Chapter XIII: Preface (12)

Ang ìbígan ni Maryà at ni Hwàn ay natápus sa pagtatampúhan. The love-affair of Maria and Juan ended through their contrariness. Ang làyásan nang manga sundálo ay hindí maampàt nang kanila ng manga pinúno`. The deserting of the soldiers could not be stopped by their officers. Sa miyèrkules ang lùlánan nilà sa trèn. On Wednesday they are to embark on the train. Ang pùlútan nilà nang kwaltà ay náhintò` nang márinig nilà ang putòk. Their scrambling for money ceased when they heard the crash. ang tìpúnan a meeting.

So: háyag, húni, káin, kílos, sáma, túloy.

Irregular in form is: Ang tàwánan nila Hwàn ay náhinto dahilàn sa kanila ng pagkàgúlat. The laughter of Juan's crowd stopped on account of their surprise (táwa).

Irregular in meaning, as though local instead of plural, is: Ang gulòd na itò ay sya ng sìlángan nang áraw. This hill is the place where the sun rises (sílang).

379. The form from barytone roots corresponding to the type in § 377,b and often also to type a, is: (2) -an, without irregularities: Ang agawàn nang manga unggò` ay magulò. The grabbing by the monkeys was confused. ang basahàn a reading-room, library. Bulakàn Bulacán (name of a province, if from búlak a cluster of capoc cotton). Ang maliìt na úna ng itò ay sya kò ng duruàn nang manga aspilè. This little cushion is where I stick my needles. ang haluàn a mixing-vessel. ang hugasàn a place for washing dishes. ang hulihàn nang isdà` a fishing-expedition. Si Hwána ay isa ng babáye ng kutuhàn. Juana is a lousy woman. Ang labanàn nang manga Tùrkos at Inggléses ay kasulukúyan pa lámang. The warfare between the Turks and the English is only now taking place. Ang kanila ng lakaràn ay lubhà ng masayà. Their walking party is very merry. Ang kanila ng lusungàn ay hindí natápus na mabúte, sapagkàt marámi sa manga táo ay matamàd. Their cooperative scheme did not turn out well, because most of the people were lazy. Ang murahàn ni Hwána at ni Maryà ay nárinig nang boò ng báyan. The revilings of Juana and Maria were heard by the whole town. Sa báya-ng-San-Migèl ay nangyáre ang isa ng nakawàn. In the town of San Miguel a robbery took place. Ang tablà ng itò ay ginawà ng pakuàn nang manga báta` sa manga páku ng aspilè na kinúha nilà. The children used this board for hammering in the tacks they had taken. Ang bútas nang bangka` ay sya ng ginawà ng pasakàn ni Pédro nang pagkìt. The leak in the canoe was where Pedro calked in the wax. ang putikàn a clay-pit; a person or thing covered with mud. Ang isà ng labangàn ay syà ng nagìng silangàn kay Hesùs. Jesus was born in a manger; ang kátri ng silangàn ni Hwána the bed in which Juana's children were born. Sya y sugatàn He is wounded; ang sugatàn the wounded (as, after a battle). ang sulatàn a writing-desk. Ang sílong nang báhay ay sya nyà ng taguàn nang manga kasangkápan sa pagaalwáge. The ground-floor of his house is where he keeps his carpentry tools. Ang kuwàrto ng itò ay sya kò ng tulugàn. This room is my sleeping-place. Ang tulugàn nang báhay ni Hwàn ay nása bubungàn. The sleeping-quarters in Juan's house are on the roof. ang utusàn a servant, a waiter, an orderly.

Similarly: áral, búkol, dáhil, hárang, hása`, íhaw, ílaw, káin, lúto`, sábit, sábong, tápon, túlis, úlo, úpa, óras.

With irregularities: hàlamanàn garden, flower-pot (haláman) has secondary accent on the first of three syllables; angkàn the members of a given person's immediate family, not including himself: ang angkàn ni Hwàn Krùs Juan Cruz' wife and children (from -ának, cf. mag-ának, § 358,a); kwayanàn, beside kawayanàn (kawáyan).

With irregularity and reduplication: ka-kan-àn (-káin).

380. (1) -an with irregularities forms static words denoting objects by the action for which they are locally used or by the things they are the place of; the local meaning is less explicit, and the object has more fixed identity apart from its local relation than is the case in the preceding forms. This distinction is very clear where both forms occur from the same root (cf. kulòng, lagày); it may disappear where only one form is made (sagíngan, atísan have the same value as nyúgan).

ang atísan a grove of atis trees. Ang asuhàn nang báhay ni Pédro ay nasúnog. The chimney in Pedro's house burned out. Bigasàn ang kanya ng sináing. Her boiled rice has raw rice in it, is not done. Ang kanya ng damìt ay pulahàn. Her clothes are all red. Sya y isà ng pulahàn. He is a Red, a member of the Red party. ang silángan the east, also Silángan Silangan (name of a town). ang taanàn a fugitive. ang manòk na talúnan the defeated game-cock; lúto ng talúnan a dish in which the defeated game-cock is cooked with ginger. Similarly: bákod, bubòng, dúlo, gawà`, hanggà, haràp, kulòng, labàng, larò`, likòd, lulòd, paà, ságing, tintéro.

(a) Some roots which begin with l and most of those whose irregularity involves contraction, have reduplication in this form: Ang lalagyàn ko nang librò ay ang mésa ng itò. This table is my bookstand. Ang uupà ng itò ay gàgamítin nang manga panaúhin. The guests will sit on these seats. Ang uupà ng itò ay sa háre`. This seat is for the king. luluràn shin. Similarly: hihigàn (higà`), lalamúnan (lámon), lalawígan (láwig), sasakyàn (sakày), titirhàn (tirà).

(b) From derived words: Napútol nilà ang púno-ng-káhoy sa kalahatían. They cut the tree at the middle. Nalagòt ang lúbid sa kalahatían. The rope broke at the middle. (kalaháti`, § 519). Ang bútas nang bangkà` ay nása tagilíran. The leak in the canoe is in the side. Nilagyàn ni Hwàn nang tagilíran ang kanya ng báhay. Juan put side-walls on his house. (tagílid, § 523).

381. D -an, with accent shift if the root is barytone, forms words denoting an object which is an imitation or miniature of such and such: ang dagat-dagátan a lake; ang kabá-kabayúhan a play-horse; ang tao-taúhan a manikin, doll; the pupil of the eye; ang baril-barílan a toy-gun. Further derivatives from this formation, see § 352,d.

382. Many roots here treated, because felt, as simple, end in -an: bangàn, batalàn, dalandàn, hagdàn, haláman, kánan, kápitan, kapitàn, kawáyan, laráwan, pagítan, pakuwàn, pangnàn a hand-basket, pasígan (Pásig is the name of a river), pinggàn, saguwàn a paddle, sangkálan, tampalásan, tahílan.

383. Similar formations with pang- prefixed add the element of meaning present in the transient formations with mang- and pang-; they have secondary accent on the prefix, as though it formed part of the underlying word:

(a) pàng- -an (cf. § 377): Ang kahò ng itò ay sya ng pàngitlúgan nang manòk. This box is the place where the hen lays its eggs.

(b) pàng- (1) -an (cf. § 378): Si Hwàn ay sya ng paráti ng pàmunúan nang básag-úlo. Juan is the one who always starts the fighting.

(c) pàng- (2) -an (cf. § 379): pàngaserahàn boarding-place.

II. Secondary groups.

1. Prefix si-.

384. The prefix si- is used only in active transient forms, and is always preceded by mag- or nag-: mag-si-pútol, mag-sì-si-pútol, nag-si-pútol, nag-sì-si-pútol. In meaning these forms are explicit plurals of the primary active forms. Occasionally the plural value is emphasized by infixation of -ang- into the mag- or nag-.

385. From the simple root the explicit plural with si- corresponds to the primary actives with -um- or, in many cases, with mag-. Nagsiílag sila sa báyan nang itò y pasúkin nang manga kaáway. They all fled from the town when the enemy entered it. Ang manga áso ay nagsìsilámon. The dogs are eating. Magsiligáya kayò. Rejoice, Be glad. Ang manga langgàm ay nagsìsilipumpòn (or: nagsìsilípon) sa nápatay nila ng gagambà. The ants are crowding all over the spider they have killed. Nagsìsipútol sila ng lahàt nang tubò nang kamì ay dumatìng. They were cutting sugar-cane when we arrived. Magsipútol kayò nang tubò. Do you all cut sugar-cane.

So from: akiyàt, alìs, dálaw, dalò, datìng, húli, húsay, iyàk, kantà, kápit, lakì, lípat, lúlan, pígil, puntà, pustà, sáyad, tindìg, tugtòg, túlong, túngo, uwì`.

(a) Plurality emphasized: Nangagsiúrong ang manga sundálo. The soldiers retreated. So also from alìs.

386. This formation is made from the root with pag- prefixed when it corresponds to primary actives with mag- in contrast with -um- (§ 351). Nagsìsipagáral silà. They are studying. Magsipagáral kayò. Study. Ang manga báta` ay áyaw magsipagbíhis. The children don't want to change their clothes, get dressed up. Ang manga langgàm ay nagsìsipagípon (or: nagsìsipaglípon) nang pagkáin kung tagáraw. The ants store up food in the hot season. Magsipagpútol kayò, Pédro, nang káhoy na gàgamítin sa paglilitsòn. Pedro, do you folks cut some wood to be used in the barbecue. "Magsìsipagpútol dàw sila nang dikóla," ang sábi ni Hwána. "They say they are going to cut off the trains of their skirts," said Juana. Napsipagpútol nang buhòk ang manga Intsèk. The Chinamen cut off their queues. Nagsìsipagpútol nang buhòk ang manga Intsèk na si Yèng at Tsàng, nang sila y datnàn ko sa kanila ng tindáhan. The Chinamen Yeng and Chang were cutting their queues when I came upon them in their shop. Nagsipagtipìd ang sundálo. The soldiers economized.

So from: basà`, dasàl, hintò`, larò`, pasiyàl, sísi, sugàl, takbò, tindìg, yukayòk.

(a) Plurality emphasized: nangagsipagtakbò.

(b) The pag- is used when the underlying word is a derived word: Ang manga sundálo ng Tagálog ay nagsipaghimagsìk. The Tagalog soldiers revolted (-himagsìk, § 518). Nagsipaghìmagsíkan silà. They fought each other (hìmagsíkan, § 377,a). So from: agawàn (§ 379), -bugtúngan (§ 377,a), labanàn (§ 379), takbúhan (§ 377,a). Cf. § 406.

(c) The same formation with accent shift of the root corresponds to primary actives with mag- (1), § 353. It occurs from: bálot, lákad, líbot.

387. With pang- prefixed to the root, this formation corresponds to the primary active with mang- (§ 357). Magsipamangká táyo. Let's all go canoeing. Magsìsipamiyábas kamì sa manga gúbat na malápit. We are going guava-picking in the jungles near here. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay umáhon sa bundòk úpang magsipamútol nang káhoy na asanà`. Pedro and Juan went up into the mountains to cut asana. Àáhon kamì sa bundòk at magsìsipamútol kamì nang muláwin. We are going up into the mountains to cut molave.

So from: barìl, hína`, hingì`, noòd, tahímik, tálo.

(a) With pang-hin-, cf. § 357,b: Silà y nagsipanghimagsìk. They made a revolution.

2. The prefix paki-.

388. The prefix paki-, which forms simple static forms, transients, and abstracts, expresses that the subject of the sentence performs or undergoes the action along with others that were involved in it before,--this either through interference or by favor of someone else.

389. Simple static form: ang pakikinábang the obtaining of profit (kinábang) in trade with others; also: holy communion. So pakipútol, in command (cf. § 341,3,c), cut as a favor.

390. The active transient and the abstract have the forms: maki-pútol, makì-ki-pútol, naki-pútol, nakì-ki-pútol, paki-ki-pútol, i. e. the reduplication affects the syllable -ki-.

Ang kapitàn ay nagpadalà nang isa ng sekréta sa lúpà nang kaáway úpang makiramdàm nang kanila ng kìlúsan. The captain sent a spy to the enemy's country to spy out (literally: perceive along) their movements. Makìkikáin akò kina Lílay. I am going to Lilay's for a meal. Si Pédro ay nakikáin kina Hwàn. Pedro took a meal at Juan's house. Nakipútol akò nang damò sa lúpà ni Mariyáno. I obtained permission to cut grass from Mariano's land. Sila y nàròroòn sa búkid ni Pédro at nakìkipútol nang damò. They have gone to Pedro's field and are cutting grass there by his permission. Pumaroòn ka t makipútol nang damò. Go and ask them to let you cut some grass. Pakikipútol díto ni Hwàn nang damò ay singilìn mo ang útang nya. When Juan asks to be allowed to cut grass here, dun him for his debt. Sila y nakisúno kay Mariyà. They had Maria let them live in her house with her.

So: sakày, sáma, túloy, túlog.

(a) With accent shift of the root (§ 337): makialàm look after someone, nose into others' affairs (álam).

391. The root has pag- when the formation corresponds to a primary active with mag- in contrast with -um- (§ 351): Nakìkipagáway ang báta ng itò, kanyà` hindí dápat pahintulúta ng madalàs na manáog nang báhay. As this boy gets into fights, he should not often be allowed to leave the house. Nakipagáway si Pédro. Pedro got into the fight. Nasaktàn si Hwàn sa kanya ng pakikipaglarò`. Juan got hurt when he joined into the game. So from: bunò`, dalamháti`, lában, tagpò`, úsap.

(a) From derived words: Hwag kà ng makipaglàngúyan, Hwàn, at baká ka malúnod. Don't go swimming with the crowd, Juan, I am afraid you might get drowned. Makìkipaglàngúyan ka bà, Pédro? Are you going along swimming, Pedro? Nakipagluksúhan si Hwàn nang idáos ang manga larò`. Juan entered in the jumping-contest when the games were held. Similarly, from: pustá-han, siksík-an, takbú-han. All these belong under § 377,a. See also § 427,b.

(b) Corresponding to primary active with mag- (1) § 353: Nakipagbabàg si Pédro. Pedro got into a free fight (bábag).

392. The root has pang-, corresponding to a primary active with mang-: Sya y hindí pinahintulútan sa kanya ng pakikipamútol nang tubò. His request to be allowed to cut cane was not granted.

393. In the passive the paki- expresses that the subject undergoes the action along with others, often as a favor on the part of the actor. So direct passive: paki-putúl-in be cut, as a favor on the part of the one who does the cutting; the recipient of the favor is the speaker.

394. In the instrumental passive the meaning is similar; sometimes, however, the instrumental passive is used with the person asking the favor as agent.

Maárì mo ngà ng ipakihúlog sa kuréyo ang súlat? Will you please mail my letter for me? (literally: Can my letter please be thrown-along-with-yours or thrown-as-a-favor into the mail by you?). Ipinakihúlog ni Pédro ang áki ng súlat. Pedro mailed my letter (along with his or as a favor) for me. Ipinakìkihúlog ko lámang kay Pédro ang áki ng manga súlat. I am asking Pedro to mail my letters for me; here ipinakìkihúlog is not that thrown as a favor, but that asked to be thrown as a favor. Ipakìkipútol daw ni Hwàn ang buhòk nang alílà nya ng Intsèk. Juan says he will ask someone to cut his Chinese servant's hair; ipakìkipútol is here that asked to be cut as a favor, and the relation of asking is the only thing expressed by the instrumental (rather than the direct) passive.

395. The root has pag-, corresponding to § 351: Ipakipagpútol mo ngà` nang buhòk ang guntìng na itò, úpang áti ng masubúkan ang húsay nang talìm. Please use this shears in cutting hair, so that we may test the quality of the edge (genuine instrumental passive). Ipakìkipagpútol daw nya akò nang búhò` pagáhon nya sa bundòk. He says he will cut some bamboo for me when he goes up into the mountains. (genuine instrumental passive). Ipinakipagpútol akò ni Hwàn nang tubò. Juan had someone cut me some sugar-cane (literally: I was asked to be cut for as a favor). Ipinakìkipagpútol daw ni Hwàn si Pédro nang labòng. Juan says he is having someone cut bamboo-shoots for Pedro.

396. Local passive with paki-: pinakibalitáan was ascertained by the actor getting people to tell him as a favor.

(a) From shifted root: pinakialamàn.

(b) With pag- (cf. § 352): pinakìkipagtakbuhàn.

3. The prefix ka-.

397. Secondary forms with the prefix ka- are of most varied meaning; the principal types express association of two individuals or groups and involuntary action. In accented form the prefix kà- expresses chiefly accidental occurrence. In certain passives associated with this group the prefix itself does not appear.

(1) Simple static forms.

398. Words with prefix ka- denote objects (or groups) standing in such and such a relation to another object (or group). Sya y áki ng nagìng kabaláe. He (she) has become my fellow-parent-in-law, i. e. Our children have intermarried; the form ka-baláe merely makes explicit the element of relation present in the simple word: Si Bantùg ay áki ng baláe. Bantug's son (daughter) has married my daughter (son). Ang manga áso ay nása kabilá nang bákod. The dogs are on the other side of the fence (the simple -bilà` does not occur; the idea of other side is always envisaged as relative). Ang búkid ni Hwàn ay karátig nang kay Pédro. Juan's field borders on Pedro's. Ang mésa ng itò y kakúlay nang kahòn. This table is of the same color as the chest. Si Hwàn ang kalában ny Andrès sa larò ng dáma. Juan is Andres' opponent at checkers. Kamatà si Hwàn ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro took to each other from first sight. Ang tagpí nang báro ni Pédro ay hindí kamukhá nang báro`. The patch on Juan's blouse does not match the blouse. ang áki ng kapatìd na si Hwàn my brother Juan. ang áki ng kapútol na si Hwàn my brother Juan; ang kapútol nang tubò a piece (broken off) of the sugar-cane. Ang kasánib nang áki ng banìg ay ang banìg ni Manuwèl. Manuel's sleeping-mat and mine overlap (kasánib one of two things of which one overlaps the other). walà ng kasangkàp without accompaniments, trimmings, affixes. Si Mariyáno ang kasunod kò ng lumàlákad sa kalsáda. Mariano was the one who was walking behind me on the street; ang kasunod kò ng naparoòn sa simbáhan the one who followed me in going to church (kasunòd one of two persons one of whom is following the other). ang katúngo the person one is dealing with, the other party. Si Pédro ang kaugáli nang kanya ng kaybíga ng si Hwàn. Pedro has the same habits as his friend Juan.

Similarly from: áway, báyan, biyàk, bunò`, ribàl, haràp, kilála, kláse, lákip, larò`, pantày, partè, sabuwàt, sáli, sálo, sáma, súno`, tapàt, timbà`, untì`, úsap, walà`.

Divergent in meaning are katáo (§ 255), kagabì, kahápon (§ 259). Cf. also § 520.

(a) From derived words: Syà y isa kò ng kamagának. He is a relative of mine (mag-ának, § 358,a), and kamakalawà (§ 259, from maka-lawà, § 453).

(b) From a phrase: ang kasa-ng-báhay a person dwelling in the same house with another, a housemate (isà ng báhay).

(c) From shifted root (§ 337): Si Hwàn ay kagalìt ni Pédro at ni Kulàs. Juan is at odds with Pedro and Nicolás. ang kanyà ng kagalìt the person or persons with whom he is at odds. Si Pédro ang nagìng kasirá ni Hwàn. It is Pedro with whom Juan is angry. Hindí ko katalò si Párì Hwàn. I don't play winning-and-losing games with Father Juan. Similarly from álam, sáma.

(d) The root is reduplicated in a few cases: Si Pédro ang áki ng kababáyan. Pedro is my fellow-townsman (beside kabáyan); katutúbo` native, ingrown, inborn, inherited.

399. kà-ka-. With accented reduplication of the prefix these forms emphasize the incompleteness of the correlative object: Kàkapútol lámang na tubò ang áki ng nàkúha. I got only a little piece of the sugar-cane. So also kákauntè`.

400. ka- R. With accented reduplication of the underlying word ka- forms words expressing the recent completion of an act; they are used impersonally (§ 77) or as conjunctive attributes. Kaàáway pa lámang ni Hwàn sa kanya ng kalarò`. Juan has only just now quarreled with his playmate. Kabàbángon ko. I have just got up. Kagàgáling sa báyan nang kapatìd ko ng babáye. My sister has just come back from town. Kahíhiga ko pa lámang. I had just then lain down. Kalàlarú ku pa lámang sa báta`. I have just finished playing with the child. Kapùpútol ko pa lámang nang yantòk. I have only just now cut some rattan. So gísing, káin.

(a) ka-pag- R, with the usual value of pag- (§ 369, etc.): Kapagpùpútol lámang ni Hwàn nang kawáyan. Juan has just come from cutting bamboo.

(b) ka-pang- R, corresponding to active with mang- (§ 357): kapamùmútol (pútol).

401. ka- D. With doubling of the root ka- has causative value: it expresses that which causes such and such an involuntary action, specifically, such and such an emotion: Ang dumatìng na bálang ay katákot-tákot ang dámi. The locusts that came were frightful in quantity. So from hiyà`, takà. Vowel-contraction in kàwáwa` pitiable, piteous (for ka-áwa-áwa`). Slightly divergent in meaning is karáka-ráka (§ 265,5).

402. In a different use ka- has the form kay- in some words; these formations express a remarkable degree of a quality; they are used impersonally (§ 76), as predicate (§ 247), occasionally as conjunctive attributes: kaálat kayálat what saltiness! (of water); kay-asùl what blueness! Katáyog nang púno-ng-niyòg na iyòn! How tall that cocoanut tree is! Kayuntì` nang ibinigày nya ng laruwàn sa ákin! How few toys he gave me! So: kay-dámot, ka-rámot, ka-rúnong, ka-itìm, kakínis, ka-láyo`, ka-muntì`, ka-pulà, ka-tabà`, kay-tipìd.

(a) With reduplication of the root, this form refers to the quality in an explicit plurality of objects: kaiitèm what blackness! (of several things); Kalalamìg nang paà nang manga báta`! How cold the children's feet are!

(b) With doubled root these forms intensify the quality: Kaydámot-dámot nang báta ng itò! What a terribly stingy child! (kaydámot, karámot what stinginess! ang dámot stinginess).

403. A few forms with accented ka- prefixed to the root envisage the accidental nature of the reciprocal relation: Ang manga damìt na itò ay kásiya sa baòl. These clothes will fit into the trunk. Akò ang kásundo` ni Pépe sa pagpapalarò` nang bèsbol sa manga báta`. I am at one with Pepe as to letting the children play baseball. Hábang akò y nagdádaàn, kátaon namà ng isinábuy nya ang túbig. He threw out the water at the very time, it happened, that I was passing by. ang kàtiwála` a confidential agent, manager, overseer.

The words káluluwà and kápuwà`, which resemble this formation, seem to be felt as simple roots and have been so treated here.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

404. k-um-a-. An active with -um- is made from ka-úsap as underlying word: Si Hwàn ay kumàkaúsap sa ákin. Juan was talking at me, haranguing me.

405. mag-ka- pag-ka-ka-. Actives with mag- and abstracts with pag- r from underlying words with ka- express a partial affection of the actor or of a group of actors; ka- here has its involuntary force: the actor is not a rational and voluntary agent. Nagkaroòn ako nang trabáho kanína ng umága, sapagkàt nagpasakày akò sa trèn nang manga kamátis nang tátay ko. I was kept busy this morning, for I attended to the shipping by train of my father's tomatoes. Nagkaroòn sya nang gálit. He harbored ill-feeling. Nagkagulò ang manga Amerikáno sa pagdatìng nang Dòytsland. The Americans were surprised at the coming of the "Deutschland". Nagkagustò sya ng kumáin nang súha`. He conceived a desire of eating grape-fruit. Nagkàkalípon ang manga langgàm sa púto. The ants are getting all over the cake. Akò y nagkamálay pagkaraàn nang ilà ng sandalì ng paghihimatày. I returned to consciousness after a few moments' fainting-spell. Nagkapálad si Hwàn na makaratìng díto ng maluwalháti`. Juan was fortunate enough to get back here safe and sound. Ang pakwàn ay nagkasíra`. The watermelon got partly spoiled. Ang manga ságing ay nagkasíra` sa kalaúnan nang pagkàtágo` sa lalagyàn. Some of the bananas got spoiled on account of the long time they were kept stored. Nása simbáhan. silà nang magkasúnog. They were at church when a fire occurred. Twi ng papasúkin ko sa kuràl ang manga kalabàw ay nagkákawalá silà. Every time I put the carabao into the corral, they get away.

So: búkol, hinòg.

406. mag-ka- (1) pag-ka-ka- (1). Accent shift in this formation serves various uses:

(a) It may be due to the root: Si Hwàn ay nagkasakìt noo ng bwà ng nagdaàn. Juan had a sickness last month. Si Hwàn ay hindí makapútol nang káhoy, sapagkàt mahínà pa sya dahilàn sa pagkakasakìt. Juan cannot cut wood, because he is still weak on account of his recent illness.

(b) It expresses plurality: Magkákaputòl ang manga tubò. The sugar-cane will get broken in numbers. Nagkaputòl ang manga tubò sa lakàs nang hángin. The sugar-cane broke in quantity under the violence of the wind. Nagkákaputòl ang manga tubò sa kalakasàn nang hángin. Much sugar-cane is breaking under the force of the wind.

So also from lúnod.

(c) The form is really a simple active with mag- from an underlying word of the form ka- (1), § 398,c; three words of this kind occur: Sila y nagkagalìt. They quarreled. ang pagkakagalìt the quarrel. Ang Hapòn at ang Tsína ay nagkasirà`. Japan and China had a break. Silà y nagkatalò. They played a winning-and-losing game. Nagkatalu nà ang manga nagsúsugàl. The gamblers have lost and won, have finished their winning-and-losing game.

In accordance with § 356, the underlying word is doubled with distributive plural meaning: Sila ng ápat ay nagkagá-kagalìt. The four of them all got angry at one another.

Similarly, an explicit plural with mag-si-pag- is formed (cf. § 386,b): Nagsipagkasirá silà. They had a falling out.

407. (a) mag-ka- r pag-ka-ka- r. The reduplication of the root expresses repeated action in a form with retraction of accent and irregular insertion of ng after the prefix: Sya y nagkàkangdadápa`. He kept falling on his face.

(b) mag-ka- D pag-ka-ka- D. Doubling of the root seems a more regular expression of the same value: nagkàkaumpòg-umpòg.

408. Special static words with mag-ka- are simply dual collectives with mag- (§ 358,a) from underlying words with ka- (§ 398): Ang banìg ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkaánib (or: magkasánib) sa pagkàlátag. Juan's and Pedro's sleeping-mats overlap each other as they are spread. ang magkabaláe a pair of persons related by intermarriage of their children (more insistent on the relational element, but practically equal to magbaláe, § 358,a). Ang dalawa ng manòk ay magkabukòd nang kulungàn. The two chickens were in separate crates. Ang búkid ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkarátig. Juan's field and Pedro's border on each other. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay magkapantày. Pedro and Juan are of the same height. ang magkapatìd two brothers or sisters, a brother and a sister. ang magkapútol na si Andrès at si Rafayèl the brothers Andrés and Rafael. Magkapútol kamì ni Hwàn nang báro`. Juan and I have blouses made of the same cloth. dalawà ng bágay na gàgawi ng magkasunòd two things that are to be done one after the other.

(a) From kababáyan (§ 398,d): dalawà ng estudyànte ng magkababáyan two students from the same town.

409. mag-ka-ka. As the explicit plural corresponding to these duals reduplicates the underlying word (§ 358,b), the syllable ka- is repeated in this meaning: ang magkakapatìd a group of three or more brothers and (or) sisters; in the same meaning ang magkakapútol. So also from: bukòd, sáma, súno`.

(a) The form magkababáyan (§ 408,a) rejects the extra reduplication, and is therefore plural as well as dual: tatlo ng estudyànte ng magkababáyan three students from the same town.

410. mag-kà- pag-ka-kà-. The transient with mag- and abstract with pag- r from underlying words with kà- have the accidental value of the latter prefix, usually with a dual reciprocal meaning. Sa kabilà ng bandà mo ibwàl ang púno ng iyàn, sapagkàt kung irè ay ibuwal kò y baká magkádagan ang dalawa ng púno`. Fell your tree in the direction away from me, so that if I fell this one, the two trees won't fall one on top of the other. Magkàkàdagàn ang dalawa ng púno ng itò, kapag hindí mo ibinwàl sa kabilà ng bandà iya ng pinùpútol mo. These two trees will fall one on top of the other, if you don't make the one you are cutting down fall the other way. Nagkádagan ang dalawa ng báta` nang mahúlog sila sa hagdàn. The two children landed one on top of the other when they fell from the ladder. Ilabas mò sa búkid, Kulàs, ang dalawa ng sáko ng pálay na nagkàkàdagàn na nása bangàn. Nicolás, take out to the field the two bags of rice that are lying one on top of the other in the granary. Ang pagkakáiba nang ugáli ni Pédro at ni Hwàn ay gáya nang pagkakáiba nang túbig at nang apòy. The difference in character between Pedro and Juan is like the difference between water and fire. magkáhiwalày part from each other (by force of circumstances, of two people). Ang ikinahátì nang palayòk ay ang masamà ng pagkakálagay nitò. What caused the rice-pot to break was the bad way it was placed. magkàmáyaw harmonize. ang pagkakásabày the happening at the same time of two events. Sya y nagkàsála. He sinned (against the moral order, God, etc.) Ang pagkakàsála kay Bathála` ay pinarùrusáhan sa infiyèrno. Sinning against God is punished in hell. Bìbilhin kò ang kabáyo ng iyòn, kung magkàkàsya ang áki ng kwaltà. I shall buy this horse, if my money is sufficient. Walá sila ng pagkakásundò`. The two don't agree on anything. ang pagkakátaòn the coincidence in time of one event with another, of two events. ang pagkakátayò` the standing up together (even of more than two people).

(a) Somewhat different are kung magkàbihíra` at odd times; kung magkágayòn when things turn out thus, when this is the state of affairs. So also, with static value: Ang magkábila ng dúlo nang lápis ay matúlis. Both ends of the pencil are sharpened.

411. mag-kà- D pag-ka-kà- D. With doubled root plurality is expressed: Nagkàhiwá-hiwalày ang manga dáhun nang librò. The leaves of the book came apart. Ang manga ginágawá nya ng pangísip nang manga makabuluhà ng fétsa nang istòriya ay ang pagkakàsunòd-sunòd at pagítan nilà. He remembers the important dates of history by their sequence and their intervals.

(a) With accent shift, from a barytone root: Nagkàputol-putòl ang katawàn nang táo ng nàsagasáan nang trèn. The body of the man who was run over by the train got all mangled. Nagkàkàputol-putòl ang katawàn nang bála ng táo ng màsagasáan nang trèn. The body of a person run over by a train is cut to pieces. Magkàkàputol-putòl ang túbo ng kristàl na iyàn kapag iyo ng ibinagsàk. If you drop that glass tube, it will break into a thousand pieces.

412. ka- (1) -in, k-in-a-. The simple direct passive is formed from an underlying derived word with ka- with normal meaning. So from ka-lában, ka-úsap.

(a) A special static word corresponding to those in § 366 is ang kinákapatìd the child of one's godparents (from ka-patìd).

From it are derived the dual collective (§ 358,a) magkinákapatìd a pair of such, and the plural (§ 358,b) magkikinákapatìd three or more, as a group.

413. i-ka- i-k-in-a-. The instrumental passive with prefix ka- has a specialized meaning: it expresses transiently, an inanimate, or at least irrational and involuntary, object or circumstance which causes such and such an action: and this latter action is in turn also involuntary or out of control of the actor (as, for instance, the ability to do a thing), see § 432 ff.

Ang kawalàn ni Andrès nang hánap-búhay sa báya ng itò ay sya nyà ng ikinaalìs. Andrés' inability to make a living in this town is what forced him to leave. Ang malì ng anyò nang pulúbe ay siyà ng ikinaáwa` sa kanya ni Hwàn. The bad condition of the beggar was what made Juan pity him. Ang pagsasakày nang kutséro nang manga táo ng may sakìt na nakàhàháwa ay sya ng ikinabáwì nang kanya ng pahintúlot. The driver's taking people with contagious diseases into his carriage was what caused his license to be withdrawn. Ang ikinahárang nang mangà naglálakàd ay ang pagkáalam nang manga tulisàn na silà y may dalà ng kwaltà. What caused the wayfarers to be held up was the robbers' happening to know that they had money with them. Ikinaháte ni Hwàn sa búnga ang kanya ng laséta. Juan's knife enabled him to cut the betel fruit. Ang pagkasála nya sa singsìng ay ang hindí niya ikinakúha nang ganti ng pála`. His missing the ring is what kept him from winning the prize. Yòn ay áki ng ikinalúlungkòt. I am sorry, I am sorry to hear that. Ang pangungublì nang manga sundálo ay sya nilà ng hindí ikinamatày. The soldiers' keeping in hiding is what saved their lives. Ikinapútol nang yantòk na pamálo` ang pagkàpálu kay Hwàn. The caning Juan got broke the rattan that was used on him. Ikinapùpútol nang marámi ng tubò ang malakàs na hángin. The strong wind is making much sugar-cane break. Ikapùpútol nang manga sangà nang káhoy ang malakàs na hángi ng itò. This strong wind will cause many branches of trees to break off. Ikapùpútol nya sa manga kawáyan ang paggúlang nitò. The aging of the bamboo plants will force him to cut them down. Ang pagkalúnod nang Kastíla` ay ikinatákot nang tatlò ng magkakaybígan. The drowning of the Spaniard frightened the three friends. Ang kanyà ng pagmamasìd sa manga tála` sa gabì ay sya nyà ng malakì ng ikinatútuwà`. His observation of the stars at night is his great source of pleasure.

Similarly, from: bingì, búhay, búti, gálit, hángo`, húlog, káya, lípat, lúgi, túlong, walà`.

414. i-pag-ka- i-p-in-ag-ka. With pag- this instrumental passive corresponds to the active with magka- (§ 405). The reduplication of the durative forms affects the ka-.

Ang ipinagkagusto nyà ng kumáin nang sorbétes ay ang kainítan. It is the heat which makes him want to eat ices. Ipagkákamatày nang manga manòk ang masamà ng túbig. The bad water will make the chickens die. Ang kalamigàn sa tagulàn ay sya ng ipinagkàkamuò nang túbig sa ílog. The cold weather in winter is what makes the water in the river congeal. Baká ipagkawalá nang manga manòk sa kulungàn ang pagpapapások mo doòn niyà ng áso. See that your putting that dog into the enclosure doesn't make the chickens try to get away. Ipagkákawalà nang bíhag ang pagkàbalíta` sa kanyà nang parúsa ng kàkamtan nyà. The captive's being told of the punishment he will get, will make him try to escape. Ipinagkawalá nya sa kùlúngan ang pagpapahírap sa kanyà. Their torturing him made him escape from his confinement. Ipinagkákawalà nya sa bìlanggúan ang masamà ng pagpapakáin sa kanya díto. The bad food they gave him in the jail made him try to escape.

415. Similarly, with accent shift this passive corresponds to the active with mag-ka- (1), § 406,b. Ipinagkàkabalè` (or: ipinagkàkaputòl) nang manga sangà nang káhoy ang bagyò ng itò. This hurricane is breaking off many branches of trees. Nang ipagkaputòl nang áki ng manga tubò ang hángin ay nalungkùt akò. When the wind broke down my sugar-cane I was dismayed. Ipinagkaputòl nang manga tubò ang malakàs na hángi ng nagdaàn. The recent strong wind broke down much sugar-cane.

Similarly: ipinagkasakìt (sákit).

416. Special static forms with i-ka- are made from the numerals, with occasional contraction, forming ordinals and fractions: ikaánim ikánim the sixth; ikaápat ikápat the fourth, a fourth, a quarter; ikalawà the second; ikalimà the fifth; ikapitò the seventh; ikatlò the third. Cf. § 347,a.

(a) The ordinal corresponding to isà one is however the independent root úna first; half is kalaháte`, § 519.

(b) From phrases, of course, the higher numbers: ikaisa-ng-daàn hundredth; ikaisa-ng-laksà` millionth; ikaisa-ng-líbo thousandth; ikasa-m-pù` tenth; ikalabi-ng-isà eleventh; ikadalawa-ng-pù` twentieth; ikadalawa-ng-pù-t-isà twenty-first.

417. i-kà- i-k-in-à-. The instrumental passive from the root with accented kà- differs from that with unaccented ka- (§ 413) in that the action or occurrence caused is not only involuntary but accidental and entirely out of the control of the actor (see § 458 ff.).

Ang ikinàgùgusto kò sa kayibígan ko ng si Hwàn ay ang kanya ng mabaìt na ugáli`. What makes me have a liking for my friend Juan is his lovable character. Ang ginawá nya ng paggugupìt sa manga retáso ng itinàtágo nang kanya ng nánay ay sya nyà ng ikinàpálo`. His cutting up the patches his mother was saving is what made it necessary to thrash him. Ang ikinásakay nyà sa kabáyo ng bara-barà ay ang kawalàn nya nang iba ng kabáyo. What made him get on the wild horse was his lack of other horses. Ikinátahol nang áso ang pagkádapá ni Hwan. Juan's falling down made the dog bark.

So also from: iyàk, pátag.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Ang pagkátahol nang áso ay sya ng ikinágising nang natùtúlug na báta`. The barking of the dog was what made the sleeping child wake up. Ikàtàtawa nyà ang iyo ng sàsabíhin. He won't be able to keep from laughing when you say that. Ikinàtàtawà ni Hwàn ang sinábi ni Pédro. What Pedro said makes Juan laugh in spite of himself.

418. Corresponding to primary actives with mag- contrasted with -um-, and with mang-, we should expect pag- and pang- to be retained before the root in these formations; the only example is: ikinápagtirà, corresponding to magtirà, in contrast with tumirà (§§ 348. 351).

419. ka- (1) -an, k-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with ka- is used when the action is an involuntary one, especially an emotion, of a rational actor, or when the actor is inanimate or irrational.

Ang hulihàn nang manga kinagalítan ni Patúpat ay idináos nang manga gwàrdiya-sibìl kagabè. The arrest of the people who have incurred Patupat's anger was carried out by the gendarmes last night. Kahiyaàn mò ang táo ng matandà`. Reverence the aged. ang kinahulúgan nang báta` the place from which the child fell. Ang bintána ng iyàn ang syà ng kahùhulúgan nang báta`, pag hindí mo isinarà. The child will fall out of that window, if you don't shut it. Baká ninyo kalunúran ang ílog, manga báta`. See that you don't get drowned in that river, children. Ang kanya ng kalùlunúran ay ang ílog na itò. He will get drowned in this river some day. ang báhay na kinamatayàn the house where someone died, ang báhay nang kinamatayàn the house in which someone died, the house of the bereaved family. Kinapatiràn nang lúbid ang lugàr na malápit sa dúlo-ng-bandà-ng-kaliwà`. The rope broke at a point near the left-hand end. Ang kapàpatiràn nang sinúlid ay malápit sa buhòl. The place where the thread will break is near the knot there. Kinatakútan nya ang báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúra`. He was afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Ang kinatàtakútan nang manga báta` ay ang núno`. The children are afraid of the ghost. Katakútan ninyò ang núno`. You had better be afraid of ghosts. Kinatamaràn ni Hwàn ang kanyà ng pagaáral. Juan became neglectful about his studying. Nang katamaràn ni Hwàn ang kanya ng pagaáral ay malápit na syà ng makatápos nang karéra. When Juan became lazy about his studies, he was already near the end of his course. Katàtamaran nyà ang kanyà ng pagaáral, pag binigyàn mo syà nang marámi ng salapè`. He will be lazy about his studies, if you give him too much money.

Similarly from: buwísit, íwan, kíta, walà`.

(a) With shifted root: Isa ng pulúbe ang kinaàawaàn ni Hwàn. It was a beggar who aroused Juan's pity.

420. pag-ka- (1) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (1) -an; pag-ka- (2) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (2) -an. Local passives with pag- before the ka- involve a plurality of actors. The durative reduplication affects the ka-; barytone roots have an extra accent-shift.

Ang kináin nang usà ay malakì ng pinagkàkagustuhàn nang manga Ilóko. The Iloco are very fond of the contents of deers' stomachs. Pinagkàkalipumpunàn nang manga langgàm ang púto. The ants are swarming all over the cake. Ang pinagkamatayàn nang manga kambèng ay ang lugàr na itò. This is the place where the goats perished. Hwag mò ng dalhìn sa bundòk ang manga manòk, sapagkàt iyò y kanilà ng pagkàkamatayàn. Don't take the chickens into the hills, for they would die there.

Barytone roots: Pinagkatakutàn nilà ang báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúra`. They were afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Pinagkàkatakutàn nilà ang manga mababagsìk na háyop. They are afraid of wild animals. Hwag mò ng ipamalíta` ang nàkíta nátin díto, sapagkàt baká ang lugàr na itò y pagkatakutàn. Don't tell what we have seen here, for this place would be feared. Pagkàkatakutàn nilà ang lugàr na itò, pag nàláman nilà ang nangyári ng paghaharangàn díto. They will be afraid of this place when they know of the hold-ups that occurred here. ang pinagkatalunàn that which was the occasion of winning by many (tálo).

421. ka- S -an. Special static words, corresponding to those with S -an (§ 377) are formed with prefix ka- from oxytone roots; in meaning they are collectives and abstracts of quality: ang kasàyáhan gladness; Ang katàmáran ni Patrísiyo ay katutúbo` sa kanya ng láhi`. Patricio's laziness is inborn in his family. So from the roots: baìt, banàl, damdàm, dangàl, duwàg, lagày, lungkòt, luwàng, mahàl, malì`, matày, pintàs, sangkàp, tungkòl, tuwà`, tuwìd.

Divergent in meaning is ang Kapampángan a Pampanga, if from pangpàng.

The secondary accent is lacking, irregularly, in kalayáan (layà`); with contraction in kayilángan, kaylángan (beside kailángan, from ilàng).

(a) This latter word underlies an active with mang-, an abstract with pang- r, and a simple direct passive: nangàngayilángan requires; ang pangangayilángan need, necessity; Kàkayilangáni ng magdaàn si Pédro ríto bágu sya umalìs. Pedro will have to come here before he leaves.

(b) From a derived word, with the secondary accent irregularly placed: Boo ng báyan ay nagdíwang sa kapangànákan ni Risàl. The whole country celebrated Rizal's birthday; also: ang áraw nang kapangànákan birthday,--from panganàk (§ 347).

422. ka- (2) -an. Barytone roots have, in the same sense, an accent shift of two syllables, corresponding to § 379. Boò ng kabahayàn ang nàkíta námin sa gitnà nang daàn. We saw a whole set of household goods in the middle of the road; also: ang kabahayàn a house containing several dwellings. Marámi sa manga táo ang nakàkìkilála nang kanila ng karapatàn, dátapuwat nakalìlímot nang kanila ng katungkúlan. Many are the people who know their rights but forget their duties. Ang karamútan nang páre` ay nagìng kasabihàn. The stinginess of the priest is proverbial. Ang katakutàn sa Dyòs ay isa ng kabàítan. Fear of the Lord is a virtue. Ang pagbibigày nang sigarìlyo ay isa sa manga matatandà ng kaugaliàn sa Filipínas. Giving cigarettes is one of the old customs in the Philippines. ang kawikaàn a proverb.

So from abála, áraw, búlo, gámit, húlog, íbig, lángit, payápa`, síra`, tápos, útos.

With contraction: kahariyàn, kaharyàn (hári`), and, if from táo, katawàn body.

(a) From the latter word there is an abstract of action, with pang- r: ang pangangatawàn physique (cf. pananamìt, etc., § 357).

423. ka- (1) -an. Corresponding to the formation (1) -an (§ 378), the collective-abstracts of this type with ka- have formal irregularities and, where there is any contrast (e. g. mahàl), less explicit and more specialized meaning than the preceding two groups.

ang kaalátan saltiness (of water). Sa gabì ng itò ang kabilúgan nang buwàn. The fullness of the moon is tonight. Ang kadalamhatían ay isa ng damdámi ng hindí nàràrápat sa táo. Grief is an emotion not becoming to a man or woman. ang karunúngan wisdom. ang kahangalàn foolishness (ang hangàl a fool). ang kaibhàn the difference. ang kalinísan cleanness, cleanliness. ang kamatsingàn monkey-tricks, naughtiness. ang kamuráhan cheapness. Sawì` ang kanya ng kapaláran. His luck is bad. Sa kapanayàn nang ulàn kung tagulàn ay hindí masiglà ang báyan. The town is not cheerful during the unabated rains of the rainy season. Ang manga táo y marámi ng kasalánan. People have many sins. ang kasamaàn badness. kasawiàn poor position, awkwardness. kasinungalíngan falsehood, a lie. kasipágan diligence. Ang desgrásya ng nangyári kay Hwàn ay isa ng hampàs nang katalagahàn. The misfortune which has come to Juan is a blow of fate. Ang kanila ng pagílag ay hindí katapángan. Their fleeing was not a brave act. ang boò ng kataúhan all mankind. ang katipúnan a meeting, Katipúnan a secret society organized against the Spaniards; a member of this. kayabángan pride.

So from: bába`, bábaw, bigàt, buhángin, búhay, búti, dalàs, dámi, dámot, dániw (if karaniyúwan is so to be analyzed), dilìm, ginháwa, gúbat, hába`, hína`, hírap, iklì`, ínit, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lápad, láon, liìt, lóko, lúnod, lupìt, mahàl, mangmàng, párang, fiyèsta, pulò`, sakìm, salàt, salbáhi, salúkoy, taàs, Tagálog, tahímik, tákaw, tákot, talíno, tampalásan, tangháli`, túlin, túnay, totoò, ulòl, walà`, yáman.

(a) From a phrase: Iyò y kawala-ng-hyaàn ni Pédro. That was a shameless action of Pedro's (walà ng hiyà`).

(b) From derived words: ang Kakapampangánan the Pampanga country (Kapampángan, § 421).

ang boò ng kamaganákan nina Krùs, Bantòg, at iba pà the whole relationship of the Cruz's, Bantogs, and so on; ang boò ng kamaganákan ni Pédro Vyóla the whole family of Pedro Viola (magának, § 358,a).

ang kapangyaríhan power (-pangyári, as though by § 347).

424. ka- r (1) -an, ka- r (2) -an. With reduplication of the root and accent shift of one syllable for an oxytone root, of two in barytone roots, ka- and -an form special static words denoting something surprising or provocative of such and such an emotion.

Itù y kagagawàn ni Hwàn! This is some of Juan's work! cf. Itù y gawá ni Hwàn. Juan did this, made this. Ang pagkáupo ni Pédro sa sùgálan ay kagagawàn nang isa nyà ng kaybígan. Pedro's sitting at the gaming-table was the work of one of his fine friends. Ang pàtáya ng nangyári kagabì ay kagagawàn ni Pédro. The killing which occurred last night was some of Pedro's doing. So: katuturàn a correct outcome (tuwìd).

Barytone roots: Ang katatakutàn nang báta` ay ang núno`. The thing that arouses the child's fear is a ghost. Ang kanya ng katatawanàn ay ang unggò`. His source of laughter is the monkey. ang salità ng katatawanàn a jest-word, a funny expression.

425. With secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word, ka- and -an form also words denoting one of two reciprocal actors. This is the form for oxytone roots, ang kabìgáyan a person with whom one exchanges gifts. Si Hwána ay siya ng kabùlúngan ni Maryà. Juana is the one Maria whispers with. ang kahampásan one of two who perform mutual flagellation, kahìráman one of two who borrow from each other. kaìnúman person one drinks with. kakàlabítan one of two who touch each other. Ang kapàtáyan ni Hwàn ay si Pédro. Juan is engaged in a mortal conflict with Pedro. Ang kapàtíran ni Hwána nang sinúlid ay ang kanya ng kaybíga ng si Maryà. Juana cuts thread with her friend Maria. ang kasàlitáan the person with whom one converses. Si Hwàn ay kaùlúlan ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro fool each other. ang kaùpúan one of two who sit together.

426. Barytone roots add accent shift of one syllable. Ang kahùlúgan nya nang súha` ay ang kanyà ng kapatìd. The one with whom he takes turns at dropping down grape-fruit from the tree is his brother. ang kahùníhan one of two birds that chirp at each other. ang kaìbígan one of two who love each other. ang kakàínan one of two who eat together. Si Hwána ay siya ng kapùtúlan ni Maryà nang kukò. Juana and Maria cut each other's fingernails. ang kasùlátan one's correspondent. ang katàlúnan one's opponent in a dispute.

(a) The shift is due to the root in: Si Maryà ay syà ng kaàbútan ni Hwána nang manga mabangù ng bulaklàk. Maria and Juana hand each other fragrant flowers (as in some ceremony or game).

(b) With contraction and lack of secondary accent: ang kayibígan, kaybígan a friend (contrast kaìbígan above).

(c) In a few instances barytone roots have accent shift of two syllables without secondary accent. Si Maryáno ay kahatakàn ni Kulàs nang lúbid. Mariano is pulling at the rope against Nicolás. ang kamurahàn one of two who curse at each other (with meaning ordinarily peculiar to the shifted root, § 337). Sumúlong at Kasamahàn Sumulong and Company. kasulatàn one's correspondent (equal to kasùlátan, above). Ang katuruàn ni Pédro ay ang báta ng si Hwàn. Pedro and little Juan are pointing at each other.

427. These formations serve as underlying words of a few derivatives:

(a) Active with mag- and abstract with pag- r (§ 352): ang pagkakayibígan the joining in friendship of two people.

(b) Secondary active with maki- from the preceding: makipagkayibígan win one's way into someone's friendship, become friends with someone.

(c) Dual collective with mag- (§ 358,a): Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay magkahìráman nang sambalílo at sandàlyas. Pedro and Juan lend each other hats and sandals. magkaìbígan a pair of lovers. magkaybígan a pair of friends.

(d) Where the dual value of the underlying form is weak, explicit plurals of the preceding with mag- r (§ 358,b) occur: ang magkakaybígan a group of three or more friends. ang magkakasamahà ng si Pédro, si Hwàn, at si Andrès the party consisting of Pedro, Juan, and Andrés. ang magkakasamahà ng sina Pédro the party of Pedro and his followers. Ang magkakasamahà ng nagsipagpasyàl ay sina Maryà, Hwána, Pédro, at Kulàs. The party that went for a walk consisted of Maria, Juana, Pedro, and Nicolás. Ang magkakasamahà ng napasa húlo` at napaluwásan ay sinà Mariyáno, Pépe, at Kulàs at sina Pédro, Húlyo, at Andrès. The groups that went upstream and downstream were, respectively, Mariano, Pepe, and Nicolás and Pedro, Julio, and Andrès. Ang tatlo ng manòk na ytò y magkakasamahà ng inihatid díto, ang ibà y magkakabukòd. These three chickens were brought here together, the others each by itself.

428. kà- (1) -an, k-in-à- (1) -an. Local passives with kà- denote the place where someone or something happens to be. Hwag kà ng kumibò` sa iyò ng kinàdòroonàn. Don't stir from the spot (where you happen to be). Sa alì ng bandà ang kinàdòroonàn nang báya-ng-Kamálig?--Sa bandà ng kaliwà`. In which direction is the town of Camalig?--Toward the left. Ang báya-ng-Balíwag ay ang kinàmahalà ng úna ng úna nang pálay. The town of Baliuag was the first place where rice got dear. Ang kàpàpatayàn sa táo ng iyàn ay ang bigtíhan. This man will end on the gallows. Ang báya-ng-Balíwag ang iyu ng kàtùtungúhan pag tinuntùn mo ang landàs na iyàn. You will get to the town of Baliuag if you follow that path.

Similarly from: bíngit, búrol, kulòng, lagày, tágo`, tayò`, tirà, upò`.

Divergent in meaning are kinàbukásan (§ 260) and, from a phrase, kinàháti-ng-gabihàn (§ 260, háti ng gabì).

429. pag-kà- (1) -an, p-in-ag-kà- (1) -an. Local passives of this type with pag- reduplicate the kà-; they refer to other local passive relations than place in which; so: pagkàkilanlàn be the occasion of showing something; pagkàsyahàn be the container of something that fits in; pagkàsunduwàn, pagkàsunduàn be agreed upon.

430. Special static words with kà- and -an are few and differ in meaning.

(a) Ang kàgalítan nila Andrès, Hwàn, at Mariyáno ay napáwì na. The quarrel between Andrés, Juan, and Mariano has been appeased; this is no doubt merely a plural with S -an (§ 377,a) from the underlying word kagalìt (§ 398,c).

It forms the underlying word of a simple active with mag- and abstract with pag- r: ang pagkakàgalítan a quarrel (of two or more people).

(b) Si Pédro ay kàibígan ni Maryà. Pedro is liked by Maria. Sina Pédro, Kulàs, at Hwàn ay sya ng manga kàibígan ni Mariyáno. Pedro, Nicolàs, and Juan are the ones whom Mariano likes. This is probably a real special static word corresponding to the transient with kà- (1) -an (§ 428).

Derived active with mag-: Nagkàkàibígan si Pédro at si Hwána. Pedro and Juana are in love with each other, have come to like each other.

(c) Ang kàtwáan ay náhintò` sa pagdatìng nang isa ng magnanákaw. The rejoicing was stopped by the coming of a robber. This is, in form at least, a plural with S -an from an underlying -katuwà`, which is not known.

Derived active with mag-: magkàtwáan rejoice together, be merry together.

The same form is seen in kàlingkíngan; little finger, fifth finger; if this is from a root -lingkìng.

431. ka- (1) D -an. With doubling of the root and radical accent shift: Kàunà-unáha ng dumatìng si Hwàn. Juan got there the very first. So: kàhulì-hulíhan the very last.

(3) Additional transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

432. The prefix ka- in its involuntary meaning and the prefix kà- in its accidental meaning appear in an additional set of transients and abstracts with maka-, makà- prefixed for the active, ma-, mà- for the passives, and pagka-, pagkà- for the abstract. The meanings of these forms are most varied; especially in the direct passive, where the involuntary or accidental character of the actor sometimes reaches the point where an actor is entirely left out of view or lacking, and the passive borders closely on active meaning. For this reason it will be convenient to divide the uses into a number of somewhat arbitrarily defined groups. The forms are as follows:

433. The active forms with ka- are: maka-, maka- R, naka-, naka- R; abstract pagka-.

The active expresses an inanimate object or circumstance causing an emotion or feeling; the meaning, then, is the same as in the forms with i-ka- (§ 413), except that here the thing causing the emotion is viewed as an actor. Nakabùbúlag ang ílaw. The light is blinding. Ang gamòt na itò ang nakaginháwa sa máy sakìt. This medicine is what relieved the patient. Itò y makapàpáwì nang gútom (úhaw, ginàw, ínit, págod). This will relieve the hunger (thirst, cold feeling, hot feeling, fatigue). Ang áwit nang manga íbon ay nakatútuwà`. The song of the birds is gladdening. Similarly from: bigàt, bingì, búti, lasìng, ligáya, síra`, tákot.

434. The active expresses, further, an inanimate object which has got (in the past) into such and such a condition or position.