Similarly, from: bíhis, hintò`, trabáho.

(a) From a derived word: Sya y pinapagkalatimbà`. He was forced to do the well-bucket exercise (kalatimbà`, § 519).

(b) With extra accent shift: papagtùtuluyìn (túloy).

492. With pang-: Paráti ng pinapanghàhárang ni Andrès ang kanya ng manga kampòn. Andrés often orders his companions to commit highway robberies. Papanghiramìn mo si Pédro nang lúbid. Have Pedro go and borrow some rope. Papamutúlin mo nang damò si Pédro. Have Pedro cut grass. Papamùmutúlin silà ni Hwàn nang damò. Juan will order them to cut grass.

493. pa-pag-pa- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-pa-. With both pag- and pa- preceding the root the direct passive with pa- denotes someone caused to cause something: Pinapagpatotoò nang tagapagtanggòl ni Andrès ang táo ng si Mariyáno na syà ng nakàkíta sa nangyáre. Andrés' lawyer called as a witness the man Mariano, who had seen the occurrence (cf. magpatotoò, § 489).

494. i-pa-, i-p-in-a-. The instrumental passive with pa- denotes the object ordered, caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action.

Ipinaálam ko sa kanyà ang manga báta`. I made known to him the departure of the children with me. Ipinaalìs nila ang hárang nang daàn. They ordered the obstruction of the road to be removed. Ang ipinadala mò ng súlat ay tinanggàp ku nà. I have received the letter you sent me. Ang sapátos na may lapàd na suwélas na yitò ay syà ng ipinagàgámit na pangtayò` sa báta`. This flat-soled shoe is given children to be used in learning to stand up. Ang mayáma ng taga iba ng báyan na pàparíto ay ipinahárang nang púno nang tulisàn. The rich stranger who was going to come here was held up by order of the chief of the bandits. Ipinahátì sa ákin ni Pédro ang mansánas. Pedro ordered me to divide the apples. Itò y ipinaháte ni Pédro parà sa ákin. This was ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me as my share. Isinakày sa trèn ang ipinahatìd mo ng manga dalanghíta`. The tangerines you shipped were put on board the train. Ipinaísip nya sa manga eskwéla ang fétsa nang pagaáway nang manga Rúso at Hapunès sa Port-Àrtur. He asked his pupils to think of the date of the fighting between the Russians and the Japanese at Port Arthur. Ipakíta mo ang díla` sa manggagamòt. Show the doctor your tongue. Ipinapùpútol ni Hwàn ang manga káhoy sa kanya ng bakúran. Juan is having the trees in his yard cut down. Ipapùpútol ko ang manggàs nang áki ng báro`. I am going to have the sleeves of my blouse cut off. Ipapútol mo, Hwàn, ang iyo ng kukò. Have your fingernails cut, Juan. Ang ipinasakày ni Tátay na manga súha` sa trèn ay nangabúlok sa daàn. The grape-fruit Father sent by train got spoiled on the way. Ipinasundú ko kay Hwàn ang médiko. I told Juan to fetch the doctor. Ipinatáwag ko sa alíla` si Hwàn. I had Juan called by a servant. Ipinatayó ni Hwàn ang báhay na itò. Juan had this house built. Ipinatipìd nya sa bátà ang pagkáin nang lansónes. He made the child eat sparingly of the lansones. Ipinatípon ni Hwàn sa kanya ng kàtiwála` ang manga kalabàw. Juan had his agent gather the carabao. Ipinatúluy nya ang pagkantà, káhit na maíngay ang mangà nakíkinìg. He went on with his singing although the audience was noisy.

So: áhon, balìk, baòn, bilanggò`, bítay, dápit, dúsa, gamòt, gawà`, gupìt, hábol, háyag, hintò`, hintúlot, kasàl, kilála, lákad, libàng, mána, patày, sákit, tápon, uwì`.

(a) Different in meaning is the corresponding form from díto; it is the primary instrumental passive corresponding to pumaríto, etc. (§ 488): Ang pagsákop niyà nang táu ng makasalánan ay sya nyà ng ipinaríto. His saving of sinful man is what he came here for.

(b) Accent shift is due to the root: Ipaalàm ka sa kanyà ang áki ng patùtungúhan. Let him know where I am going. Ipinaalam nyà sa ákin ang kanya ng nilóloòb. He made his intentions known to me. Ipinatulòy ni Pédro ang pagpapatayò nang báhay. Pedro had them go on with the construction of the house. Similarly: ábot.

(c) With pag- (cf. § 491): ipapagáral.

(d) With pa- prefixed to the root, the instrumental passive with pa- denotes that ordered to be caused. The only example has radical accent shift: Ipinapatulòy ni Hwàn sa kanya ng kàtiwála` ang pagtatanìm nang manga kasamà. Juan had his agent order the field-workers to go on with the planting.

495. i-pag-pa-, i-p-in-ag-pa-. When the relation of the object ordered to undergo an action is explicitly that of a thing given forth (§ 368), a kind of double instrumental passive is made by prefixing pag- to the pa- (cf. the explicit use of pag- in primary passives, §§ 369. 375): Ipinagpaháte` sa ákin ni Pédro ang pálay. The rice was ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me. Ang kwàlta ng nàpangaginàldohan ni Hwàn ay sya nyà ng ipinagpasakày sa tiyobíbo sa kanya ng kapatìd na maliìt. Juan used his Christmas money to treat his little brother to a ride on the merry-go-round. Ang kautusàn ay ipinagpàpatáwag nang kúra. The law is being called out by order of the priest.

(a) With additional pa- (as in § 494,d): ipinagpapadalà.

496. i-paki-pa-, i-p-in-aki-pa-. Before a word with pa- the instrumental passive with paki- denotes the thing asked (as a favor) to be caused to undergo such and such an action. Hwag mò ng ipakipapútol ang púno-ng-káhoy, dátapuwat pakiputúlin mo na mìsmo. Don't ask someone else to cut down the tree for me, but cut it down for me yourself. Ipakìkipapútol ni Hwàn sa inyò ang manga tinibàn sa kanya ng bakúran. Juan will ask you to have the banana-stumps in his yard cut down. Ipinakipapútol nya kay Hwàn ang manga damò sa bakúran. He asked Juan to have the grass cut in his yard.

(a) The thing asked (as a favor) to be caused to do so and so: Ipinakipakáin lámang niya ang kanya ng anàk hábang sya y walà`. She asked someone else to feed her child while she was away. Ipinakìkipasúso lámang nya kay Maryà ang kanya ng anàk, sapagkàt walá sya ng gátas. She is asking Maria to nurse her child for her, because she has no milk.

497. pa- (1) -an, p-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with pa- denotes that caused to undergo an action as local object.

Paaláman mo sa kanyà kung saàn ka páparon. Let him know where you are going. Pinaasuhàn ni Pédro ang manga púno-ng-manggà. Pedro smoked (i.e. warmed, so as to speed flowering) the mango trees. Pinabayáan ni Hwàn ang kanya ng manga tungkúlin. Juan neglected his duties. Pabayáan mo syà. Leave him alone. Ang pagpatày sa manga magnanákaw ay hindí pinarùrusáhan nang hukòm. The judge does not punish one for killing robbers. Pinahatían akò ni Pédro nang pálay sa kàtiwála`. Pedro had the agent give me my share of rice. Pinahubaràn nang inà ang manga báta`. The mother had her children undressed. Pakinggàn nawá ninyò ang áki ng pagtáwag. Pray give hearing to my call. Pinalìligúan nang pagòng ang ílog. The turtle bathed in the river. Pinalìligúan nang babáye ang báta`. The woman was bathing the child. Hwag mò ng pamaláyan sa marámi na ikàw ay marámi ng kayamánan sa báhay, úpang hwag kà ng nakáwan. Don't let people know that you have many valuables in your house, lest you be robbed. Pinanaúgan nya ang báhay. He went down from the house. Pinaputúlan ni Hwàn nang taínga ang kanya ng manga biìk, úpang hwag máangkin nang iba ng táo. Juan had the ears of his little pigs cut, so that they might not be inadvertently taken by anyone else. Pinapùputúlan ni Hwàn nang buntòt ang lahàt nang kanya ng manga manòk. Juan has all his chickens' tails clipped (for identification). Paputúlan mo nang kaunti` ang mahábà mo ng buhòk. Have your long hair cut a little. Papùputúlan ko nang buntòt ang manga manòk na bágo ng bilè. I shall have the tails clipped of the chickens I have just bought. Ang bangka ng itò ay pinasakyàn ko kay Hwàn. I allowed Juan to ride in this canoe. Pinatunáyan sa ákin ni Hwàn na ikàw ay nagsúsugàl. Juan proved to me that you are gambling. Ano ng bandà ang kanilà ng pinatùtungúhan? What direction are they headed for?

So also: bendisiyòn, dalà, hintúlot, hírap, doòn, kinábang, magàt, mána, panhìk, sákit, tábon, tigàs, walà`.

(a) Accent shift, due to the root: pabayaàn, equivalent, however, to pabayáan.

(b) pà-: Pàagáhan mo ang pagsúlong. Get away very early. Pàináman mo ang súlat. Write very neatly. Pàitiman mò ang kúlay nang túbig. Make the color of the water very black. Hwag mò ng pàputian ang pintà nang báhay. Don't put too much white into the paint for the house.

(c) pa- also prefixed to the root: Pinapahatían akò ni Pédro nang pálay sa kàtiwála`. Pedro told the agent to have me given my share of rice. Pinapahatían ni Pédro nang pálay ang manga kasamà. Pedro ordered that the laborers be given their share of rice.

498. Special static words are formed with pà- and -an to denote place or plurality of habitual causative action; barytone roots have accent shift of two syllables, sometimes optionally of one syllable:

Ang maliìt na sápa ng itò ay sya ng pàbiyáyan ni Alfònso nang maliliìt na isdà ng nàhùhúli nya sa ílog. This little pool is where Andrés turns loose the little fish he catches in the river. Ang pàlangúyan nang manga páto ni Hwàn ay malálim. Juan's duck-pond is deep. Ang kanila ng pàtagálan nang pagsísid ay ginawá nila sa Sibùl. Their diving-contest took place at Sibol.

ang pàrusahàn penitentiary; hell. ang pàliguàn bathroom, bathtub.

So also: pàkumpisálan, pàaralàn, pàhayagàn pàhayágan, pàmahalaàn pàmahaláan.

(a) Derived from these a transient and abstract in mag-: ang pagpapàtagálan a contesting for endurance.

(3) Transients and abstracts with pa- and ka-.

499. mag-pa-ka-, pag-pa-pa-ka-. The active with mag-pa- (§ 489) from words with ka- expresses a reflexive actor: Ang pagpapakahírap sa pagaáral ay máy ganti ng pála`. Exerting oneself at studies has its reward. Nagpakamatày si Lúkas. Lucas committed suicide. Magpápakamatày si Lúkas. Lucas will commit suicide. ang pagpapakamatày the act of suicide. So also from: walà`.

(a) From forms with ma-, in more intensive sense than mag- alone (§ 352,c): Ang pagpapakamarúnong serious effort at learning things.

With irregularities of accent, as in § 353,a.b.: Sya y nagpakamápuri. He praised himself very much. Sya y nagpakamayabàng. He boasted much.

500. pa-ka- (1) -in, p-in-a-ka-. The direct passive with pa-ka- denotes something caused to be too much so and so: Hwag mò ng pakalalímin ang gawi ng húkay. Don't make the hole you are to dig too deep. Hwag mò ng pakalàlalímin ang hùhukáin mo ng balòn. Don't make the well you are going to dig too deep. Pinakalálim ni Hwàn ang húkay. Juan made the ditch too deep.

(a) The form with p-in-a-ka- occurs as special static word: pinakamahàl most expensive, dearest; pinakamúra cheapest.

(b) More commonly from words with ma- (§ 454): Si Risàl ay syà ng naging pinakamarúnong na táo sa kapulua-ng-Filipínas. Rizal was the most learned man in the Philippines. pinakamalakàs strongest; pinakamalínis cleanest. So from: búti, hába`, halagà, húsay, kínis.

501. i-kà-pa-, i-k-in-à-pa-. The instrumental passive with i-kà- (§ 417) from words with pa- expresses the thing or circumstance causing someone to be made to do so and so. Ikinàpaalìs sa kanyà sa báhay ni Hwàn ang kanya ng pangungumìt. His petty thievery caused him to be ordered to leave Juan's house, to be dismissed from Juan's house. Ikinàpàpaalìs nila sa kanyà ang kanya ng pinaggagawà ng katampalasánan sa manga háyop. His constant cruelty to the animals is forcing them to dismiss him. Ang kaibigàn nya ng màtúto ay sya nyà ng ikináparoon sa Espánya. His desire to get an education is what made him go to Spain. Baká mo ikàpahámak ang iyo ng pagparoòn. I am afraid your going there may cause you to be unfortunate. Ikàpàpahámak nya ang kanya ng pagsusundálo. His military service will cause him to fall into bad ways.

(a) With pag- either before or after the kà- a voluntary actor is implied who is caused to make someone or something do or be so and so. Ang ipinagkàpasakày ni Hwàn sa kanya ng máy sakit na kapatìd sa trèn sa lugàr nang sa karumáta ay ang katulínan nang trèn. What made Juan have his brother ride on the train rather than in a carriage was the speed of the train. Nagpaísip sya sa kanya ng manga eskwéla nang manga paraà ng ikàpagpàpalakè nilà sa kanila ng aklátan. He had his students think of means that would help them to make their library (get) larger.

502. pa-ka- (1) -an. Local passive with pa- (§ 497) from a word with ka- (§ 398): pinakawalàn was allowed to go free.

503. ka-pa- (1) -an. Local passive with ka- (§ 419) from a word with pa- (§ 481): kapàpatungúhan the place one will be headed for.

(a) Static words with ka-pa- -an are forms with ka- -an from words with pa-:

With S (§ 421): Si Hwàn ang kapàtagálan ni Maryáno sa pagsísid sa túbig. Juan contends with Mariano in staying under water as long as possible.

With S (1), (§ 423); accent irregularly placed: Ang báta ng si Pédro ang sya ng kàpakitáan ni Maryà nang kanyà ng larwàn. Little Pedro is the child to whom Maria showed her toys and who showed her his.

With (2), (§ 422): Ang kapabayaàn nya sa manga tungkúlin ay syà ng malakì nya ng kapintásan. His neglectfulness of his duties is his great fault.

504. maka-pa-. With maka- in the usual meanings (§ 433 ff.) a few transients are made from words pa-. Nakapahingà sa lílim ang manga kalabàw. The carabao rested in the shade (irrational actor). Bayáan mo ng makapahingà ang manga dalà mo ng kalabàw bágu ka bumalìk sa búkid. Let the carabao that brought you rest before you go back to the country. Makapàpahinga nà ang manga háyop bágo sya dumatìng. The carabao will have rested before he arrives. So from: doòn, lígo`.

505. Commoner is maka-pag-pa- (corresponding to mag-pa-); the abstract has pagkapa-. Nakapagpapútol na akò nang káhoy na gàgamítin ko sa boò ng tagulàn. I have already had wood cut for the entire rainy season. Si Lílay ay nakàkapagpapútol nang káhoy sa alílà ni Kíka`. Lilay has permission to order Kika's servant to cut the wood. Hindí ako makapagpapútol nang tubò kay Hwàn, sapagkàt marámi sya ng trabáho sa ibà. I cannot have Juan cut sugar-cane, because he has already too much work to do for other people. Makàkapagpapútol akò nang labòng, kung iyò ng gustò. I can have some bamboo-shoots cut, if you wish.

So from: bilì, kínis, tápon.

506. The passive with ma- from words with pa- varies in meaning, owing chiefly to the various values of words with pa-.

(a) Genuine passive: Hindí nya napahinòg ang manga ságing. He did not succeed in getting the bananas to ripen. Mapahíhiram mo ba akò nang lima ng píso ng gintò? Can you let me borrow five dollars gold? Napapások ko sa kuràl ang manga kalabàw. I succeeded in bringing the carabao into the corral. Napatátalim ni Pédro ang mapuròl na gúlok. Pedro is able to sharpen dull bolos. So from: alìs, puntà, sáboy, túlog.

(b) Reflexive passive: Ang máy sakit ay napadapà` sa manga nagàalágà sa kanyà, sapagkàt sya hindí makakílos. The sick man had the people who were caring for him lay him on his face, because he could not move. Napagísing si Hwàn sa kanya ng kapatìd sa óras nang alaskwátro nang umága. Juan had his brother wake him up at four o'clock in the morning. Napapások akò sa síne sa áki ng kúyang. I asked my oldest brother to take me to the moving-picture show. Mapapàpások.... I shall ask to be taken in. Silà y napatùtúlong. They are asking for help. So: álam, hatìd, tawìd.

(c) Reflexive of interest: Napaakiyàt akò kay Hwàn nang isa ng búnga-ng-nyòg. I asked Juan to climb for a cocoanut for me. Napapútol silà nang káhoy. They asked to have wood cut for them. Napapùpútol ang manga anàk nang kanila ng kukò kay Nánay. The children ask Mother to cut their fingernails. Napapùpútol akò nang gàgawi ng pípa kay Hwàn. I am asking Juan to cut me some wood for a cigarette-mouthpiece. Napatilàd akò nang tubò kay Nánay. I asked Mother to slice me some sugar-cane.

(d) Movement: Napabíngit sya sa malaki ng pangánib. He got into a very dangerous situation. Naparíne sa tabi kò ang báta`. The child came up close to me. Ang magkaybíga ng si Pédro at si Maryáno ay naparoòn sa Mayníla`. The two friends, Pedro and Mariano, have gone to Manila. Sya y napaóo. He assented. So from: díto, loòb, salámat, túngo. Also from the derived word luwásan: napaluwásan.

507. Instrumental passive only in: maipabarìl.

508. Passive with mà- (§ 463 ff.) from words with pa-. Bumitìw ang bátà sa lúbid, kanyá nàparapà` ang kanyà ng kahatakàn. As the child let go of the rope, the one who was pulling against him fell on his face. Nàparíto si Hwàn sa kanyà ng pagtatagò` sa manga tiktèk. Juan happened to come here in his hiding from the spies. Nàpàparíto sya ng madalàs. He often gets round here. Màpàparíto raw syà sa báya ng itò. He will get round to our town, he says. Nàpahámak sya sa ginawá nya ng pagsusugàl at pagsasábong. He became good-for-nothing through his gambling and cock-fighting. Nàpàpahámak ang báta ng si Hwàn, dahilàn sa lubòs na pagpapaláyaw sa kanyà nang kanya ng manga magúlang. Little Juan is getting spoiled through his parents' complete indulgence. Hwag kà ng duwàg, Hwàn, at nang hwàg ka ng màpahámak lámang sa iyo ng pagsusundálo. Don't be a coward, Juan, so that you may not merely come to misfortune through your military service. Màpàpahámak lámang ang báta ng itò, kapag hindí nátin pinapagáral nang sapàt. This boy will turn out a good-for-nothing, if we don't make him study enough. Hindí nàpahinòg na maága ni Hwàn ang manga ságing. Juan didn't get his bananas ripe early enough. Hindí nya nàpahinòg ang manga ságing, sapagkàt naúbus agàd. He did not get his bananas ripe, because they were all eaten up too soon. Si Pédro ay nàpàpahingà. Pedro is resting. Nàpatayó si Pédro dahilàn sa kanya ng pagkàgúlat. Pedro leaped to his feet in his surprise. Dahilàn sa kanya ng pagkàgúlat ay nàpaupú siya. In his surprise he fell into his chair.

So from: gúlat, halakhàk, hitsà, iyàk, kasàl, lagày, lagpàk, luksò, sigàw, tindìg.

(a) Plural with -ang-: Ang manga kalabàw ay nangàpàpahingà. The carabao are resting. So: nangápamanghà`.

(b) Accent shift: Nàpagisìng si Hwàn sa kalakasàn nang putòk nang barìl. The report of the gun was so loud that Juan woke up. So: táwa.

(c) Abstract, of movements, pagkàpa-. Ang dáhil nang kanya ng pagkàparíto ay ang paniningìl. What brought him here was the collecting of debts. Ang pagkàpalígo nang kabáyo ay marumè. The horse has not been bathed clean. So from: alíla`, doòn.

(d) With makà- D (§ 473) from -paríto: Hwag kà ng makàparí-paríto. Don't you ever come round here!

509. Instrumental passive, mà-i-pa-, from: dalà, kilála, kíta, túlos.

510. Local passive, mà-pa- (1) -an. Màpàparusáhan kità. I shall have to punish you. So: kinìg.

511. Special static words with nà-pa-ka- denote something having a high degree of such and such a quality. Ang sákit na iyo ng ipinarùrúsa sa ákin ay nápakabigàt. The grief you cause me is very severe. Nàpakabúte ang kanya ng pagkatákot. Her fear reached a high degree. Ang sakày na táo nang kutséro sa karumáta ay nàpakatabà`. The man the driver has taken into his carriage is very stout. So also: iklì`.

(a) From a phrase: nàpakawala-ng-hiyà`.

5. The prefix pati-.

512. pati- before a root expresses that such and such a movement (of one's own person) is suddenly performed.

513. With mag- it denotes the voluntary performer. Barytone roots seem to have accent shift. Ang báta y nagpatihigà` sa sahìg. The child suddenly lay down on the floor. Nagpatihulòg si Pédro sa bintána` sa isa ng pagsumpòng nang kanya ng pagkalóko. Pedro suddenly threw himself from the window in an attack of his madness. Nagpàpatihulòg si Hwàn sa hagdánan kung sinúsumpòng nang kalokóhan, kaniyà` sya y itináli nilà sa isa ng halígi nang báhay. They tied Juan to one of the posts of the house, because when he is assailed by a fit of insanity he throws himself down the stairs. Magpàpatihulòg daw sya mulá sa ituktòk nang kanya ng bìlanggúan úpang sya y makataanàn. He says he will throw himself from the roof of his prison so as to make an escape. Sya y nagpatiluhòd. He suddenly knelt down. Ang pagpapatiluhòd nang báta` ay sya ng nakasakìt sa kanya ng túhod. The boy's throwing himself on his knees is what injured his knee.

514. The passive with mà- denotes the involuntary performer. Nàpàpatihigà` ang báwat mádulàs sa lugàr na itò. Every one who slips at this place falls on his back. Hwag kà ng magpadulàs, sapagkàt baká ka màpatihigà`. Don't slide, for you might fall on your back. Sya y nàpatiluhòd. He fell, landing in a kneeling position. Nàpatiupú sya sa kanya ng pagkádulàs. He fell into a sitting position when he slipped. Nàpàpatiupò` ang báwat táo ng magdaàn sa lugàr na itò, dahilàn sa madulàs na lúmot nang lúpa`. Everyone who comes through this place falls and lands in a sitting position, owing to the slippery moss on the ground.

III. Irregular Derivatives.

(1) Transients and abstracts of the particles sa and -ging.

515. The particle sa has transient forms as follows:

(a) A normal transient: with pà-sa, pá-pà-sa, ná-sa, ná-sà-sa. Nása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church. Násàsa simbáhan silà nang mangyáre ang súnog. They were at church when the fire occurred. Nang pása simbáhan silà.... When they went to church.... Pápàsa simbáhan silà. They will go to church.

Plural: Nangása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church.

(b) An accidental passive (of movement): má-pa-sa, má-pà-pa-sa, ná-pa-sa-, ná-pà-pa-sa-; abstract: pagká-pa-sa. Nang mápasa simbáhan silà ay malálim nà ang gabì. When they got to the church, it was already late at night. Mápàpasa simbáhan silà sa gabì. They will strike the church at nightfall. ang pagkápasa simbáhan a chance coming upon the church.

516. The (transient) forms of -ging are ma-gìng, ma-gí-ging, na-gìng, na-gí-ging; abstract: pa-gi-gìng. Magpùpútol daw nang buhòk ang Intsèk na si Yèng pagigìng binyágan nya. The Chinaman Yeng says he will have his queue cut when he gets baptized.

(2) Odd affixes.

517. ba- seems to appear in ba-lasìng.

518. hin-, with irregular nasalization of initials, in one simple derivative: Ang kanya ng himatày ay hindí nalaúnan. Her fainting-fit did not last long (matày). -himagsìk (bagsìk) does not occur, but underlies many derivatives, especially maghimagsìk (§ 352,c) and hìmagsíkan (§ 377,a). Many such underlying forms can be postulated from the various transients with manghin- (§ 357,b).

(a) With r: ang hintutúro` the forefinger (túro`).

519. kala- in ang kalaháte` a half; ang kalatimbà` dipping on the heels and rising, hands holding opposite ears (as trick or imposed as a punishment), from háti` and timbà` a well-bucket; these have various further derivatives, see Index.

520. kasing- having such and such a quality in common with something else; hence partly equivalent with ka-: Kasingkúlay nang áki ng báro` ang kanya ng salawàl. His trousers are of the same color as my blouse. Ang bóla ng itò ay kasinglakì nang itlòg. This ball is the same size as an egg. Si Hwàn ay kasingpantày ni Pédro. Juan is of the same height as Pedro.

521. mala- (Spanish ?) derogatory: ang malasutsòt a young lout, a half-grown boy (literally: a bad whistler).

522. pala- expresses extreme tendency to such and such an action:

(a) pala- S -in, from oxytone roots: Sya y isa ng palabintángin. He is very distrustful. Ang manga isdà y palabùlúkin sa tagáraw. Fish easily spoil in the hot season. ang palalungkútin a melancholy person, palapùtákin a fowl given to cackling, palasumbúngin tattle-tale, palasutsútin one who is always whistling, palatuntúnin one who is always trying to follow up his stolen property, palatuwáin palatwáin one who is easily amused.

From root with shifted accent: palasàkítin person who is always getting sick. Irregularly: palahùníhin an animal given to neighing, chirping, etc.

Lack of secondary accent: palaiyákin a cry-baby.

(b) pala- (2) -in, from barytone roots: palagalitìn a hot-head, palagisingìn a poor sleeper, palagutumìn one who is always getting hungry, palagulatìn nervous person, palahilawìn a kind of rice that is hard to cook through; Palaputulìn ang manga tingtìng nang walìs na ytò. The fibres of this broom are very brittle. palatakutìn a timorous person.

(c) palà- -an the place for such and such a thing: ang palàisdáan a fish-pond, palàsingsíngan the ring-finger, the fourth finger, palàtuntúnan a set of rules, rules of order.

523. ta- in ta-gílid the side; with retraction of accent: -talíkod.

524. tag- in names of seasons: tagáraw, tagulàn, the two Philippine seasons; ang taglamìg cold weather, the (American) winter. With accent-shift: taginìt the hot season.

525. taga- person whose duty it is to do so and so, especially upon some particular occasion: ang tagaalìs nang gwarnisyòn nang kabáyo the one detailed to unharness the horses, tagabílang accountant, counter, tagaíkid sa gawaàn nang lúbid the one who rolls up a rope in the rope-factory; Ikàw ay tagainùm lámang. Your job here is only to drink; so: tagakáin one whose only duty is to eat. Tagapútol nang káhoy ang katungkúlan niyà. He is delegated to cut wood. tagasúlat the one who does the writing; tagatahè` one who does the sewing. So from: húli, sulsì.

(a) With pag-: tagapagbigày, tagapagtanggòl.

(b) With pag-pa- one whose duty it is to oversee the doing of so and so: ang tagapagpaalìs nang tapòn nang manga bóte head bottle-opener; tagapagpainùm sa fiyèsta bartender at a fiesta; Isa ng tagapagpainùm ay isa ng tagapagbigày nang inumìn sa manga háyop o manga báta`. So: ang tagapagpakáin who gives food to animals or children, tagapagpalígo` who bathes children or horses, tagapagpasúlat head writer, tagapagpatotoò witness.

526. tara-, tra- is felt to be a prefix in: ang táo ng tarabúko, trabúko a bald-headed person, felt as derivative from búko smooth, unripe cocoanut.

527. -éro (Spanish) as suffix of agent; final vowel (or vowel plus n or glottal stop) is lost: bangkéro, sabungéro, sipéro (sipéros, plural); from derived word: Katipunéros (ka-tipún-an, § 423); from compound word: básag-uléro a brawler, ruffian (básag-úlo).

(3) Pronoun forms.

528. The various forms of the pronouns and objectivizing particles show some regular derivation.

(a) n- with irregularities, for disjunctive forms: n-ang, n-i (si), n-inà n-ilà (sinà silà), n-íno (síno), n-irè, n-itò, n-iyàn, n-oòn (iyòn, yaòn); n-ità (kità), n-iyà (siyà), n-ilà (silà). From the prepositive form: n-átin, n-ámin, n-iniyò.

Similarly, the particle nawà`, root áwa` pity.

(b) ka- for local and prepositive forms: ka-y (si), k-inà (sinà); from the disjunctive form: ka-níno, ka-nità, ka-niyà. ka-nilà.

(c) With si compare sí-no, with ang, a-nò.

(d) Local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns (treated as separate roots): d-íne (irè), d-íto (itò), d-iyàn, d-oòn.

(e) Words of manner with ga-: ga-áno, gá-no (anò), ga-yòn (iyòn). From disjunctive forms: ga-nitò, ga-niyàn, ga-noòn. Cf. also gáya like.

Of similar formation: Ang butò nang haláma ng itò y gabútil nang pálay. The seed of this plant is as large as a grain of rice (bútil a kernel of grain).

(f) saàn (for sa anò?) is felt as a simple word.

III. LIST OF FORMATIONS.

The formations with irregular affixes (515 ff.) have been omitted from this list.

The following regular features have been ignored:

(1) Prefixes beginning with n-; these are the actual-mode forms of prefixes beginning with m-, and are treated in the same paragraphs as the latter.

(2) Forms with doubling or reduplication of the root; also those with accented reduplication (of root or prefix) expressing durative aspect; these are treated in the same paragraphs as the corresponding forms without reduplication.

(3) Secondary accent, when not peculiar to prefixes.

(4) Variations in position of accent.

The numbers refer to paragraphs.

A. FORMS WITHOUT PREFIX.

(1) No affix: 332. 336. 338. 341-346. 348. 358.

(2) Suffix only:
-an 31. 334,c. 374. 377-381.
-anan 377,b.
-han, -hanan see -an.
-hanin, -hin see -in.
-in 334,c. 359. 367.
-inan 377,b.
-nan see -an.
-nin see -in.

(3) Infix only:
-in- 334,b,1. 359. 365. 366.
-in- -um- 359,a.
-um- 348. 349. 358.

(4) Infix and suffix:
-in- -an 374.
-um- -in 359,a.

B. FORMS WITH PREFIX.

i- 31. 334,a,2.b,2. 368. 373.
i- -in- 368.
ika- 413. 416.
ikà- 417.
ikàpa- 501.
ikàpag- 418.
ikàpagpa- 501,a.
ikin ... see ik ...; the -in- expresses actual mode.
ini- see i- -in-.
ipa- 494.
ipag- 369-371.
ipag- -an- 369,a.
ipagka- 414. 415.
ipagkàpa- 501,a.
ipagma- 370.
ipagpa- 495.
ipaki- 394.
ipakipa- 496.
ipakipag- 395.
ipang- 372.
ipapang- 394,c.
ipin ... see ip ...; the -in- expresses actual mode.

ka- 31. 76. 77. 179. 183. 334,a,2. 398. 400-402.
kà- 403.
ka- -an 419. 421-426.
kà- -an 428. 430. 431.
ka- -anan 423,b.
ka- -anin 421,a.
ka- -in- 412.
kàka- 399. 404.
kamag- 398,a.
kamag- -an 423,b.
kamaka- 398,a.
kapa- -an 503.
kàpa- -an 503,a.
kapag- 400,a. 486,c.
kapang- 400,b.
kapang- -an 421,b. 423,b.
kapàpa- 486,b.
kay- see ka-.
kina- 412.
kina- -an 419.
kinà- -an 260. 503.
kinà- -anin 421,a.
kinapa- -an 503.
kuma- 404.
ma- 438 ff. 444. 449. 454.
mà- 463 ff. 469.
ma- -an 451.
mà- -an 475.
ma- -in 457.
mag- 34. 334,a,1. 350. 353-356. 358.
mag- -um- 352,c.
mag- -an 352,d.
mag- -in 352,d. 358,a.
magka- 405. 408. 409,a.
magkà- 410. 411.
magka- -an 427,a,c.
magkà- -an 430.
magkaka- 409.
magkaka- -an 427,d.
magkinàka- 412,a.
magma- 352,c. 353,a.
magmà- 353,b.
magmaka- 453,a.
magpa- 489.
magpà- 489,d,e.
magpa- -um- 489,b.
magpà- -an 498,a.
magpaka- 499.
magpakama- 499,a.
magpakamà- 499,a.
magpapa- 489 f.
magpati- 513.
magsi- 385.
magsipa- 488,d.
magsipag- 386.
magsipag- -an 386,b.
magsipagka- 406.
magsipagpa- 489,a.
magsipang- 387.
mài- 474.
maipa- 507.
màipa- 509.
maipag- 450.
maipang- 450.
maka- 433 ff. 444. 453.
makà- 458 ff. 469. 473. 479.
màka- 470,a.
maka- -an 443. 454,c.
màka- -an 488.
makapa- 504.
makapag- 445. 447.
makapagpa- 505.
makàpaki- 473,a.
makapang- 448.
makapang- -in 448,b.
maki- 390.
makipag- 391.
makipag- -an 391,a.
makipagka- -an 427,b.
makipang- 392.
mang- 334,a,4. 357. 358.
màng- 358,e. f.
mang- -in 357,a.
manga- 442.
mangà- 467.
manga- -an 421,a.
mangagsi- 385,a.
mangagsipag- 386,a.
mangaka- 442.
mangàka- 442. 470,b.
mangàpa- 508,a.
mapa- 506.
màpa- 508.
màpa- -an 510.
mapag- 446. 455.
màpag- 471.
mapag- -an 452.
màpag- -an 476.
màpagka- -an 488,a.
nàpaka- 511.
mapang- 454,c. 456.
màpang- 472.
màpang- -an 477.
màpati- 514.
pa- 207. 481-484. 487.
pà- 487,d. 515,a.
pa- -an 497.
pà- -an 497,b. 498.
pa- -in 490.
pà- -in 490,a,b.
pag- 34. 274. 334,a,1. 348-356.
pag- -an 352,d. 375.
pag- -anan 375,b.
pag- -in 352,c. 360-363.
pag- -um- 352,c.
pagka- 274. 404. 433, ff. 444. 453,b.
pagkà- 274. 458 ff. 469.
pagka- -an 420.
pagkà- -an 429.
pagkaka- 405. 406. 407,a,b.
pagkakà- 410. 411.
pagkàka- 470,a.
pagkaka- -an 427,a.
pagkakà- -an 430,a,b.
pagkàpa- 508,c.
pagkapag- 445. 447.
pagkàpag- 471.
pagkapang- 448.
pagkapang- -in- 448,b.
pagmama- 352,c. 353,a.
pagmamà- 353,b.
pagpa- 488.
pagpapa- 489.
pagpapà- -an 498,a.
pagpapa- -um- 498,b.
pagpapaka- 499.
pagpapakama- 499,a.
pagpapakamà- 499,a.
pai- 481,a.
paka- -an 502.
paka- -in 500.
paki- 389.
paki- -an 396.
paki- -in 393.
pakiki- 390.
pakikipag- 391.
pakikipag- -an 391,a.
pakikipagka- -an 427,b.
pakikipang- 392.
pakipag- -an 396,b.
panu- see pang-.
pang- 334,a,4. 347. 357.
pang- -an 376.
pàng- -an 383.
pang- -in 357,a. 364. 367,b.
pàng- -in 367,c.
panganga- -an 421,a. 422,a.
pangpa- 486,a.
papa- 485.
pàpa- 488.
papa- -an 497,c.
papag- -in 491. 491,b.
papagpa- -in 493.
papang- 492.
pau- see pa-.
pin... see p...; the -in- expresses actual mode.
puma- 488.

INDEX OF WORDS.

The words are arranged by roots, in accordance with the speech-feeling, so far as ascertainable. The forms díne, díto, diyàn, doòn have, however, been given separate places.

In using the index the sound-variations described in § 334 should be kept in view. The forms are given with fullest accentuation and vocalism (iy for y, uw for w after consonant), regardless of actual occurrence. For e see i, for o see u. Foreign r is under d, f under p, v under b.

The brief indication of meaning after each form ignores shades of meaning that would require long definitions; so especially factors of involuntary or completed action and of ability (ka-, maka-, ma-) and of accident or ability due to external causes (kà-, makà-, mà-).

The references to occurrence have been limited by considerations of space; the numbers refer to page and line; when in heavy type, to paragraphs of the Grammatical Analysis.

The following abbreviations are used: arch.: felt as archaic. C.: Chinese. disj.: disjunctive form. E.: English. excl.: exclusive. id.: the same meaning. incl.: inclusive. intr.: English definition to be taken in intransitive sense. loc.: local. n.: name. pl.: the Tagalog form is an explicit plural. prep.: prepositive. S.: Spanish [11]. tr.: English definition to be taken in transitive sense.

A

a- see anò, ang.

abà ah 151(14).

abakà S. hemp 237(37).

-abála: pagabála a bothering; see Corrigenda.
nangabála made trouble 239(29).
kaabalahàn trouble 302(14).

-abàng: umabàng watch for 226(23).
umáabàng is lying in wait 64(41).
nakaabàng is on guard 48(12).

ábito S. vestment 98(20).

abéynte-kuwátro S. twenty-fourth 110(11).

abúbot belongings 118(23).

-ábot (a) overtake: abútan be reached 92(19). 299(38).
inabútan was overtaken 52(42). 84(34). 250(30).
inàabútan is being reached 301(34).
paábot let oneself be overtaken 301(21).
paaábot pl. 46(11).
nagpaábot let himself be overtaken 52(28).
--(b) with accent-shift; reach for, take: umabòt reach for
231(5). 237(20). reached for 231(6).
umáabòt reaches for 62(14).
pagabòt a reaching for 231(7).
nagáabòt is handing 237(17).
pagaabòt a handing 237(19).
inabòt was taken 30(10).
ináabot is being reached for 246(3).
iyabòt be handed 249(13).
iniyabòt was handed 30(13). 106(21).
iniyáabòt is being handed 249(12).
kaàbútan one of two who hand to each other 278(4).
maabòt he reached 286(28).
maáabòt will be reached 20(27).
naabòt was reached 286(27).
pagkaabòt a reaching for see Corrigenda.
náabòt was reached 296(13).
pagkáabòt a reaching for see Corrigenda.
paabòt caused to be handed 300(23).
nagpaabòt caused to be handed 304(21).
ipinaabòt was caused to be handed 52(11).

-ága: umága morning
50(40). 62(36). 66(25). 120(19). 163(23). 190(24). 241(39). 262(5).
inùumága is being overtaken by morning 245(42).
magpaumága let oneself be overtaken by morning 304(18).
agáhan be done early 250(30).
maága early 312(27).
paága early rice 300(3).
pàága be very early 301(36).
pàagáhan be done very early 308(36).

agàd soon 32(22). 42(31). 48(26). 265(1).
agàd-agàd immediately 36(5). 48(37.40). 265(1).

ágaw that snatched 220(17).
agàw snatched 222(16).
umágaw snatched 226(24).
inágaw was snatched 250(11).
agawàn a grabbing together 260(3).
pagaagawàn a scrambling 108(25).
nagsìsipagagawàn are scrambling 108(24).
naàágaw can be seized 40(8).
makàágaw seize 108(31).

aginàldo S. Christmas present; as n. 118(6).
nàpangaginàlduhan was given as a Christmas present 298(26). 307(21).

ágos stream 16(3).
umàágos is streaming 44(42).

àguwa-bindíta S. holy-water 96(28).

áhas snake 120(21).

-áhit: pangáhit razor 232(17).
nangáhit did shaving 167(2).
inahítan was shaved 250(32).

-áhon: umáhon go up 116(18). went up 226(25).
umàáhon is going up 110(20).
àáhon will go up 263(26).
pagáhon a going up 226(27).
nagsiáhon went up, pl. 118(13).
ipinaáhon was caused to go up 120(16).

akála` opinion 20(8). 98(15). 271.
pangakála panukála` thought 16(9). 224(40). 226(1).
nagakála` thought, planned 24(17). 50(13).
inakála` was thought 18(17.24).
inàakála` is being thought 11(86).
-ákap: nààákap is embracing 66(40).

-ákay (a) lead: umàákay is leading 22(31).
inákay was led 26(36).
(b) with accent-shift inakày young of animal 102(20). 247(13).

ákin prep. and loc. of akò: my, me, by me 165. 169. 182.

-akiyàt: umakiyàt climb 22(39). climbed 16(15).
áakiyàt will climb 22(36).
pagakiyàt a climbing 24(6).
nagsísiakiyàt are climbing 108(31).
àakiyatìn will be climbed 16(15).
makaakiyàt be able to climb 108(28).
makaákiyàt will be able to climb 22(37).
maakiyàt be able to be climbed 16(13).
náakiyàt got carried up 295(3).
paakiyàt ask to be climbed with or for; caused to be climbed or
climbed for; climbing up 106(14). 299(6.37). 301(22.29).
paáakiyàt will ask to be climbed with or for 301(38). 302(1).
napaakiyàt asked to be climbed for 311(37).

aklàt book 154(28).
aklátan library 210(12). See báhay.

-akmà`: inakmaàn was prepared for 70(29).

akò I 16(17). 152(14). 63. Cf. ákin, ko.

áko` person relieved 220(19).
pangáko` 233(35).
mangáko` promise 44(13).
ináko` was pledged for 220(19). 243(31).
ipinangáko` was promised 34(10).
pagkapangáko` a having promised 44(22). 287(29).

alaála souvenir, present 72(37). 221(3).
pangalaála memory 116(24).
alalahánin be minded 104(33).
àalalahánin will be minded 243(34).
inàalaála is being remembered 243(32).
naalaála was remembered 202(36).
nàalaála was recalled 30(16). 72(23). 100(13).
nààalaála is remembered. màalaála be recalled 86(3).
paalaála caused to be given as a souvenir 299(8).
pagpapaalaála a causing to be remembered 292(22).

-alága`: nagàalága` is attending to 311(28).

alagàd assistant 114(12).

aláhas (S.) jewelry 102(24).

álak wine, liquor 221(6).

-alala see alaála.

-álam (a) know: màláman be known 22(35). 298(9).
màlàláman will be known 42(37).
nàláman was known 26(32).
nàlàláman is known 24(32).
màpagaláman be generally known 60(35).
paálam causing himself to be known (as leaving) 183(17).
ipinaálam was caused to be known (as leaving) 32(9). 306(4).
paaláman be made known 308(3).
paàaláman will be made known 42(35).
napaálam caused himself to be known (as leaving) 54(12)
--(b) with accent-shift: alàm known 300(32).
makialàm interfere 58(42). 264(18).
pinakialamàn was looked after 265(32). 290(32).
kaalàm accomplice 267(1) and Corrigenda.
nakààalàm knows 42(14).
pagkáalàm a knowing 82(9). 272(6).
nàalamàn got known 118(1). 298(14).
màpagalamàn get generally known 118(42). 298(24).
ipaalàm be given out to be known 307(3).
ipinaalàm was given out to be known 307(4).

alasìngko S. five o'clock 180(7).

alasès S. six o'clock 122(6).

alaskuwátro S. four o'clock 172 (42).
magàalaskuwátro will be four o'clock 66(34).

alastrès S. three o'clock 66(32).

álat salty 218(37).
kaálat kayálat what saltiness 267(34).
kaalátan saltiness 267(27).

-álay: iniyálay was offered 16(5).

áli aunt, madam 118(14). 151(36). 59. 256.
magáli aunt and niece or nephew 242(1).

alikabòk dust 245(26).
maalikabòk dusty 289(1).

alíla` servant, domesticated 54(7). 62(32).
aliláin be domesticated 106(40).
pagkàpaalíla` a making a servant of oneself 104(2).

alìn which? 22(37). 48(18.25.36). 97.
alìn-alìn pl. 97.

alintána in spite 277.
inalintána was paid attention to 88(29).

alípin slave 90(36).

-alipustà`: alipustaìn be mistreated 72(39).

alìs go away 192(36).
umalìs go away 52(22). went away 20(36).
áalìs will go away 192(2).
pagalìs a going away 108(22).
nagsísialìs are going away 114(27).
nangagsialìs went away, pl. 120(39).
inalìs was removed 30(10).
iniyalìs was removed 248(6).
alisàn be removed from 250(33).
àlísan a going away together 257(23).
nagàlísan went away together 236(14).
nagààlísan are going away together 96(15).
ikinaalìs was the cause of going away 271(41).
makaalìs be able to go away 78(11).
makaáalìs will be able to go away 42(38). 281(25).
nakaalìs has gone away 282(21).
pagkaalìs a having gone away 80(3).
mààalìs will be removed 96(34).
papaalìs going away 300(39).
pinaalìs was caused to go away 32(34).
pinaáalìs is being caused to go away 64(23).
ipinaalìs was caused to be removed 70(4). 306(5).
mapaalìs be able to be caused to go away 122(21).
ikinápaalìs was the cause of ordering to go away 310(5).
ikinàpàpaalìs is the cause of ordering to go away 310(8).
tagaalìs remover 315(33).
tagapagpaalìs head remover 316(1).

alitaptap firefly 40(15).

Alfònso S. n. 309(6).

-alsà S.: pagaalsà a raising 70(2).

altàr S. altar 96(17).

aluwági (S.) carpenter 56(35).
pagaaluwági carpentry 58(2).

amà father 30(26). 59.
magamà father and child 242(2).
magaamà father and children 242(27).
amaìn uncle 247(26).
magamaìn uncle and nephew or niece 242(25).
ináamà godfather 247(17).

ámin prep. and loc. of kamì: our, us, by us excl. 165. 169.
námin disj. of us, by us 163.
umámin confessed 226(28).
àamínin will be owned up to 243(36).
inàámin is being owned up to 243(35).

Amérika S. America 189(29).

amerikána S. European coat 281(5).

Amerikáno S. American 56(30).

-ampàt: maampàt be able to be stopped 46(8). 259(30).

-ámo` (S. ?): inámo` was caressed 84(32).
inamù-amò` was repeatedly caressed 86(4).

ámong (S.) sir, Father 20(37). 50(40).

-ámot sell, of other than professional merchant: umámot sold 226(30).
inamútan was sold to 246(41).

an see anò.

-ának: magának family 165(17). 242(17).
kamagának relative 54(22). 266(34).
kamaganákan clan 112(26). 277(14).
angkàn one's family 112(19). 260(39).

anàk son, daughter 30(25).
panganàk infant 54(6).
kapangànákan birth, birthday 275(43).
panganganàk a giving birth 220(24).
naipangánganàk has just been born 36(16). 288(4).

Andrès S. n. 26(30).

Andòy S. short-n. 208(1).

áni harvest 191(32).

-ánib: pangánib danger 46(15).
mapangánib dangerous 289(21).
umánib make one's sleeping-mat overlap 226(30).
iyánib be made to overlap 248(7).
magkaánib overlapping each other 269(38).

ánim six 52(44). 67.
pangánim number six 225(38).
ikaánim ikánim sixth 273(17).
makàánim six times 298(32).

-anínaw: inanínaw was scrutinized 66(19).

aniyáya invitation 219(28).
inaniyáhan was invited 250(34).
inàaniyáhan is being invited 203(26).

aniyò` aspect 20(12).
nagáaniyò` is behaving 40(40).
pagaaniyò` behavior 108(33).

antimáno S. beforehand 20(39). 262(1).

antòk sleepiness 84(14).
nagáantòk is sleepy 231(42).
nakapagáantòk causes to get sleepy 108(8).

anò, an what? what kind of? 18(6). 22(21). 97. 179. 190. 264.
anò-anò pl. 114(16). 97.
nanganò did what? 239(29).
páno how? 155(21). 300(8).
papáno how? 18(11). 301(1).
gaáno gáno how great? 28(2). 316(28). 190. 247. See also saàn.

anúnas S. custard-apple, Anona reticulata L. 76(19).

Ánong S. short-n. 286(38).

ang the, a 45. 61-71. 75. 78. 108. 109. 115. 116. 119. 126. 130-133.
161. 168. 196. 246. 248. 253.
nang disj. the, a, of the, by the; when
45. 119. 116-194. 253. 317(2). 340. 341 (3,d).

-angk see -ának.

angkìn appropriated 60(20).
umangkìn appropriate 226(32).
angkinìn be appropriated 62(6). 243(39).
inangkìn was appropriated 16(8).
ináangkìn is being appropriated 243(37).
máangkìn get appropriated 308(20).

ápat four 24(37). 67.
àápat only four 116(16).
ápat-ápat four at a time 223(41).
pangápat number four 225(36).
ikaápat ikápat fourth 82(16).
makàápat makàípat four times 298(36).

Áfrika S. Africa 189(4).

-apt see atìp.

apòy fire 22(6).
inapuyàn was inflamed 94(29) and Corrigenda.

áral doctrine 140(31). 223(23).
umáral arch. teach morals 233(22).
magáral study 18(7). 209(13).
magàáral will study 217(28).
nagáral studied 30(5).
nagàáral is studying 90(31). 233(22).
pagaáral a studying 28(3).
magsipagáral study pl. 262(34).
nagsìsipagáral are studying 38(5).
arálan be taught morals 250(36).
aralàn study-room 238(6).
pagarálan be learned 168(1).
pinagarálan was studied 18(14).
pinagàarálan is being studied 255(4).
makapagáral be able to study 34(33).
pinapagáral was caused to study 305(19).
ipapagáral be used for causing to study 88(11).
pàaralàn school 26(32).

aráro S. plow 232(2).
pagaaráro a plowing 232(1).
magaaráro plowman 242(38).
ararúhin be plowed 243(40).

áraw sun, day 16(11). 66(1). See also madalì`, kalaháti`.
áraw-gabì day and night 94(31). 257. 331.
áraw-áraw every day 58(7). 331.
kaarawàn holiday 110(17).
tagáraw sunny season 34(27). 315(29).

arày ouch 151(15).