Chapter XXXI: Front Matter (31)

Mr. MCDOWELL hoped this blank would not be filled with so long a time. The residence now required from foreigners before they can become citizens is five years. He would not object to an increase of the length of this term to seven years; or, if the committee thought nine better, he would not object to it. He did not wish to discourage an emigration to this country of respectable foreigners, by barring them from the rights of citizenship. The policy of this country had always been different, and he did not wish entirely to change it. When persons come here from foreign countries, it was our interest to attach them to us, and not always to look upon them as aliens and strangers.

The question for filling the blank with "fourteen," was put and carried--41 to 40.

Mr. SEWALL moved a clause providing that no alien who comes from a country at war with us, shall be admitted to citizenship while such war continues. Agreed to.

Mr. GALLATIN wished to know whether the provisions of this act are intended to extend to persons who were in this country previous to the passing of the law of January, 1795, which requires a residence of five years before an alien can become a citizen, but who have neglected to become citizens, as well as to all those aliens who have come to the country since January, 1795; although they may have made the declaration by that law required three years before they can become so, of their intention of becoming citizens of the United States. The law of January, 1795, had made an exception in favor of all aliens then in the country.

As the bill stands at present, Mr. G. said, it would have a retrospective effect on three descriptions of persons, viz: all those aliens who were in this country prior to the adoption of the present Constitution of the United States, and who were not naturalized under the State laws before the act of 1790; in the next place, it affects all those who, under the law of 1790, might have been naturalized, and all those who, under the law of 1795, might hereafter be naturalized, provided they have made the necessary declaration of their intention of becoming citizens. From the year 1795, many persons, with a view of making themselves citizens of this country as soon as the law would allow them, have renounced their allegiance to the countries from whence they came, and if this bill passes in its present form, they will for ten or twelve years to come be without citizenship in any country. He hoped, therefore, some exception would be made in favor of the descriptions of persons which he had named.

One reason which led him to mention this circumstance was, that there are a great number of persons in the State of Pennsylvania, and many in the district from whence he came, who, though they are not citizens of the United States, really believe they are. This mistake has arisen from (an error common to most of the districts of the United States) a belief that an alien's being naturalized by the laws of a State Government, since the act of 1790, made him a citizen of the United States. The Mayor of Philadelphia, till the year 1795, admitted citizens under the State law, who afterwards considered themselves as citizens of the United States. He always thought that construction to be wrong--Congress having the power to pass, and having passed an uniform naturalization law, which, in his opinion, excluded the idea of admission to citizenship on different terms by the individual States. But he knew the contrary opinion till lately generally prevailed. Indeed, he knew that at the late election in this city, the votes of respectable merchants, who had obtained American registers for their vessels, on a presumption of their being citizens, were refused on this ground. The same mistake had extended to other parts of the Union. It may be said that, since the year 1795, these persons might have gone to any of the courts and have become citizens. In this city, and in others, he supposed persons had generally done so; but where people are two or three hundred miles distant from the District Court of the United States, they had not always an opportunity of doing it, especially on account of a construction of the act of 1795, which had prevailed in some counties of Pennsylvania, and which made it doubtful whether any court in the State out of the city, could administer the oath of citizenship. Mr. G. supposed that since the year 1790, from ten to fifteen thousand emigrants had come into the State of Pennsylvania, two-thirds of whom believed, till lately, that they were citizens of the United States, from their having been naturalized by the laws of that State. It has now been discovered that they are not citizens; but since that discovery was made, they have not had an opportunity of being admitted according to the law of the United States. If some limited period was given to these persons to come forward to be naturalized, and they did not become citizens in that time, he should be willing to exclude them. He thought, indeed, provision should be made for all these persons, but he would not move any amendment until he had heard the opinion of the committee on the subject. The amendment just adopted, for excluding their enemies from citizenship, would do away any objection which could be urged against a provision of this kind. Indeed, the persons he alluded to generally came from the territories of the King of Great Britain, and three-fourths of them from Ireland.

Mr. SEWALL said, this subject was before the select committee, and it was the opinion of a majority of that committee that no exception ought to be made, but that the bill should pass in its present form. His own sentiments were decidedly against any alteration. As to the Irishmen whom the gentleman from Pennsylvania has mentioned, as they have neglected to avail themselves of the privilege of becoming citizens, he supposed they did not place any high value upon it. They are now permitted to hold lands; and from the present distracted state of the country from whence they have emigrated, he did not think it would be prudent to make them eligible to hold seats in the Government after a residence of five years. He believed the liberty which the United States have given in this respect heretofore has been unexampled, and it was high time the evils which had arisen from this imprudent liberality should be remedied. The present distracted state of the world, and the attempts made to disturb other governments, showed the necessity of the proposed regulations.

Mr. S. did not consider the persons who had been mentioned as laboring under any disadvantages. Considering what they have left, and what they receive here, their situation is vastly improved by the change which they have made, without giving them any chance of becoming members of our government, for they would have had little chance of becoming members of the government which they have left. He did not suppose they came here with a view of getting into the government, but to acquire property, and to enjoy peace and happiness, and this they might do independent of citizenship. As he saw no good, therefore, to be derived to the country from admitting these persons to citizenship, but much danger, he hoped the bill would be agreed to as reported.

Mr. GALLATIN said, if the bill was proceeded with, he would prepare an amendment in favor of those classes of persons he had mentioned.

The bill was accordingly proceeded with; and coming to the fifth section, where it is provided, that if an alien shall continue to reside here, and shall refuse or neglect to make a report of his residence, and receive a certificate thereof, he shall forfeit two dollars, _and shall be liable to be arrested as a suspected person_--

Mr. GALLATIN moved to strike out the words printed in italic. It was sufficient, he said, that such a person should pay a fine. It was a new thing to punish a man by imprisonment, not for delinquency, but because he was suspected. A conduct of this kind had been highly condemned in another country, and he hoped it would not be adopted here.

Mr. SEWALL said, it was the intention of the committee to show the nature of the offence of omitting to make the proper report; to show that such omission would lay the citizens under the suspicion of not acting openly and candidly.

Mr. SITGREAVES remarked, that if his colleague's objection only went to the words "suspected person," his motion went too far.

The question was put and negatived--37 to 36.

Mr. GALLATIN then proposed an amendment to the following effect:

"Provided that any alien who was resident within the
limits, and under the jurisdiction of the United States,
before the 29th of January, 1795, and any alien who shall
have made a declaration of his intention of becoming a
citizen of the United States, in conformity to the
provisions of an act establishing a uniform rule of
naturalization, passed on that day, may be admitted to
become citizens of the United States, according to the
provisions of that act."

Mr. CRAIK was disposed to go much further than is proposed in this bill in restricting aliens from becoming citizens of this country. He should have no objection to say, that no foreigner coming into this country after this time, shall ever become a citizen; but he believed if this law was to have a retrospective operation on all those foreigners now residing within the United States, who have neglected to become citizens, it would be very unjust. There was a large class of persons, he said, in the country from which he came, who are not naturalized under any law, and many others who had been naturalized under the State law; about the legality of which, as had been stated, there is much doubt, though in Maryland and Virginia foreigners are still naturalized by the States, notwithstanding the law of the United States.

In deciding upon this question, Mr. C. said, it would not be proper to take into consideration emigrants from any particular country. Many of the persons he alluded to, are Germans, and well entitled to every privilege that can be given them, and whose neglect to become citizens was probably owing to their ignorance of our language and laws. He should, therefore, be in favor of this amendment, especially as far as it respects those aliens who were in this country before the year 1795.

Mr. BAYARD said, though foreigners were prevented from becoming citizens of the United States until they have resided fourteen years in the country, in many of the States, they are entitled not only to vote for filling the offices of the State Governments, but also for filling those of the United States. Therefore, the only privilege which they are denied, is the capacity of becoming members of the Federal Government; which was a denial, he thought, recommended by sound policy. And he did not see why the restriction should not extend to the aliens now within the United States, as to those who shall hereafter come here. If aliens residing here had any right to expect an exception, it must be on the ground of compact. He did not, however, consider naturalization laws in that light. Aliens cannot be considered as members of the society of the United States; our laws are passed on the ground of our own policy, and whatever is granted to aliens is a mere matter of favor; and, if it is taken away, they have no right to complain. Every principle of policy, in his opinion, required this regulation to be made general; for he believed there were as many Jacobins and vagabonds come into the United States during the last two years, as may come for ten years hence; so that these very persons against whom this law was intended to operate, will become citizens, and may be chosen into the government. He hoped, therefore, the amendment would not be adopted.

With respect to those persons who have given notice of their intention of renouncing their allegiance to the foreign country from whence they came (for they do not actually renounce it until they become citizens) it can make no difference to them, especially those referred to by the gentleman from Pennsylvania, because it is a principle of the British law, that British subjects have not a right to alienate themselves; they cannot renounce their allegiance to the British King. No objection, therefore, could be had against the measures being general on that ground.

Mr. MACON was apprehensive that gentlemen in their zeal to get at particular persons, will go too far in this business. He agreed with them, that, for three or four years past, people of all sorts of politics had come to this country, from the highest aristocrat to the greatest Jacobin; and he doubted not that persons who were very desirous of becoming citizens, or who had any particular end to answer by it, had availed themselves of the law. But there are persons in distant parts of the Continent, who have never yet become citizens, perhaps from their not being in the way of going through the ceremony, and because they had no apprehension of the privilege being taken from them. Many had also omitted to do it from an ignorance of our language. He hoped, therefore, this amendment would be agreed to. If persons have given notice of their intention to become citizens, they have complied in part with the laws; and he did not think it would be right to put it out of their power to comply with the other part.

Mr. SEWALL said, this amendment would comprehend those aliens who have come here since the year 1795, though they may have made no declaration of their intention to become citizens, as they may make the declaration before the law passes. As to the other description of persons, he had not the same objection to them. He agreed with the gentleman from Delaware, that our regulations in this respect are made for our own convenience and safety, and that no alien has a right to complain, if these regulations should disappoint his expectations.

Mr. SITGREAVES said, this was either a question of right or expediency. He presumed no gentleman was prepared to say any alien had acquired an absolute and positive right in this country to citizenship at any particular time. If not, it was a mere matter of expediency; and, when it is considered in this light, there can be little difficulty in seeing the danger and disadvantages which would arise from allowing foreigners to become citizens, as heretofore, or as proposed by the present amendment. They are too evident to be enumerated.

But it was supposed that there were a large number of individuals in this country entitled to citizenship by the law of 1790, but who have, nevertheless, neglected to become citizens. It was a little extraordinary, he said, if this were so; that persons should for so long a time have neglected to embrace a right which, it is now represented, it would be doing them great injury to deprive them of. As to those persons who came into the country since the law of 1795, he saw no good reason for making an exception in their favor. As policy, safety, and security, dictated the measure, he hoped the bill would be passed as reported.

Mr. W. CLAIBORNE said he could not reconcile it to his feelings to vote for the bill without the amendment proposed by the gentleman from Pennsylvania, because it would be doing a number of people whom he represented the greatest injustice. Those people, be said, were peculiarly situated. It was only at the last winter session that the State of Tennessee was represented on this floor; and, at the time of passing the naturalization law, the people of that country were not in a situation to receive information of what was done in Congress. It need not be a matter of surprise, therefore, if, in that frontier country, there are many persons aliens who did not take advantage of the law of 1790. There are numbers of such who have given the strongest proofs of attachment to the country; they have fought and bled in the service of the United States, and are as much wedded to the Government of the United States as any man born on American soil. If this amendment does not prevail, it will affect many valuable citizens of the State of Tennessee who were citizens in the year 1795, and ten years before that time. These persons would be deprived of rights, because they were living in a country in which there was no post road, and where, of course, they had no newspapers to give them information of what was going on at the seat of Government. He hoped, therefore, it would not be agreed to.

Mr. J. WILLIAMS hoped this provision would be agreed to. When an act is passed, good reasons, he said, ought to be given before any change takes place. Many persons had come into this country from an expectation of being naturalized at the end of a certain period; but, if this provision is not agreed to, the system will be entirely changed. He saw no difficulty which could arise from agreeing to this provision, as persons from countries at war with this country could not be made citizens at all. He knew a number of persons who had not taken advantage of the naturalization law, who perhaps are as good men as any in the United States. It was true, he said, that by the laws of the several States aliens are allowed to hold land; but when foreigners come here to reside, and behave well, he did not see why they ought to be prevented from becoming citizens. They contribute their share of the expense of government, and it was an acknowledged principle that representation and taxation ought to go together; which would not be the case if the bill was passed without this amendment.

The question was put and carried, there being 52 votes for it.

The committee then rose, and the House proceeded to take up the amendments.

The amendment of Mr. GALLATIN coming again under consideration,

Mr. COIT hoped that part of the clause would be disagreed to which embraces persons who were in this country before the year 1795, but who had never shown any disposition to become citizens. Those who came since, and had given notice of their intention of becoming citizens, stand on very different ground. He should have no objection to the latter being accepted, in the way proposed, but not the former.

After a few observations on this amendment, it was negatived--49 to 32.

Mr. SITGREAVES proposed an amendment, limiting the time within which aliens, included in Mr. GALLATIN'S proposition, should be permitted to avail themselves of the exception in their favor, viz: those who were in this country before the year 1795, within one year after the passing of this act; and those who have come here since, and given notice of their intention to become citizens, within four years from the time of such notice having been given.

The question was first put on the former part of the amendment.

Mr. T. CLAIBORNE did not wish to punish men for not being born here, but to punish both natives and foreigners when guilty. He hoped two years would be allowed instead of one.

The question on two years was put and negatived--31 to 39. It was then put on one, and carried--57 votes being for it.

The question on the second part of the amendment was then put.

Mr. VARNUM said, the impulse of the moment led members to believe that these restrictions upon foreigners were necessary. He thought there was no necessity for any measures being taken with respect to foreigners, except such as belong to the nation with whom we expect to be at war; yet, he had no particular objection to restrictions being made with respect to such foreigners as shall hereafter come to this country; but, having heretofore held out inducements to foreigners to come to this country, and when they are come, with an expectation of becoming entitled to the rights of citizens in a certain time, he would not disappoint those expectations.

Mr. T. CLAIBORNE said, this was a very important bill, and he should wish a little more time to consider on it; he therefore moved an adjournment.

The motion was put and negatived, there being only 15 votes for it.

Mr. SITGREAVES said, the observation of the gentleman from Massachusetts could only be applicable when the principle of the bill was under consideration; whereas, the present proposition only went to limit the period within which advantage should be taken of the indulgence proposed to be allowed.

Mr. VARNUM moved a division of the amendment, and proposed to allow till the 1st of September next for persons to make a declaration of their intention to become citizens.

This motion was not seconded; and the question on the amendment was put and carried--47 to 31.

The bill was then ordered to be read a third time to-morrow.

TUESDAY, May 22.

_Alien Enemies._

On motion of Mr. SEWALL, the House went into a Committee of the Whole on the bill respecting alien enemies, Mr. DENT in the chair; when the bill was read as follows:

SEC. 1. _Be it enacted, &c._, That whenever there shall be
a declared war between the United States and any foreign
nation or government, or any invasion, or predatory
incursion, shall be perpetrated, attempted, or threatened,
against the territory of the United States, by any foreign
nation or government, and the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES shall make public proclamation of the event, all
natives, denizens, citizens, or subjects of the hostile
nation or government, being males of the age of fourteen
years and upwards, who shall be within the United States,
and not actually naturalized, shall be liable to be
apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed, as alien
enemies; and shall be further subject, with their goods and
effects, to a just retaliation of any unusual severities,
restraints, and confiscations, which shall be suffered by
the citizens of the United States, resident within the
territory of the hostile nation or government, and
inflicted by their authority, previous to, or at the
commencement of, any war or rupture as aforesaid, under
color or pretence thereof. And the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES shall be, and he is hereby, authorized, in any event
as aforesaid, by his proclamation thereof, or other public
act, to direct the conduct to be observed, on the part of
the United States, towards the aliens who shall become
liable as aforesaid; the manner and degree of the restraint
to which they shall be subject, and in what cases and upon
what security their residence shall be permitted, and to
provide for the removal of those who, not being permitted
to reside within the United States, shall refuse or neglect
to depart therefrom, and to establish any other regulations
which shall be found necessary in the premises, and for the
public safety, subject, nevertheless, to the regulations
which the Congress of the United States shall thereafter
agree and establish.

[The second section allows to any alien enemy who shall
not be chargeable with actual hostility, all the time for
the disposal of his effects, and his removal from the
country, which any treaty with his nation may stipulate;
and the third commits the execution of the act in relation
to all persons comprehended in the PRESIDENT'S
Proclamation, and to all who shall harbor them, to all the
judicial and ministerial officers of the Federal and State
Governments.]

The two first sections having been read, without motion for amendment,

Mr. LYON moved to strike out the word "harbor," in the third section, which was negatived.

Mr. MACON thought the third section gave the PRESIDENT a very extraordinary power; it seemed that his proclamation, in all cases, was to be considered as law. He wished the chairman of the committee, who reported the bill, to give some information on the subject.

Mr. SEWALL said, the gentleman from North Carolina seemed to suppose that this was a general power placed in the hands of the PRESIDENT, whereas his power is confined by the first section of the bill. This power, Mr. S. said, must be placed somewhere, and he believed it could not be better placed than in the PRESIDENT.

Mr. LYON saw no ground for the first section of the bill, except it was to restrain the property of aliens to make satisfaction for the injuries done to our own citizens; nor should he be willing to give a power to the PRESIDENT which might enable him to distress innocent persons. He moved, therefore, to strike out the words "or threatened," in the first section, as he considered these words too vague to authorize the exercise of so great a power as was here given.

Mr. MACON seconded the motion.

The question was put and negatived, 44 to 39.

Mr. HARPER moved to strike out the words "predatory incursion," in the first section. The power, he said, was a very extensive one, and he did not think it ought to be given except in cases of serious attack; but, after a few words in opposition to it by Mr. SEWALL, and in favor of it by Mr. MCDOWELL, he withdrew his motion, alleging that he had not rightly understood the section.

Mr. BAYARD said, the last section of this bill contained a principle contrary to all our maxims of jurisprudence, viz: to provide punishment for a crime by a law to be passed after the fact is committed. Whether the crime to be punished is to amount to treason, misprision of treason, or be only a misdemeanor, is left uncertain. It was his opinion that laws could not be too definite; but it would be impossible in this case for the person committed to know what crime he had committed, or to what punishment he was liable. In order to get rid of this difficulty, he moved to strike out all the words after the word "aforesaid," at the conclusion of the last section, and to insert in lieu thereof the following words, viz: "shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and subject to a fine not exceeding ---- dollars, and be imprisoned not exceeding ---- months."

Mr. SEWALL acknowledged there was a good deal of uncertainty in that part of the bill moved to be struck out; but the select committee did not see any way of remedying the evil without making the law too mild in its operation. In some cases, the offence would amount to high treason, the punishment for which is death; in others, to misprision of treason, the punishment for which is imprisonment not exceeding seven years, and a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. As the offence might, therefore, sometimes amount to high treason, there would be an impropriety in making it uniformly a misdemeanor.

If an alien should have resided here for a number of years, and he should turn out to have been a spy, and a citizen of the United States should have harbored and concealed the said alien, knowing him to have been a spy, he would be chargeable with high treason for aiding and abetting the enemies of the United States within its territory, or at least a misprision of treason.

But the gentleman from Delaware was mistaken in his idea that it was intended to try an offender by a law passed after the offence was committed. By the expression, "as by law is or shall be declared," was only meant such law as should be passed between the present time and the time of committing any offence.

The question on this amendment was put and carried, 44 to 25.

On motion of Mr. BAYARD, the blank for containing the amount of the penalty, in the amendment just carried, was filled with one thousand dollars.

The committee rose, and reported the amendments; which having been agreed to,

Mr. DENT moved to strike out the word "months," in Mr. BAYARD'S amendment, in order to insert "seven years."

Mr. N. SMITH hoped this amendment would not be agreed to. He believed the penalty might, in some cases, be too severe, and in others by far too mild. He thought the bill stood well as it was. He did not think there was any uncertainty in it but what arose from the different species of offence which were comprised within this provision--for a person under it might be guilty of the highest crime, or of no crime at all, according to the circumstances of the case. This being the condition of things, to make an uniform punishment for all cases, whether highly criminal, or no crime at all, cannot be proper.

The bill as it stands, without the amendment, provides that offenders shall be imprisoned and punished according to the law which is or shall be made, (before the offence is committed,) and he thought this was the proper footing, as the punishment would then be apportioned according to the offence.

Mr. BAYARD hoped the amendment would be agreed to. He did not know that a greater misfortune could happen to any man than to live in a country where the laws are so indefinite that a person cannot ascertain when he commits an offence, or what is the penalty of an offence when it is committed. The gentlemen from Massachusetts and Connecticut tell the House about the aggravation of the offence. What was the aggravation they allude to they have not stated, and no gentleman could form an opinion upon the subject. The fact was of a definite nature, and a definite punishment ought to be made for it. What is the fact? It is the harboring and concealing of an alien enemy after the proclamation of the PRESIDENT. Gentlemen say this offence may amount to treason, misprision of treason, or other offence. If the offence could amount to treason, he owned he did not understand the bill, because the crime of treason is defined by the constitution, and could not be varied by any law of Congress. If, then, the fact amount to treason, it will not be included in this law. If gentlemen wished to punish persons in exact conformity to their degree of offence, they ought to prepare a scale of offence for that purpose. If not, the amendment agreed to in Committee of the Whole, ought, in his opinion, to be concurred in.

Mr. SEWALL said, this bill aimed at one thing, and the gentleman from Delaware at another. The bill has in itself a definition of the offence. It has declared certain circumstances which shall put a person in a situation in which he shall answer for his conduct. It declares that a person harboring an alien enemy shall be a suspected person; but the crime and punishment must be ascertained by other laws; and by these offenders are to be punished agreeably to their offences, whether they be great or small.

Mr. GALLATIN said, if he understood the gentleman from Massachusetts, it was not the object of this bill to define the nature of the offence of which a person shall be guilty, or the punishment for it, for harboring and concealing an alien enemy, but only that certain circumstances should render a man a suspected person. This to him was altogether a new legislation.

If he understood the bill as it stood rightly, a person may be apprehended and imprisoned on account of his having harbored and concealed alien enemies; yet the gentleman from Massachusetts says this is in itself no crime; for, if it were a crime, it ought to be punished in the way proposed by the gentleman from Delaware, but he states it to be only a sufficient ground of suspicion. This Mr. G. said, was not only contrary to every principle of justice and reason, but to the provisions of the constitution. The constitution says, "that no person shall be deprived of life, limb, or property, without due process of law." But here certain persons may be deprived of their liberty without any process of law, or being guilty of any crime. Yet the gentleman from Massachusetts says, that this bill does not define a crime or award a punishment. But, Mr. G. said, this assertion was not correct; for there was a new crime instituted, which was that of being a suspected person, and the overt act which is to be evidence of that crime, is the harboring and concealing of an alien enemy, and the punishment is to be apprehension and imprisonment until it shall be found what law the prisoner has offended.

Mr. G. said he was ready to acknowledge that where a man commits an offence, he ought to be punished; but he could not consent to punish any man on suspicion merely. He therefore moved to recommit the bill. He did this because he thought the whole of the bill vague in its nature. He wished it to be more in detail, and that the offences to be punished should be defined; for it was remarkable that every section of the bill concluded with these singular words: "subject nevertheless to the regulations which the Congress of the United States shall thereafter agree and establish." So that instead of deciding what the law should be, it gives the PRESIDENT the power of saying what it is; subject to the after regulations of Congress. He wished now to make the law to declare what the offence should be, and what the punishment, and not leave it to the PRESIDENT to make what regulations he shall think proper. If not, the whole of the bill might as well be in two or three words, viz: "The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES shall have the power to remove, restrict, or confine alien enemies and citizens whom he may consider as suspected persons." When Congress attempted to legislate, they ought not to do it in this way. When the resolution was agreed to, authorizing this bill to be reported, he expected the committee would have defined the nature of offences and their punishments, and not reported the bill in the vague way in which it is before the House, especially as this appears not to be meant for a temporary, but a permanent law.

If gentlemen examine the third section of the bill, it will be found that all Judges, Justices, Marshals, Sheriffs, and other officers, and all the good people of the United States, are bound to do, what? Not to execute any law; but to carry into effect any proclamation, or other public act of the PRESIDENT. So that instead of the Judicial, and any other officers of the United States, and the people at large, being obedient to the laws, they are to be obedient to the will of the PRESIDENT.

The last clause of the bill, which does not relate to aliens, but to our own citizens, is very objectionable. It is in the shape of a penal law, and the crime it defines is the harboring and concealing of alien enemies. Now it is said, that this crime may amount to high treason, by its being construed that an offender has adhered to the enemies of the United States, knowing them to be such, or it may be no offence at all. But the provision is general; and a man guilty of no offence is liable to be apprehended and imprisoned equally with the highest offender under this law.

Upon the whole, it was evident, Mr. G. said, that this bill wants detail, as what is left general and ambiguous, ought to be clearly defined. He hoped, therefore, the bill would be recommitted.

Mr. SEWALL said, that the gentleman from Pennsylvania, in order to bring forward this motion, has shut his eyes to the intention of the bill. He says it is a bill for punishing crimes which are not defined. He never knew that alien enemies were guilty of an offence merely as such. It is a bill to provide for the public safety in certain cases. In the event of a war with France, all her citizens here will become alien enemies, but neither this bill, nor common sense, would consider them as offenders. They may be offenders, but not because they are alien enemies; nevertheless it is necessary to provide for the public safety, and in all countries there is a power lodged somewhere for taking measures of this kind. In this country, this power is not lodged wholly in the Executive; it is in Congress. Perhaps, if war was declared, the PRESIDENT might then, as Commander-in-chief, exercise a military power over these people; but it would be best to settle these regulations by civil process. They would be regulated by the treaties as well as by the laws of nations. The intention of this bill is to give the PRESIDENT the power of judging what is proper to be done, and to limit his authority in the way proposed by this bill. In many cases, it would be unnecessary to remove or restrict aliens of this description; and he believed it would be impossible for Congress to describe the cases in which aliens or citizens ought to be punished, or not; but the PRESIDENT would be able to determine this matter by his proclamation. If, however, gentlemen could point out any way in which the necessary regulations could be detailed, he should have no particular objection to it, though he thought the bill stood very well as it was.

Mr. OTIS.--In considering this subject, the only practicable modes, he said, which present themselves, are three. To provide for the removing or otherwise restricting all alien enemies without distinction, or to specify some overt acts for committing of which they shall be liable to be removed or restricted, or else to leave the power with the PRESIDENT to take such steps respecting them as he shall think proper and necessary for the public safety.

Mr. O. inquired if the House was ready to do the first? He thought not. He had no doubt there might be French citizens resident here who were entitled to protection, who meant to become good subjects, and who ought not to be exposed to any inconvenience or penalty whatever. He believed very few gentlemen are of opinion that it would be proper to treat all alien enemies in the same way. The operation of such a measure would be unjust. Will gentlemen think it right, then, to declare that alien enemies shall only be removed, or otherwise restricted, on conviction of some overt act to be specified in the act? They are at present liable, with all other persons, to be punished for crimes; so that a regulation with this view would be unnecessary. But there may be cases where the conduct of such persons being extremely suspicious, they ought to be taken into custody, though no positive crime could be proved. Suppose a French army were to land in this country, some of these persons might show a disposition, which would warrant their imprisonment; and yet he did not know how such dispositions could be defined in this bill.

Mr. O. believed, therefore, that it would be best to vest a discretionary power in the Executive to secure and take care that these men should do no injury. And this could not be looked upon as a dangerous or exorbitant power, since the PRESIDENT would have the power, the moment war was declared, to apprehend the whole of these people as enemies, and make them prisoners of war. And in case of a predatory incursion, made on this country, there might be as much reason for securing some of them as in case of actual war or invasion. So that this bill ought rather to be considered as an amelioration or modification of those powers which the PRESIDENT already possesses, as Commander-in-chief, and which the martial law would prove more rigorous than those proposed by this new regulation. Unless gentlemen were disposed to interfere, to suffer those men to go at large, and to carry on a correspondence with their countrymen and our enemy; unless they will consent to suffer a band of spies to be spread through the country, from one end of it to the other, who, in case of the introduction of an enemy into our country, may join them in their attack upon us, and in their plunder of our property, nothing short of the bill like the present can be effectual.

He was willing to say, that in a time of tranquillity, he should not desire to put a power like this into the hands of the Executive; but, in a time of war, the citizens of France ought to be considered and treated and watched in a very different manner from citizens of our own country.

As to the objection made by the gentleman from Pennsylvania, that the bill provides a punishment for suspected persons, and that the word suspected was indefinite, Mr. O. asked whether men are not usually arrested on suspicion? When information is lodged against a man for committing an offence, he is suspected of being guilty, and imprisoned until he can be examined.

Mr. O. believed, that, to provide for this detention of the person, was all Congress could now do. If the bill was recommitted, he did not think any definite provision could be made. It was necessary the PRESIDENT should have the power of judging in this case, and that punishment ought not to depend upon the slow operations of a trial. Though possessed of this power, the PRESIDENT would doubtless suffer all such persons to remain in this country as demeaned themselves peaceably; but when they discovered a contrary spirit, he would treat them accordingly.

Mr. GALLATIN withdrew his motion for committing the whole bill, and moved to commit the third section of it. His arguments, he said, went wholly against that; and gentlemen, in reply to him, had chosen to direct their observations to other parts of the bill. As he did not wish his object to be misunderstood, he would only move for a recommitment of the third section of the bill, as his objections to the other parts of it were immaterial when compared with this.

After a few words from Mr. OTIS, Mr. MACON renewed his motion for recommitting the whole bill, which was negatived--37 to 36.

Mr. GALLATIN then renewed his motion for recommitting the third section, which was negatived by the casting vote of the Speaker, there being thirty-eight votes for it, and thirty-eight votes against it.

Mr. LYON renewed his motion to strike out the words "or threatened," in the first section. He thought this too indefinite an expression upon which to rest so important a power as was given to the PRESIDENT by this bill. Where the liberty and happiness of thousands of people are concerned, he wished they might depend upon something more certain. Gentlemen who advocate this bill, he said, spoke as if all power was to be placed in the PRESIDENT, and Congress were never to sit again. He wished this expression to be stricken out, and if, when Congress met again, they found the PRESIDENT had not power enough, they might give him more. He called for the yeas and nays upon his motion.

The question for taking the yeas and nays was put, but less than one-fifth of the members present rising in its favor, it was not carried. The question was then put on the motion, and it was negatived without a division.

Mr. GALLATIN supposed, if these regulations were established, it would be proper that permits should be granted to such aliens as the PRESIDENT should suffer to remain in the United States. He was not immediately prepared to introduce a proper amendment for that purpose; but he would move to add a few words in that part of the bill where it is proposed to punish citizens for harboring aliens, to try the question. He did not very well understand the phrase, "liable as an enemy," by which those aliens were defined, and whom it would be criminal by this law to harbor; but he would move to introduce the words, "who shall not have obtained permission, under the authority of the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES to remain within the territory of the United States." He moved this, in order that citizens might not be entrapped by this law, but that they should know precisely to what description of aliens they might give a night's lodging, without being liable to be arrested as suspected persons.

Mr. BAYARD did not think this amendment necessary, as a citizen must harbor and _conceal_ an alien to be guilty of any offence.

And the question was put and negatived--38 to 33.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading to-morrow.

WEDNESDAY, May 23.

_Alien Enemies._

The bill respecting alien enemies was read the third time, when

Mr. R. WILLIAMS moved a recommitment of the bill. He said his objections did not lie so much against the provisions respecting aliens, as to the power proposed to be given to the PRESIDENT of issuing proclamations, which are to be binding on the Judges and other officers with respect to our own citizens. He would wish to designate every offence, and its adequate punishment, as far as it could be done. In order to effect this he made his motion.

Mr. SEWALL said, so much discussion took place on this subject yesterday, that he did not expect any more to-day. The gentleman from North Carolina seemed not to object to the powers given to the PRESIDENT by the first and second sections of the bill, but he did not wish him to have any officers to execute his powers. If the PRESIDENT could carry the law into effect with his own hand, he might do so, but he objected to his having any aid from his officers or the people at large. He did not believe this kind of reasoning could have any effect in this House. If the PRESIDENT is authorized to issue orders, he must be authorized to require the aid of proper persons to execute them.

Mr. GALLATIN called for the yeas and nays upon this question, which, being agreed to, he hoped this bill would be recommitted. He had no doubt that the committee, by paying due attention to the subject, instead of this general and vague bill, might report such rules and regulations as would be proper to be adopted on this occasion. He recollected seeing a bill from the Senate on this subject, in which something of this kind was done; and though he did by no means approve of that bill, yet it showed that the thing was not impossible. The objection made against a recommittal of this bill, was, that it was necessary to do something to provide means for securing and removing alien enemies, which did not apply as an argument against the recommitment of the bill. It was a good reason why a bill should be passed, but no reason why it should pass in its present form. The present bill, Mr. G. said, was grounded upon the principle that the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES shall have the power to do by proclamation what ought only to be done by law.

In the first place, the Proclamation of the PRESIDENT is to determine the period when foreigners not naturalized shall be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as alien enemies. Mr. G. understood what was meant by apprehending alien enemies, and securing them, but he did not understand the word "restraining;" it was vague, he said, in its nature, and he did not know that it was a legal phrase. The committee could themselves explain it. By the bill from the Senate, it was intended to confine them within the place where they reside; perhaps this was their idea. The bill goes further: they are not only liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed, but "to be subject, with their goods and effects, to a just retaliation of any unusual severities, restraints, and confiscations, which shall be suffered by the citizens of the United States resident within the territory of the hostile nation or Government, and inflicted by their authority."

Mr. G. wished to have explained what was meant by "unusual severities." They must mean something more than confiscations--than apprehending, restraining, or removing--because they are specifically provided for. He wished, therefore, to know what these unusual severities were which, upon our own ideas of Government, we could retaliate? If any other severities besides those which are here enumerated were to be inflicted upon our citizens in France, he thought it would be disgraceful to that country, and he could not believe that either propriety or justice would warrant us committing a disgraceful act against the citizens of another nation, because that nation had committed a disgraceful act upon our citizens in their country.

[Mr. SEWALL rose to explain, but the SPEAKER said, the rule which declares no member shall speak more than once to a question would not permit him.]

Mr. G. did not know whether these words "unusual severities" were not intended to be held _in terrorem_ over the conduct of France. If so, he did not think it a very creditable proceeding. But he believed that part of the bill perfectly useless, for two reasons: First, it is extremely doubtful whether the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES could constitutionally exercise those "unusual severities," which this bill says he may exercise; and with respect to confiscation, it was explained by a subsequent part of the bill to be only a sequestration till the next meeting of Congress, and he therefore conceived this part of the bill to be of no use, except to train our code of law in a manner expressly contrary to the spirit of our constitution, which expressly declares no "cruel or unusual punishments" shall be inflicted.

But, supposing the words only held out _in terrorem_, he wished to know how they would apply, whether it was to make a part of our permanent law, whether it is suited for the present time only. If it were not to make a part of our permanent system--and he thought no gentleman would say it ought--then it must be on account of our present situation. As to our present situation, in relation to any thing which may befall our citizens in France, he would say the words are useless, and this for a plain reason; for, out of the natives of France in this country, ninety-nine out of an hundred are of that description of persons whom the French call emigrants, and it is therefore perfectly immaterial to the French nation how they are treated; so that the bill could operate only on a dozen or two of persons of a different description who may be in this country.

In the next place, with respect to confiscations, which by the next clause are so limited as to become sequestrations, it would be wrong to give this power to the PRESIDENT. An article is inserted in the British Treaty expressly to declare that sequestrations are impolitic and unjust in every case, and providing against them. He admitted that it might be necessary to resort to them on some occasions, because he believed there might be cases where sequestration would be necessary, by way of indemnification; but what he insisted on was, that it ought to be done by law, and not by the PRESIDENT. On a former occasion, when the question of sequestration was before Congress, the power was not proposed to be left at large with the PRESIDENT, but was to be regulated by law.