Chapter VIII: Preface (7)

102. (A) A definite object predicate consists simply of a word or phrase in the object construction (§ 61 ff.); it has therefore the same structure as a subject. Usually this predicate precedes and is emphatic (emotionally dominant): Itò ang áki ng tìráhan. This is (predicate) my dwelling (subject), i. e. Why, it's here I'm at home!

103. The definite object predicate is especially emphatic in sentences that have as subject a transient word (with or without modifiers) in object construction: Si Hwàn ang nagnákaw. It was Juan who did the stealing. Siya rìn ang kanya ng inìíbig. It was he whom she loved. Both nagnákaw and inìíbig are transient.

104. When an emphatic actor cannot be used as subject of a transient predicate (owing to the presence of other definite object ideas, § 94), it is often used as the predicate in this construction,--the transient part of the sentence being put into object construction and used as subject. Thus, if, in the sentence: Itò y ginawá ni Hwàn. This (subject) was-done (direct passive) by Juan, the idea of "Juan", the actor, should become dominant, one would not use the active transient predicate ("Si Hwàn ay gumawá nitò"), for the idea of "this" is too definite to allow of the actor's functioning as subject; one says instead: Si Hwàn ang gumawá nitò. It was Juan who did this, with "Juan" as definite object predicate and the rest of the sentence, objectivized, as subject. So: Siyà ang nagbigày sa ákin nang aklàt. It was he that gave me the (or a) book, books. (cf. § 93). Ikaw ngà` ang nagsábi niyàn. It was you yourself who said that.

105. Less commonly the subject precedes the predicate. In this case the construction is quite normal and unemphatic; if there is a transient element it usually stands in the predicate: Itò y ang áki ng tìráhan. This (subject) is my dwelling. Si Hwàn ay ang nagnákaw. Juan is the one who did the stealing.

106. (B) In the circumlocutory definite object predicate the central element is the pronoun siyà (in this use never enclitic), which is followed by modifiers which express the real content of the predicate. In this use siyà may apply to inanimate objects and to two or more objects (§ 63). The subject, which has always a moderate degree of emphasis, usually precedes: Itò ay sya kò ng tìráhan. This is what is my home, i. e. This is where I live. In most cases the real content of the predicate is a transient word (with or without modifiers): Si Pédro ay sya ng tumútuktòk. Pedro is the one (siyà) who is knocking. (Less emphatic than the violently transposed Si Pédro ang tumútuktòk. It's Pedro who is knocking, of type A). Ang pagkátahol nang áso ay syà ng ikinágising nang báta`. The barking of the dog is what woke up the child. Ang manga pangparikìt ay sya kò ng pinamutúlan. The kindlings are what I have cut up. Occasionally the predicate precedes: Baká sya ng ikapútol nang pinggà ang kabigatàn nang buhángin. Perhaps that which may break the carrying-pole (predicate) the weight of the sand (subject), i. e. See that the weight of the sand doesn't break the carrying-pole.

107. This construction, like that of type (A), is often used when a transient predicate is not permissible with an actor-subject; here, however, the sentence is not, as in (A), reversed, but the actor is used as subject and the rest of the sentence as true content of the circumlocutory predicate: Si Hwàn ay syà ng gumawá nito. Juan is the one who did this. Si Pédro ay syà ng nagbigày sa ákin nang aklàt. Pedro is the person who gave me the book.

108. A predicate of this type may, in its entirety and as a unit, be objectivized with ang and used as subject of a sentence of type (A): Ang médiko lámang ay sya nyà ng màkàkatálo. The doctor alone will be the one to oppose him (literally: he by-him who will-be-opposed, direct passive): Ang médiko lámang ang sya nyà ng màkàkatálo. It is the doctor alone who will be the one to oppose him. Ang bintána ng iyàn ang syà ng kahùhulúgan nang báta`! It's that window that will be the place where the child will fall out!

109. (C) The indefinite object predicate has the structure of an object expression, but lacks ang (§ 68). In meaning it corresponds, roughly, to an English noun-predicate without the: Itò y librò. This (subject) is a book (predicate). Yo y súnog. That's a fire. Itò y mabúti ng librò. This is a good book. Si Hwàn ay isa ng magnanákaw. Juan is a thief. Masípag na táo itò. Industrious people (predicate) these (subject), i. e. These are industrious people.

110. As indefinite object predicates occur especially the expressions of indefinite quantity (§ 69). In this use they have possessive value: Sya y máy famílya. He has a family. May ápat na pu ng paà ang hába`. Having forty feet (predicate) the length (subject), i. e. The length is about forty feet. Sya y máy-roo ng aklàt. He has a book, books. Sya y wala ng aklàt. He has no book, no books. Sya y marámi ng salapè`. He has much money. Hindí maláo ng panahòn ang kanya ng paghihimatày. Her fainting-spell did not last long. Itò y malakì ng kagamitàn. This has great use, is much used.

It is to be noted that all the modifiers of indefinite quantity, except máy, which is pretonic, are orthotonic and therefore followed by an enclitic subject (§ 89): Máy-roon sya ng aklàt. He has no book. But: May dalawà sya ng anàk. He has two children.

d. Subordinate predications.

111. An entire predication may be used as subject, predicate, or attribute in a longer sentence. The use of such subordinate predications is, however, limited (as opposed, e. g., to English usage) by the habit of freely using transient words (with their modifiers) as attributes: ang súpot nang kwaltà na kanila ng ibinigày pagdáka sa kanila ng magúlang the bag of money by-them given at once to their parents, i. e. ... which they gave.... It is limited, further, by the freedom of omitting anaphoric elements (§ 87): Ang púno` ay tumúbo hanggàng sa magbúnga. The tree grew until (sc. it, subject) bore fruit.

112. Predications as predicates occur very frequently. Ang ginawá nya ay umalìs sya. That done by-him (subject) was went-away he (predication, as predicate), i. e. What he did was, he went away. Ang mabúti ay itápun nilà ang manga báta`. The best thing (to do) was that they should abandon the children. Ang ísip ko y balat lámang nang itlòg itò. My thought was (i. e. I thought) this was only an egg-shell.

113. Especially common is a whole predication as a predicate describing or characterizing the subject: Ang kúba ay mahína` ang katawàn. The hunchback was: weak was his body, i. e. was weak of body. Ang ikapitu ng báta` ay hindí kináin ang kanya ng tinápay. The seventh child was: not was-eaten his bread, i. e. did not eat his bread. Ang isa nyà ng anàk ay pitò nà ng taòn ang gúlang. His one child was now seven years of age. This construction, together with the use of impersonal expressions (§ 84) makes possible such a sentence as: Ang manga karitòn ... ay gabì kung ipalákad. The wagons ... were: it-was-night when (sc. they, anaphoric subject) were-made-to-go, i. e. The wagons were driven at night.

114. Direct quotations as predicates are frequent: "Isà!" ang sábi nang bulàg. "One!" was what the blindman said. "Túnay bagà ng akò y inìíbig mo?" ang tanòng nang dalága ni Andrès sa kanyà. "Is it really true that you love me?" was the question of Andrés' young lady to him.

115. A predication as subject is rare: Mabúti táyo y dumoòn sa isa ng lugàr.... It is best (predicate) that we go to a place.... Hindí bihíra` ang manga táo y nanghùhúle nang buhày na unggò`. It is not rare that people go catching live monkeys. It will be noted that these predications are not objectivized, cf. § 88.

116. Occasionally, however, the predication used as subject is objectivized: Hindí bihíra` ang magkalunòd ang manga táo. It is not rare that people get drowned, or The occurrence that people get drowned is not rare. Súkat nà ang ikàw ay magpasalámat. It is fitting now that you be thankful.

117. For predications as attributes see the section on attribution.

e. Omission of predicate.

118. The use of a predicate, or of the central element of a predicate is (like that of any other element, § 87) optional when, if used, it would be anaphoric: (Si Hwàn namàn ay sumagòt: "Matàr!" at sa hulè) si Andrès ang kanya ng "Sì!" (Then Juan answered "Matar!" and last) Andrés his "Si!" The form of the sentence with the predicate (which is anaphoric from the preceding sumagòt answered) would be: ... si Andrès ay isinagòt ang kanya ng "Sì!" ... Andrés was: was-answered his "Si!", i. e. Andrés answered his "Si!",--a sentence of the kind described in § 113.

3. Attributes.

119. We may distinguish four constructions in which an attribute may stand: 1. Conjunctive attribution: the attribute is joined by means of the particle na or ng: isa ng táo a person, one person; 2. Disjunctive attribution: the attribute, which is always an object expression, stands in a special disjunctive form, ang, for instance, being changed to nang: ang púno nang unggò` the tree of the monkey; 3. Local attribution: the attribute, which is always an object expression, stands in a special local form, ang, for instance, being always changed to sa: nalìlígo sa ílog bathing in the river; 4. Absolute attribution: the attribute merely precedes or follows: hindí táma` not correct.

In a sense the last three constructions, which do not employ the particle na, ng, stand opposed to the first, which does. Constructions 2 and 3 make it possible to speak, in a very wide sense, of three "cases" in which an object expression may stand: "subjective" ang ílog the river, "disjunctive" nang ílog of the river, and "local" sa ílog in the river; but it is to be observed that these "cases" are not confined to any class of words, but appear in any word or phrase when it stands in the object construction. [7]

120. In position attributes may be:

A. Loosely joined. In this position occur only attributes of a predicate (or of an entire non-predicative sentence). Their treatment resembles that of a non-enclitic subject (§ 89): they either precede the rest of the sentence with ay, y, or follow at the end of the sentence: Doòn ay syà y nahigà`. There (doòn, loosely joined) he lay down. Nahánap ko nà ang sombréro sa lahàt nang súlok. I have looked for the hat in every corner. The phrase beginning with sa is loosely joined; it follows all the rest of the sentence, including even the subject, ang sombréro.

In the placing of enclitics a loosely joined attribute is ignored: Pagulàn ay gamítin mo ang kapóte. When it rains use your rain-coat. The enclitic mò follows the first orthotonic word of the predicate (which it modifies), not counting the loosely joined pagulàn.

When a loosely joined attribute precedes, the ay, y is in some cases left off: Dahil díto tináwag nya ang kaybígan nya. Therefore he called his friend. The position of the enclitic niyà shows that dahil díto is loosely joined, but ay, y is not used.

Occasionally a loosely joined attribute is preceded by the subject and only one ay, y is used: Karanyúwa y ang kosinéro y upahàn. Usually (loosely joined) the cook is hired; but also: Ang kosinéro karanyúwa y upahàn.

B. Closely joined. The attribute immediately precedes or follows that modified: hindí táma` not correct; ang púno nang unggò` the tree of the monkey.

C. Enclitic. They follow immediately on the first word of the expression modified, counting closely joined attributes, but not loosely joined: Hindí ko nàlàláman. Not by-me (it) is-known, i. e. I don't know. ang mahahába nya ng paà his (niyà enclitic) long legs.

121. Some attributes always precede (so e. g. hindì`, § 239); others always follow (so, for instance, disjunctive attributes, § 171).

a. Conjunctive attributes.

122. A conjunctive attribute is connected with the word or phrase which it modifies by the atonic particle na. Normally ng takes the place of na after a vowel, n, or the glottal stop (see Phonetics): mabúti ng aklàt good book, or: aklàt na mabúti.

However, na and ng are not exactly equivalent. Predications, longer phrases, and, frequently, transient expressions are joined with na even where ng is possible: isa ng malakì ng higànte na nalìlígo` a big giant who was bathing.

On the other hand, some constructions use na rarely or not at all: where ng cannot be used the particle is then omitted and we have absolute attribution. These constructions will be described under the latter heading.

In the formation of compound words (see Morphology) na is never used, while ng is a regular element. This latter circumstance sometimes makes it difficult to determine whether a given expression is a conjunctive phrase or a compound word.

123. Conjunctive attributes are closely joined and either precede or follow; for this reason it is sometimes undetermined which of the elements connected is the attribute, which the element modified.

124. The elements connected by conjunctive attribution are viewed as constituting a single larger element. Conjunctive attribution is the normal and general relation between modifier and modified and includes relations that in many other languages (such as English) are viewed in manifold ways. We may divide the construction roughly into three types, although these actually merge into each other: (1) quality, (2) manner, and (3) complement.

Not included in this division are the cases where conjunctive attribution alternates with absolute (§ 122), which will be treated of under the latter heading, and a type which in meaning is so closely parallel with disjunctive attribution that it will be more economical to treat it under this head (§§ 165.168).

(1) Conjunctive attributes of quality.

125. Conjunctive attributes of the quality type are used chiefly in object expressions. They have no fixed order: ang mabúti ng aklàt the (a) good book, or: ang aklàt na mabúti. ang sumùsúlat na báta` the writing child, the child that is writing, or: ang báta ng sumùsúlat.

126. When they precede a personal name the whole expression is preceded by ang, but when they follow si suffices: ang báta ng si Hwàn the child Juan, little Juan, si Hwà ng Talúnan Juan who is always defeated (as a nickname).

127. Conjunctive attributes of quality tend to precede when they are emphatic or in contrast; when fixed they tend to follow: Ang marúnong na pagòng at ang ulòl na unggò`. The clever turtle and the foolish monkey. Si Hwà ng Pípe ay nàkíta námin sa tulày. We saw Dumb Juan on the bridge. ang báo ng babáye the lower half of the cocoanut shell, ang báo ng malambòt the soft shell of the cocoanut, ang wíka ng Kastíla` the Spanish language. Especially those expressing material tend to follow: ang báhay na batò a stone house, ang koróna ng tinìk a crown of thorns, ang atsára ng papáya papaw salad, pickled papaw, ang tinóla ng manòk chicken stew, ang sáko ng pálay a sack of rice. A modifier expressing the special kind always follows: ang sála ng pagnanákaw the crime which is (i. e. of) theft, ang bísyo ng paginòm the vice of drinking, ang larò ng taguàn the game which consists of hiding, the game of hide-and-seek, kanína ng umága a little while ago in the morning, i. e. this morning, ilà ng óras na pagsasàlitáan a few hours of conversation, ang bandà ng kataasàn (or: itaàs) the direction (which is) north, i. e. the north; so: ang bandà ng kababáan (or: ibabà`) the south, silángan (or: sìlangánan) the east, kalunúran the west, ang gawì ng kánan the right-hand side, kaliwà` the left.

128. Titles and the like precede: ang báo ng si Maryà the widow Maria.

129. The personal pronouns precede their conjunctive attributes: sila ng tatlò they three, Si Pédro ay syà ng tumútuktòk. Pedro is the one who is knocking (§ 106 ff.).

130. The demonstrative pronouns as conjunctive attributes usually follow: ang táo ng itò this person, this man, ang tatlò ng itò these three, Ang korbáta ng irè ay bágo. This necktie is new.

Occasionally, however, they precede, especially with a longer expression. In this case ang is not used (§ 64, end): ito ng súpot ko nang kwàlta this bag of money of mine; iyo ng úna ng kumalabòg that first thing which made a thud; Itò ng báhay ang binili kò. This house is what I bought, It's this house I've bought, This is the house I've bought (§ 102 ff.).

Under emphasis the demonstrative pronoun may both precede and follow: ito ng táo ng itò this man here, iyo ng táo ng yaòn that man over there.

131. The interrogative pronouns precede; ang is not used (§ 65). See also kaníno, § 168. The meanings of the interrogative pronouns as conjunctive attributes are:

síno which? (of several known people): sínu ng táo? which one? which ones?

alìn which? (of several known things): alì ng lugàr which place, which places? alì ng bandà? which way? (e. g. at a cross-roads) alì ng manga búnga? which fruits? which ones of the fruits?

anò what? what kind of? (of persons or things not known), also, in exclamations, what...! what great...! Anu ng ílog itò? What river is this? ano ng bandà? what direction? which way? (of all possible points of the compass) anu ng táo what sort of a person? what sort of people? who? Ano ng hína`! What weakness!

132. The numerative pronouns mostly precede, and the use of ang is optional (§ 66, end); ibà other, however, requires ang when, as conjunctive attribute, it begins an object phrase. Of the others, karamíhan most and the particle báwat every are not used in this construction, and lahàt all occurs only as modifier of the personal pronouns, which (by § 129) precede. The particle bála any, on the other hand, occurs only as conjunctive attribute: ang iba ng báhay the other house, another house, sila ng lahàt they all, all of them, bála ng táo any person, anyone, ang bála ng táo any one (of a given group), boò ng báyan all the town, everybody in town, ang boò ng báyan the entire town, everybody in the town, ilà ng táo ng matalíno a few intelligent men, ang ilà ng sandalè` a few moments.

133. The cardinal numerals usually precede; ang is optional (§ 67): isa ng itlòg one egg, an egg; ang isa ng itlòg the one egg.

134. The tens, hundreds, etc. of the cardinal numerals are always modified by isà one or a higher unit. The phrase so formed precedes that counted. The higher numerals are: pù` ten, daàn, raàn hundred, líbo thousand, laksà` million, yúta` billion: isa ng pù ng táo, sà m pu ng táo ten men, ápat na raà ng báhay four-hundred houses.

135. The teens are expressed by labì preceding the simple numerals as conjunctive modifier: labì ng isà ng aklàt eleven books, labì ng tatlò ng áraw thirteen days.

136. The Spanish numerals, however, (used in dates, § 67) follow: ang taò ng míle-nobisyèntos-dòs the year 1902.

137. saríle self (see § 175) is used as a conjunctive attribute in the sense of own: Walá sya ng saríli ng baìt. He has no self-respect (literally: own respect).

138. Of the modifiers that form expressions of indefinite quantity all except máy precede as conjunctive attributes; for examples see § 69 f. In object expressions maláon, malakì and marámi do not differ from normal conjunctive attributes; examples in § 70.

139. Expressions of indefinite quantity as units may stand in conjunctive attribution. They then have possessive value: ang háre ng may súngay the king who had horns; ang kapútol na wala ng dáhon the part without leaves.

140. Conjunctive attribution includes many cases which in English would be envisaged rather as appositions of two objects: ang báta ng si Hwàn the boy Juan, si Hwà ng Bíbas Juan the Jester, Sya y may tánga ng pamálo`. He has hold of a stick. Tángan that grasped, thing grasped is conjunctive attribute of pamálo` club, stick. ang magának na sina Bantòg the Bantog family, tatlò ng magkakayibíga ng estudyànte ng magkababáyan three friends (ng) students (ng) fellow-townsmen, i. e. three student friends from the same town; ang tatlú ng magkakaybíga ng si Pédro, si Hwàn, at si Andrès the three friends, Pedro, Juan, and Andrés; ang salità ng "bámos" the word "vamos".

141. When a longer expression is used as a conjunctive attribute of quality, it usually follows, and na is often preferred to ng: ang parúsa na hindí mo gustò the punishment not by-you liked, i. e. the punishment you don't like; isà ng usà ng nangìngináin sa gúbat a deer grazing in the jungle; ang isà (sa manga kaybígan nilà) na sya ng magíging hukòm one (of their friends) who will be judge; cf. the predicates described in § 106. ang manga kúra na sya ng manga maliliìt na háre` the priests (who are) those (who are) little kings, i. e. the priests, those veritable little kings.

142. An object expression is frequently followed by an entire predication of the type described in § 113, as conjunctive attribute: Ang tagahúle ay isa ng táo ng ang katungkúlan ay humúle nang ano màn o síno màn. A catcher is a person (whose) duty is to catch anything or anyone. ang manga púno-ng-káhoy na masasaràp ang búnga trees (whose) fruits are tasty; isa ng táo ng malakì ang kapangyaríhan a person (whose) power is great.

(2) Conjunctive attributes of manner.

143. Conjunctive attributes of manner precede or follow. When they precede a predicate they stand as the first orthotonic word and are immediately followed by enclitics (such as an enclitic subject pronoun, § 89), after which comes the na or ng, and then the central element of the predicate: Syà y mabúte ng tumugtòg. She plays (music) well. This example illustrates the identity of conjunctive attributes of manner and of quality, for mabúte ng tumugtòg may be looked upon indifferently as a transient predicate (§ 92) with mabúte well as attribute of manner, or as an indefinite object predicate (§ 109) a good player, in which mabúte good is an attribute of quality. Other forms of the same sentence are: Mabúti sya ng tumugtòg. (siyà enclitic), Syà y tumugtòg na mabúti. So further: Isípin mo ng mabúti. Consider it well. Literally: Be-considered by-you (mò enclitic) well. Iyòn ay tùtúbo na mabúti. It will grow well. Silà y magkakasáma ng nagsipamarìl. They as-companions (i. e. in company, together) went hunting. Or: They were companion (quality) hunters. Madalí sya ng tumakbò. Quickly he ran. Talagà ng mahigpìt ang tapòn nang bóte ng iyàn. The stopper of that bottle is certainly tight. Mahigpìt tight, as central element of the predicate, is modified by talagà fated, by fate, by nature, certainly. Putikà ng dumatìng si Salamìn sa báhay. "Mirror" (as name of a dog) came home all muddy. Or: ... was a muddy comer. Paputòl nya ng tinagà` ang bisìg ni Hwàn. He cut Juan's arm transversely. Kinalaykay kò ng patipòn ang manga sangà ng maliliìt nang káhoy. I raked into-a-heap the twigs of-the trees.

144. A phrase of more than one word usually follows that modified; frequently na is used instead of ng: Nádala nyà na hindí sinásadyà` sa kanya ng pagalìs ang áki ng páyong. Was-taken by-him not intendedly in his departing my umbrella, i. e. In leaving he inadvertently took my umbrella.

145. The numerative pronoun lahàt is used as a conjunctive attribute of manner in the sense of entirely, completely. It follows that modified: Ang manga lalagyàn ay pùnúa ng lahàt. The containers are entirely full.

146. Expressions of indefinite quantity as conjunctive attributes of manner follow: Ang manga táo ay nagtakbúha ng walà ng túto. The people all ran without order, in disorder.

147. The particles lubhà` very and lálo` more usually precede: Lubhà ng malakì ang gálit ni Pédro. Pedro's wrath was very great. Lálu ng lumakì ang kanya ng gálit. His wrath grew still greater.

148. The particle mulí` again follows: Tátakbo sya ng mulì`. He will run again. Ang kamakalawà ay hindí na dárating na mulè`. The day before yesterday will never come again.

149. A conjunctive attribute of manner may express the time throughout which: Syà y nanggupìt at nangáhit na maláo ng panahòn. He did hair-cutting and shaving for a long time. Silà y nagtítira na tatlu ng áraw. They stay three days. May ila ng bwà ng ang manga útos ay mahihigpìt. For several months (literally: having several months, § 69, end) the orders were strict.

150. A word repeated as its own conjunctive attribute of manner expresses a high degree (intensity): Sya y bingì. He is deaf. Sya y bingì ng bingì. He is stone deaf. Inìt si Pédro. Pedro is hot, is angry. Inìt na inìt si Pédro. Pedro is in a rage. líhim na líhim very secretly, malakì ng malakì very large.

(3) Conjunctive attributes as complements.

151. The general sphere of conjunctive attribution includes cases where one element involves another as result or content. The latter follows and is in many instances plainly viewed as the attribute. In some instances, however, the former may just as well be looked upon as a modifier, usually of quality, sometimes also of manner. The transition from these latter types to that of the complement appears, indeed, in all possible stages, and no real boundary can be drawn. Sya y mabúti ng tumugtòg (nang piyáno). She is a good player (of the piano), or She plays (the piano) well,--see § 143--can be analyzed also: She is good that (she, anaphoric subject omitted, § 87) plays the piano; and in some instances this last analysis is the only possible one.

Other examples illustrating the merging of the three types we have set up are the following: Malápit na siya ng makatápos nang karéra. He was already near that (he) end his course, i. e. near ending his course, almost through his course; or: a near ender, cf. isa ng báya ng malápit a near-by town. Ang pagmamarúnong ni Hwàn ay ginágawa ng katatawanàn nang manga nakàkàkilála sa kanyà. Juan's pretending to be wise is made fun of by those who know him, literally: ... is-being-made (ginágawà`) that (it) is a laughing-stock, or else: ... a being-made laughing-stock. Cf. ang gawì ng húkay the to-be-made ditch, i. e. the ditch that is to be made, where only the quality interpretation is possible. Magtúlin ka ng lumákad. Walk faster. This can be interpreted as Be a fast walker, or Walk faster, or Be-quick that (you) walk; and this last interpretation comes nearest to the original in so far as magtúlin is an active transient form used in commands rather than an expression suited to an idea of quality or of manner. Sya y nagdàdahilà ng may sakìt. He alleges that (he) is sick. Ang pagsakày sa kabáyo ay hindí magaà ng pagarálan. Riding horseback is not easy that (it) be-learned, i. e. not easy to learn, or: not an easy thing-to-be-learned. ang pinakamahúsay na magsalità` nang Latìn the best that (he) should speak Latin, or: the best speaker of Latin; Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk na sekréta. Don't go as a spy (or to be a spy), Juan. Ginawá nya si Hwàn na barbéro nang háre`. Was-made by-him Juan that (he) be barber of-the king, i. e. He made Juan barber royal. Si Hwàn ay pinamàmagatàn nang marámi na isa ng doktò. Juan is reputed by the people that (he) is (i. e. as) a learned man.

152. The simplest cases are those where both of the expressions connected by na, ng refer to the same person or thing, as in the above examples. The following are less doubtful cases of complement construction of this kind: Nagpùpumílit sya ng màtúto. He strives to get educated. Si Hwàn at si Maryà ay nagkásundo ng pakasàl. Juan and Maria have agreed that they (i. e. to) get married. Inanyáhan silà ni Hwàn na magpasyàl. They were invited by Juan that they (i. e. to) go walking. Maári mo ngà ng ihúlug sa koréyo ang áki ng súlat? Can you please mail my letter? Literally: maári ... ng ihúlug a possible thing-to-be thrown or capable that (it) be thrown. Naàári akò ng malígo makálawa maghápon. I am able that (I) bathe (i. e. to bathe) twice a day. Pinabayáan niya kamì ng umalìs. We were permitted by him to depart. Hinantày nya ng matápus ang mísa. The mass was-awaited by-him that it end, i. e. He waited until the mass was ended. Anò ang gustu mu ng sabíhin? What is desired by-you that (it) be-said? i. e. What do you mean to say? Hindí ko gustò ng màkatálo si Hwàn. Not by-me desired that (he) be-opposed is Juan, i. e. I don't want Juan to be my opponent.

153. Clear cases of the complement construction are those in which the two elements connected refer to different persons or things: Nagyayá sya ng umuwè`. He advised that (they, anaphoric) go home. (34, 12.) Ang pagkámasìd nya sa lángit ay syà ng nagpakilála sa kanyà na úulàn. His glance at the sky was what showed him that (it, see § 84) was going to rain.

154. When the former of the two elements is an object expression (or similar element) the complement construction is evident: ang kaibigà ng màtúto the desire that (he) get educated, i. e. the desire to get an education. ang pagkágusto nyà na kumáin nang nyòg his desire that (he) should-eat cocoanuts, i. e. to eat.... Anu ng tagàl nya ng sumísid! What endurance of-him that (he) stay under water! i. e. How long he stays under water! Ano ng hína mo ng lumákad! What slowness of-you that (you) walk! i. e. How slowly you walk! Ang tagasulsè ay isa ng babáye ng may katungkúla ng manahì` o manulsè nang manga púnit nang damìt. A darning-woman is a woman having the duty that (she) patch or mend the small holes in clothing, i. e. ... whose duty is to....

155. A further sign that the speech-feeling envisages the complement construction as different from the constructions of quality or manner appears when enclitics follow the first word of the complement (i. e. of the second of the connected elements) rather than the first word of the sentence: this shows that the complement is viewed as a relatively independent element within the sentence: Maári ngà ng ihúlug mo sa koréyo ang áki ng súlat? Should-be-capable that (it) be-thrown by-you into the mail (predicate) my letter (subject)? i. e. Can you please mail my letter? Cf. under § 152 above.

156. Very frequently the complement is an entire predication: ang panukála` na ang púno` ay tùtúbo` the thought that the tree will grow; pagkátanaw nyà na dumárating ang susò` (at the) seeing by-him i. e. when he sees that the snail is arriving; ang áraw na kayò ay dápat magsipagsísi the day that (i. e. when) you ought to repent; Nagkàkapálad ang manùnúbok na màkíta nya ang kúlam. The spier has the good fortune that be-seen by-him the magic principle, i. e. ... to see....

157. A predication as complement is often parallel with a disjunctive object modifier, i. e. with an object expression used as direct, instrumental, or local object (§ 184 ff.): Sya y nagsábi ng sya y marúnong gumupìt nang buhòk. He said that he knew how to cut hair. Ang bulàg ay nagakála ng gawì ng katatawanàn ang pagkahúlog nang kúba`. The blindman thought that the falling of the hunchback should be made (sc. niyà by-him, anaphoric) that (it) be a laughing-stock, i. e. decided to make fun of the falling ...; that which one says or thinks, with sábi and akála`, is also expressed as a direct object.

158. Similarly, predications as complements are, in impersonal constructions, parallel with a subject: Sinábi nya ng sya y marúnong gumupìt nang buhòk. Was-said by-him that he was able to cut hair, i. e. He said he knew how to cut hair. Hindí bihíra` na ang isa ng táo y pamagatà ng médiko-ng-mangkukúlam. It is not rare that a man is reputed as a witch-doctor. Cf. the example of predication as subject in § 116. Hinilìng nya sa unggò` na dikdikìn sya sa lusòng. It was begged by him of the monkey that he be brayed in the mortar, i. e. He begged the monkey to bray him in the mortar. Pinabayáan niya na kamì y umalìs. It was allowed by him that we depart, i. e. He allowed us to depart, a less usual form than that in § 152. Totoo ngá na akò y naparoòn sa Balíwag. It is true that I went to Baliwag. Maàári pú ba ng kayò y maghintò`? Will it be possible please that you should stop? i. e. Can you please stop? Inísip nya ng magnákaw sa isa ng tindáhan. It was planned by him that (he) rob a shop, i. e. He planned to.... Iniyútus nya ng humúkay. It was ordered by him that (one, see § 86) should dig, i. e. He ordered people to dig. Hindí mo gustò ng màhúle ka. Not by-you it-is-desired that you be-caught, i. e. You don't want to be caught.

159. A direct quotation may have the same construction as a predication: Sinábi nya ng "Bámos!" It-was-said by-him, namely "Vamos!" i. e. He said "Vamos!"

b. Disjunctive attributes.

160. Only object expressions are used as disjunctive attributes, and all object expressions have a special form for this use.

161. Those beginning with ang substitute for this particle the atonic particle nang: ang púno nang unggò` the tree of the monkey, ang laruwàn nang báta ng si Hwàn the toy of the boy Juan; little Juan's toy, toys.

162. Those beginning with si (§§ 59. 126) substitute for this the atonic particle ni; those beginning with sinà (or silà, § 60) substitute nilà (or ninà), pretonic: ang amà ni Hwàn Juan's father, ang báhay nila Hwàn the house of Juan and his family.

163. The personal pronouns as disjunctive attributes take the following forms: kò my, nità of us two, nátin our (inclusive), námin our (exclusive); mò thy, niniyò, ninyò your; niyà, nyà his, her, nilà their.

The monosyllabic forms kò and mò are always enclitic, the others usually: Hindí ko nàlàláman. I don't know, literally: Not by-me (it) is-known. ang báhay nya his, her house, ang mahahába nya ng paà his long legs, ang hindí karanyúwa ng talíno nyà his unusual talents (niyà not enclitic).

164. When these enclitics meet an enclitic subject, they precede, unless by the general rule (§ 47) the monosyllabic subject kà precedes a disyllabic disjunctive (including niyà, nyà): Saàn mo sya nàkíta? Where by-you he was-seen? i. e. Where did you see him? Binigyàn nya akò nang aklàt. Was-given by-him I a book, i. e. He gave me a book. Baká mo iyàn màbúlag. Perhaps by-you it might-be-blinded, i. e. See that you don't blind it. Hindí ka námin dinatnàn. Not you by-us were found-there, i. e. We did not find you in.

165. The personal pronouns have another form, which is used as a conjunctive attribute of quality (cf. § 124, end) and always precedes that modified: its meaning, however, is the same as that of the disjunctive forms just given. These prepositive forms are: ákin my, kanità thy and my, átin our (inclusive), ámin our (exclusive); iyò thy, iniyò, inyò your; kaniyà, kanyà his, her, kanilà their, kaní-kanilà their respective, several, various.

Examples: Anò ang iyo ng ngálan? What is your name? or: Anò ang ngálan mo? ang áki ng amà my father, or: ang ama kò, ang kanya ng báhay his, her house, ang kanyà ng mahahába ng paà his long legs, ang kanità ng kwaltà our money (i. e. thine and mine), ang kaní-kanilà ng báhay their several houses.

Only a demonstrative pronoun modifier precedes these prepositive forms: iyà ng iyo ng sambalílo ng lúma` that old hat of yours. Exceptions are rare: ang karanyúwa ng kanila ng kantahìn their usual song; what they usually sing.

166. The demonstrative pronouns, whether standing alone (§ 64) or as modifiers at the beginning of an object expression (§ 130), have the following disjunctive forms: nirè of this (right here), nitò of this, niyàn, nyàn of that, niyòn, nyòn, noòn of that (over there). Ang kúlay nirì ng korbáta ng irè ay nàpàpagítan sa itèm at sa pulà. The color of this necktie (I have on) is between black and red. ang dúlo nitò the end of this, ang anàk niyòn that one's child (e. g. with pointing gesture), ang báhay niyo ng táo ng yaòn the house of that man over there, ang anàk noo ng táo ng iyòn the child of that man over there. The form noòn is used chiefly when the disjunctive attribute expresses time (§ 192).

167. The interrogative pronoun síno, whether used alone or standing first in an object expression as attribute (§ 131), has the disjunctive form níno whose? This form, however, is little used, for, while the interrogative pronoun is usually emphatic and tends to come first (§ 96), a disjunctive attribute follows that modified (§ 171). Hence the form níno is used only under peculiar conditions of emphasis: Ang sambalílo níno? Whose hat (did you say)? Ibinigày sa iyò níno? Given to you by whom? Sinábi sa iyo níno? Told to you by whom?

168. Instead of níno a prepositive form, kaníno, explicit plural kaní-kaníno, is ordinarily used; like the prepositive forms of the personal pronouns it stands in conjunctive attribution and precedes that modified. Before it the use of ang is optional (§§ 65.131); when ang is used the expression is more definite: Kaníno ng sambalílo? Whose hat? (the ownership of a given hat is inquired after) Ang kaníno ng sambalílo? Whose hat? (the ownership of each hat is known; the question asks merely which of them is involved) Kaníno ng aklàt iyàn? Whose book have you there?

169. The prepositive forms of the personal pronouns and of síno are used also as static predicates expressing possession: Ang librò ng binàbása mo kahápon ay ákin. The book you were reading last night is mine. Kaníno ang aklàt na iyàn? Whose is that book? Kaní-kaníno ang manga báhay na itò? Whose are these houses? The personal pronouns may be followed by saríle own (cf. § 137): Ang laruwà ng itò y áki ng saríle. This toy is my own.

170. All other expressions which lack ang,--that is, the remaining interrogative pronouns, the numerative pronouns, the cardinal numerals, and object expressions in which these as modifiers stand first (§ 131 ff.),--prefix nang, atonic, when used as disjunctive attributes: Sa itaàs nang anò? On top of what? Takìp nang alì ng kahòn itò? Of which box is this the cover? ang panukálà nang karamíhan the opinion of the majority; Nakàkíta akò nang isa ng táo. I saw a man.

171. All disjunctive attributes are closely joined and follow that which they modify. The only exceptions are the enclitic pronoun forms and expressions of time (§ 192). A disjunctive attribute precedes a subject: Binigyàn nya nang aklàt si Hwàn. He gave Juan some books. When the subject is enclitic, it of course precedes: Binigyàn nya si Hwàn nang aklàt. Real exceptions, in which a non-enclitic subject precedes a disjunctive attribute, are not common: Ipinakìkipagpútol ni Hwàn si Pédro nang labòng. Juan is asking someone to cut some bamboo-shoots for Pedro.

172. In meaning disjunctive attribution includes almost all cases in which an object element is viewed as the attribute of another element in the sentence. The only exception is the sphere of relations expressed by local attribution (§ 195 ff.). The meanings may, very roughly, be divided into seven groups: (1) possessive-partitive, (2) agent, (3) direct object, (4) instrumental object, (5) local object, (6) manner, (7) time.

173. (1) Possessive-partitive modifier: ang kanya ng báhay, ang báhay nya his house, ang púno nang unggò` the tree of the monkey, ang púno nang káhoy the tree (literally head of wood), ang púno nang ságing the banana-tree, Sa itaàs nang anò? On top of what? Nasúnog ang kalahátì nang púno`. Half of the tree got burned up. Ang báyad sa útang ni Pédro ay lábis nang dalawà ng píso. The payment made to settle Pedro's debt is too great by two pesos. ang óras nang alaskwátro the hour of four o'clock, Isà ng sundálo ng marúnung nang Latìn. A soldier who knew Latin, literally: having-knowledge of Latin. ang sáko nang pálay a rice-sack (cf. § 127), ang larú nang baráha a game of cards, cf. ang larò ng taguàn (§ 127) a game consisting of hiding, hide-and-seek, ang katapusàn nang gabì the end of the night; cf. ang katapusà ng gabì the night which was the end, the last night, ang ilà ng sandalì nang pagsasàlitáan a few moments of the conversation; cf. ang ilà ng sandalì ng pagsasàlitáan a few moments (which consisted) of conversation. Note: ang báyan nang Balíwag the town of Baliwag, ang provìnsya nang Pampànga the province of Pampanga.

174. The pronoun lahàt as an object expression is followed by this kind of attribute: lahàt nang táo all (of) the people.

175. As an object expression saríle self is modified by disjunctive pronouns: ang kanyà ng saríle his self. Similarly saríle as conjunctive attribute, in the sense of own: Walá sya ng baìt sa kanya ng saríli. He does not do even himself any good. ang saríle nila ng bànda nang músika their own band of music; Ang kanya ng saríli ng barìl ang kanya ng ginámit. It was his own gun he used, What he used was his own gun. Cf. §§ 137 and 169, end.

176. The modifier may be an entire predication: sa lugàr nang magkasirá silà in place of the (occurrence that) they should become enemies, i. e. instead of their becoming enemies.

177. Here belongs further the disjunctive attribute with words expressing association, companionship, or equality: Si Hwána ay siyà ng kabùlúngan ni Maryà. Juana is the one with whom Maria is whispering. Ang mésa ng itò ay kasingkúlay nang kahòn. This table is of the same color as the chest. Si Hwàn ay kapantày ni Pédro. Juan is of the same height as Pedro. Kalákip nang súlat ko ng itò ay limà ng píso. Enclosed with this my letter are five pesos. gáya ko like me.

178. Similar is the use of a disjunctive modifier expressing one of the objects, with expressions involving dual or plural ideas: silà ni Maryà they with Maria, i. e. Maria and he (88,42), silà ng dalawà ni Maryà (92,17).

179. Here belongs the disjunctive attribute in exclamatory sentences expressing the high degree of a quality; these are formed with anò (§ 131) and with words with prefix ka- (§ 76): Ano ng hína mo! What weakness of-you! i. e. How weak you are! Anu ng luwàt nang hindí nya pagdatìng! What duration of his not arriving! i. e. How long he is getting here! Kapulà nang panyo ng iyòn! What-great-redness of that handkerchief! i. e. How red that handkerchief is! Karúnong nang báta ng si Hwàn! How much little Juan knows! Kaytipìd na báta` ni Hwàn! How-saving a child of Juan! i. e. What an economical boy Juan is!

180. In the preceding and related constructions the attribute may be an entire predication: Kamuntí nang màtamaàn ang báta`! What-little-lack of the (occurrence that) the child should-be-hit! i. e. How near the child came to being hit! Muntí nang máliguwak ang dala nyà ng pulòt. Little-wanting of-the (occurrence that) should-be-spilled the borne by-him honey, i. e. The honey he was carrying came near being spilled.

181. (2) A disjunctive attribute expressing the agent corresponds in sense to the subject of an active transient predicate. When it modifies a transient word, the corresponding active can be formed: Sinúlat nya ang líham. He wrote the letter; literally: Was-written by-him (agent) the letter. Isinúlat nya ang kwènto. He wrote down the story. Sinulátan nya akò. He wrote to me. The corresponding active is: Syà y sumúlat.... He wrote.... Cf. § 92. So further: Pinútol nya ang káhoy. The wood was cut by him; active: Syà y pumútol nang káhoy. He cut some wood. Kinúha nya ang librò. The book was taken by him; active: Syà y kumúha nang librò. He took some book. Áki ng binitíwan ang bóte. By-me was-let-go-of the bottle, i. e. I let go of the bottle; active: Bumitìw akò.... Ang hiniràm nya ng kampìt ay iyo ng kúnin. The borrowed by-him (agent) kitchen-knife by-you (agent) is to be taken, i. e. Take the kitchen-knife he borrowed.

When the word modified is not transient no clear line can be drawn between disjunctive attributes of agent and of possessor: ang kanyà ng pagdatìng his arrival, his arriving, or: the arriving by him, ang gámit nya ng librò the book used by him, ang paupó ni Hwà ng sùgálan the gambling-party invited by Juan, ang dala nyà ng pulòt the honey he is or was carrying, Ang larò ng taguàn ay gustò nang manga báta`. The game of hide-and-seek is liked by children. Hindí ko gustò ang librò ng itò; ibà ang áki ng gustò. I don't want this book; it is a different one I want.

182. When disjunctive agent is the speaker (kò by me or its substitute áki ng) and the subject is the person addressed (ikàw, kà thou), the pronoun kità usually takes the place of both. This is the commoner value of kità (cf. § 63): Sùsungangáin kità. I'll smash your face; the subject of this direct passive expression is the person addressed, the agent the speaker: Ikàw ay áki ng sùsungangáin would be an unidiomatic equivalent. Ipaglálaba kità nang damìt. I shall wash your clothes for you. The predicate is instrumental passive, with you, the person for whom, as subject. Hàhatdan kità nang gátas. I shall deliver milk to you; local passive.

Occasionally the agent is redundantly added: Kità ay áki ng parùrusáhan. I shall punish you.

183. A disjunctive agent is used with the words expressing recent completion of an act with prefix ka- and reduplication: (§ 77): Karárating ko pa lámang! I have only just arrived. Kakàkáin ko pa lámang! I have only just finished eating.

184. (3) A disjunctive attribute expressing the direct object corresponds to the subject of a direct passive transient predicate: Sya y kumáin nang kánin. He ate some boiled rice. Passive: Kináin nya ang kánin. Was-eaten by-him the boiled rice, i. e. He ate the boiled rice.

It will be seen that when the direct object is definite it is more likely to serve as subject of a passive predicate (§ 94); hence the disjunctive attribute expressing a direct object has often an indefinite partitive value. Syà y sumúlat nang líham. He wrote some letters. Syà y pumútol nang káhoy. He cut some wood. Bigyàn mo akò niyà ng túbig. Give me some of that water. Katátagpi ko niyòn! I have just finished mending that! Sya y naghintày nang sàsabíhin nang sundálo. He awaited that which was going to be said by the soldier.

185. (4) A disjunctive attribute expressing the instrument corresponds to the subject of an instrumental passive transient predicate: Syà y sumúlat nang kwènto. He wrote down a story, stories. Passive: Isinúlat nya ang kwènto. Was-written-down by-him the story, i. e. He wrote down the story.

The indefinite value of the disjunctive attribute is here due to the same relation as in the preceding type. Pinútol nya nang gúlok ang káhoy. The wood was cut by him with a bolo; instrumental passive: Ipinútol nya nang káhoy ang gúlok. Was-used-for-cutting by-him of wood the bolo, i. e. He cut wood with the bolo. Binigyàn nya akò nang aklàt. He gave me a book.

186. So a direct quotation or an entire predication: Ang bulàg ay sumigàw nang "Tatlò!" The blindman shouted "Three!"; passive: Isinigàw nang bulàg ang "Tatlò!" Ang báwat isa sa kanilà ay sumagòt nang súngay ang kanila ng nàkìkíta. Each one answered that horns were what they saw.

187. (5) Disjunctive attributes of place correspond to the subject of a local passive transient predication: Syà y pumanhìk nang báhay. He entered a house; passive: Pinanhikàn nya ang báhay. He entered the house. Ang pagòng ay nagumpisà nang pagsisigàw. The turtle began (a) shouting; passive: Inumpisahàn nang pagòng ang pagsisigàw.

These attributes are in meaning rather close to local attributes (§ 203); as opposed to the latter they are, however, the real correspondents of the subject of a local passive transient predication, expressing a real participation of the object in the action or occurrence,--whereas the local attributes express the place of the action as something more or less unaffected and independent.

188. (6) Disjunctive attributes of manner do not correspond to any kind of subject. When they are used with a transient word the sentence may, however, be reversed so as to make of the attribute a transient predicate of a sentence in which the action (as subject) is spoken of as being "made such and such". Tumakbò sya nang matúlin. He ran fast. The words nang matúlin are the disjunctive form of an object expression, ang matúlin, which would resemble German das schnelle. Our sentence corresponds to: Tinulínan nya ang pagtakbò. Was-made-fast by-him his running, He ran fast. Syà y tumáwa nang malakàs. He laughed aloud, cf. Inilakas nyà ang pagtáwa. He made his laughing loud. ... mànákaw nang hindí nito nàlàláman should be stolen in the manner of not by-him known, i. e. should be stolen without his knowing it. mataàs nang kauntè` higher by a little, a little higher.

189. Expressions of indefinite quantity are used in this way: Silà y nagtakbúhan nang wala ng hintò`. They ran without stopping. This construction is in rivalry with that of conjunctive attribution (§ 146).

190. The demonstrative pronouns and the interrogative pronoun anò are not used as attributes of manner; for this value they have separate derivatives: ganitò, ganiyàn, gayòn or ganoòn, and gaáno or gáno. These forms, moreover, occur also as static predicates and as conjunctive attributes of quality: ang báwat sumagòt nang ganitò every one who answered in this way; this could be viewed also as an instrumental object. Ganitò ang kalàgáyan nilà. Their condition was like this. ang ganitò ng manga paglalarò` such games as this; Ganyàn ba lámang ang kínis mo? Is your skill merely like that? Nakàsúlat akò kay Hwàn nang gayòn dahilàn sa malakì ko ng pagkagálit. I came to write like that (or such things, cf. instrumental object) to Juan through my great anger. Ganoòn ang áki ng pagkárinìg. That was the way (i. e. the form in which) I heard the thing. Ang gayù ng pananalità` that manner of speaking, that expression. gánu ng pagpílit? how much effort? Gaáno ang pagkakagalìt nila? How great, how serious is their quarrel? (Cf. § 96).

191. A special case of the disjunctive attribute of manner is the repetition of a word as its own disjunctive modifier, expressing continuity or insistence of action: Humábà nang humába`. It grew longer and longer. Ang kanila ng báon ay umuntí nang umuntì`. Their provisions grew less and less. Si Hwàn ay táwa nang táwa. Juan laughs and laughs. Bilì nang bilì si Hwàn nang pálay. Juan keeps buying rice.

192. (7) Disjunctive attributes of time express the time when of an occurrence in the past. They differ from other disjunctive attributes in being often loosely joined, in which case they may precede. Pumaroòn sila nang hápon. They went there in the afternoon. So: nang umága in the morning, noò ng tagáraw (nang taò ng míle-nobisyèntos-dòs) in the summer (of the year 1902). Nang umulàn ay ginámit ko ang kapóte. When it rained I used my rain-coat. Nàlákad sina Pédro nang hindì óras. Pedro and his party had to start at a time not planned; literally: when not time.

193. Complete predications as disjunctive attributes of time are common. It is as though the whole predication were objectivized: Nang dumatìng ako doòn ay sya y walá na. When I arrived there he was already gone. Noo ng sya y bágo ng táo pa lámang.... When he was still but a young man....

194. Anaphorically determined disjunctive attributes are often omitted. Íbig nya ng kánin ang súha`. Desired by-him that be-eaten (by-him) the grape-fruit, i. e. He wants to eat the grape-fruit. Nanghingí sya sa kanya ng manga kapatìd. He asked his brothers and sisters (for some). Hindí nila sya binigyàn. He was not given (any) by them, They did not give him any.

c. Local attributes.

195. An object expression in local attribution expresses a local circumstance of that which is modified, such as the place in, to, or from which, that from whose midst, that about which or owing to which, the person to whom, etc.