Chapter I: Front Matter (1)

ABRIDGMENT OF THE DEBATES OF CONGRESS,

FROM 1789 TO 1856.

FROM GALES AND SEATON'S ANNALS OF CONGRESS; FROM THEIR REGISTER OF DEBATES; AND FROM THE OFFICIAL REPORTED DEBATES, BY JOHN C. RIVES.

BY

THE AUTHOR OF THE THIRTY YEARS' VIEW.

VOL II.

NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 448 AND 445 BROADWAY. LONDON: 16 LITTLE BRITAIN. 1861.

ENTERED according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

FOURTH CONGRESS.--SECOND SESSION.

BEGUN AT THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER 5, 1796.

PROCEEDINGS IN THE SENATE.

MONDAY, December 5, 1796.

PRESENT:

JOHN ADAMS, Vice President of the United States, and President of the Senate.

JOHN LANGDON and SAMUEL LIVERMORE, from New Hampshire.

BENJAMIN GOODHUE, from Massachusetts.

WILLIAM BRADFORD, from Rhode Island.

JAMES HILLHOUSE and URIAH TRACY, from Connecticut.

ELIJAH PAINE, and ISAAC TICHENOR, from Vermont.

JOHN RUTHERFORD and RICHARD STOCKTON, from New Jersey.

WILLIAM BINGHAM, from Pennsylvania.

HENRY LATIMER, from Delaware.

HUMPHREY MARSHALL, from Kentucky.

WILLIAM COCKE, from Tennessee.

JACOB READ, from South Carolina.

JAMES GUNN, from Georgia.

The number of Senators present not being sufficient to constitute a quorum, they adjourned to 11 o'clock to-morrow morning.

TUESDAY, December 6.

ALEXANDER MARTIN, from the State of North Carolina, and WILLIAM BLOUNT, from the State of Tennessee, severally attended.

The VICE PRESIDENT communicated a letter from PIERCE BUTLER, notifying the resignation of his seat in the Senate, which was read.

The credentials of the after-named Senators were severally read:--Of BENJAMIN GOODHUE, appointed a Senator by the State of Massachusetts, in place of GEORGE CABOT, resigned; of ISAAC TICHENOR, appointed a Senator by the State of Vermont, in place of MOSES ROBINSON, resigned; of JAMES HILLHOUSE, appointed a Senator by the State of Connecticut in place of OLIVER ELLSWORTH, whose seat is become vacant; of URIAH TRACY, appointed a Senator by the State of Connecticut, in place of JONATHAN TRUMBULL, resigned; of JOHN LAURANCE, appointed a Senator by the State of New York, in place of RUFUS KING, whose seat is become vacant; of RICHARD STOCKTON, appointed a Senator by the State of New Jersey, in place of FREDERICK FRELINGHUYSEN, resigned; also, of WILLIAM BLOUNT and WILLIAM COCKE, appointed Senators by the State of Tennessee;--and, the oath required by law being respectively administered to them, they took their seats in the Senate.

A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate that a quorum of the House of Representatives is assembled, and ready to proceed to business.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary wait on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and acquaint him that a quorum of the Senate is assembled.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary acquaint the House of Representatives that a quorum of the Senate is assembled, and ready to proceed to business.

A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate that they have appointed a joint committee, on their part, together with such committee as the Senate may appoint, to wait on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and notify him that a quorum of the two Houses is assembled, and ready to receive any communications that he may be pleased to make to them.

_Resolved_, That the Senate concur in the above resolution, and that Messrs. READ and LIVERMORE be the joint committee on the part of the Senate.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary acquaint the House of Representatives therewith.

Mr. READ reported, from the joint committee appointed for that purpose, that they had waited on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and had notified him that a quorum of the two Houses of Congress are assembled, and that the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES acquainted the committee that he would meet the two Houses in the Representatives' Chamber, at twelve o'clock to-morrow.

WEDNESDAY, December 7.

JOHN HENRY, from the State of Maryland, attended.

A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate that they are now ready to meet the Senate in the Chamber of that House, to receive such communications as the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES shall be pleased to make to them.

Whereupon, the Senate repaired to the Chamber of the House of Representatives, for the purpose above expressed.

The Senate returned to their own Chamber, and a copy of the Speech of the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, this day addressed to both Houses of Congress, was read. [For which, see the proceedings in the House of Representatives of December 7, _post._]

_Ordered_, That Messrs. READ, TRACY, and BINGHAM, be a committee to report the draft of an Address to the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, in answer to his Speech this day to both Houses of Congress.

It was further ordered that the Speech of the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, this day communicated to both Houses, be printed for the use of the Senate.

_Resolved_, That each Senator be supplied, during the present session, with copies of three such newspapers printed in any of the States as he may choose, provided that the same are furnished at the rate of the usual annual charge for such papers.

THURSDAY, December 8.

JOHN LAURANCE, from the State of New York, attended, and, the oath required by law being administered to him, he took his seat in the Senate.

_Ordered_, That Messrs. STOCKTON, READ, and BINGHAM, be a committee to inquire whether any, and what, regulations are proper to be made, on the subject of the resignation of a Senator of the United States.

FRIDAY, December 9.

TIMOTHY BLOODWORTH, from the State of North Carolina, attended.

A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate that they have resolved that two Chaplains be appointed to Congress for the present session--one by each House--who shall interchange weekly; in which they desire the concurrence of the Senate.

Whereupon, the Senate

_Resolved_, That they do concur therein, and that the Right Reverend Bishop WHITE be Chaplain on the part of the Senate.

Mr. READ, from the committee appointed for the purpose, reported the draft of an Address to the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, in answer to his Speech to both Houses of Congress, at the opening of the session; which was read.

On motion that it be printed for the use of the Senate, it passed in the negative.

On motion, it was agreed to consider the report in paragraphs; and, after debate, a motion was made for recommitment, which passed in the negative; and, having agreed to amend the report, the further consideration thereof was postponed.

SATURDAY, December 10.

_Address to the President._

The Senate resumed the consideration of the report of the committee in answer to the Address of the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES to both Houses of Congress; and, after further amendments, it was unanimously adopted, as follows:

We thank you, sir, for your faithful and detailed exposure
of the existing situation of our country; and we sincerely
join in sentiments of gratitude to an overruling Providence
for the distinguished share of public prosperity and
private happiness which the people of the United States so
peculiarly enjoy.

We are fully sensible of the advantages that have resulted
from the adoption of measures (which you have successfully
carried into effect) to preserve peace, cultivate
friendship, and promote civilization, amongst the Indian
tribes on the Western frontiers; feelings of humanity, and
the most solid political interests, equally encourage the
continuance of this system.

We observe, with pleasure, that the delivery of the
military posts, lately occupied by the British forces,
within the territory of the United States, was made with
cordiality and promptitude, as soon as circumstances would
admit; and that the other provisions of our treaties with
Great Britain and Spain, that were objects of eventual
arrangement, are about being carried into effect, with
entire harmony and good faith.

The unfortunate but unavoidable difficulties that opposed a
timely compliance with the terms of the Algerine Treaty,
are much to be lamented; as they may occasion a temporary
suspension of the advantages to be derived from a solid
peace with that power, and a perfect security from its
predatory warfare; at the same time, the lively impressions
that affected the public mind on the redemption of our
captive fellow-citizens, afford the most laudable incentive
to our exertions to remove the remaining obstacles.

We perfectly coincide with you in opinion, that the
importance of our commerce demands a naval force for its
protection against foreign insult and depredation, and our
solicitude to attain that object will be always
proportionate to its magnitude.

The necessity of accelerating the establishment of certain
useful manufactures, by the intervention of the Legislative
aid and protection, and the encouragement due to
agriculture by the creation of Boards, (composed of
intelligent individuals,) to patronize this primary pursuit
of society, are subjects which will readily engage our most
serious attention.

A National University may be converted to the most useful
purposes; the science of legislation being so essentially
dependent on the endowments of the mind, the public
interests must receive effectual aid from the general
diffusion of knowledge; and the United States will assume a
more dignified station among the nations of the earth, by
the successful cultivation of the higher branches of
literature.

A Military Academy may be likewise rendered equally
important. To aid and direct the physical force of the
nation, by cherishing a military spirit, enforcing a proper
sense of discipline, and inculcating a scientific system
of tactics, is consonant to the soundest maxims of public
policy. Connected with, and supported by such an
establishment, a well regulated militia, constituting the
natural defence of the country, would prove the most
effectual, as well as economical, preservative of peace.

We cannot but consider, with serious apprehensions, the
inadequate compensations of the public officers, especially
of those in the more important stations. It is not only a
violation of the spirit of a public contract, but is an
evil so extensive in its operation, and so destructive in
its consequences, that we trust it will receive the most
pointed Legislative attention.

We sincerely lament that, whilst the conduct of the United
Sates has been uniformly impressed with the character of
equity, moderation, and love of peace, in the maintenance
of all their foreign relationships, our trade should be so
harassed by the cruisers and agents of the Republic of
France, throughout the extensive departments of the West
Indies.

Whilst we are confident that no cause of complaint exists
that could authorize an interruption of our tranquillity or
disengage that Republic from the bonds of amity, cemented
by the faith of treaties, we cannot but express our deepest
regrets that official communications have been made to you,
indicating a more serious disturbance of our commerce.
Although we cherish the expectation that a sense of
justice, and a consideration of our mutual interests, will
moderate their councils, we are not unmindful of the
situation in which events may place us, nor unprepared to
adopt that system of conduct, which, compatible with the
dignity of a respectable nation, necessity may compel us to
pursue.

We cordially acquiesce in the reflection, that the United
States, under the operation of the Federal Government, have
experienced a most rapid aggrandizement and prosperity, as
well political as commercial.

Whilst contemplating the causes that produce this
auspicious result, we must acknowledge the excellence of
the constitutional system, and the wisdom of the
Legislative provisions; but we should be deficient in
gratitude and justice did we not attribute a great portion
of these advantages to the virtue, firmness, and talents of
your Administration--which have been conspicuously
displayed in the most trying times, and on the most
critical occasions. It is, therefore, with the sincerest
regret that we now receive an official notification of your
intentions to retire from the public employment of your
country.

When we review the various scenes of your public life, so
long and so successfully devoted to the most arduous
services, civil and military, as well during the struggles
of the American Revolution, as the convulsive periods of a
recent date; we cannot look forward to your retirement
without our warmest affections and most anxious regards
accompanying you, and without mingling with our
fellow-citizens at large in the sincerest wishes for your
personal happiness that sensibility and attachment can
express.

The most effectual consolation that can offer for the loss
we are about to sustain, arises from the animating
reflection, that the influence of your example will extend
to your successors, and the United States thus continue to
enjoy an able, upright, and energetic Administration.

JOHN ADAMS,
_Vice President of the United States,
and President of the Senate._

_Ordered_, That the committee who prepared the Address, wait on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and desire him to acquaint the Senate at what time and place it will be most convenient for him that it should be presented.

Mr. READ reported from the committee, that they had waited on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and that he would receive the Address of the Senate on Monday next, at twelve o'clock, at his own house. Whereupon,

_Resolved_, That the Senate will, on Monday next, at twelve o'clock, wait on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES accordingly.

MONDAY, December 12.

THEODORE FOSTER, from the State of Rhode Island; JOHN BROWN, from the State of Kentucky; and HENRY TAZEWELL, from the State of Virginia, severally attended.

_Address to the President._

Agreeably to the resolution of the 10th instant, the Senate waited on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and the VICE PRESIDENT, in their name, presented the Address then agreed to.

To which the PRESIDENT made the following reply:

GENTLEMEN: It affords me great satisfaction to find in your
Address a concurrence in sentiment with me on the various
topics which I presented for your information and
deliberation; and that the latter will receive from you an
attention proportioned to their respective importance.

For the notice you take of my public services, civil and
military, and your kind wishes for my personal happiness, I
beg you to accept my cordial thanks. Those services, and
greater, had I possessed ability to render them, were due
to the unanimous calls of my country, and its approbation
is my abundant reward.

When contemplating the period of my retirement, I saw
virtuous and enlightened men, among whom I relied on the
discernment and patriotism of my fellow-citizens to make
the proper choice of a successor; men who would require no
influential example to ensure to the United States "an
able, upright, and energetic Administration." To such men I
shall cheerfully yield the palm of genius and talents to
serve our common country; but, at the same time, I hope I
may be indulged in expressing the consoling reflection,
(which consciousness suggests,) and to bear it with me to
my grave, that none can serve it with purer intentions than
I have done, or with a more disinterested zeal.

G. WASHINGTON.

The Senate returned to their own Chamber, and then adjourned.

WEDNESDAY, December 21.

THEODORE SEDGWICK, appointed a Senator by the State of Massachusetts, in place of CALEB STRONG, resigned, attended, produced his credentials, and the oath required by law being administered to him, he took his seat in the Senate.

TUESDAY, December 27.

JOHN EAGER HOWARD, appointed a Senator by the State of Maryland, in place of RICHARD POTTS, resigned, produced his credentials, and the oath required by law being administered, he took his seat in the Senate.

JOSIAH TATTNALL, from the State of Georgia, attended.

WEDNESDAY, December 28.

JAMES ROSS, from the State of Pennsylvania, attended.

WEDNESDAY, January 11, 1797.

JOHN VINING, from the State of Delaware, attended.

THURSDAY, January 12.

AARON BURR, from the State of New York, and STEVENS THOMSON MASON, from the State of Virginia, attended.

FRIDAY, January 27.

JOHN HUNTER, appointed a Senator by the State of South Carolina, in place of PIERCE BUTLER, resigned, attended, produced his credentials, and the oath required by law, being administered to him, he took his seat in the Senate.

THURSDAY, February 2.

MR. SEDGWICK reported, from the joint committee appointed on the part of the Senate, on the subject of the election of PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT, that, in their opinion, the following resolution ought to be adopted, viz:

"That the two Houses shall assemble in the Chamber of the
House of Representatives on Wednesday next, at twelve
o'clock; that one person be appointed a teller on the part
of the Senate, to make a list of the votes as they shall be
declared: That the result shall be delivered to the
President of the Senate, who shall announce the state of
the vote and the persons elected, to the two Houses
assembled as aforesaid; which shall be deemed a declaration
of the persons elected President and Vice President, and,
together with a list of votes, be entered on the journals
of the two Houses."

WEDNESDAY, February 8.

A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate that they are ready to meet the Senate in the Chamber of that House, agreeably to the report of the joint committee, to attend the opening and examining the votes of the Electors for PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, as the constitution provides.

The two Houses of Congress accordingly assembled in the Representatives' Chamber, and the certificates of the Electors of sixteen States were, by the VICE PRESIDENT, opened and delivered to the tellers, appointed for the purpose, who, having examined and ascertained the number of votes, presented a list thereof to the VICE PRESIDENT, which was read as follows:

For John Adams, 71 votes; for Thomas Jefferson, 68; for
Thomas Pinckney, 59; for Aaron Burr, 30; for Samuel Adams,
15; for Oliver Ellsworth, 11; for George Clinton, 7; for
John Jay, 5; for James Iredell 2; for George Washington, 2;
for John Henry, 2; for Samuel Johnson, 2; for Charles
Cotesworth Pinckney, 1;

Whereupon the VICE PRESIDENT addressed the two Houses of Congress as follows:

In obedience to the Constitution and law of the United
States, and to the commands of both Houses of Congress,
expressed in their resolution passed in the present
session, I now declare that

JOHN ADAMS is elected President of the United States, for
four years, to commence with the fourth day of March next;
and that

THOMAS JEFFERSON is elected Vice President of the United
States, for four years, to commence with the fourth day of
March next. And may the Sovereign of the Universe, the
ordainer of civil government on earth, for the preservation
of liberty, justice, and peace among men, enable both to
discharge the duties of these offices conformably to the
Constitution of the United States, with conscientious
diligence, punctuality, and perseverance.

The VICE PRESIDENT then delivered the votes of the Electors to the Secretary of the Senate, the two Houses of Congress separated, and the Senate returned to their own Chamber, and soon after adjourned.

THURSDAY, February 9.

The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the following communication:

_Gentlemen of the Senate_:

In consequence of the declaration made yesterday in the
Chamber of the House of Representatives of the election of
a President and Vice President of the United States, the
record of which has just now been read from your journal by
your Secretary, I have judged it proper to give notice
that, on the 4th of March next at 12 o'clock I propose, to
attend again in the Chamber of the House of
Representatives, in order to take the oath prescribed by
the Constitution of the United States to be taken by the
President, to be administered by the Chief Justice or such
other Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States as
can most conveniently attend; and, in case none of those
Judges can attend, by the Judge of the District of
Pennsylvania, before such Senators and Representatives of
the United States as may find it convenient to honor the
transaction with their presence.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary carry an attested copy of this communication to the House of Representatives.

_Ordered_, That Messrs. SEDGWICK, TAZEWELL, and READ, be a joint committee, with such committee as may be appointed on the part of the House of Representatives, to consider whether any, and if any, what measures ought to be adopted for the further accommodation of the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, for the term commencing on the 4th day of March next.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary desire the concurrence of the House of Representatives in the appointment of a joint committee on their part.

A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate that they have agreed to the report of the joint committee appointed to ascertain and report a mode of examining the votes for PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and of notifying the persons elected of their election.

Mr. SEDGWICK, from the joint committee to whom it was referred to join such committee as might be appointed by the House of Representatives to ascertain and report a mode of examining the votes for PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and of notifying the persons elected of their election, reported that, having further concurred with the committee appointed by the House of Representatives, that, in their opinion, the following resolution ought to be adopted by the Senate:

"_Resolved_, That the Secretary of the Senate be directed
to give, by letter, to the Vice President elect, a
notification of his election."

On motion, it was agreed to insert the PRESIDENT of the Senate instead of the Secretary; and,

On motion, it was agreed to reconsider the resolution, and to recommit the report from the joint committee.

Mr. SEDGWICK reported, from the joint committee last mentioned, that the committee on the part of the House of Representatives considered themselves discharged from their commission.

_Resolved_, That the Senate disagree to the report of the joint committee on the mode of notifying the VICE PRESIDENT elect of his election; and that a committee be appointed on the part of the Senate, to confer with such committee as may be appointed on the part of the House of Representatives, on the report of the joint committee above mentioned; and that Messrs. SEDGWICK, LAURANCE and READ, be the managers at the conference on the part of the Senate.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary acquaint the House of Representatives therewith.

On motion, that it be

"_Resolved_, That the Secretary of the Senate be directed,
and he is hereby directed, to lay before the President of
the United States a copy of the journal of yesterday,
relative to the opening and counting of votes for President
and Vice President of the United States, and the
declaration of the President of the Senate thereon; and,
also, to present to the President of the United States a
copy of the notification given by the President elect of
the time, place, and manner, of qualifying to execute the
duties of his office."

_Ordered_, That the motion lie until to-morrow for consideration.

FRIDAY, February 10.

The Senate resumed the consideration of the motion made yesterday, that the Secretary of the Senate wait on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and notify him of the election of PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, to commence with the 4th day of March next.

On motion, to insert "a committee" in place of "the Secretary," it passed in the negative. And the motion being amended, was adopted as follows:

_Ordered_, That the Secretary of the Senate lay before the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES a copy of the journal of the 8th instant, relative to the opening and counting the votes for PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and the declaration of the PRESIDENT of the Senate consequent thereon; and, also a copy of the notification given by the PRESIDENT elect of the time, place, and manner of qualifying to execute the duties of his office.

A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate that they agree to the report of the joint committee appointed by the two Houses to confer on a proper mode of notifying the VICE PRESIDENT elect of his election.

Mr. SEDGWICK, from the committee of conference above mentioned, reported that the following resolution should be adopted by the House of Representatives:

"_Resolved_, That the notification of the election of the
Vice President elect be made by such person and in such
manner as the Senate may direct."

On motion, that it be

"_Resolved_, That the President of the United States be
requested to communicate (in such manner as he shall judge
most proper) to the person elected Vice President of the
United States, for the term of four years, to commence 4th
day of March next, information of his said election:"

It passed in the negative.

_Ordered_, That the resolution this day agreed to by the House of Representatives, relative to the notification of the election of the VICE PRESIDENT elect, be referred to Messrs. MASON, HILLHOUSE, and SEDGWICK, to consider and report thereon to the Senate.

Mr. MASON reported, from the committee last appointed; and, the report being read, was amended and adopted as follows:

_Resolved_, That the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES be requested to cause to be transmitted to THOMAS JEFFERSON, Esq., of Virginia, VICE PRESIDENT elect of the United States, notification of his election to that office; and that the PRESIDENT of the Senate do make out and sign a certificate in the words following:

Be it known, that the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America, being convened in the city
of Philadelphia, on the second Wednesday in February, in
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
ninety-seven, the underwritten Vice President of the United
States and President of the Senate did, in the presence of
the said Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates and count all the votes of the Electors for a
President and for a Vice President; by which it appears
that THOMAS JEFFERSON, Esquire, was duly elected, agreeably
to the constitution, Vice President of the United States of
America.

"In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal,
this 10th day of February, 1797."

_Ordered_, That the Secretary lay this resolution before the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

MONDAY, February 13.

On request, the VICE PRESIDENT was excused from further attendance in the Senate after Wednesday next.

WEDNESDAY, February 15.

_Withdrawal of the Vice-President, (now President elect of
the United States,) and his Valedictory to the Senate._

After the consideration of the Executive business, a motion was made that the Senate now adjourn; when the VICE-PRESIDENT addressed them as follows:

_Gentlemen of the Senate_:

If, in the general apprehension of an intention to retire
in that most eminent citizen, to whom all eyes had been
directed, and all hearts attracted, as the centre of our
Union, for so long a period, the public opinion had
exhibited any clear indication of another, in whom our
fellow-citizens could have generally united, as soon as I
read that excellent Address, which announced the necessity
of deliberation in the choice of a President, I should have
imitated the example of a character with which I have
co-operated, though in less conspicuous and important
stations, and maintained an uninterrupted friendship for
two and twenty years. But, as a number of characters
appeared to stand in the general estimation so nearly on a
level, as to render it difficult to conjecture on which the
majority would fall; considering the relation in which I
stood to the people of America, I thought it most
respectful to them, and most conducive to the tranquillity
of the public mind, to resign myself, with others, a silent
spectator of the general deliberation, and a passive
subject of public discussions.

Deeply penetrated with gratitude to my countrymen in
general, for their long continued kindness to me, and for
that steady and affecting confidence, with which those who
have most intimately known me, from early life, have, on so
many great occasions, intrusted to me the care of their
dearest interests; since a majority of their Electors,
though a very small one, have declared in my favor, and
since, in a Republican Government, the majority, though
ever so small, must of necessity decide, I have determined,
at every hazard of a high but just responsibility, though
with much anxiety and diffidence, once more to engage in
their service. Their confidence, which has been the chief
consolation of my life, is too precious and sacred a
deposit ever to be considered lightly; as it has been
founded only on the qualities of the heart, it never has
been, it never can be, deceived, betrayed, or forfeited by
me.

It is with reluctance, and with all those emotions of
gratitude and affection, which a long experience of your
goodness ought to inspire, that I now retire from my seat
in this House, and take my leave of the members of the
Senate.

I ought not to declare, for the last time, your
adjournment, before I have presented to every Senator
present, and to every citizen who has ever been a Senator
of the United States, my thanks, for the candor and favor
invariably received from them all. It is a recollection of
which nothing can ever deprive me, and it will be a source
of comfort to me, through the remainder of my life, that
as, on the one hand, in a government constituted like ours,
I have for eight years held the second situation under the
Constitution of the United States, in perfect and
uninterrupted harmony with the first, without envy in one,
or jealousy in the other; so, on the other hand, I have
never had the smallest misunderstanding with any member of
the Senate. In all the abstruse questions, difficult
conjectures, dangerous emergencies, and animated debates,
upon the great interests of our country, which have so
often and so deeply impressed all our minds, and interested
the strongest feelings of the heart, I have experienced a
uniform politeness and respect from every quarter of the
House. When questions of no less importance than difficulty
have produced a difference of sentiment, (and difference of
opinion will always be found in free assemblies of men, and
probably the greatest diversities upon the greatest
questions,) when the Senators have been equally divided,
and my opinion has been demanded according to the
constitution, I have constantly found, in that moiety of
the Senators from whose judgment I have been obliged to
dissent, a disposition to allow me the same freedom of
deliberation, and independence of judgment, which they
asserted for themselves.

Within these walls, for a course of years, I have been an
admiring witness of a succession of information, eloquence,
patriotism, and independence, which, as they would have
done honor to any Senate in any age, afford a consolatory
hope, (if the Legislatures of the States are equally
careful in their future selections, which there is no
reason to distrust,) that no council more permanent than
this, as a branch of the Legislature, will be necessary, to
defend the rights, liberties, and properties of the people,
and to protect the Constitution of the United States, as
well as the constitutions and rights of the individual
States, against errors of judgment, irregularities of the
passions, or other encroachments of human infirmity, or
more reprehensible enterprise, in the Executive on one
hand, or the more immediate representatives of the people
on the other.

These considerations will all conspire to animate me in my
future course, with a confident reliance, that as far as my
conduct shall be uniformly measured by the Constitution of
the United States, and faithfully directed to the public
good, I shall be supported by the Senate, as well as by the
House of Representatives, and the people at large; and on
no other conditions ought any support at all to be expected
or desired.

With cordial wishes for your honor, health, and happiness,
and fervent prayers for a continuation of the virtues,
liberties, prosperity, and peace, of our beloved country, I
avail myself of your leave of absence for the remainder of
the session.

THURSDAY, February 16.

The VICE-PRESIDENT being absent, the Senate proceeded to the choice of a PRESIDENT _pro tempore_, as the constitution provides, and the honorable WILLIAM BINGHAM was duly elected.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary wait on the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, and notify him of the election of the Honorable WILLIAM BINGHAM, to be PRESIDENT of the Senate _pro tempore_.

_Ordered_, That the Secretary notify the House of Representatives of this election.

On motion,

_Ordered_, That Messrs. SEDGWICK, BURR, and TRACY, be a committee to prepare and report the draft of an answer to the Address delivered yesterday to the Senate, by the VICE PRESIDENT of the United States.

TUESDAY, February 21.

The bill to accommodate the PRESIDENT was read the third time; and, being further amended,

On motion that it be _Resolved_, That this bill pass, it was decided in the affirmative--yeas 28, nays 3, as follows:

YEAS.--Messrs. Bingham, Bloodworth, Blount, Bradford,
Brown, Foster, Goodhue, Gunn, Henry, Hillhouse, Howard,
Langdon, Latimer, Laurance, Livermore, Marshall, Martin,
Pain, Read, Ross, Rutherford, Sedgwick, Stockton, Tattnall,
Tazewell, Tichenor, Tracy, and Vining.

NAYS.--Messrs. Cocke, Hunter, and Mason.

So it was _Resolved_, That this bill pass; that it be engrossed; and that the title thereof be, "An act to accommodate the PRESIDENT."

Mr. SEDGWICK reported from the committee appointed for the purpose, the draft of an answer to the Address of the VICE PRESIDENT of the United States, on his retiring from the Senate; which was read.

On motion, that it be printed for the use of the Senate, it was disagreed to.

_Ordered_, That the report lie for consideration.

WEDNESDAY, February 22.

The Senate took into consideration the report of the committee, in answer to the Address of the VICE PRESIDENT of the United States, on his retiring from the Senate.

On motion to recommit the report, it passed in the negative: and the report being amended, was adopted, as follows:

SIR: The Senate of the United States would be unjust to
their own feelings, and deficient in the performance of a
duty their relation to the Government of their country
imposes, should they fail to express their regard for your
person, and their respect for your character, in answer to
the Address you presented to them, on your leaving a
station which you have so long and so honorably filled as
their President.

The motives you have been pleased to disclose which induced
you not to withdraw from the public service, at a time when
your experience, talents, and virtues, were peculiarly
desirable, are as honorable for yourself, as, from our
confidence in you, sir, we trust the result will be
beneficial to our beloved country.

When you retired from your dignified seat in this House,
and took your leave of the members of the Senate, we felt
all those emotions of gratitude and affection, which our
knowledge and experience of your abilities and undeviating
impartiality ought to inspire; and we should, with painful
reluctance, endure the separation, but for the consoling
reflection, that the same qualities which have rendered you
useful, as the President of this branch of the Legislature,
will enable you to be still more so, in the exalted station
to which you have been called.

From you, sir, in whom your country have for a long period
placed a steady confidence, which has never been betrayed
or forfeited, and to whom they have on so many occasions
intrusted the care of their dearest interests, which have
never been abused; from you, who, holding the second
situation under the Constitution of the United States, have
lived in uninterrupted harmony with him who has held the
first; from you we receive, with much satisfaction, the
declaration which you are pleased to make of the opinion
you entertain of the character of the present Senators, and
of that of those citizens who have been heretofore
Senators. This declaration, were other motives wanting,
would afford them an incentive to a virtuous perseverance
in the line of conduct which has been honored with your
approbation.

In your future course, we entertain no doubt that your
official conduct will be measured by the constitution, and
directed to the public good; you have, therefore, a right
to entertain a confident reliance, that you will be
supported, as well by the people at large as by their
constituted authorities.

We cordially reciprocate the wishes which you express for
our honor, health, and happiness; we join with yours our
fervent prayers for the continuation of the virtues and
liberties of our fellow-citizens, for the public prosperity
and peace; and for you we implore the best reward of
virtuous deeds--the grateful approbation of your
constituents, and the smiles of Heaven.

WILLIAM BINGHAM,
_President of the Senate pro tempore_.

_Ordered_, That the committee who drafted the Address wait on the VICE PRESIDENT, with the Answer of the Senate.

THURSDAY, February 23.

Mr. SEDGWICK reported, from the committee, that, agreeably to order, they had waited on the VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, with the answer to his Address, on retiring from the Senate--to which the VICE PRESIDENT was pleased to make the following Reply:

An Address so respectful and affectionate as this, from
gentlemen of such experience and established character in
public affairs, high stations in the Government of their
country, and great consideration, in their several States,
as Senators of the United States, will do me great honor,
and afford me a firm support, wherever it shall be known,
both at home and abroad. Their generous approbation of my
conduct, in general, and liberal testimony to the
undeviating impartiality of it, in my peculiar relation to
their body, a character which, in every scene and
employment of life, I should wish above all others to
cultivate and merit, has a tendency to soften asperities,
and conciliate animosities, wherever such may unhappily
exist; an effect at all times to be desired, and in the
present situation of our country, ardently to be promoted
by all good citizens.

I pray the Senate to accept my sincere thanks.

JOHN ADAMS.

WEDNESDAY, March 1.

_Executive Veto on the Army Bill._

The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES having stated his objections to the bill, entitled "An act to alter and amend an act, entitled 'an act to ascertain and fix the Military Establishment of the United States,'" the House of Representatives proceeded to consider the objections to the said bill, and have resolved that it do not pass.

SPECIAL SESSION

SATURDAY, March 4.

_Installation of Thomas Jefferson as Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, and inauguration of John Adams as President of the United States._

_To the Vice President and Senators of the United States
respectively_:

SIR: It appearing to be proper that the Senate of the
United States should be convened on Saturday, the fourth of
March instant, you are desired to attend in the Chamber of
the Senate, on that day at ten o'clock in the forenoon, to
receive any communications which the President of the
United States may then lay before you touching their
interests.
G. WASHINGTON.

March 1, 1797.

In conformity with the summons from the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, above recited, the Senate accordingly assembled in their Chamber.

PRESENT:

THOMAS JEFFERSON, Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate.

JOHN LANGDON and SAMUEL LIVERMORE, from New Hampshire.

THEODORE SEDGWICK and BENJAMIN GOODHUE, from Massachusetts.

THEODORE FOSTER, from Rhode Island.

JAMES HILLHOUSE and URIAH TRACY, from Connecticut.

ELIJAH PAYNE and ISAAC TICHENOR, from Vermont.

JOHN LAURANCE, from New York.

RICHARD STOCKTON, from New Jersey.

JAMES ROSS and WILLIAM BINGHAM, from Pennsylvania.

JOHN VINING and HENRY LATIMER, from Delaware.

JOHN HENRY and JOHN E. HOWARD, from Maryland.

HENRY TAZEWELL and STEVENS T. MASON, from Virginia.

JOHN BROWN and HUMPHREY MARSHALL, from Kentucky.

ALEXANDER MARTIN and TIMOTHY BLOODWORTH, from North Carolina.

WILLIAM BLOUNT, from Tennessee.

JACOB READ, from South Carolina.

JAMES GUNN and JOSIAH TATTNALL, from Georgia.

Mr. BINGHAM administered the oath of office to the VICE PRESIDENT, who took the chair, and the credentials of the following members were read.

Of Mr. FOSTER, Mr. GOODHUE, Mr. HILLHOUSE, Mr. HOWARD, Mr. LATIMER, Mr. MASON, Mr. ROSS, and Mr. TICHENOR.

And the oath of office being severally administered to them by the VICE PRESIDENT, they took their seats in the Senate.

The VICE PRESIDENT then addressed the Senate as follows:

_Gentlemen of the Senate_:

Entering on the duties of the office to which I am called,
I feel it incumbent on me to apologize to this honorable
House for the insufficient manner in which I fear they may
be discharged. At an earlier period of my life, and through
some considerable portion of it, I have been a member of
Legislative bodies, and not altogether inattentive to the
forms of their proceedings; but much time has elapsed since
that; other duties have occupied my mind, and, in a great
degree, it has lost its familiarity with this subject. I
fear that the House will have but too frequent occasion to
perceive the truth of this acknowledgment. If a diligent
attention, however, will enable me to fulfil the functions
now assigned me, I may promise that diligence and attention
shall be sedulously employed. For one portion of my duty, I
shall engage with more confidence, because it will depend
on my will and not my capacity. The rules which are to
govern the proceedings of this House, so far as they shall
depend on me for their application, shall be applied with
the most rigorous and inflexible impartiality, regarding
neither persons, their views, nor principles, and seeing
only the abstract proposition subject to my decision. If,
in forming that decision, I concur with some and differ
from others, as must of necessity happen, I shall rely on
the liberality and candor of those from whom I differ, to
believe, that I do it on pure motives.

I might here proceed, and with the greatest truth, to
declare my zealous attachment to the Constitution of the
United States, that I consider the union of these States as
the first of blessings and as the first of duties the
preservation of that constitution which secures it; but I
suppose these declarations not pertinent to the occasion of
entering into an office whose primary business is merely to
preside over the forms of this House, and no one more
sincerely prays that no accident may call me to the higher
and more important functions which the constitution
eventually devolves on this office. These have been justly
confided to the eminent character which has preceded me
here, whose talents and integrity have been known and
revered by me through a long course of years, have been the
foundation of a cordial and uninterrupted friendship
between us, and I devoutly pray he may be long preserved
for the government, the happiness, and prosperity, of our
common country.[1]

On motion, it was agreed to repair to the Chamber of the House of Representatives to attend the administration of the oath of office to JOHN ADAMS, President of the United States; which the Senate accordingly did; and, being seated, the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (attended by the Heads of Departments, the Marshal of the District and his officers) came into the Chamber of the House of Representatives and took his seat in the chair usually occupied by the SPEAKER. The VICE PRESIDENT and Secretary of the Senate were seated in advance, inclining to the right of the PRESIDENT, the late SPEAKER of the House of Representatives and Clerk on the left, and the Justices of the Supreme Court were seated round a table in front of the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. The late PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, the great and good WASHINGTON,[2] took a seat, as a private citizen, a little in front of the seats assigned for the Senate, which were on the south side of the House, the foreign Ministers and members of the House of Representatives took their usual seats--a great concourse of both sexes being present. After a short pause, the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES arose, and communicated the following Address:

"When it was first perceived, in early times, that no
middle course for America remained, between unlimited
submission to a foreign Legislature, and a total
independence of its claims, men of reflection were less
apprehensive of danger, from the formidable power of fleets
and armies they must determine to resist, than from those
contests and dissensions, which would certainly arise
concerning the forms of government to be instituted over
the whole and over the parts of this extensive country.
Relying, however, on the purity of their intentions, the
justice of their cause, and the integrity and intelligence
of the people, under an overruling Providence, which had so
signally protected this country from the first, the
Representatives of this nation, then consisting of little
more than half its present number, not only broke to pieces
the chains which were forging, and the rod of iron that was
lifted up, but frankly cut asunder the ties which had bound
them, and launched into an ocean of uncertainty.

"The zeal and ardor of the people, during the Revolutionary
war, supplying the place of government, commanded a degree
of order, sufficient at least for the preservation of
society. The Confederation, which was early felt to be
necessary, was prepared from the models of the Batavian and
Helvetic Confederacies, the only examples which remain,
with any detail and precision, in history, and certainly
the only ones which the people at large had ever
considered. But, reflecting on the striking difference, in
many particulars, between this country and those where a
courier may go from the seat of Government to the frontier
in a single day, it was then certainly foreseen by some who
assisted in Congress at the formation of it, that it could
not be durable.

"Negligence of its regulations, inattention to its
recommendations, if not disobedience to its authority, not
only in individuals but in States, soon appeared, with
their melancholy consequences: universal languor;
jealousies and rivalries of States; decline of navigation
and commerce; discouragement of necessary manufactures;
universal fall in the value of lands and their produce;
contempt of public and private faith; loss of consideration
and credit with foreign nations; and, at length, in
discontents, animosities, combinations, partial
conventions, and insurrection, threatening some great
national calamity.

"In this dangerous crisis, the people of America were not
abandoned by their usual good sense, presence of mind,
resolution, or integrity. Measures were pursued to concert
a plan, to form a more perfect union, establish justice,
ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common
defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the
blessings of liberty. The public disquisitions,
discussions, and deliberations, issued in the present happy
constitution of Government.

"Employed in the service of my country abroad, during the
whole course of these transactions, I first saw the
Constitution of the United States in a foreign country.
Irritated by no literary altercation, animated by no public
debate, heated by no party animosity, I read it with great
satisfaction, as a result of good heads, prompted by good
hearts; as an experiment, better adapted to the genius,
character, situation, and relations, of this nation and
country, than any which had ever been proposed or
suggested. In its general principles and great outlines, it
was conformable to such a system of government as I had
ever most esteemed, and in some States, my own native State
in particular, had contributed to establish. Claiming a
right of suffrage, in common with my fellow-citizens, in
the adoption or rejection of a constitution which was to
rule me and my posterity, as well as them and theirs, I did
not hesitate to express my approbation of it, on all
occasions, in public and in private. It was not then, nor
has been since, any objection to it, in my mind, that the
Executive and Senate were not more permanent. Nor have I
ever entertained a thought of promoting any alteration in
it, but such as the people themselves, in the course of
their experience, should see and feel to be necessary or
expedient, and by their Representatives in Congress and the
State Legislatures, according to the constitution itself,
adopt and ordain.

"Returning to the bosom of my country, after a painful
separation from it, for ten years, I had the honor to be
elected to a station under the new order of things, and I
have repeatedly laid myself under the most serious
obligations to support the constitution. The operation of
it has equalled the most sanguine expectations of its
friends, and from an habitual attention to it, satisfaction
in its administration and delight in its effects upon the
peace, order, prosperity, and happiness of the nation, I
have acquired an habitual attachment to it, and veneration
for it.

"What other form of government, indeed, can so well deserve
our esteem and love?

"There may be little solidity in an ancient idea that
congregations of men into cities and nations are the most
pleasing objects in the sight of superior intelligences:
but this is very certain, that, to a benevolent human mind,
there can be no spectacle presented by any nation more
pleasing, more noble, majestic, or august, than an assembly
like that which has so often been seen in this and the
other chamber of Congress, of a Government, in which the
Executive authority, as well as that of all the branches of
the Legislature, are exercised by citizens selected, at
regular periods, by their neighbors, to make and execute
laws for the general good. Can any thing essential, any
thing more than mere ornament and decoration, be added to
this by robes and diamonds? Can authority be more amiable
and respectable, when it descends from accidents, or
institutions established in remote antiquity, than when it
springs fresh from the hearts and judgments of an honest
and enlightened people? For, it is the people only that are
represented: it is their power and majesty that are
reflected, and only for their good, in every legitimate
Government, under whatever form it may appear. The
existence of such a Government as ours, for any length of
time, is a full proof of a general dissemination of
knowledge and virtue throughout the whole body of the
people. And what object or consideration more pleasing than
this can be presented to the human mind? If national pride
is ever justifiable or excusable, it is when it springs,
not from power or riches, grandeur or glory, but from
conviction of national innocence, information, and
benevolence.

"In the midst of these pleasing ideas, we should be
unfaithful to ourselves, if we should ever lose sight of
the danger to our liberties, if any thing partial or
extraneous should infect the purity of our free, fair,
virtuous, and independent elections. If an election is to
be determined by a majority of a single vote, and that can
be procured by a party, through artifice or corruption, the
Government may be the choice of a party, for its own ends,
not of the nation for the national good. If that solitary
suffrage can be obtained by foreign nations, by flattery or
menaces, by fraud or violence by terror, intrigue, or
venality, the Government may not be the choice of the
American people, but of foreign nations. It may be foreign
nations who govern us, and not we the people who govern
ourselves. And candid men will acknowledge, that, in such
cases, choice would have little advantage to boast of, over
lot or chance.

"Such is the amiable and interesting system of Government
(and such are some of the abuses to which it may be
exposed) which the people of America have exhibited to the
admiration and anxiety of the wise and virtuous of all
nations, for eight years, under the administration of a
citizen, who, by a long course of great actions, regulated
by prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude, conducting
a people, inspired with the same virtues, and animated with
the same ardent patriotism and love of liberty, to
independence and peace, to increasing wealth and unexampled
prosperity, has merited the gratitude of his
fellow-citizens, commanded the highest praises of foreign
nations, and secured immortal glory with posterity.

"In that retirement which is his voluntary choice, may he
long live to enjoy the delicious recollection of his
services, the gratitude of mankind, the happy fruits of
them to himself and the world, which are daily increasing,
and that splendid prospect of the future fortunes of this
country, which is opening from year to year. His name may
be still a rampart, and the knowledge that he still lives a
bulwark, against all open or secret enemies of his
country's peace. His example has been recommended to the
imitation of his successors, by both Houses of Congress,
and by the voice of the Legislatures and the people
throughout the nation.