Chapter XIV: Preface (13)

Ang bangkà` ay nakaáyon sa ágos. The canoe is righted with the stream. Ang pagkáin ay nakahandá nà. Dinner is served. Nakasábit sa páko` ang áki ng amerikána. My coat is hanging on the nail. Nakasigàng ang palayùk nang sináing. The rice-pot is on the fire. Hindí ko bìbilhìn ang kabáyo ng iyòn, káhit na makasísiya ang áki ng kwaltà. I would not buy this horse, even if my money should be sufficient. Similarly: daàn, lawìt, táli`, túlong.

435. Very similar is the use of the active to describe an animate actor in such and such a position (into which he has got): Nakadapà` ang manga táo sa kanila ng báhay hábang lumílindòl. The people lay prone in their houses during the earthquake. Si Pédro ay nakaháwak sa taburéte nang sya y retratúhan. Pedro had hold of a chair when he was photographed. Nakasakày ang báta ng si Hwàn sa áso nang sya y màkíta ko sa bakúran. Little Juan was mounted (i. e. riding) on the dog when I saw him in the yard. Nakatayó si Pédro nang ákin sya ng màkíta. Pedro was standing up when I saw him. Nakaupó sya sa bangkò`. He was seated on the bench. So from: abàng, hiléra, íkid, kápit, luhòd, pangàw, talungkò`, tindìg.

436. The active may denote an animate actor who is able, succeeds in doing so and so; the involuntary element inheres in the matter of ability, which is not dependent on the actor's will: Sa gana ng ákin sya y makaáalìs. So far as I am concerned, he may go. Sa tigàs nang kanya ng loòb ay walà ng makabále`. There is no one (or, under the type in § 433, nothing) can break the firmness of his will. Nakagágawà` ang alílà nang páyong. The servant is able to make umbrellas. Nakagupìt sya nang makapàl na damìt. He succeeded in cutting thick cloth. Si Pédro ay hindí makaháwak nang palakòl, sapagkàt masakìt ang kanya ng kamày. Pedro cannot hold an ax, because his hand is sore. Naàári ng sya y makahigà`. He may lie down. Hindí ako makahingí nang kwaltà kay Hwàn. I cannot (bring myself to) ask Juan for money. Nakahúlog sya nang isa ng nyòg sa kanya ng pagpukòl sa kumpòl. He succeeded in bringing down a cocoanut, in his throwing at the cluster. Ang báta` ay hindí makakáin, sapagkàt kumáin sya nang marámi ng kakanìn. The child can't eat because he has eaten so many sweets. Si Pédro ay hindí nakapùpútol nang káhoy, sapagkàt bágu ng gáling sya sa sakìt. Pedro cannot cut any wood, for he has just recovered from sickness. Sa tantyà raw nyà ay makapùpútol na sya nang káhoy, sapagkàt sya y malakas nà. He reckons he will be able to cut wood, for he is strong again. Nakasásakay syà sa kabáyo. He is able to mount the horse. Ang báta y nakasùsúlat nà. The child is already able to write. Hindí ako makasúlat. I can't write. Ang máy sakit ay nakatátayú nà. The patient is already able to stand up. Hindí ako nakatípon nang manga dáhon, sapagkàt walá ako ng kalaykày. I was not able to pile up the leaves, because I had no rake. Ang húle ng isdá ni Hwàn ay nakawalà`. The fish Juan caught got away. Similarly from: akiyàt, balìk, báyad, dalà, datìng, kílos, kúha, lákad, pások, sagòt, sigàw, suwày, tahòl, takbò, tirà, úbos, úsap.

Abstracts: Ang mákina ay syà ng dahilàn nang pagkagawá ni Pédro nang páyong. The machine is the cause of Pedro's ability to make umbrellas. Ang pagkasakáy nyà sa kabáyo ng bara-barà ay hindí dahilàn sa kanya ng tápang, dátapuwat dahilàn sa marámi ng iba ng táo ng nagsipígil sa kabáyo. His ability to get on the wild horse was not due to his courage, but to the many other people who controlled the horse. Ang kanya ng pagkatípon sa manga kalabàw ay nanyári dáhil sa marámi ng túlong. His success in rounding up the carabao was due to much aid.

437. Closely bordering on the preceding type is the active, mostly with the particle nà, expressing the actor of a completed action. Nakaalìs na siyà. He has already (succeeded in going, i. e.) gone away. Nakapútul nà si Pédro nang káhoy. Pedro has now finished cutting wood. Si Pédro ay nakapútul nà nang káhoy, bágo ko ng inutúsa ng mangigìb. Pedro had already cut the wood, before I asked him to fetch water. Similarly from: bútas, datìng, kúha, límot, tápos.

The abstract lends itself especially to the use as absolute attribute (§ 274): Pagkagawá nya nang bákod ay naglasìng siyà. When he had finished making the fence, he got drunk. Pagkahárang nang manga tulisàn sa koréyo ay nagsitúngo silà sa bundòk. When the bandits had robbed the mail, they took to the hills. Pagkaháte ni Hwàn nang manga mansánas ay umalìs sya. When Juan had distributed the apples, he went away. Pagkahúli nang pulìs sa magnanákaw ay dinala nyà itò sa bìlanggúan. When the policeman had caught the thief, he took him to the jail. Pagkapatày nya sa táo ng kanyà ng hinárang ay tumakbo syà. When he had killed the man he had held up, he ran away. Pagkapútol ni Hwàn nang tahìd nang kátyaw ay nagdudugò` ang paà nitò. When Juan had cut the spur of the rooster, its foot kept bleeding. Pagkasakày sa kabáyo ay naparoòn akò sa hàlamanàn at pumitàs ako nang isa ng pakwàn úpang áki ng kánin. When I had had my horseback ride, I went to the garden and picked a melon to eat. Pagkasakày ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ng agàd. When Juan had got on the train, it soon started to move. Ang pagkasúnog nang báyan ay ikinalungkòt nang marámi. The people grieved at their town having burned down. Pagkatanàw nang unggò` sa pagòng ay nagbalik syà sa púno-ng-ságing. When the monkey had looked at the turtle, he went back to the banana tree. Pagkatáwag nang pagòng sa unggò` ay sumunòd itò agàd. When the turtle had called the monkey, the latter came at once. Pagkatayó nya sa kanya ng ùpúan ay minulàn nya agàd ang pagtatalumpáte`. When he had stood up from his seat he at once began making his speech. Pagkatípon mo nang manga bayábas ay umuwí ka. When you have piled up the guavas, go home. Pagkaúna nya sa takbúhan ay naghintú sya. When he had got ahead in the running, he stopped. Similarly from: alìs, bendisiyòn, gupìt, hápon, ísip, káin, kúha, lagòk, lúto`, mísa, sábi, sánay, tápos, típon, tupàd.

438. The forms of the direct passive are: ma-, ma- R; na-; na- R.

The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active in § 436, and denote the object directly affected by an action which an actor is able to perform.

Hindí nya mabásag ang bóte. He did not succeed in breaking the bottle. Sa kalakasàn ni Páblo ay nadala nyà ang kabà ng bákal. Pablo, with his strength, managed to lift the iron chest. Nadalà nang báta` ang káhoy. The boy managed to carry the wood. Hindí madalà ni Pédro ang kahòn sa kabigatàn. Pedro cannot lift the box; it is too heavy. Hindí ku magámit ang páyong na itò. I can't use this umbrella. Hindí nakáin nang báta` ang matigàs na tinápay na iyàn. The child was not able to eat that hard bread of yours. Nakáya ko ng buhátin ang isà ng maliìt na púno-ng-káhoy. I managed to lift one small tree. Nakàkáya ko ang pagaáral nang Ingglès. I manage to get along with the study of English. Nakáyas ni Pédro ang báo. Pedro managed to smooth the cocoanut shell. Nalákad námin ang lahàt nang daàn. We managed to walk the whole way. Nalìlípon nang manga langgàm ang kanila ng pagkáin. The ants succeed in amassing their food. Hindí ko mapatày ang báta ng itò. I cannot (get myself to) kill this child. Hindí ko mapútol nang kamày ang bákal na itò. I can't break this iron with my hand. Mapùpútol daw nyà ng wala ng túlong ang lahàt nang kawáya ng magúlang. He says he will be able to cut all the old bamboo without any help. Hindí nya masíra` ang kandáro nang pintò`, káhit na iniyúbus nya ang kanya ng lakàs. He did not succeed in breaking the lock of the door, although he used up all his strength. Natátalastàs mo bà ang sinàsábi ko sa iyò? Do you understand what I am saying to you? Similarly: ágaw, akiyàt, alaála, ampàt, gawà`, hángo`, híla.

439. Similarly, the direct passive may correspond regularly to the active of the type in § 437 and denote an object directly affected by an action which has been (successfully) completed by an actor.

Naáso ko nà sa boo ng báyan ang báta`. I have hunted and called the child all over town. Nabálot ko nà ang manga librò. I have already wrapped up the books. Nabása ku nà ang diyáriyo. I have finished reading the paper. Nahampàs ko nà ang báta`. I have already whipped the child. Nahánap na nyà ang librò. He has already looked for the book. Napatày ku nà ang manòk. I have already killed the chicken. Kapag napùpútol na nyà ang púno-ng-káhoy ay saká mo hatákin ang lúbid na nakatáli sa sangà nitò. When he is getting the tree cut, then do you pull at the rope that is tied to the branch. Natipìd nya ang pagkáin nang kánin. He has been saving of the rice. Natípon ko nà ang manga dáhon. I have already heaped up the leaves. Natísod ku nà ang bakyà`. I have kicked off the sandal. Naúnat ku nà ang baluktòt na káwad na ibinigày mu sa ákin. I have straightened the bent wire you gave me. Nausísà ku nà si Hwàn. I have already questioned Juan. Similarly from: ágaw, gawà`, ípon, íwan, líbot, sákop, siyásat.

440. We come now to direct passives which do not correspond regularly to any active; these have their own abstracts with pagka-.

The commonest type expresses an object which undergoes or has undergone a process due to an inanimate actor or to no actor in particular; it differs from the simple direct passive in the involuntary and often perfectic nature of the action. Nabále` ang sangà nang káhoy. The branch of the tree is broken. Ang túlis nang lápis ay nabále`. The point of the pencil is broken. Hwag mò ng ilagay dyàn ang palatòn, sapagkàt baká mabásag. Don't put the plate there, for it might get broken. Ang kanila ng kàínan ay nagambála sa pagdatìng nang manga pulìs. Their dinner-party broke up when the police arrived. Ang boo ng báyan ay nagulò. The whole town became riotous. Naháte` ang mansánas. The apple is in halves. Nalagòt ang lúbid. The rope broke. Ang kanya ng dalíri` ay napáso`. His finger is blistered. Napatìd ang lúbid. The rope broke. Ang batò ng hasaàn ay napiráso. The whetstone went to pieces. Napitas nà ang manga bulaklàk. The flowers have been picked. Napùpútol ang manga sangà nang káhoy sa lakàs nang hángin. The branches of the trees are being broken off by the force of the wind. Napútol nà ang káhoy. The tree has been cut down. Napútol ang dúlo nang káhoy. The end of the log is cut off. Napútol ang sangà nang káhoy. The branch of the tree broke off. Nasáyang ang trabáho ni Hwàn. Juan's work went for naught. Ang búkid ay nasíra`. The field is waste. Similarly, from: ári`, bágo, buwàl, dílat, gúmon, hinòg, laglàg, lamòg, láon, páwi`, punò`, puròl, súnog, tápos, úbos, utàs, walà`, yári`.

The abstract is regular: daàn, hinòg, lagòt, pások, súnog, walà`.

441. The passive is used, further, to denote the animate performer of an involuntary act, which, then, is looked upon rather as an undergoing than as a performing.

This is the clearest where the subject is undergoing an emotion or sensation: Naáwà si Hwàn sa pulúbe. Juan pitied the beggar. Ang báta ng si Hwàn ay nadúdungò. Little Juan is bashful. Naginàw sya sa kanya ng pagpalígo`. He got cold while taking his bath. Akú y nagùgútom. I am hungry; isa ng táo ng nagùgútom a hungry person. Nahàhápis siyà. He is sad. Nahíhiyá ka bà? Are you ashamed? Nahíhiyá sya. He is ashamed. Akù y nailàng. I was nonplussed, I didn't know what to do. Akò y naíinip nà nang paghihintày kay Hwàn. I am impatient with waiting for Juan. Sya y nalímang sa kanya ng pagbílang. He got confused in his reckoning. Sya nalúlungkòt. He is sorry. Akò y naùúhaw. I am thirsty. So: bagábag, gálit, libàng, tákot, tuwà`.

This form is used also of processes of life, especially physiological and morbid: Nalumpò syà. He got lame. Napípe sya. He got dumb. So: naári` got the ability, nabáo got widowed, nabúhay lived, naíngay was noisy, nakinìg heard, nalúnod got drowned, namatày died, natúlog slept.

It is used, finally, in nahúlog fell (from a place to the ground), and, strangely enough, for two voluntary actions which consist of a relaxing of the muscles: Sya y nahigà` He lay down. Sya y nahíhigà`. He was in the act of lying down. Naupó sya sa bangkò`. He sat down on the bench. Naúupó sya sa taburéte. He was in the act of sitting down on the stool.

Further, irregularly, in: Sya y nalígo`. He took a bath. Sya y nanáog. He came down from the house. See § 488,c.

Abstracts: Ang pagkaáwà ni Hwàn sa pulúbe Juan's pity for the beggar. ang pagkabáta` one's childhood. ang pagkabúhay ni Hesùs the resurrection of Jesus. Ang pagkagúlat ni Hwána ay sya nyà ng ipinagkasakìt. Juana's scare was what made her sick. Pagkalúnod nang Kastíla` ay lumáyas ang manga estudyànte. When the Spaniard had got drowned, the students hurried away. ang kanya ng pagkamatày his death. ang kanya ng pagkasála sa singsìng. his missing the ring. Pagkaupú nya sa bangkò` ay minulàn nya ang pagkukwènto sa manga báta`. When she had sat down on the bench, she began her story-telling to the children. So: ári`, hápis, húlog, litò, lóko, pípi, tákot, tálo, ulòl.

442. An explicit plural of both active and direct passive is formed by the infixation of -ang- into the prefix.

In the active the syllable after this infix often receives a secondary accent: Nangàkaupú na silà sa pagkáin, nang kamì ay dumatìng. They had already sat down to their meal when we arrived. So also from: bitàw, biyábit.

With reduplication of the ka- instead of root initial: Nangàkàkaupó silà sa pagkáin. They are able to sit up for their meals.

Direct passive: Ang dinala nyà ng manga manòk ay nangamatày. The chickens he brought all died. Nangapútol ang tubò sa lakàs nang bagyò. The sugar-cane broke under the strength of the typhoon. Nangapùpútol ang karamíhan nang tubò nang kasalukúyan ang bagyò. During the typhoon most of the sugar-cane got broken. So from: bulòk, íwan, lúnod, lungkòt, tákot, tuwà`.

443. From a compound word, passive: nasawi-ng-pálad (sawì ng pálad).

From a derived word, active: makataanàn (taanàn, § 378).

444. Accent shift is due to the root. Si Pédro ay nakaayàw nà. Pedro has left the table. So from ábot, sákit.

Passive: Naabut nyà ang ilawàn. He managed to reach the lamp. Hindí nya maabùt ang itlòg. He can't reach the egg. Ang báta ng si Hwàn ay nabábahày. Little Juan is shy.

Abstract: Pagkaabòt nang bátà nang kanyà ng laruwàn ay tumakbò sya ng agàd. After reaching for his toys, the boy at once ran.

445. With pag- before the root, this active is made from roots whose primary active has mag-. The reduplication affects either the ka-, or the pag-, or the root initial: makà-ka-pag- or maka-pà-pag- or maka-pag- R.

Ang báta` ay nakapagdalà nang káhoy. The boy managed to bring the wood. Ang báta` ay nakapagdádalà (or: nakàkapagdalà, or: nakapàpagdalà) nang káhoy. The boy is able to bring the wood. Nakàkapaglasìng si Ánong, káhit na sya y hindí binàbayáan nang kanya ng asáwa na makapagpabilè nang álak. Anong manages to get drunk, even though his wife does not allow him to have liquor purchased for him. Nakapagpútol na si Hwàn nang káhoy. Juan has finished cutting wood. Nakapagpùpútol nà si Hwàn nang káhoy. Juan is already able to cut wood. Hindí makapagpútol nang káhoy si Hwàn, dahilàn sa súgat nya sa kamày. Juan cannot cut wood, on account of the wound on his hand.

Similarly: antòk, áral, bíhis, ligtàs, mísa, nákaw, pasiyàl, sábi, salità`, tágo`, takà.

446. Direct passive: ma-pag-; ma-pag- R or ma-pà-pag-. Hindí ko mapagáyos ang manga damìt na itò. I can't straighten out these clothes. Mapàpagáyos nya ang manga lipàs sa úso ng damìt na itò. She will be able to fix these out-of-date clothes. Hindí ko mapagkúro` kung anò ang íbig nya ng sabíhin. I couldn't make out what he wanted to say. Nang mapagkúrò ni Hwàn kung anò ang mangyàyári, ay hindí nya itinúloy ang kanya ng bálak. When Juan saw what was going to happen, he did not carry out his plan. Hindí ko mapagkúro ang kahulugàn nang súlat na itò. I can't get at the meaning of this letter. Napagtalastàs ko ang manga sinàsábi mo sa iyo ng súlat. I understand all you say in your letter. Napagtátalastàs (or: napàpagtalastàs) kò ang íbig mo ng sabíhin. I understand what you mean.

447. maka-pag- (1), cf. § 353. Nang nakapaghanap syà ay umuwé sya sa kanya ng báhay. When he had finished searching, he went home. Kung makapaghanap syà ay úuwé sya. When he has finished searching, he will go home.

448. maka-pang-, corresponding to mang-, § 357. Nakàkapanghiràm kamì nang kwaltà kay Áli ng Kulása. We can borrow money from Aunt Nicolasa. Makàkapanghiràm ka ng wala ng sála kay Hwàn nang isa ng sombréro. You will surely be able to borrow a hat from Juan. Nakapangàngabáyo sya ng patayò`, sapagkàt hindí gulatìn ang kanya ng kabáyo. He is able to ride standing up, because his horse is not given to shying.

Abstract: pagkapangáko` (áko`).

(a) The root is reduplicated for plurality: Ang pagkapanghahárang nila Hwán ay hindí nila sána magawà`, kung hindí sa karamíhan nang táo nila na máy barìl. The highway robberies by Juan and his gang could not have been perpetrated by them, if it had not been for the number of them that had guns.

(b) From a derived word: makapangináin (kináin, §§ 365, 357,a).

449. ma- D; expressive of slow activity: Hindí sya mamatày-matày. He is lingering on the death-bed. Ang pàgakpákan nang manga táo ay hindí matápus-tápus. The applause of the people could find no end.

450. In the instrumental passive, which seems to occur only with pag- and pang-, the i- follows the ma-: Ang pagkàtáwag nang kúra sa manga pulìs ay hindí nya ikinabúte, sapagkàt silà y kàkauntí lámang úpang maipagtanggòl sya sa manga magnanákaw. The priest's having called in the police did him no good, for they were too few to defend him from the thieves.

With pang-: naipangánganàk (anàk, cf. § 357).

451. The local passive has the prefix ma- and the suffix (1) -an.

Namatayàn sina Hwàn. Someone has died in Juan's family. Namatayàn sa báhay ni Hwàn. There has been a death in Juan's house. Naputúlan si Hwàn nang dalíre` sa pagpapalákad nang mákina. Juan got a finger cut off in running the machine. Napùputúlan nang médiko ang manga táo nang kanila ng kamày o paà kung kayilángan. When necessary, people get their hands or feet cut off by a doctor. Mapùputúlan ka nang dalírì`, pag hindí ka nagíngat sa iyo ng pagtatrabáho sa mákina ng iyàn. You will get your finger cut off, if you aren't careful about the way you work that machine. Nasakyàn ko nà ang kabáyo ng bara-barà. I have succeeded in mounting the wild horse. Naskyàn ko nà ang bangka ng itò. I have already been in this canoe. Nawalàn nang málay ang babáye sa kanyà ng paghihimatày. The woman lost consciousness in her swoon.

Similarly: báli`, bukàs, halìk, hírap, láon, límot, luwàt, patìd, pílit, sákit, síra`, siyà, súbok, súgat, sunggàb, tagàl, tandà`, úbos.

(a) bitìw lacks accent shift: mabitíwan, cf. § 374,b.

452. Local passive with explicative pag-: Hindí námin mapaglagarían nang káhoy ang kabáyo ng káhoy na ginawá mo. We cannot saw wood on the saw-buck you have made. Napagputúlan námin nang kawáyan ang bágo ng gawá mo ng kabáyo ng káhoy. We were able to cut bamboo on the sawbuck you have just made.

453. Special static words resembling the active; the following occur: Si Bantùg ay isa ng táo ng makabáyan. Bantog is a patriotic man. damò ng makahyà` the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica.

Of irregular use are makalawà (§ 262,8), and makatuwìd (tuwìd).

(a) From a word of this kind an active with mag- is derived in: nagmàmakaáwa` provoking pity (as though from makaáwa`).

(b) The abstract is like a special static word in: Ang bigàs ay sya ng pinakamahalagà ng pagkabúhay nang táo sa Filipínas. Rice is the most important staple food in the Philippines. Cf. also pagkaráka, § 265,9.

454. ma- forms special static words denoting that which by nature or circumstance possesses such and such, usually a quality. Maalikabok nà ang mésa. The table is dusty already. Maásim ang súka ng itò. This wine is sour. ang púno-ng-káhoy na mabába` a low tree; isa ng mabába ng táo a humble person. Ang labàng ay mabábaw. The trough of the manger is shallow. Madálang ang manga lindòl díto. Earthquakes are rare here. Sya y isa ng ginoò ng magálang. He is a polite gentleman. Maginháwa ang umupó sa sìlya ng itò. This chair is comfortable to sit in. Si Maryà ay isa ng babáye ng mapúri. Maria is a decent woman. Maluwàng ang báro ng itò. This blouse is too loose. matamìs sweet, ang matamìs sugar. Matipìd na báta` si Hwàn. Juan is a saving child.

The plural is made with ma- r: Ang manga táo sa báyan ay mahuhúsay sumunòd sa kautusàn. The people of the town are all good law-abiders.

These forms are made from so many roots that the Index will be as convenient as a list.

Derivatives: §§ 352,c. 353,a.b. 370. 499,a. 500,b.

(a) Note masiyádo excessive, extreme, as though from a root -siyádo (and so listed), still felt by Mr. Santiago to be from Spanish demasiado.

(b) Accent shift due to the root in masakìt.

(c) From derived words: Ang pagtayú sa bubungàn ay mapangánib. It is dangerous to stand on the roof. So from kasalánan (§ 423), kabuluhàn (§ 422).

455. ma-pag- someone given to doing so and so: Ang inà ni Pédro ay mapagbigày sa kanya ng manga kaululàn. Pedro's mother always gives in to his foolishness. Sya y mapagtipìd. He is very economical. So from: gawà`, kumpisàl, simbà, siyásat, usísa`.

(a) From a phrase, probably: Ang táo ng si Hwàn ay mapagpáku-m-babà`. That man Juan is overmodest (páko ng babà` low peg?).

(b) With accent shift: Mapaghunì ang manga kabáyo ng itò, kanya hindí dápat dalhìn sa labanàn. These horses are given to neighing and therefore should not be taken to war. So also: mapagawày.

456. In the same sense, but transitive in value, ma-pang-: mapanggúlat given to surprising or frightening people, mapanghágis given to flinging things; Ang táo ng si Hwàn ay mapanghiràm. The fellow Juan is a great borrower. mapanghiyà` given to embarrassing people. mapamukòl given to throwing things. So from: hilìng, matà.

457. In similar meanings, with suffix -in:

(a) ma- S -in: So magustúhin, masùnúrin.

(b) ma- (2) -in: Ang manga táo y hindí maibigìn sa pagkakàsála. People are not fond of sinning.

(c) ma- r (2) -in: matatawanìn easily made to laugh; Sya y matutulugìn. He is a sleepy-head. So also: magugulatìn.

458. The transients with kà- refer to accidental actions. The active has the forms: makà-, makà- R, nakà-, nakà- R, but the reduplication sometimes affects the kà- instead of the root initial. The abstract has pagkà-. The meanings are various, much like those of maka-.

459. The active sometimes expresses an inanimate object as the agent of an accidental action: Ang guntìng nang manggagamòt ay nakágupit nang isa ng ugàt na malakè, kanyà` namatày ang kanya ng ginágamòt. The physician's scissors accidentally cut a large artery, in consequence of which his patient died. Similarly, from gísing, háwa.

460. More frequent is a rational actor of an accidental action; as such is viewed any action the exact form of which is out of the actor's control. Si Pédro ay nakàháwak nang káwad na mày elektrisidàd. Pedro got hold of a charged wire. Hindí nya kilalà ang manga kwayanà ng iyòn, kaniyà nakàpútol sya nang sa iba ng táwo ng kawáyan. As he did not know those bamboo-groves, he inadvertently cut some bamboo that belonged to other people. Sundan mò silà sa kawayanàn, sapagkàt baká sila nakàpùpútol nang kawáya ng hindí nasàsákop nang áti ng lúpa`. Follow them to the bamboo-grove, for they may be cutting some bamboo that is not included in our land. Hwàn, usisáin mo ng mabúti ang hanggáhan nang kawayanàn, bágo ka tumagá nang kawáyan, sapagkàt baká ka makàpútol nang kawáya ng hindí átin. Juan, find out exactly the borders of the bamboo-grove before you cut any bamboo, for else you might cut some bamboo that is not ours. Pího ng makàpùpútol silà nang kawáya ng hindí sakòp nang lúpa`, kapag hindí mo sila pinakialamàn, sapagkàt ang hanggáhan nang lúpa ng iyòn ay lubhà ng balú-baluktòt. They will surely cut some bamboo not included in the piece of ground, if you don't look after them, for the boundary of the land is very irregular. Nakàtísod akò nang isa ng áhas. I hit a snake with my foot. Nakàtúlog si Hwàn sa báhay na gibà-gibà`. Juan hit upon a broken-down house as a place to sleep in, was constrained by circumstances to sleep in a broken-down house. Nakàusísà sya nang nawalà ng kwaltà. It came to her mind to inquire about the lost money. Nakàusísà sya nang isa ng táo ng nakààalàm nang líhim. He happened to ask a man who knew the secret. Similarly: bilì, daàn, inòm, káin, súlat, tagpò`.

Abstract: In the abstract the element of accident often takes the form of expressing the way something turned out. Limàng ang pagkàbílang nya sa manga itlòg na itò. His count of these eggs has turned out wrong. Ang pagkágawá ni Hwána sa páyong ay masamà`. The umbrella Juana made turned out poorly. Ang pagkágupìt sa úlo nang báta` ay hindí pantày-pantày. The boy's hair-cut isn't (hasn't turned out) even. Ang pagkàháti nang mansánas ay hindí parého. The halving of the apple is not exact. Ang pagkàísip nya sa bugtòng ay hindi táma`. His guess at the riddle is not correct. Ang pagkálagok nyà sa itlòg ay kanya ng pinagsisíhan. He repented his having (in a moment of weakness) swallowed the egg. Ang pagkàpások ni Hwàn nang tapòn sa bóte ay malálim. Juan got the cork too deep into the bottle. Ang pagkápatay sa magnanákaw ay hindí sinadyà`. The killing of the thief was not done on purpose. Ang pagkápatay sa manòk ay masamà`. This chicken has not been slaughtered in the proper manner. Ang pagkàpútol nang pálong nang kátiyaw ay hindí sagàd. The cock's comb is not cut off clean. Ang pagkátahul nang áso ay sya ng inilalá nang sakìt nya sa lalamúnan. The dog's barking made the pain in its throat worse. Ang pagkátanaw kò sa púno-ng-káhoy ay itò y may madidilàw na dáhon. The way I looked at that tree made it seem as if it had yellow leaves. Ang kanya ng pagkátayò` (or: pagkátindìg) ay dahilàn sa kanya ng pagkàgúlat. He jumped to his feet because of his surprise. Ang pagkàtípon nang manga dáho ng itò ay hindí mabúte. These leaves have not been well heaped up. So from: bendisiyòn, bitbìt, hampàs, higà`, pálo`, tágo`, tirà, upò`.

461. The active may denote a rational actor successful, thanks to outer circumstances, in such and such an action. Nakáhampas ang báta ng si Hwàn nang isa ng tutubè. Little Juan succeeded in hitting a dragon-fly with his whip. Nakàháte si Hwàn nang manga mansánas. Juan got a chance to divide up the apples. Nakàkàkapá sya nang isa ng palakà`. He has got hold of a frog (as, in grasping for frogs in mud-holes). Nakàpána akò nang usà. I hit a deer with an arrow. Nakàtípun nà akò nang manga dáhon, nang pumaròn si Tátay. By the time Father got there, I had already had time to get some leaves heaped up. So also: ágaw, hingì`, sáli.

Abstract: Ang pagkàbúhay nang médiko sa kay Hwàn ay isà ng malakì ng ikinatwá nang kanya ng kababáyan. The doctor's saving of Juan's life was a cause of great gladness to his fellow-townsmen. Ang pagkàtáwag nyà sa médiko ng nagligtàs nang búhay nang kanya ng anàk ay dahilàn sa pagkàgámit nya nang teléfono. His chance of calling the doctor who saved his child's life was due to the use he was enabled to make of the telephone. Ang nagìng pagkágupit nyà sa makapàl na damìt ay nangyáre dahilàn sa paggámit nya nang guntìng nang láta. The fact that he was able to cut the thick cloth was due to his using the tin-shears. Ang pagkáhampas nyà sa manga bátà` ay dahilàn sa kahabáan nang kanya ng pamálo`. He can hit the children because of the length of his stick. Ang pagkàhárang kina Hwàn ay sya nilà ng ikinawalá nang kanila ng salapè`. Juan and his party's having been held up was what deprived them of their money. Ang pagkàháti nya sa tubù ay hindí mangyàyáre kung gumámit sya nang mapurùl na gúlok. He would not have been able to slice the sugar-cane down its length (as a game or trick), if he had used a dull bolo. Pagkàísip nya kung anò ang dápat nya ng gawìn sa magnanákaw na nàhúli nya, ay ginawá nya iyòn agàd. When he had at last hit upon the idea of what to do with the thief he had caught, he immediately carried it out. Nanghináyang ang boo ng báyan sa pagkápatay kay Risàl nang manga Kastíla`. The whole country mourned over the killing of Rizal by the Spaniards. Ang ámi ng pagkásakay sa bangkà` ay syà ng nagligtàs sa ámi ng búhay. Our having been able to get into the canoe is what saved our lives. Ang pagkàsúnog nang manga magnanákaw sa báyan ay pinarusáhan nang gubyèrno. The thieves' burning the town was punished by the government. Ang pagkátayo nang isa ng báhay-pàmahaláa ng batò ay dahilàn sa pagpapaalaála ni Hwàn nang pangánib sa súnog. The fact that a stone government-building came after all to be built, was due to Juan's calling attention to the danger from fire. Anu ng pagkátipid ni Hwàn! How saving Juan has been! So from: sábi, táwag.

462. The active is used of certain acts of sensation whose occurrence is out of the control of the subject: ang nakàkìkilála, ang nakàkàkilála one who has got knowledge of a person or thing, has come to know his habits, recognizes his nature. Ang pagkàgúlat ni Hwána ay syà ng ikinátawà nang marámi ng nakàkàkíta. Juana's astonishment amused many who saw it. With kilála compare nakáramdàm felt; with kíta, nakàmálay, nakátanàw, and nakárinìg heard.

Abstract: Malínaw ang pagkàkíta ko sa nangyáre. I had a clear view of what took place. So: dinìg, masìd, tanàw.

463. The direct passive has the forms mà-, mà- R, nà-, nà- R.

It may correspond regularly to the active type in § 460, and denote an object undergoing an accidental action of a rational actor.

Nàáso ko sa boo ng báyan ang báta`, káhit na hindí ko gustò. I was forced to go shouting after the child all over town, though I didn't like to do it. Hindí mu ba nàbása sa diyáriyo ang tungkùl sa súnog? Haven't you come across the details of the fire in the paper? Baká mo màbásag, Hwána, iyà ng pinaglàlaruwan mò ng kandeléro. See that you don't break that candlestick you're playing with, Juana. Nádala nyà nang hindí sinásadyà` sa kanya ng pagalìs ang áki ng páyong. When he went away he inadvertently carried off my umbrella. Nàgambála ku ang pagaáral ni Hwàn dahilàn sa áki ng pagdatìng na walá sa óras. I disturbed Juan in his studying by my untimely arrival. Nàgámit ni Hwàn ang áki ng, sombréro dahilàn sa kanyà ng pagmamadalí nang pagalìs. Juan used my hat in the haste of his departure. Nàgísing nya sa kanya ng pagiingày ang manga báta`. What with his racket he woke up the children. Náhampàs nang hindí sinásadyá ni Pédro ang bábuy nang kanya ng kápit-báhay. Pedro inadvertently hit his neighbor's hog with his whip. Nàíwan din nyà sa ákin ang kanyà ng anàk, káhit na itò y áyaw nya ng gawìn. She was also forced to leave her child with me, although she disliked to do this. Nápatày ko nang barìl-barílan ang manòk. I accidentally killed the chicken with my toy-gun. Kánin mo ang milòn, kung iyu ng gustò, o kayà` ang ságing, kung sya mo itò ng nàpìpíle`.--Nàpìpíli ko ang milòn. Eat the banana, if you like, or the melon, if you prefer it.--I prefer the melon. Nápitas nyà ang bulaklàk nang hindí sinásadyà`. She picked the flower without intending to. Nàpútol ko nang hindí sinásadyà` ang lúbid na itò. I chanced, without intending it, to cut this string. Baká mo màsíra`, Hwàn, ang patágo sa iyù ng kwàlta nang iyu ng kapatìd. See to it, Juan, that you don't do away with your brother's money that is entrusted to you. Nàusísà ni Hwána ang inumìt na singsìng nang kanyà ng kapatìd. Juana happened to inquire for the ring her sister had filched. So from: angkìn, búlag, bútas, hábol, patày, púlot.

464. The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active described in § 461, and denote an object undergoing an action which a rational actor was enabled to perform by virtue of outer circumstances.

Ang úlo ni Hwàn ay nàbìbílog nang kanya ng kalarò`. Juan's playmates are succeeding in making a fool of him (literally: in rounding his head). Nágupit nyà ang makapàl na damìt. It turned out that he was able to cut the thick cloth. Hindí ku màípon ang manga karáyum na nangàsábug sa lúpa`. I did not succeed in gathering up all the needles that were scattered over the floor. Hindí ko mápatay ang púsa ng itò. I cannot kill this cat (i.e. its life is tough, it gets away, etc.) Kapag nàpútol mo ang bákal na iyàn, ikàw ay makawáwalà`. If you can get a chance to cut through that iron, you can make your escape. Nàpútol nya ang káhoy. He got the wood cut all right. Hindí nya màpútol ang leèg nang manòk. He couldn't get the chicken's neck cut through. Màpùpútol na raw nyà ang púno nang káhoy na nabwàl. He says he will be in a position to cut through the tree that has fallen. ang kanyà ng násingìl the money he was able to collect. Similarly, from: bálot, gawà`, húli, kúha, kúlam, nákaw, pitàs, sábi, taàs, táwag.

465. Similarly, the direct passive is regularly used to correspond to the active in § 462, of objects of sensation. Nàkilála ko si Hwàn doòn sa sàwáyan. I got acquainted with Juan at that dance. So from: alaála, dinìg, inò, kíta, málas, pansìn.

466. Other uses of the direct passive do not regularly correspond to any active, cf. § 440 f.; these have their own abstract with pagkà-.

The direct passive is used to denote an object which has accidentally got into such and such a condition; the actor is either indifferent or entirely lacking. There seems to be no abstract principle clearly separating this form from the passive with na- described in § 440; where position of the object is involved, the accidental form is preferred.

Nàbúte ang kanyà ng pagkatákot. His fear reached a high point. Ang kanya ng bangkà y patúngo sa bandà ng kalunúran, dátapuwat pagkaraàn nang ilà ng sandalì` ay náiba ang kanya ng bandáhin. His canoe was headed toward the west, but after a while his direction changed. Ang ìnumínan nang báhay ay dápat málagay sa lugàr na malílim. The shelf for drinking-water of a house should be in a shady place. Násakay sa trèn ang ipinahatìd mo ng manga dalanghíta`. The tangerines you sent have been shipped. Nàtúlin ang pagpapadulàs nang báta ng si Hwàn sa pútek. Juan's sliding on the mud got faster and faster (in spite of him).

Similarly from: bágay, balíta`, baòn, dápat, doòn, hintò`, húsay, kápit, lapàg, látag, ligtàs, liguwàk, lípat, lubòg, lúlan, mána, nákaw, pagítan, páko`, patày, pátung, sábog, taàn, tábon, tágo`, talà`, tanìm, taòn, tayò`, tirà, túlos, únat.

Abstract: Pagkásakay nang manga sáko nang kamóte sa trèn ay lumákad itò agàd. As soon as the bags of sweet-potatoes had been put on board the train, the latter started to move. So from: balíta`, gámit, ibà, látag, libìng, sarà.

466a. This irregular passive is used also of animate, rational subjects, whose actions, then, are viewed rather as an accidental undergoing; this type is not clearly definable from that with ma- in § 441, except where both forms are used in contrast (-higà`); the habit with regard to each root is, however, entirely fixed.

In some cases the accidental actor is imaginable: Náakyàt si Pédro sa itaàs nang lángit dahilàn sa ginawá nya ng pagkápit sa pinalipàd na lóbo. Pedro got carried up into the air owing to his grip on the loosed balloon. Nàhárang sina Hwàn sa daà-ng-Balíwag. Juan and his company chanced to get held up on the Baliuag road. Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk sa sekréta, sapagkàt baká ka máhigà` sa ihawàn, kung ikàw ay màhúle. Don't go as a spy, Juan, for you might get laid on the gridiron, if you got caught. Similarly: banggìt, barìl, bilanggò`, distíno, húli, ligtàs, píli`, tanggàp, táwag.

Processes of life: Sya y nábingì. He got deaf. Nàbúte si Hwàn sa kanya ng pagkatákot. Juan was bettered by his fright. Si Pédro at si Maryà ay màkàkasàl. Pedro and Maria will get married some day. So: himbìng, lóko, tahímik, tinìk, túto, wíli.

Abstract: Ang pagkàgúlat ni Hwána sa maíngay na putòk nang kanyòn ay sya nyà ng ikinabingì. Juana's shock at the loud report of the cannon was what made her deaf. Malakì ang kanila ng nagìng pagkàgúlat. Their astonishment was great. Ang pagkàsúnog sa manga sundálo sa loòb nang báhay ay nangyári dáhil sa pagkásara nang manga bintána`. The fact that the soldiers were burned in the house was due to the circumstance that the windows had been closed. Ang pagkátinìk sa lalamúnan nang báta` ay sya nyà ng ikinamatày. The boy's getting a fishbone into his throat was what killed him. Pagkátinik nang unggò` ay sya y nagálit. When the monkey had got a spine into his foot he got angry. Ang pagkàwíle ni Hwàn sa báhay ny Andrès ay dahilàn sa anàk na dalága nitò. Juan's being spell-bound in Andres' house was due to the latter's daughter. So: gustò, kasàl, manghà`.

Movements, especially the resultant position: Sya y nárapà`. He fell on his face. Náriyan kamì sa iyo ng báhay kahápon nang umága, dátapuwat hindí ka námin dinatnàn. We were at your house yesterday morning, but we did not find you there. Náluhod sya sa kanyà ng harapàn. He knelt down in front of her. Nàpàpagítan si Hwàn sa dalawà ng dalága. Juan chanced to get placed between two young ladies. Sila y nàùupò`. They are seated. Similarly from: ákap, alìs, bálot, díne, díto, dulàs, doòn, haràp, kublì, kulòng, lákad, lugmòk, padpàd, panhìk, sakày, sísid, tabì, tágo`, tayò`, tirà, tungtòng.

Abstract: Ang ikinátahol nang manga áso ay ang pagkádapá ni Hwàn. What made the dogs bark was Juan's falling on his face. Pagkásakay ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ng agàd. When Juan was on board the train, it soon started to move. So also: dulàs, kublì, lagày, panhìk, silìd, tabì, tayò`.

467. The passive forms an explicit plural in which -ang- is infixed into the nà-: Tibáyan mo ang manga itátayú mo ng kúbo sa búkid, sapagkàt baká iyo y mangágibà` kung lumakàs ang hángin. Prop up the huts you are going to build in the fields, for otherwise they might break down when the wind gets stronger. Mangàgìgibà` ang manga báhay na itò, sapagkàt hindí táma` ang pagkátayò`. These houses will break down, because they are not built right. So from: pangàw, sábog, talungkò`.

468. An irregular form is nàndon beside ná-roòn.

469. Accent shift is due to the root: Ang pagpapatahòl ni Hwàn sa kanya ng áso ay nakàtàtawà. Juan's making his dog bark is a funny sight. So álam, túloy.

Passive: Náabut nyà sa kanyà ng paglulundàg na may tánga ng pamálo` ang ilawàn, kanyà` itò y nabásag. In his climbing with the stick in hand, he accidentally reached the lamp, and so it got broken. Sya y nábulàg. He went blind. So: gísing, háyag, húli, lápit, láyo`, túloy.

Abstract: Ang pagkáhuli nang susò` ay malakè. The snail was left way behind. Ang pagkáabot nyà sa bóte ay hindi magálang. The way he reached for the bottle was not polite. So: álam, áyaw, gísing, lápit, úna.

470. From phrases: Ang paánan nang hìgáan ay nàbàbandà-ng-kataasàn, dátapwat dápat màbanda-ng-ibabà`. The foot of the bed is turned toward the north, but should be turned to the south (bandà ng ibabà`, bandà ng kataasàn).

From derived words: Passive: Nàtàtagílid ang bangkà`. The boat has a list to one side (ta-gílid, § 523).

(a) Passives from words with prefix ka- (§ 398) are frequent. Ang búkid ni Hwàn ay nàkàkarátig nang kay Pédro. Juan's field borders on Pedro's. Nàkasále nya sa kanya ng paglalarò` ang kanya ng pínsan. He took his cousin for playmate. Si Maryáno ay nàkatálo ni Hwàn. Mariano was Juan's opponent. Si Narsíso ang lági ng nàkàkatálo ni Pédro sa manga pagtatálo ng idinàdáos linggo-linggò sa kanila ng sàmáhan. Narcisso is always Pedro's opponent in the debates which they hold every Sunday at their club. Si Lúkas ang màkàkatálo ko. Lucas will be my opponent. nàkàkatúngo the person one happens to be dealing with. nàkaúsap be by chance able to be conversed with.

Underlying word non-existent: Nàkatúlog si Hwàn sa panunoòd nang teátro. Juan fell asleep while watching the play. Umulàn kagabì at lumamìg, kaniyà` ako nàkatúlog nang mahimbìng. Last night it rained and got cool; in consequence I fell sound asleep, got a sound sleep. Hindí ako màkatúlog. I couldn't get any sleep. Abstract: ang pagkàkatúlog.

(b) Explicit plural of the preceding: Nangàkàkatúlog sila ng lahàt, nang pumások sa báhay ang magnanákaw. They had all fallen asleep, when the thief came into the house. Pagpilítan ninyò ng hwag kayò ng mangàkatúlog sa inyo ng pagbabantày sa manga háyop at iba pà ng árì nang pàmahalaàn. See to it that you don't fall asleep when on guard over the animals and other property of the government. Ngayòn ay mangàkàkatúlog silà, dahilàn sa maláon nila ng pagpupuyàt gabi-gabì. Now they will be able to sleep, owing to their staying up late night after night.

471. Passive with pag- (cf. § 445): the reduplication affects the pag-. Hindí ko màpagáway ang tamìs at ang ásim nang limonáda ng itò. I cannot produce a balance of sweet and sour in this lemonade. Sa kalaúnan ay nàpagkilála ni Hwàn ang kanya ng kamàlían. Finally Juan saw where he was wrong. Hindí nya nàpagkúro` agàd kung anò ang gàgawin nyà. He was not able to decide at once what he was going to do. Nàpàpagkúrù mo bà ang lahàt nang sinábi ko sa iyò kahápon? Are you able to figure out all I said to you yesterday? Hindí ko màpagkúro kung anò ang íbig nya ng sabíhin. I simply couldn't make out what he was trying to say.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Áyon sa sábi nang marámi ay màpàpaghuli na ràw ang manga magnanákaw. According to what people say, the thieves will soon be caught.

472. Passive with pang-: Nàpanagínip niya ng nàkíta nya ang kanya ng amà. He dreamt he saw his father.

473. makà- D is used in prohibitions: Hwag kà ng makàláyas-láyas! Don't ever run away! So from tungtóng.

(a) with paki-: Hwag kà ng makàpakikáin-káin kung hindí ka inàanyáhan. Don't ever take a meal with people unless they invite you.

474. The instrumental passive is rare: badiyà, màilabàs, màipások, màitúro`.

475. Local passive with mà-.

Nàmàmasdan kò mulá sa banda ng itò nang bintána` ang báhay ni Áli ng Maryà. I get a view of Mistress Maria's house from this side of the window. Pagingátan mo ang iyo ng kwaltà sa bulsà pagluwàs mo sa Mayníla`, at nang hwag kà ng mànakáwan. Look carefully to the money in your purse when you go to Manila, so as not to get robbed. Nàpasúkan nya sa kwàrto ang magnanákaw. In entering the room he came upon the thief. Nàputúlan ku nang tahìd ang kátyaw. I managed to cut the game-cock's spur. Nàpùputúlan ko nà nang pálong ang kátyaw. I am succeeding in cutting off the game-cock's comb. Màpùputúlan daw nyà nang manga pálong ang manga kátyaw nya ng pangsábong. He will manage to cut off the combs of his pit game-cocks, he says. Nàsagasáan nang trèn ang isa ng táo. A man got run over by the train. Nàsakyan námin ang bangká ni Hwàn. We happened to get into Juan's canoe. Ang kamàtáya ng màtagpuàn nang isa ng magnanákaw ay lági ng hindí mabúte. The death a robber meets is usually not good. Baká mu màtamáan ang úlu nang báta`. See that you don't hit the child's head (and disfigure him).

Similarly: balíta`, bukàs, damdàm, datìng, gustò, intindì, kamìt, kulápol, ligtàs, málay, pígil, tanìm, túlog, tumpàk, túto, wisìk.

(a) With contraction of prefix and initial: màláman (álam).

(b) Accent shift lacking: nàmatáan (matà).

(c) Extra accent shift is due to the root: Kamuntí nang màtamaàn nang kanya ng pukòl ang báta`. He nearly hit the child with his throw. Baká mu màtamaàn ang báta`. See that you don't hit the child. So also: nàalamàn (álam).

476. Local passive with mà-pag-: Nàpaghìhinaláan nang kápitan ang mabaìt na si Hwàn. Even honest Juan falls under the mayor's suspicion. Nàpàpaghinaláan nilà si Kulàs sa pagkawalá nang aláhas. They are capable of suspecting Nicolás in connection with the disappearance of the jewelry. Màpàpaghinaláan ka ng kasabuwàt nang manga sundálo sa bundòk, kapag hindí ka tumahímik sa báhay. You will risk suspicion as having connection with the soldiers in the mountains, if you do not stay quietly in your house. Similarly: álam, bintàng.

(a) Extra accent shift (plural): mà-pag-alam-àn.

477. Local passive with mà-pang-; the only example lacks accent shift: nà-pang-aginàldo-han.

478. Local passive with mà- from underlying word with ka- (cf. § 398): nàkagalítan, màkatuwaàn.

(a) with pagka-, corresponding to an active with magka- (§ 405): màpagkalipumpunàn (lipumpòn).

479. Special static words with makà- are formed from numerals in the sense of so many times: makàánim six times; makálawà twice; makálimà five times; makásiyàm nine times. So: makáilàn several times.

From phrases, the higher numbers: makása-m-pù` ten times.

With irregularities: makáitlò, makáyitlò three times; makàápat, makàípat four times.

Reduplicated: makàlìlíbo a thousand times.

4. The prefix pa-.

480. The general sense of the prefix pa- is to denote something caused or ordered to undergo such and such an action. With accent pà- an increase of the action is expressed.

(1) Simple static forms.

481. The root with prefix pa- denotes an object or person ordered, caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action. The person caused to undergo may be the same as the person ordering or allowing.

Ang paakyàt ni Hwána na púno nang kakàw ay ang nása súlok nang bakúran. The cocoa-tree Juana ordered climbed is the one in the corner of the yard. Ang panyo ng itò ay paalaála sa ákin niy Áli ng Maryà sa anàk nya ng dalága. This handkerchief is a souvenir to me from Aunt Maria which she sent by her daughter. Inihandá nang ámi ng kaséra ang atsára ng papáya úpang siya námi ng magìng paáyap. Our landlady served some pickled papaws for us to use as condiment. Pabalìk ni Hwàn ang lìbru ng itò. Juan sends this book back. Itò ang paháti` sa ákin ni Pédro. This is what Pedro ordered me to deal out. Ang manga tubò ng itò ay papútol sa ákin ni Pédro. Pedro ordered me to cut this sugar-cane. Ang táo ng itò ang pasakày ni Hwàn sa karumáta ko. This is the man whom Juan asked me to take into my carriage. Ang binása ni Hwà ng kautusàn ay patáwag nang kúra. The ordinance Juan read was given out for proclamation by the priest. Ang báhay na ytò y patayó ni Hwàn. Juan had this house built. Patípon ni Hwàn sa ákin ang manga nyòg na itò. Juan ordered me to gather up these cocoanuts. Ang pauwé ni Hwàn sa kanya ng inà ay isa ng maínam na singsìng. What Juan sent home to his mother was a beautiful ring.

As conjunctive attribute the word with pa- may express manner: ang daà ng pabalìk sa Balíwag the road back to Baliuag. Papások sya ng lumàlákad sa gitná nang báhay. He was going farther in toward the inside of the house. Pasakày sya ng lumuksò sa kabáyo. He jumped on the horse as if mounting to ride. Nang mahúlug ang báta` sa káhoy, ay paupó sya ng lumagpàk sa lúpa`. When the boy fell from the tree, he landed on the ground in a sitting position. Pauròng sya ng lumákad. He went backwards.

With movements pa-, reflexive, is often weakened to a mere indication of direction: Paakyàt sa púnù nang káhoy ang unggò` nang sya y abútan nang lóbo. The monkey was just climbing the tree, when he was overtaken by the wolf. Pabalìk si Hwàn. Juan is going back. Patúngo si Hwàn sa báya-ng-Balíwag. Juan was headed for the town of Baliuag.

Similarly: álam, biglà`, bulòng, gawà`, hárang, kálat, lági`, lalà`, puntà, sigàw, tágo`, takbò, talungkò`, tayò`, túloy.

(a) From a derived word: paitaàs (itaàs, § 373).

(b) The peculiar meaning is weakened in some words: ang paága a kind of rice which matures early, ang pakinábang profit, advantage, ang palabàs a theatrical performance, ang palígo` a bath, ang pamagàt an appellation, a nickname. So from: bangò`, bása, bayò, bigàt, daàn, dúsa, háyag, hintúlot, lákad, lígid, lúgit, sákit, talìm.

(c) With retraction of accent and contraction: páno (anò).

(d) Irregular: Ang pagkáparoon kò sa bèsbol ay paubáya` nang áki ng gurò`. My going to the baseball game was by permission of my teacher (báya`).

482. pa- (1) is made from barytone roots when they express manner, or, more especially, direction: Ang bangkà` ay hindí paayòn sa ílog. The boat is not headed with the stream. Pahagìs nya ng iniyabòt sa ákin ang aklàt. He handed me the book by tossing it. Iníwan nya ng paharàng sa daàn ang karitòn. He left the wagon blocking the road. Paharàng nya ng inihágis sa ílog ang púno-ng-ságing. He threw the banana tree crosswise into the river. Ang paglakè nang lámat nang pinggàn ay pahatè`. The increase in the crack of the dish is going towards halving it. Ang búnga ng itò y pahatè` kung mapiráso pagkahinòg. This fruit goes into halves when it breaks on ripening. Similarly: líhim, pútol.

(a) The accent shift is due to the root and the value of the formation is as in § 481, in: Ang paabòt mo ng súlat ay tinanggàp ko. I have received the letter you sent to me. Si Hwàn ay isa ng báta ng pabayà`. Juan is a neglectful boy.

(b) The accent shift is like that of a root word in: Paligú na ang manga báta`. The children are bathed now (pa-lígo`).

483. pa- r, as explicit plural: see ábot.

484. pa- D. The action is repeated at short intervals; the reflexive value is frequent. Sya y lumàlákad na pahintò-hintò`. He goes on, stopping every little while. Pamalí-malì` ang kanya ng pagbílang. His count contains repeated errors. Alam nyà ang manga pasíkot-síkot sa báya-ng-Balíwag. He knows all the ins and outs of the district of Baliuag. So from: iyàk, lígid, mínsan, pasiyàl, túlog.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Patúlog-túlog at pagisìng-gisìng siyà. He sleeps and wakes by fits and starts. Patawà-tawà at paiyàk-iyàk siyà. She giggles at one moment and weeps the next.

485. pa-pa- has durative-iterative meaning: Papaalìs sya nang akò y dumatìng. He was just going away when I arrived. Papauròng sya ng lumàlákad. He was going backwards. So from labàs.

(a) papáno (anò) seems equivalent to páno (§ 481,c).

486. As appears in the example of paligò` above (§ 482,b), the forms with pa- are apparently capable of all the modifications that are found in simple roots: Thus:

(a) with prefix pang- (§ 347): Pangpakáin sa báta` ang gátas na itò. This milk is for the children's food. Pangpakáin sa panaúhin ang pinatay kò ng túpa. The sheep I have slaughtered is for serving to the guests. Pangpatukà sa manòk ang pálay na itò. These rice-grains are to be given to the chickens to pick (tukà` the beak of a fowl). So from: dikìt, lígo`.

(b) with ka- R (§ 400): Kapàpapútol ko pa lámang nang manga káhoy na itò. I have just had this firewood cut.

(c) with ka-pag- R (§ 400,a): Kapagpàpapútol ko lámang nang siìt kay Hwàn. I have just ordered Juan to cut up the bamboo spines.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static words.

487. The root with pa- is sometimes used as a transient contingent punctual, with the value of a reflexive passive; more commonly the form with ma-pa- (§ 506) fulfils this function. There are three types: