Chapter IX: Preface (8)

196. In this construction initial si is replaced by kay (atonic), sinà by kinà (pretonic), and ang by sa (atonic); object expressions which begin with none of these particles take sa: Si Pédro ay galìt kay Hwàn. Pedro is angry at Juan. Nakitúluy kamì kina Pédro. We asked hospitality of Pedro's family. Syà y nanáog sa báhay. He came out of his house. sa boo ng báyan in the whole town.

Rarely both sa and kay precede a personal name: Itò y nàtúto sa kay Mayèstro ng Hwàn. This one got his training from Teacher Juan. ang pagkàbúhay nang médiko sa kay Hwàn the doctor's saving of Juan's life.

197. The personal pronouns and síno take their prepositive forms after sa: Ibinigày nya sa ákin ang aklàt. Was-given by-him to me the book, i. e. He gave me the book.

198. In a peculiar construction these prepositive forms are preceded by the particle ganà as a conjunctive attribute, in the sense of so far as ... is concerned: Sa ganà ng ákin sya y maàári ng umalìs. So far as I am concerned he may leave.

199. The demonstrative pronouns and anò never stand in local attribution, see § 263 f.

200. Whole predications are rarely used as local attributes:

Dumatìng ang dalága ng itò sa dalawa ng pù ng taòn ang gúlang. This young woman arrived at (the time when) her age was twenty years, i. e. reached the age of twenty years.

201. Local attributes are mostly closely joined and as a rule follow that which they modify, taking precedence of a disjunctive attribute or of a subject: ang nagbigày sa ákin nang aklàt na itò the giver to me of this book, the one who gave me this book (Bayad nà) ang útang sa ákin ni Hwàn. Juan's debt to me (has been paid). Ibigày mo kay Hwàn ang librò. Be-given by-you to Juan the book, i. e. Give Juan the book.

Often, however, a disjunctive attribute which is felt to belong closely to what precedes, comes before a local attribute: Bayad-útang ni Hwàn sa ákin ang relòs na itò. This watch is Juan's debt-payment to me.

Occasionally the local attribute precedes the expression modified: Syà y sa bangkà` nang manga babáe nakíkisakày. He goes along into the canoe of the women. Sa kabilà ng bandà mo ibwàl ang púno ng iyàn. Make that tree fall in the direction away from me.

202. Very frequently, however, local attributes are loosely joined, preceding or following; in the former case ay, y is sometimes omitted: Sa Báya-ng-San-Migèl ay nangyáre ang isa ng nakawàn. In the town of San Miguel a robbery took place. Hindí makadádala si Pédro nang kahòn sa kabigatàn nilà. Pedro will not be able to carry any boxes, on account of their heaviness. Sa ganà ng ákin sya y maàári ng umalìs. So far as I am concerned he can go. (§ 198).

203. We have seen that disjunctive attribution expresses the relation of objects (direct object, local object, instrumental object, §§ 184, 185, 187) to an action, provided that these objects are more or less indefinite. If they are quite definite, they are preferably made subjects in a passive construction. Frequently, however, they are instead put into local attribution, which thus competes with these types of disjunctive attribution, but involves a more definite object: Ang báhay na batò ay ang áki ng pinaghàhatdàn nang gátas. The stone house is the place to which I am delivering milk (instrumental object), i. e. I am delivering milk to the stone house; but: Ang báhay na batò ay ang áki ng pinaghàhatdàn sa báta`. The stone house is where I am bringing the child. (nang báta` would be a child or children).

It follows that the personal pronouns, which always refer to definite persons, cannot stand as disjunctive objects of transient words, but stand instead in local attribution: Ang báhay na batò ay ang áki ng pinaghàhatdàn sa kanyà. The stone house is the place where I am taking him.

Similarly a personal name: Ibigày mo kay Hwàn ang librò. Give Juan the book; cf. Bigyàn mo nang librò si Hwàn. Give Juan a book; "Juan" could not figure as disjunctive local object.

204. In many cases, however, these local attributes differ from disjunctive attributes and from the corresponding subjects of passive constructions: the local attribute represents the object as more externally involved and less thoroughly concerned in the occurrence: Humúkay sila nang bakúran. They dug up some yards. Hinukáyan nilà ang bakúran. They dug up the yard. In both sentences a serious change, such as unauthorized tampering, is implied; but: Humúkay sila sa bakúran. They dug in the yard, merely tells where they did their digging. Sya y pumanhìk nang báhay. He entered a house (or houses), perhaps illicitly; the house is viewed as in some way affected or intimately involved in the action; so also: Pinanhikàn nya ang báhay. He entered the house; but: Sya y pumanhìk sa báhay. He went into the house, He went into his house.

205. In other cases, where a transient predicate is not involved, the same difference appears: the local attribute is a mere scene or attendant circumstance, the disjunctive a real factor: Ang pagtatábon nang manga húkay na itò ay tapus nà. The filling up of these ditches is now finished, i. e. These ditches are filled up now; but: Ang pagtatábon sa manga húkay ay mahírap. Filling earth into ditches is hard work. karamíhan nang manga táo most of the people; karamíhan sa kanilà most of them; sa ganitò under these circumstances; nang ganitò (§ 190) thus, in this manner.

206. Expressions of time as local attributes denote future time when; occasionally also past time: Páparoòn akò sa makalawà. I shall go there the day after tomorrow. So: sa lúnes next Monday, cf. noò ng lúnes last Monday. Pího akò ng páparoòn sa alasìngko. I will surely go there at five o'clock. Sa gabi ng iyòn.... That night....

207. With jussive words with prefix pa- (see Morphology) the person ordered to do so-and-so is viewed as a local feature: Ipinagupìt ko sa barbéro ng si Hwàn ang buhòk ni Andrès. Was-ordered-to-be-cut by-me of-the barber Juan the hair of Andrés, i. e. I ordered the barber Juan to cut Andrés' hair.

208. Rarely an expression in local attribution is used as a conjunctive attribute in an object expression: it precedes and has the meaning of a disjunctive attribute of possessor: ang sa ibà ng táo ng kawáyan other people's bamboo, or: ang kawáyan nang ibà ng táo.

209. This construction is much commoner when that owned is anaphorically omitted: ang sa pagòng that of the turtle, the turtle's, i. e. ang púno nang pagòng. So: ang sa kanyà his, hers.

210. In other cases anaphoric omission of an element modified by a local attribute is less common: ang pagsakày sa trèn sa lugàr nang sa karumáta the riding on the train in place of the (sc. pagsakày riding) in the carriage.

211. A static predicate may have the form of a local attribute: Sa linggò ang áki ng lúlan sa trèn. On (next) Sunday my embarking on the train, i. e. Next Sunday I shall take the train. Ang uupà ng itò ay sa háre`. This seat is for the king.

212. The particle sa has a number of derivatives which are transient in meaning, but otherwise have the same construction as sa; they are pretonic. Sya y nása Mayníla`. He is in Manila. Sya y nása kanya ng báhay. He is in his house. Ang tinterúhan ay nása bíngit nang lamésa. The inkwell is at the edge of the table. For these forms see Morphology.

d. Absolute attributes.

213. Absolute attribution, in which no particle is used, is confined to certain expressions and types of expressions. Some absolute attributes and some of the particles introducing absolute attributes end in -ng or -t; these may contain the particle ng or at (§ 313).

We may divide the cases of absolute attribution into six types, although these are not fully distinct from one another: (1) enclitic particles, (2) prepositive particles, (3) single words used as attributes of manner and time, (4) absolute complements, (5) words used with disjunctive and local attributes, (6) words introducing subordinate phrases or predications.

(1) enclitic particles.

214. The enclitic particles which are used as absolute attributes follow a monosyllabic enclitic pronoun (kà, kò, mò) but precede a disyllabic enclitic pronoun (including niyà, nyà, siyà, syà). Among themselves they follow the general rule: monosyllabic enclitics precede disyllabic enclitics (§ 47).

215. bà is expressive of interrogation in yes-and-no questions and often in others: Máy-roon ba silà ng ginawà`? Have they done anything? Máy-roon ka bà ng gàgawìn? Have you anything to do? Ipinùpútol mo ba akò nang tubò? Will you cut some sugar-cane for me? Pinapagpùpútol ba nila syà nang káhoy? Does he get ordered by them to cut wood? i. e. Do they have him cut wood? Ano bà ang inilùlútu mo? What is it you are cooking? Anu ba kayò? What sort of people are you? Hindí mu ba nàkíta si Hwàn sa teyátro? Didn't you see Juan at the theatre? Ang iyo bà ng kapatìd? Your sister? See §§ 223. 229.

216. bagà throws more stress on the interrogation: Ikàw bagà y nagasáwa? Did you (ever) get married? See §§ 290. 317.

217. dàw, ràw expresses that the sentence represents the saying of someone other than the speaker; the person so quoted may be the agent of the sentence itself: Pagkà pinapagpútol mo ràw sya nang kawáyan ay làláyas syà. When he is ordered by you to cut bamboo, he will leave, I am told, or: he will leave, he says. Ang paguupú raw nya sa damò ay mabúti sa kanyà. He says (or: They say) his habit of sitting on the grass is good for him. It is sometimes used pleonastically, see the example in § 278.

218. dìn, rìn expresses that the expression modified (which may be the whole sentence or an element within the sentence) is like a corresponding earlier idea: Ako rìn ang nagpalígo sa báta`. It was I, too, that bathed the child (beside the other things I did), i. e. I also bathed the child. Si Hwan dìn ang naglínis nang kabalyerésa. Juan also cleaned a stable or stables (beside the other things he did). Si Hwàn ay naglínis rìn nang kabalyerésa. Juan, too, cleaned stables. Here dìn is an attribute of naglínis nang kabalyerésa: this act has been performed by Juan even as by others previously spoken of or known of. Si Hwána ay naglúto nang estopádo; kamakalawà naglútu rin akò nang estopádo. Juana cooked meat-stew; day-before-yesterday I too cooked meat-stew. Iyo ng úna ng kumalabòg ay akò, ang ikalawà ay ako rìn. That first thing which came down with a thud was I, the second was I again. Nahúlog dìn syà. He fell down again. Káhit na madilìm ang gabì ay nagpasyal dìn si Pédro. Although the night was dark, Pedro none the less (i. e. even as at other times) took a walk.

Thus dìn is especially common in expressions of identity: Kahápon ay nakàkíta ako nang isa ng táo sa Mayníla`, at ngayòn ay nàkíta ko ang táwo rì ng iyòn sa báya ng itò. Yesterday I saw a man in Manila, and today I saw the same man in this town.

In some instances dìn modifies an element not actually identical with another. Nagtalòn sya sa bintána`, dátapuwat sinundàn din syà nang amà. He jumped out of a window, but he was followed, too, by the father. See §§ 221. 227. 238. 239. 262, (11).

219. kayà` expresses doubt or possibility of choice: Anò kayà` ang ipinagútos mo sa kanyà? What perchance did you order him to do? Màpàpagkúro` kayá nya sa súlat na iyàn ang íbig mo ng gawìn nya. Perhaps he may be able to make out from this letter of yours what you want him to do. Baká kayà` magkaputòl ang manga tubò sa kalakasàn nang hángi ng itò. I am afraid that perhaps the sugar-cane may all break off, what with the strength of this wind.

For another use of kayà` see § 297; cf. §§ 317. 321.

220. lámang only: Isà lámang ang mansánas na nátira sa lamésa. Only one apple is left on the table. So: íisa lámang only a single one. Sila ng tatlò ay walà ng pagkáin kung hindí ang itlòg lámang na nàtìtirà. The three had no food except only the egg that was left.

Occasionally lámang follows the expression it modifies: isa ng ikápat na partè lámang only a fourth part.

Sometimes a na is left off after lámang: Ákin lámang pinùputlàn nang buhòk. By-me (for ákin ... na, ng) only (he, anaphoric) is-getting-cut of hair, i. e. I am only cutting his hair. siya lámang kàkáin nang itlòg he (who; normally this relation is expressed by na, ng) will-eat the egg, i. e. the one who is alone to eat the egg. See §§ 227. 243.

221. màn expresses contrast with what precedes; it is the opposite of dìn, and the two are often used in one sentence to emphasize the point of difference and that of identity: Si Hwan màn ay naglínis (rìn) nang kabalyerésa. Juan, too, cleaned stables (as did others). Lálù nà lumakì ang gálit ni Hwàn, nang màbalitáan niya ng ang ikalawà màn nya ng anàk ay nagsundálo rìn. Juan's anger grew even greater when he learned that his second son too had (like the other) become a soldier.

With interrogatives màn produces indefinites: Walà ng anu màn. There is nothing at all; also: Not at all, i. e. You're welcome. ang ano mà ng pasákit any kind of injury; ang alin mà ng pangkàt any team; sínu màn any person whatever, anyone at all. See §§ 227. 248. 262, (7. 10). 290. 317.

222. múna expresses that that modified precedes another thing: Magàwítan múna táyo, bágo táyo maghiwá-hiwalày. Let's sing a song together (first) before we part. Mangáko ka múna... First promise....

223. nà takes into view the maturity of a situation (cf. German schon): Ang librò y gamit nà. The book is used already, i. e. is second-hand. Agad nà ng lálamìg. It will soon be cold now. Paálam na akò (sa iyò). Good-bye (to you). Nahánap ko nà ang sombréro. I have already looked for the hat. Nahánap na nyà ang sombréro. He has.... ang maláon na nila ng pagpupuyàt gabi-gabì their long staying up now every night, i. e. the fact that they have staid up late every night now. íisa na lámang pangkàt only a single group now. It precedes bà (§ 215): Nakahandá na ba ang áki ng pangpalígo`? Is my bath ready? Gánu ka na bà kakínis? How clever are you by this time?

It is used also in brusque or familiar commands: Pálù na sa kanya ng kamày! Hit him on his hand! Sáma na sa ákin. Come to me (to a child). Ílag ka na riyàn! Be off there! See §§ 224. 226. 227. 229. 242. 244.

224. namàn expresses transition to another subject, hence often also mild contrast: Hábang si Hwána ay naglùlúto`, si Hwàn namàn ay naglìlínis nang báhay. While Juana is cooking, Juan cleans the house. Anu ka ba namà ng táo? What sort of person are you, anyway? Ibà namàn ang gawìn mo ng lúto sa manòk. You are to cook the chicken in a different way. siya rìn namàn nyà ng karanyúwa ng kinàkáin that which, however, is usually eaten by him.

The combination nà namàn means again: Maínit na namàn. It's hot again.

225. nawà` pray, please expresses imprecation: Kaawaàn nawà` ninyo kamì, poo ng Dyòs! Take pity on us, O Lord!

226. ngà` is assertive and emphasizing: Oo ngà`. Yes indeed. Ikaw ngà` ang nagsábi niyàn. You yourself are the one who said that. It is used in polite requests: Itúru nga ninyò sa ákin ang daàn. Please show me the way. Ipakipútol mo ngà`, Hwàn, ang tinibàn sa áki ng bakúran. Please, Juan, cut down for me the banana-stump in my yard. It follows nà: Pakipútol na ngà` ang sinúlid na itò. Please cut this string for me. See § 229.

227. pà expresses the immaturity or continuance of a situation (cf. German noch) and stands in contrast with nà. Its meaning is often emphasized by lámang: mabúti pà better yet, Íbig ko pà nang kánin. I should like some more rice. Hampasìn mo pa syà. Whip him some more. Saríwà pa ang damìt. The clothes are still wet. It precedes dìn and màn (cf. § 248): ang isa pa rì ng káluluwa another (i. e. one more) soul; Hindí pa rìn lubhà ng maliwánag. It was, however, not yet light enough. Kagìgísing ko pa lámang. I have only just waked up. See §§ 243. 248.

228. palà, used after hindì` (§ 239), expresses contrast with one's expectation, reversal: Ang ísip ko y balat lámang nang itlòg itò, hindí palà, kun dí` itlòg na boò`. I thought this was only an egg-shell, but no, it was a whole egg.

229. pò` is expressive of politeness toward the person addressed: Oo pò`. Yes, sir; Yes, ma'am. Patàtawárin pò`! Pardon me; used also in refusing to give alms. Patàtawárin po nang ilà ng sandalè`. Excuse me for a few moments, please. Maghintú pu kayò. Please stop (plural or polite singular). Magsihintú pu kayò. Please stop (explicit plural). Umupú po kayò. Please sit down. Maupú po kayò. Please be seated. Ikinalúlungkot ko pò` ang kasawià-ng-pálad na nangyáre sa inyò. I lament the misfortune which has come to you. ang iyo pò ng Kamàhálan your Majesty. pò` precedes bà and follows nà and ngà`: Kaawaàn na pò` ninyo kamì, poo ng Dyòs! Take pity on us, O Lord! Maàári pu bà ng kayò y maghintò`? Can you please stop? Occasionally pò` follows that modified: Magandà ng áraw pò`! Good day; How do you do?

230. sána expresses unreal futurity in the past or doubtful futurity in the present; in the latter sense it expresses modesty in a request: Ipaglálaba sána kità nang iyo ng damìt, ngúnit walà` ako ng sabòn. I would wash your clothes for you, but I have no soap. Isinúlat ko sa kanyà ng pilítin sána niya ng màparíto sa átin, pag sya y nàrìritò sa báya ng itò. I wrote to him to try to get round here to us when he gets to this town.

231. tulòy further, in continuation: Sinábi tulòy niyà.... He said further....

232. ulè` again, equivalent with mulì` (§ 148), has two irregularities: it is often not enclitic but closely joined postpositive, and, in this case, it may, entirely like mulì`, be conjunctive instead of absolute: Nahúlog ulí sya. He fell again; but: Umakyàt sya ulè`. He climbed again; and even: ... nang magdaàn sya ng ulè` sa pasíga ng itò.... when he again walked on this beach.

(2) prepositive particles.

233. Certain particles used as absolute attributes always precede that modified. They fall into two groups: (A) regular closely joined modifiers, and (B) particles which immediately precede single words or short phrases.

234. (A) The closely joined particles usually receive regular treatment, being followed, for instance, by enclitics. Occasionally, however, the feeling seems to be that the particle is, as it were, placed before the whole sentence; in this case a non-enclitic subject or a loosely joined attribute or a second closely joined attribute may follow the particle, and the last-named may (instead of the particle) be followed by some or all of the enclitics.

In the case of huwàg (§ 240) we meet for the first time alternation of absolute and conjunctive attribution, which mostly follows the principle that the latter construction is used where ng (as opposed to na) is possible (§ 122).

235. bakà` is expressive of an undesired contingency; it is the negative of wishes and fears: Baká ka maputúlan nang dalíri`, Hwàn. You might get your finger cut off, Juan, i. e. See that you don't ... or I hope you won't.... Baká nya ikátawà ang iyo ng sàsabíhin. Perhaps what you intend to say will only make him laugh. Baká táyu ang pagbintangàn nang páre`. I am afraid the priest may suspect us. See § 317.

236. bákit why? Bákit ka naparíto? Why have you come here? Bákit mo inakála`...? Why do you think...? Bákit hindí ka magáral...? Why don't you learn...?

237. dì` not is often used instead of hindì` (§ 239) before shorter expressions: dí maláyo` not far, dí karanyúwan unusual, Si Hwàn ay dí natákot na sumakày. Juan was not afraid to mount. See § 301.

238. gayòn (§ 190), in this use always followed by dìn (§ 218), also, furthermore: Sya y isa ng táo ng may kauntì ng talíno at gayon dìn may kauntì ng tápang. He was a man of some cleverness and also of some courage.

239. hindì` not is used where the specific negatives áyaw (§ 267), bakà` (§ 235), huwàg (§ 240), and walà` (§§ 61. 81. 89) are not applicable. Occasionally it is replaced by dì` (§ 237). Hindì`. No. Hindí akò. (It is, was) not I; I don't, didn't, etc. Hindí bále. It doesn't matter. Hindí ko nàlàláman. I don't know. Hindí ko sya nàkíta. I didn't see him. Hindí ko mabása iyàn. I can't read that. Ang túnay na lakì nang buwàn ay hindí sya ng nàkìkíta nang manga táo kung gabè. The real size of the moon is not that which people see at night. ang kanya ng tákot na baká hindí nya abúta ng buhày ang kanya ng inìíbig his fear that (perhaps) he should not see his loved one alive.

Hindì` negates only the material part of a word, not its grammatical (affixal) elements: Ang kamahalàn nang manòk ay sya ng hindí ikabilì nitò nang marámi ng táo. The high price of chicken is that which not causes-to-buy it many people, i. e. causes many people not to buy it; the idea of buying is the material element of i-ka-bilì (see Morphology); the causal idea, which is expressed by the prefixes i-ka- is not negated. Ang pagkukublì nang manga sundálo ay siyà nilà ng hindí ikinamatày. The hiding of the soldiers is what caused them not to be killed, i. e. saved them from death.

Note hindí rìn (§ 218) also not, nor, and gayòn dìn hindì` (§ 238): Ang dalága ng si Mariyà y sumayàw sa bála ng táo ng humilìng sa kanyà sa sàyáwa ng pinaroonàn niya kagabè: sya y hindí namíli nang kanya ng sinamáhan at hindí rin namàn namíli nang tugtòg na kanya ng sinayawàn; gayon dìn hindí nya ininò ang bílang at ang kadalasàn nang kanyà ng pagsayàw. Miss Maria danced with any man that asked her at the dance to which she went last night: she chose neither her partners nor the music to which she danced; nor did she mind the number and the frequency of her dances. See §§ 228. 237. 301. 319.

240. huwàg, hwàg is the negative of commands, purpose, obligation. Where ng is possible conjunctive attribution takes the place of absolute: Ang hangàd ay ang huwàg bayáa ng lumagpàk sa lúpà ang bóla. The aim is not to let the ball fall to the ground. (46, 36) Sinàsábi nya ríto na hwàg sunúgin ang ámi ng báhay. He told them not to burn our house. Ang túro sa ákin nang mayèstro ay hwàg akò ng mapagawày. The teacher's order to me is that I must not be quarrelsome. Hwag mò ng tawánan si Hwàn. Don't laugh at Juan. Hwag kà ng umyàk. Don't cry. Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk na sekréta. Don't go as a spy, Juan. See § 239.

241. kaniyà`, kanyà` therefore, as a result, consequently: Bumitìw ang báta` sa lúbid, kanyá náparapà` ang kanyà ng kahatakàn. The child let go of the rope, and so the one he was pulling against fell. Kanyà` hindí tulà` ang kanya ng kinantà. Therefore what he sang was disconnected. Kanyà` sa katapusàn ay sinábi nya... Therefore in the end he said.... Occasionally it is loosely joined: Kanyà y sya y umalìs. Therefore he went away. See §§ 295. 324.

242. lálo` (§ 147), in this use always followed by nà (§ 223), especially, very: Lálù na kung isa ng tahòl nang áso ang makàgísing sa kanya, sya y nàpàpaluksò. Especially when the barking of a dog awoke him, he would involuntarily jump. Sya y nangàngáin nang táo lálù nà nang manga báta`. It makes its food of people, especially children.

243. sakà` after that, then: Pagkà pinapagpùpútol ko nà sya nang káhoy ay saká sya nagdàdahilà ng may sakìt. As soon as I order him to cut wood, (then) he alleges that he is sick.

Especially saká pa lámang (§ 227) only then, not till then: Kapag ipinamùmútol na nya nang káhoy ang lagári` ay saká mo pa lámang kúnin itò sa kanyà. When he uses the saw for cutting wood, only then do you take it from him.

244. tuwè` when followed by nà (§ 223) is used as a loosely joined prepositive attribute: every time: Tuwí nà y syà ang nagìng mánanalò. He turns out victorious every single time. See §§ 307. 317.

245. (B) The particles of the second group are mechanically prefixed, as it were, to that modified.

246. The pretonic particle báwat every precedes that modified, forming an object expression with or without ang (§ 66, end): Báwat marúnung nang leksyòn ay makaáalìs pagdatìng nang alasìngko. Everyone who knows the lesson will be allowed to leave at five o'clock. Ang báwat hindí marúnung nang leksyòn ay màtìtirà hanggàng alasès. Every one of those who do not know the lesson will have to stay till six o'clock. báwat táo everyone, each person.

247. gaáno, gáno how? (§ 190) is used absolutely before words with prefix ka- expressing high degree of a quality (see Morphology and cf. §§ 76. 179): gáno katabà`? How fat? gáno kaláyo`? How far? Gánu ka na bà kakínis? How clever are you now?

248. The pretonic particle káhit precedes interrogatives and isà one absolutely or with na; its force is generalizing, more emphatically than màn (§ 221). The expression so formed is an object expression used with or without ang (§ 68): ang káhit na síno, ang káhit síno, káhit na síno, káhit síno anyone, anyone whatever, no matter who, káhit anò anything whatever, káhit na anu ng táo any sort of person whatever, káhit na sínu ng táo any person whatever, sa káhit alì ng bandà in any direction, káhit isà anyone whatever, even one.

These expressions are often strengthened by màn (§ 221) or pà màn (§ 227): Hindí na sya sumakày sa káhit ano pa màn. This time he did not ride on anything. káhit sínu màn anyone at all.

Expressions beginning with káhit have the peculiarity that in the two normally conjunctive constructions in which they stand na, ng is often omitted before them:

After walà` (§ 138): Walá káhit anò. There isn't a thing. Walá sila káhit anò. They haven't a thing. So even when walà` does not immediately precede: Nàbuksàn ang pintú nang wala ng nakàmálay káhit sínu màn. The door came open without anyone noticing it. Walá pa sila ng nàhùhúli káhit anò. They had not yet caught anything, literally: anything that was caught. Walá sya ng nàlàláman káhit isa ng hóta. He did not know a single iota. Occasionally na, ng is used: Walá sya ng màkíta ng táo ng káhit anò. He saw no person whatever.

As (normally conjunctive, § 149) attribute of time during which: Sya y hindí màtahímik káhit isà ng sandalè`. He cannot keep quiet even for a single moment. See §§ 253. 294.

249. kápuwà`, kápwà` fellow-, equally, applied to one of a pair, is sometimes used with personal pronouns: in this case it follows (cf. § 129): Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay dalawa ng kápwa magnanákaw. Pedro and Juan are two fellow thieves. ang kápwa nya magnanákaw his fellow-thief, Kápuwa maínam ang tinìg nila ng dalawà. The voices of the two are equally pleasant. Kápwa sila malakàs. They are equally strong. Sinàsaktan silà kápuwa`. They both get hurt. Redundantly: Namílog si Hwàn nang úlo nang kápwa nya kalarò`. Juan fooled (literally: rounded the head of) his (fellow) playmate.

The word modified may be anaphorically omitted: Ang táwo y hindí dápat sumakìt nang kanya ng kápwa`. One must not injure one's fellow (sc. táo man).

250. The transient pretonic particle magìng and its other transient forms (see Morphology) express that the word or phrase modified is something coming into being, arising, at the time specified by the tense-form of the particle: Sya y nagìng hukòm. He became judge. ang nagìng pagkáhulè the falling-behind which arose, Nagìng isa syà sa manga hindí nátanggàp. He turned out to be one of those who were not accepted.

251. The pretonic particle mangà is the sign of explicit plurality with object expressions. It precedes the central element immediately, not even the na, ng necessitated by a preceding conjunctive attribute comes between; only ibà may come after mangà: ang kanyà ng magúlang, or: ang kanyà ng manga magúlang his, her parents, ang manga ibà ng táo other people. Redundantly: Sa tapàt nang báhay ni Pédro ay marámi ng manga bulaklàk. In front of Pedro's house there are many flowers. Ang áraw ay sya ng pinópoon nang ilà ng manga salbáhe sa Áfrika. The sun is worshipped by some savages in Africa. And even: ang manga ilan pà ng manga tanòng several further questions. With mangà compare the prefix of the same form, see Morphology.

252. The pretonic particle máy belongs here. For examples see §§ 69. 70. 85. 110. 139.

253. nì pretonic, is a frequent substitute (Spanish) for káhit (§ 245) in negative sentences. The object expressions which begin with it never take ang (§ 68): Ní isa y walà ng nátira. There isn't a single one left. Walá ní isa. There isn't a single one. Nàbuksàn ang pintú nang wala ng nakàmálay nì sínu màn. The door came open without anyone noticing it. Walà ng nátira ní isa nang manga péras sa mésa. Not one was left of the pears on the table.

Occasionally nì seems to take the place of nang before káhit: Bákit hindí sya makátagpo nì káhit isà nang manga bágay na itò? Why could he not meet even a single one of these things? Cf. § 319.

254. The pretonic particle tagà, tigà preceding an expression of place forms an expression denoting a person from that place: Sya y isa ng taga Kapampángan. He is a Pampangan. ang taga búkid, ang tiga búkid: ang isa ng táo ng túbo sa búkid a country-man: a person raised in the country, ang mayáma ng taga iba ng báyan the rich man from another town, stranger, foreigner, ang manga taga iba t ibà ng lupaìn people from various countries. So: taga báyan, tiga báyan townsman, taga Filipínas Filipino, taga Amérika American, taga Espánya Spaniard (beside Amerikáno, Kastíla`). Cf. in Morphology, the prefix taga-.

255. Numerative pronouns and cardinal numerals are used as absolute attributes before katáo persons, men: sa m pú katáo ten people, ten men; or: sa m pù ng táo; Ilàn katáo (or: Ilà ng táo) ang bumúhat sa báhay? How many men lifted at the house?

256. The terms of relationship and titles which are treated as personal names (§ 59) precede a name as absolute attributes; after most of those that end in a syllabic, n, or `, ng is however used. Some titles occur only in this construction: si Kúya ng Pédro my oldest brother Pedro, si Atè Lóleng my oldest sister Lola, si Ingkòng Píro Grandfather Pedro, si Indà ng Hwána, or: si Impò ng Hwána Grandmother Juana, si Áli ng Maryà, or: si Tiyà Maryà Aunt Maria, si Mà ng Andrès Uncle Andrés, Don Andrés, si Ginoò ng Polikàrpiyo Mr. Policarpio, si Gíning Màrkes Miss or Mrs. Marques, si Párì Hwàn Father Juan, si Mayèstro ng Pédro Teacher Pedro, Master Pedro, si Báo ng Mariyà Widow Maria, si nasíra ng Mariyà the deceased Maria.

(3) words used as absolute attributes of manner and time.

257. The words used as absolute attributes of manner and time resemble in meaning conjunctive attributes and are frequently used in the latter construction. As a rule they are loosely joined and absolute. In this way are used:

258. Derivatives by doubling of words of time, in the sense of every (day, night, etc.). With these goes the compound áraw-gabè day and night. For both formations see Morphology. Hinàhatdan nyà akò nang gátas áraw-áraw. He delivers milk to me every day. Gabi-gabì ay tinùtulúgan nang bantày ang áki ng báhay. Every night the sentry makes our house his sleeping-place.

259. Words with prefix ka- referring to past time (see Morphology): Ang pàtáya ng nangyári kagabì ay paglalasìng ang nagìng sanhè`. The killing that occurred last night had drunkenness as its cause. Ang manga áso sa báya ng itò ay nagtàhúlan kagabè. The dogs in this town all bayed last night. Ang kabáyo ay namatày kahápon. The horse died yesterday. Pumaroòn akò kamakalawà. I went there day before yesterday.

These may be followed by a disjunctive attribute telling the specific time when: Nagsipútol kamì nang tubò kahápon nang hápon. We cut sugar-cane yesterday afternoon. So: kahápon nang umága yesterday morning.

260. Words of time with prefix kinà- and suffix -an expressing actual past time (see Morphology): Kinàháti-ng-gabihàn ay nágising syà. When midnight came he woke up. Kinàbukásan hinánap silà nang kanila ng amà. On the next day they were called by their father.

With disjunctive attribute telling the special time: Kinàbukásan nang hápun ay naparoòn sila sa simbáhan. On the next day in the afternoon they went to church.

261. Words of time preceded by the pronouns boò` and isà as conjunctive modifiers: Sila y nagsipagsugàl gabi-gabì boò ng magdamàg. They gambled all night every night. Isa ng áraw naupó sya sa taburéte. One day he sat down on his chair. Ang iyò ng kapatìd ay nalígo isa ng hápon. Your sister bathed one afternoon. Isa ng gabì ay nárinig ko.... One evening I heard.... So: isa ng katanghalían one midday, isa ng linggò one Sunday, isa ng tanghále` one noon, isa ng umága one morning. As conjunctive attributes: Sya y naglálakad na isa ng gabì. He was walking one night. Páparoon sya ng isa ng linggò. He will come one Sunday. Those with boò` also as local attributes: Nakatahul nà ang manga áso sa boò ng magdamàg. The dogs have been barking all night.

262. Various words of time:

(1) antimáno beforehand (Spanish).

(2) búkas tomorrow: Magpàpapútol ba táyo nang káhoy búkas? Are we going to have some wood cut tomorrow? With disjunctive attribute of specific time: Magsìsipútol kamì nang tubò búkas nang umága. We are going to cut sugar-cane tomorrow morning.

(3) dáti for a long time already; formerly; it is sometimes closely joined: ang mukhá nang babáye, na dáti y nagpàpakilála nang malakì ng paghihírap the face of the woman, which before had been showing great suffering; Dáti náriyàn ang mansà ng iyàn. That spot has been there for a long time. As conjunctive attribute: Dáti sya ng napàparíto sa áki ng báhay. He has been coming to my house since long ago.

(4) kadalasàn often, usually: Ang kanya ng pinasàsakítan kadalasà y nagáanyo ng pára ng ulòl. The person he is injuring usually acts as if crazy.

(5) kanína a little while ago, just now: Sinábi ko na pò sa inyo kanína, na.... I just told you a little while ago that....

With a conjunctive attribute of the specific time in the phrase kanína ng umága this morning, which may be closely joined: Kumáin ka ba kanína ng umága nang karnè?--Hindí ako kumáin nang karnè kanína ng umága. Did you eat meat this morning?--I did not eat meat this morning.

(6) karanyúwan mostly, usually: Ang kosinéro karanyúwa y upahàn. The cook is usually hired.

(7) káylan, kélan when? Káylan ako malìlígo`? When shall I bathe? Káylan pa kayà panghìhinayángan nang manga táo ang manga áni ng taòn-taò y nàsìsíra nang luktòn o nang túyot? When, pray, will the people regret the harvests every year destroyed by locusts or by drought? So káylan màn at any time, ever, always (§§ 221. 317): Káylan mà y hindí nilìlimútan si Maryà. Maria was never forgotten.

(8) makálawà twice, when with maghápon per day: Naàári ako ng malígo makálawa maghápun, dahilàn sa kainítan. I can bathe twice a day on account of the heat. Alone makálawà is a conjunctive attribute: Makálawa ko ng itinanùng kung saàn sya páparoòn, dátapuwat hindí nya ako sinagòt. I asked him twice where he was going, but he did not answer me. Maghápon does not occur alone.

(9) mámayà`, mámyà` after a while, soon, with a disjunctive attribute of the specific time when: Mámyá nang kauntì` ay áalis akò. In a little while I am going. As conjunctive modifier; the phrase so formed is used like mámayà` alone: Mámaya ng gabì ay pàpások táyo sa teyátro. This evening we shall go to the theatre.

(10) mínsan once, once upon a time: Mínsan sila y nakáraàn nang isa ng púno-ng-nyòg. Once upon a time they came across a cocoanut-tree. With màn at any one time (§ 221): Mínsan màn ay hindí sya náuna. Not a single time did he succeed in getting ahead. As conjunctive attribute: Ang tatlo ng itù y nagtìpána ng mínsan. These three once made an appointment.

(11) ngayòn now, just now, today (cf. § 302): Sya y nása Mayníla ngayòn. He is in Manila today. Ngayòn ay mangàkàkatúlog silà. Now they will be able to sleep. So ngayon dìn right now (§ 218): Umalìs ka ngayon dìn. Go away this minute.

(12) paráti often: Mahína ang kanyà ng katawàn at paráti sa sakìt. Her body was weak and often in sickness. Also conjunctive: Akò y paráti ng nàhàhábol. I am often pursued.

(13) siyèmpre (Spanish) always: Ang paggalàw na pagtagílid ay syèmpre (or: káylan màn ay) sa kaikliàn nang bangkà`, dátapuwat ang pagtikwàs ay sa kahabáan. The movement of rocking is always along the short axis of a boat, but pitching is along its length.

263. Four words of place, which serve also as local forms of the demonstrative pronouns (§ 199). They are, corresponding to the four demonstrative pronouns: díne, ríne; díto, ríto; diyàn, dyàn, riyàn; doòn, roòn. They occur in every position which an attribute can have:

Loosely joined, preceding: Doòn ay sinalúbong sya nang susò`. There he was met by the snail. Díto nàmálas nya ng.... Here he perceived that....

Loosely joined, following: Taginit nà nang sya y dumating díto. It was already summer when he arrived here. Ang alíla` ay ipinagamùt nya díto. The servant was-ordered-to-be-cured by-him of-the-latter, i. e. He had the latter cure the servant. Alis dyàn! Get away there! (e. g. to a dog). Alìs na riyàn, Pédro. Go away from there, Pedro. Mátira ka dyàn. Stay there.

Closely joined, preceding: Díne ako maúupò`. I am going to sit right here. Díto ka na makikáin sa ámin. Eat here with us. Díto nya ginámit ang kanya ng lakàs. For this he used his strength. Doòn sila magpalípas nang bakasyòn. There they are to spend the vacation.

Closely joined, following: Hwag mò ng ilagay díto ang palatòn. Don't put the plate here.

Enclitic: Dalhìn mo ríto iyò ng librò ng binàbása ko kagabì. Bring here the book I was reading last night. Magdalà ka díto nang kasapwégo. Bring some matches.

These words often precede a local attribute: Ílag ka dyàn sa daàn. Get out of the road there. Nakitúloy silà sa ámin doòn sa búkid. They asked us to take them in out there in the country. Note also: Sa isa ng karitò ng dí maláyo sa báhay, doòn sya nahigà` In a cart not far from the house, there he lay down.

264. Similarly saàn where? which serves also instead of a local form of anò (§ 199). It is closely joined and, as a question-word, precedes: Saàn nároon ang kanya ng kapatìd?--Hindí ko nàlàláman kung saàn nároon ang kanya ng kapatìd. Where is his brother?--I don't know where his brother is. Saan nàndon sya? Where is he? Saàn mo sya nàkíta? Where did you see him? Saàng ka maúupò`? Where are you going to sit? Saàng ka gáling? Where do you come from? (Cf., for the local value, the answer, e. g.: Gáling ako sa Mayníla`. I come from Manila.) Saàn ka nanggàgáling? Where are you coming from? Saàn ka nanggáling? Where have you come from? Saàng ka páparon? Where are you going? Saàn ka púpunta? Where are you bound for? So: káhit saàn anywhere at all (§ 248): Itò y hindí nya màkíta káhit saàn. He could not find the latter anywhere.

As local form of anò, saàn stands also in conjunctive attribution (§ 131): Saà ng gawè` mulá ríto ang báya-ng-Kamálig?--Sa gawì ng kánan mulá ríto ang báya-ng-Kamálig. In what direction from here is the town of Camalig?--The town of Camalig is to the right of here. Pagkaísip mo, Hwàn, kung saà ng báyan ka maghàhánap-búhay ay sabíhin mo sa ákin. When you have decided, Juan, in what town you will try to earn your living, tell me.

As a question-word, further, saàn may form a static predicate (§ 96): Saàn ang làgáyan mo nang iyo ng sapátos? Where is your place for putting away your shoes?

265. Several words of manner:

(1) The particle agàd at once and its doubled form agad-agàd immediately (see Morphology) are closely joined; where ng can be used, they are mostly conjunctive: Tumakbò sya agàd. He ran at once, or: Tumakbò sya ng agàd. Minulàn nya agàd ang pagtatalumpáte`. He at once began his speech. Agad nà ng lálamìg. It will soon be cold now. Agad-agàd inùumpisahàn ang pagsisìgáwan. At once the yelling begins.

(2) halimbáwa` for example, for instance is loosely joined: Kung halimbáwa y makàkíta sya nang isa ng bákol.... When, for instance, she saw a basket ... isa ng tahòl nang áso halimbáwa` the barking of a dog, for instance.

(3) hálos almost is closely joined: hálos lahàt nang táo almost all the people, walà ng pamamáro` hálos almost without clothing.

(4) isa-isà one by one is closely joined; it is more often conjunctive than absolute: Siniyásat nya isa-isà ang manga púno`. She questioned the trees one by one. Itò y sya nyà ng isa-isà ng inilaglàg. These he dropped one by one.

(5) karáka-ráka right away, quickly (cf. pagdáka, pagkaráka, below): "Hindí akò!" winíka nya karáka-ráka. "It wasn't I!" he said at once.

(6) katunáyan truth, as absolute attribute, loosely joined, truly; in this sense also conjunctive: Katunáya y uwalà ng mwàng si Hwàn. Really Juan was ignorant. Katunáya ng walá sya ng nàlàláman káhit isa ng hóta. He really did not know a single iota.

(7) mìsmo (Spanish) himself, herself, intensive: ang nàkùkúlam mìsmo the bewitched person himself; siya mìsmo he himself, she herself.

(8) palibhása` is loosely joined and precedes. It expresses that what follows is stated as a reason; the construction is apparently not subordinating, but parallel with that of halimbáwa` above: Ang pagsasáma ... ay hindí nila pinápansìn, palibhása y gawá rin namàn nilà. The living together ... was not minded by them, the reason being that they did it themselves.

(9) pagdáka and pagkaráka immediately, quickly (synonymous with karáka-ráka above): Pagdáka y tinangnan nyà ang dalawà ng hintutúro` nang babáye. He quickly seized the woman's two forefingers. Also closely joined: Itinanòng pagdáka nang médiko.... The doctor at once asked....

(4) absolute complements.

266. After certain words which are followed by a complement construction, as described in § 151 ff., the conjunctive particle is often omitted, especially where the form na is required; where ng is possible its use is preferred. They are:

267. íbig desired, synonymous with gustò (of whose regular construction examples have been given in §§ 152. 158), and áyaw the negative of íbig. These are usually accompanied by a disjunctive agent: Anò ang íbig nya ng sabíhin? What is that desired by-him that (sc. by-him it, both anaphoric) be said? or: What is the desired by-him thing-to-be-said? i. e. What does he want to say? Anò ang íbig mo ng gawìn nya? What do you want him to do? Hindí na sya íbig labanàn. He was no longer sought as an opponent. Itò y íbig na gawì ng úna. This is desired to be done first, i. e. One wants to do this first. Ang áyaw ko ng màkíta ay isa ng núno`. What I don't want to see is a ghost. Itò y áyaw nya ng gawìn. He does not want to do this.

Very frequently the construction is impersonal, in which case the complement (and quasi-subject, § 158) may consist of an entire predication: Íbig nya ng kumáin nang súha`. It-is-desired by-him that (he) eat some grape-fruit, i. e. He wants to eat some grape-fruit. Íbig nya ng kánin ang súha`. It-is-desired by-him that be-eaten (by-him) the grape-fruit, i. e. He wants to eat the grape-fruit. Áyaw ipamána nang mangkukúlam ang kanya ng kúlam. The sorcerer does not want to bequeath his magic power.

When the person desiring is at the same time the agent of the complement, the whole expression may serve as predicate or attribute of the person desiring; this construction is rarely used with other than active complements: Sya y íbig kumáin nang súha`. He is desired (by-him) that (he) eat some grape-fruit, i. e. He wants to eat some grape-fruit, equivalent to Íbig nya ng kumáin nang súha`. Ang kúba` ay hindi rìn íbig umakyàt. The hunchback too did not want to climb. isa ng Kastíla` na íbig malígo` a Spaniard who wanted to bathe. Ang sundálo ay áyaw pumáyag. The soldier did not want to consent.

Without complement (or with anaphorically omitted complement): Anò ang íbig mo? What is it you want? Íbig ko pà nang kánin. There-is-desire by-me still of boiled rice, i. e. I want some more boiled rice. Ang larò ng taguàn ay íbig nang manga báta`. Children like the game of hide-and-seek. Áyaw ko. I don't want to; less commonly: Áyaw akò.

268. dápat proper, necessary and súkat fitting, right: Itò y dápat gawìn. This ought to be done. Sya y dápat palúin. He ought to be thrashed. Anò ang dápat nya ng gawìn? What ought to be done by him? i. e. What ought he do? Ang isà y dápat múna ng magsilbè sa dimóniyo. One must first serve the demon. Hindí mo súkat ikagálit ang manga tuksò. It is not right for you to get angry at jokes, literally: Jokes are not by-you a fitting cause of anger.

Without complement: Itò y súkat nà. This is right, sufficient.

269. Words with prefix ma-, expressing the possessor of a quality, and their derivatives (see Morphology), have occasionally an absolute instead of a conjunctive complement. Those so used are:

(1) madalàs often, frequent, regular: Akò y madalàs magkumpisàl. I was regular at going to confession, or: a regular confessor. But: Madalàs nila ng sinalakáyan ang báyan. They frequently attacked the town.

(2) magalìng skilful, clever, polite: Si Hwàn ay magalìng gumámit nang daràs. Juan was clever at using the adze, or: a clever user of the adze, or: cleverly used the adze. But: Magalìng sya ng tumugtòg nang piyáno. She plays the piano well.

(3) mahírap suffering, destitute, difficult (i. e. having hardship, actively or passively): Ang aswàng ay mahírap mápatay. A vampire is hard to-be-killed, i. e. hard to kill. Regular constructions: Ang pagabùt nang búnga ng itò ay mahírap. The reaching this fruit is hard, i. e. The fruit is hard to reach. ang mahírap na kasamà the poor laborer.

(4) mahúsay able, good (at doing something), in good shape: Ang manga táo sa báyan ay mahuhúsay sumunòd sa kautusàn. The people in the town are good law-abiders. But: ang pinakamahúsay na magsalità` the best at speaking; Ang lípà nang lúpa` ay mahúsay. The smearing (with sticky mud) of the ground (in the threshing-room for rice) is well done.

(5) maínam pleasant, tasty, good: Ang manòk na kawalà` ay hindí maínam patayìn. Chickens that run free are not good for killing. Cf.: isa ng maínam na singsìng a pretty ring.

(6) malakàs strong, powerful, loud: Sya y malakàs kumáin. He is great at eating, or: a great eater; also: malakàs na kumáin. Cf.: ang manga táo ng malalakàs strong men, Sya y tumáwa nang malakàs. He laughed aloud.

(7) maluwàt, malwàt long (in time), slow: Ang pagpútol nang buhòk ay maluwàt màtutúhan. Hair-cutting takes long to learn. Cf.: Syà y nagkalatimbà ng maluwàt. He squatted on heels (as exercise or punishment) many times. Natùtúlog akò nang maluwàt. I sleep late.

(8) marúnong wise, knowing how: Sya y marúnung gumupìt nang buhòk. He knew how to cut hair. But: Marúnong sya ng sumakày sa kabáyo. He knows how to ride horseback. ang marúnong na pagòng the clever turtle; Isa ng sundálo ng marúnung nang Latìn. A soldier who knew Latin.

(5) words used with disjunctive and local attributes.

270. Certain words form with their attributes phrases that are used as absolute attributes, for the most part loosely joined. The phrase-forming attributes are either (A) disjunctive or (B) local.

271. (A) akála` a thought followed by a disjunctive possessor: as so-and-so thinks: Akála ko y gamit nà ang sombréro ng itò. I think this hat has been used already, is second-hand. More commonly these phrases are used as local attribute: Ang harangà ng iyòn na nangyári kagabè sa akála ko y pahárang ni Andrès. The hold-up which took place last night was, in my opinion, planned by Andrés.

272. gáya like, resembling, in the manner of; for the disjunctive attribute cf. § 177: ang manga púno-ng-káhoy, gáya nang tsíko trees like the custard-apple; Gáya nang karanyúwan inumpisahàn nang kúra ang kanya ng sèrmon. As usual, the priest began his sermon. Magaàn ang sípa`, hindí gáya nang bóla ng gámit sa bèsbol. The football is light, unlike the ball used in baseball. These phrases occur also as conjunctive attributes: Hindí umuwé si Kíko na gáya nang karanyúwan. Kiko did not go home as usual. Normal constructions: Ang húni nang íbo ng pipìt ay gáya nang isa ng sutsòt. The chirp of the humming-bird is like a whistling. ang manga gáya mo those like you, people like you.

273. kasáma (in normal constructions companion): as companion of, in company with: Namundok syà kasáma nang ilà manga táo-ng-báyan. He took the mountains along with a few fellow-townsmen.

274. Abstracts of action with prefixes in p- (see Morphology) express the time when or (so pagka- and pagkà-) the time immediately after which. They sometimes occur without a disjunctive modifier. Cf. § 300. Pagulàn ay gamítin mo ang kapóte. When it rains use your raincoat. Pagdatìng niya ay sabíhin mo ng maghintày. When he arrives tell him to wait, literally: At the arriving of him be-it-said by-you that (he) wait. Pagkasúnog nang báhay ay hinánap nilà ang aláhas. When the house had burned down they looked for the jewelry. Pagakpakan mò si Hwàn pagkaraàn nang kanyà ng talumpáte`. Applaud Juan when his speech is done.

275. pára like is followed by a conjunctive (instead of a disjunctive) object expression whenever an indefinite object is meant (§ 68). The phrase so formed is often a conjunctive attribute. It is closely joined: Si Pédro màn pára ni Hwàn ay nábilanggò`. Pedro too, like Juan, was put in jail. But: May katawàn sya ng pára ng táo. He has a body like a human being. Normal constructions: Pára ka ng kúra. You are like a priest. Ang lamìg nang kanya ng kamày ay pára ng sa patày. The coldness of his hand is like that of a dead person. (Cf. § 209).

276. sábi saying, that said: Sábi daw nyà ay malakì ang súnog. He says, I am told, that the fire was big.

277. (B) alintána despite: Nàbálot ko nà ang manga librò, alintána sa karamíhan nitò. I have managed to pack the books, in spite of their number.

278. áyon according to (giving the source of a statement): Áyon sa sábi nang marámi ay màpàpaghuli na ràw ang manga magnanákaw. According to what people say, the robbers are now near to being caught.

279. bukòd beside, in addition to: Bukòd sa asáwa ay may dalawà sya ng anàk. Beside his wife, he had two children.

280. dáhil reason, cause and its derivative dahilàn, both here in the sense: on account of: Hindí nakatahòl ang áso dáhil sa kanya ng kahináan. The dog was not able to bark, on account of his weakness, i. e. was so weak that he could not bark. Hinúle si Hwàn nang pulìs dahilàn sa paghárang na ginawá nya kina Andrès at kanila ng manga kaybígan. Juan was arrested by the policeman for having held up Andrés' party and their friends. Dahilàn sa kanya ng pagkàgúlat ay nápaupú sya. In his surprise he sank down on his chair.

Note especially dáhil díto, dahil díto on account of this, therefore; the omission of ay, y is especially frequent, see § 120, A, and the example there given. Dáhil díto ay nadílat ang kanya ng manga matà. Through this his eyes were opened.

281. The particle káy, ké than, more than: Ang búnga ng itò y matamìs káy sa asúkal. This fruit is sweeter than sugar. malakàs ké sa kanyà stronger than he.