Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (7)

7. Connective with an entire, oblong appendage. Filament adnate to the base of the lip. Inflorescence lax.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons) and Madagascar. =Aulotandra= Gagnepain

Connective with a 3-lobed appendage. Filament free from the lip. Inflorescence dense.--Species 50. Tropics. The fruits (grains of paradise) of several species (especially _A. melegueta_ Roscoe) are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; others serve as ornamental plants. (Under _Amomum_ L.) (Plate 24.) =Aframomum= K. Schum.

8. Filament long. Lip not distinctly clawed. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.--Species 3. Naturalised in the tropical regions. Ornamental plants. =Alpinia= L.

Filament short. Lip clawed. 9

9. Lip entire, rhomboidical, adnate to the filament at the base. Epigynous glands lobed. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem. Inflorescence very dense, almost head-like, surrounded by a coloured involucre.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant, the fruit as a condiment. (_Nicolaia_ Horan., under _Amomum_ L.) =Phaeomeria= Lindl.

Lip more or less distinctly 3-lobed, free from the filament. 10

10. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Corolla-tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Stigma small. Inflorescence springing from the base of the leafy stem, lax, paniculate.--Species 1 (_E. Cardamomum_ White et Maton). Cultivated in the tropics and naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. The fruits (cardamoms) are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments. =Elettaria= Maton

Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx closed in bud. Inflorescence usually terminal.--Species 15. Central Africa. (_Ethanium_ Salisb.) =Renealmia= L. f.

FAMILY 41. CANNACEAE

Herbs. Leaves large, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate or formed of cymes. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled, the barren half leaf-like. Staminodes leaf-like. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with numerous inverted ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under _SCITAMINEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in various regions. They yield starch, vegetables, medicaments, and dyeing materials, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Indian shot.” =Canna= L.

FAMILY 42. MARANTACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stalked, with a swelling in the upper part of the stalk, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or paniculate. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled. Staminodes 2-4, petal-like. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a curved embryo.--Genera 12, species 60. Tropics. (Under _SCITAMINEAE_.) (Plate 25.)

1. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe MARANTEAE.] 2

Ovary 3-celled, but the ovules of 2 cells sometimes abortive. [Tribe PHRYNIEAE.] 3

2. Corolla-tube very short. Staminodes 3, one of them with two filiform appendages. Fruit indehiscent. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.--Species 7. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Thalia= L.

Corolla-tube long. Staminodes 4. Fruit dehiscent. Bracts enclosing 3 pairs of flowers each.--Species 1 (_M. arundinacea_ L.) Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock contains starch (arrow-root). =Maranta= L.

3. Staminodes 2. Fruit winged. Inflorescence spike-like, springing from the root-stock. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.--Species 1. West Africa. The fruits are edible and contain sugar. =Thaumatococcus= Benth.

Staminodes 4, rarely 3. 4

4. Bracts approximated in one row, enclosing two pairs of flowers each. Ovary with 1 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Myrosma_ Benth. or _Phrynium_ Willd.) =Ctenophrynium= K. Schum.

Bracts in two opposite rows. 5

5. Flower-pairs with small, thickened, almost gland-like scales inserted above the bracts and the 2-keeled bracteoles which usually accompany the bracts. 6

Flower-pairs without gland-like scales above the bracts and bracteoles. 8

6. Ovary and fruit smooth, the latter fleshy. Leaves having the larger half all on the same side. Herbs with a simple stem. Inflorescence panicle-, very rarely spike-like.--Species 13. West Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under _Phrynium_ Willd. or _Phyllodes_ Lour.) =Sarcophrynium= K. Schum.

Ovary and fruit covered with pointed protuberances, the latter dry. Leaves having the larger half some on the right, some on the left side. Undershrubs or climbing herbs with a branched stem. Inflorescence spike-like. 7

7. Fruit dehiscent, covered with small protuberances. Seeds with an aril. Flower-pairs without a bracteole.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Trachyphrynium_ Benth.) =Hybophrynium= K. Schum.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 25._

J. Fleischmann del.

Clinogyne arillata K. Schum.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 26._

J. Fleischmann del.

Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. fil.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower in longitudinal section (the spur cut off near the base).]

Fruit indehiscent, covered with large protuberances. Seeds without an aril. Flower-pairs with a bracteole.--Species 6. West Africa. =Trachyphrynium= Benth.

8. Inflorescence springing from the root-stock and separated from the 1-leafed stem, spike-like. Inner staminodes, at least one of them, equalling the outer.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Calathea_ Mey.) =Afrocalathea= K. Schum.

Inflorescence terminating the leafy, sometimes very short stem or its branches. 9

9. Inner staminodes larger than the outer, the hooded one without a strap-shaped appendage. Bracts enclosing 2-4 sessile pairs of flowers each. Inflorescence head-like. Stem branched.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Ataenidia= Gagnepain

Inner staminodes smaller than the outer. 10

10. Sepals very unequal. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with adnate seeds. Inflorescence consisting of 2-3 spikes. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each, persistent.--Species 1. Equatorial Africa. Used in the preparation of salt. (Under _Clinogyne_ Benth. or _Donax_ Lour.) =Halopegia= K. Schum.

Sepals subequal. Bracts usually enclosing 2-4 pairs of flowers each. 11

11. Inflorescence head-like. Bracts persistent.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under _Calathea_ Mey.) =Phrynium= Willd.

Inflorescence raceme-or panicle-like. Bracts deciduous.--Species 25. West Africa, Upper Nile, and Island of Réunion. Some species yield starch or fibre. (_Donax_ Lour., including _Marantochloa_ Griseb.) (Plate 25.) =Clinogyne= Salisb.

ORDER MICROSPERMAE

SUBORDER BURMANNIINEAE

FAMILY 43. BURMANNIACEAE

Herbs. Leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary or in cymose, usually spike-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, petaloid, united below. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments, or 6. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Fruit dry, dehiscing by slits or irregularly. Seeds albuminous; testa loose.--Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Anthers erect, opening transversely, 3. Style long, with 3 stigmas. [Tribe BURMANNIEAE.] 2

Anthers recurved, opening lengthwise. Style short. [Tribe THISMIEAE.] 3

2. Ovary 1-celled.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Gymnosiphon= Blume

Ovary 3-celled.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. =Burmannia= L.

3. Corolla regular. Stamens 3; connective without an appendage. Stigma 3-parted.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Oxygyne= Schlecht.

Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; connective with an appendage. Stigma 6-toothed.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Thismia_ Griff.) =Afrothismia= (Engl.) Schlecht.

SUBORDER GYNANDRAE

FAMILY 44. ORCHIDACEAE

Leaves with longitudinal nerves. Inflorescence of the racemose type. Flowers irregular. Perianth more or less corolla-like or distinguished into calyx and corolla, one of the petals or segments (the lip) distinctly differing from the others. Receptacle usually continued beyond the ovary and forming the column upon which the stigma and the anther are inserted. Fertile stamen 1, belonging to the outer whorl. Staminodes sometimes present. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous parietal ovules. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, one of them rudimentary or transformed into the rostellum, to which the pollen-masses adhere. Seeds very small, exalbuminous; embryo imperfectly developed.--Genera 96, species 1600. (Plate 26.)

1. Pollen-masses with basal, stalk-like appendages, which adhere to the sticky, gland-like appendages of the rostellum. Root thickened into tubers. [Tribe OPHRYDEAE.] 2

Pollen-masses with apical appendages or without appendages. 37

2. Anther reflected, forming an angle with the column. Lip with 2 spurs or without a spur, but sometimes saccate or bearing appendages on the back. 3

Anther erect, having the same direction as the column, rarely slightly reflected, but then lip with one spur. 14

3. Lip partly adnate to the column, usually bearing on its upper face a large appendage. Petals broad, converging and usually cohering with the middle sepal into a hood. [Subtribe CORYCIINAE.] 4

Lip free from the column, inserted at its base, rarely shortly adnate to it, but then petals not distinctly converging into a hood. [Subtribe SATYRIINAE.] 7

4. Lateral sepals united nearly to the apex.--Species 10. South Africa. =Corycium= Swartz

Lateral sepals free. 5

5. Lateral sepals spurred or saccate.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. =Disperis= Swartz

Lateral sepals flat. 6

6. Column short. Lip broad at the base. Connective dilated.--Species 15. South Africa. (Including _Ommatodium_ Lindl.) =Pterygodium= Swartz

Column long. Lip clawed. Connective not dilated.--Species 8. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Ceratandra= Eckl.

7. Lip posticous (uppermost), produced behind into a pair of descending spurs or sacs.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including _Aviceps_ Lindl. and _Satyridium_ Lindl.) =Satyrium= Swartz

Lip usually anticous, not spurred, but sometimes with a sac-like cavity. 8

8. Odd sepal spurred or gibbous. 9

Odd sepal neither spurred nor gibbous. 13

9. Lip more or less saccate at the base. 10

Lip flat. 11

10. Lip very small, adnate to the column. Stem rather rigid. Leaves in the middle of the stem.--Species 9. South Africa and mountains of the tropics. =Brownleea= Harv.

Lip rather large, free from the column. Stem very flexible. Leaves at the base of the stem.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Schizodium= Lindl.

11. Rostellum with 2 distinct glands, to which the pollen-masses are attached; side-lobes exceeding the middle-lobe.--Species 110. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Penthea_ Lindl.) =Disa= Berg

Rostellum with one gland; sides-lobes, if present, not exceeding the middle-lobe. 12

12. Stigma 2-parted. Rostellum with 3 narrow, subequal lobes.--Species 10. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Herschelia= Lindl.

Stigma entire. Rostellum more or less hood-shaped, large.--Species 15. South Africa. (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Monadenia= Lindl.

13. Petals much narrower than the odd sepal, kneed. Lip kidney-shaped. Stigma not extended in two branches.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Forficaria= Lindl.

Petals and sepals subequal. Stigma with 2 erect, linear branches.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Pachites= Lindl.

14. (2.) Stigma extended into two, usually elongated processes. [Subtribe HABENARIINAE.] 15

Stigma not extended into processes, rather flat. Column very short. 21

15. Stigmatic processes short, adnate to the lip. Rostellum small, not prolonged into anther-channels. Column very short.--Species 10. Tropics. (Under _Habenaria_ L. or _Platanthera_ Rich.) =Peristylus= Blume

Stigmatic processes free 16

16. Column long, curved. Rostellum not prolonged into anther-channels. Perianth subglobose.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Acrostylia= Frapp.

Column short 17

17. Rostellum or stigmatic processes 2-cleft. Base of the anther not enclosed by a channel, but prolonged into solid processes.--Species 7. Central Africa. (Under =Habenaria= Willd.) =Roeperocharis= Reichb.

Rostellum and stigmatic processes entire, the former prolonged at the base into two lateral anther-channels. 18

18. Anther reflected. Stigma broad. 19

Anther erect. Stigma more or less slender. 20

19. Middle-lobe of the rostellum exceeding the side-lobes. Lip linear, entire, with a long spur. Petals broad.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. (Under _Habenaria_ Willd.) =Barlaea= Reichb. fil.

Middle-lobe of the rostellum equalling the side-lobes. Lip oblong or broader, usually lobed.--Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Cynosorchis_ Thouars, including _Amphorchis_ Thouars, _Hemiperis_ Frapp., and _Camilleugenia_ Frapp.) =Cynorchis= Thouars

20. Stigmatic processes diverging at a right angle. Spur short.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (_Tinea_ Biv.) =Neotinea= Reichb. fil.

Stigmatic processes nearly parallel.--Species 210. (Including _Bonatea_ Willd., _Platycoryne_ Reichb., and _Podandria_ Rolfe). =Habenaria= Willd.

21. (14.) Glands of the rostellum enclosed in 1-2 pouches proceeding from the rostellum and persisting when the glands are removed. [Subtribe SERAPIADINAE.] 22

Glands of the rostellum enclosed by the processes of the anther or naked, rarely covered by a thin pellicle proceeding from the rostellum and carried away with the glands upon removal. [Subtribe GYMNADENIINAE.] 27

22. Glands enclosed in 2 separate pouches. Lip not spurred, usually convex, gibbous and hairy.--Species 10. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. =Ophrys= L.

Glands enclosed in a common pouch. 23

23. Glands 2, free. Lip spurred.--Species 20. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. =Orchis= L.

Glands united into one. 24

24. Connective distinctly elongated. Rostellum laterally compressed. Lip not spurred; middle-lobe entire.--Species 4. North-west Africa. They yield medicaments and mucilage. =Serapias= L.

Connective not or scarcely elongated. Rostellum conical at the apex. Lip spurred, rarely without a spur, but then with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. 25

25. Lip with a long spur and two protuberances at the base, equally 3-lobed, flat in the bud.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). It yields medicaments and mucilage. (Under _Orchis_ L.) =Anacamptis= Rich.

Lip with a short spur or without a spur, with unequal lobes, bent inwards or rolled up in the bud. 26

26. Middle-lobe of the lip very long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in the bud.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under _Aceras_ R. Br. or _Orchis_ L.) =Himantoglossum= Spreng.

Middle-lobe of the lip moderately long, 2-cleft, bent over the anther in the bud.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including _Barlia_ Parl.) =Aceras= R. Br.

27. (21.) Glands of the rostellum transversely connate. Rostellum narrow. Stigmatic surface small. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses short. Column short. Lip with a short spur.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Bucculina_ Lindl., _Deroemeria_ Reichb. fil., _Monotris_ Lindl., _Saccidium_ Lindl., _Scopularia_ Lindl., and _Tryphia_ Lindl.) =Holothrix= L. C. Rich.

Glands of the rostellum free. 28

28. Glands large, surrounded by a thin membrane, which proceeds from the rostellum and is removed together with the glands. Lip with a very short spur. Flowers very small.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Herminium= L.

Glands naked, rarely enclosed by processes of the anther, but then small. 29

29. Petals clawed; blade deeply concave, fringed. Lip fringed, not spurred.--Species 4. South Africa. (Including _Hallackia_ Harv.) =Huttonaea= Harv.

Petals not clawed, flat or slightly concave. 30

30. Rostellum forming a narrow fold between the anther-cells. 31

Rostellum broad, triangular, placed below the anther-cells. 33

31. Column short. Stigmatic surfaces convex. Lip shortly or not spurred. Flowers yellow or white.--Species 5. South Africa and southern East Africa. (_Schizochilus_ Sond.) =Gymnadenia= R. Br.

Column long. Stigmatic surfaces concave. 32

32. Petals partly adnate to the column. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals subequal.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Brachycorythis_ Lindl.) =Neobolusia= Schlecht.

Petals inserted below the column.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Schwartzkopffia_ Kraenzl., under _Platanthera_ Rich.) =Brachycorythis= Lindl.

33. Lip with a spur. 34

Lip without a spur. 36

34. Lip 3-lobed, the side-lobes inflexed, covering the mouth of the spur.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Bicornella= Lindl.

Lip 3-lobed, with erect or spreading side-lobes, or undivided. 35

35. Lip fringed. Anther-cells approximate and parallel.--Species 2. South Africa. =Bartholina= R. Br.

Lip entire or crenate. Anther-cells divergent.--Species 20. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. (Including _Gennaria_ Parl., under _Habenaria_ Willd.) =Platanthera= L. C. Rich.

36. Lip 3-lobed. Column with 2 basal staminodes. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses very short.--Species 3. South Africa and southern East Africa. =Stenoglottis= Lindl.

Lip undivided. Column without distinct staminodes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. _Arnottia_ A. Rich.

37. (1.) Pollen-masses soft, granular. Anthers usually persistent and withering. Inflorescence terminal. Leaves rolled up in the bud, with overlapping edges. Usually terrestrial herbs. [Tribe NEOTTIEAE.] 38 Pollen-masses firm, waxy. Anthers usually deciduous. Inflorescence lateral, more rarely terminal, but then leaves folded lengthwise in the bud. 55

38. Anther erect and greatly exceeding the rostellum, or inclined and incumbent upon the rostellum. Pollen-masses granular or powdery. Rostellum not distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses, or not distinctly cohering with them. 39

Anther about equalling the rostellum, erect, rarely incumbent, but then pollen-masses divided into a number of large angular sections. Rostellum usually distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses. 47

39. Lip distinctly articulated into 2-3 portions placed one behind the other. Anther erect. [Subtribe CEPHALANTHERINAE.] 40

Lip not distinctly articulated, embracing the column. Anther more or less incumbent. 42

40. Lip produced into a spur. Leaves replaced by scales. Plants of a violet colour.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Limodorum= L. C. Rich.

Lip not distinctly spurred. Leaves perfectly developed. 41

41. Lip saccate at the base; the terminal portion oblong and enclosed by the connivent sepals.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Cephalanthera= L. C. Rich.

Lip concave, but not saccate at the base; the terminal portion broad and projecting between the spreading sepals.--Species 4. North-west Africa and northern East Africa. (_Helleborine_ Hill). =Epipactis= L. C. Rich.

42. Sepals and petals united below. Leafless herbs. [Subtribe GASTRODIINAE.] 43

Sepals and petals free. 44

43. Sepals and petals united high up, very unequal. Lip ovate, with 2 gibbosities at the base. Column short. Anther incumbent. Root-stock branched. Flowers large, in few-flowered spikes.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Gastrodia= R. Br.

Sepals and petals united at the base only, subequal. Lip spatulate, not gibbous. Column long. Anther suberect. Rootstock tuberous, spindle-shaped. Flowers very small, in many-flowered racemes.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Auxopus= Schlecht.

44. Stem climbing. Seed-coat crusty or winged. [Subtribe VANILLINAE.] 45

Stem erect. Seed-coat membranous, not winged. [Subtribe POGONIINAE.] 46

45. Lip adnate to the column. Fruit fleshy. Seeds not winged. Usually leafy plants.--Species 15. Tropics. Two of the species (especially _V. planifolia_ Andr.) are cultivated for their fruits, which are used as condiments and for the preparation of perfumes. Some species are used as ornamental plants. =Vanilla= Swartz

Lip not adnate to the column. Fruit dry. Seeds winged. Leafless plants.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. =Galeola= Lour.

46. Lip spurred or saccate. Column short. Leaves wanting.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Epipogon_ Gmel.) =Galera= Blume

Lip neither spurred nor saccate. Column long. Leaves stalked, usually separated from the flowering stem.--Species 10. Tropics to Transvaal. (Including _Apostellis_ Thouars, under _Pogonia_ Juss.) =Nervilia= Gaud.

47. (38.) Pollen-masses divided into a moderate number of rather large, angular segments. Leaves not folded lengthwise. [Subtribe PHYSURINAE.] 48

Pollen-masses not divided into several large segments. 53

48. Pollen-masses connected with the glands of the rostellum by a strap-shaped stalk detached from the tissue of the rostellum. 49

Pollen-masses or their appendages adhering directly to the glands of the rostellum. 50

49. Column with 2 narrow, erect arms. Sepals usually united to the middle. Lip with two protuberances at the base and with a two-lobed blade.--Species 4. West Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands. =Cheirostylis= Blume

Column without erect arms, but sometimes auricled. Sepals free.--Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Monochilus_ Blume). =Zeuxine= Lindl.

50. Lip similar to the other petals, oblong, slightly concave. Stigmas free, erect, one on each side of the rather long rostellum.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. =Gymnochilus= Blume

Lip distinctly differing from the other petals. 51

51. Column long. Sepals connivent into a tube at the base. Lip with an oblong blade.--Species 6. Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Natal, West Africa. =Platylepis= A. Rich.

Column short. 52

52. Stigma with a papillose protuberance on each side. Lip tubercled at the base, with a distinctly limited broad blade.--Species 3. Mascarenes, Seychelles, Comoro Islands, and Cameroons. =Hetaeria= Blume

Stigma simple. Lip not tubercled, but sometimes hairy at the base; blade not distinctly separated, undivided, bent back at the tip.--Species 3. Mascarene Islands and Madeira. Used as ornamental plants. =Goodyera= R. Br.

53. (47.) Leaves firm, folded lengthwise. Flowers in panicles. Lip narrow below, broadened above. Pollen-masses affixed to a slender stalk arising from the rostellum; gland peltate.--Species 2. Tropics. (_Corymbis_ Lindl.) [Subtribe TROPIDIINAE.] =Corymborchis= Thouars

Leaves soft, not folded, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in spikes. 54

54. Sepals and petals united into a long tube. Lip uppermost, with 2 lateral appendages. Column elongated, two-winged.--Species 1. West Africa. [Subtribe CRANICHIDINAE.] =Manniella= Reichb. fil.

Sepals and petals free or almost so, suberect. Lip below. Inflorescence one-sided.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). [Subtribe SPIRANTHINAE.] =Spiranthes= L. C. Rich.

55. (37.) Inflorescence terminal. Leaves folded lengthwise before expansion. 56

Inflorescence lateral. 65

56. Pollen-masses 8, without an appendage. Lip saccate at the base. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. [Tribe GLOMEREAE.] =Agrostophyllum= Blume

Pollen-masses 2-4. 57

57. Column extended below into a foot forming with the base of the perianth a chin or spur. Pollen-masses attached to a short, sometimes scarcely perceptible stalk arising from the rostellum. Mostly epiphytic plants. [Tribe POLYSTACHYEAE.] 58

Column not extended into a foot. Pollen-masses without appendages. Sepals and petals usually bent backwards. [Tribe LIPARIDEAE.] 61

58. Lip spurred, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, grooved. Leaves not jointed, linear. Joints of the stem swollen.--Species 6. South Africa. (Under _Eulophia_ R. Br.) =Acrolophia= Pfitz.

Lip not spurred. Leaves usually jointed. 59

59. Lip undivided. Chin weakly developed. Column short and thick. Stem slender.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Neobenthamia= Rolfe

Lip 3-lobed. 60

60. Lateral sepals forming with the column a weakly developed chin. Side-lobes of the lip embracing the column. Column slender. Stem slightly thickened.--Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Ansellia= Lindl.

Lateral sepals forming with the column a strongly developed chin. Side-lobes of the lip small. Column short and broad. Stem usually thickened into pseudo bulbs.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Epiphora_ Lindl.) =Polystachya= Lindl.

61. Anther erect. Leaves not jointed. 62

Anther inclined to horizontal. 63

62. Anther adnate to the rostellum; cells widely diverging, opening laterally. Column long.--Species 1. West Africa. =Orestia= Ridl.

Anther deciduous, opening inwards. Column short. Lip uppermost.--Species 4. West Africa and Comoro Islands. =Microstylis= Nutt.

63. Leaves not jointed. Lip more or less distinctly clawed. Column slender.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. =Liparis= L. C. Rich.

Leaves jointed between sheath and blade. Lip not distinctly clawed. 64

64. Stem with pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade horizontally flattened.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. (_Cestichis_ Thouars, under _Liparis_ Rich.) =Stichorchis= Thouars

Stem without pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade placed vertically, fleshy. Lip uppermost, concave at the base.--Species 1. Tropics. =Oberonia= Lindl.

65. (55.) Leaves with convolute praefoliation (i.e. rolled lengthwise in the bud, one edge overlapping the other). Stem not swollen, or several joints of the stem equally thickened. Mostly terrestrial herbs. 66 Leaves with conduplicate praefoliation (i.e. folded together along the midrib in the bud, their edges being applied to each other without overlapping). Mostly epiphytic herbs. 73

66. Pollen-masses 2-4, without appendages, attached to the glands of the rostellum by a stalk produced from the latter. Leaves usually jointed. [Tribe CYRTOPODIEAE.] 67

Pollen-masses 8, appendaged, without a stalk produced from the rostellum. Leaves usually continuous. [Tribe PHAIEAE.] 71

67. Lip produced into a spur or pouch at the base. 68

Lip without a spur or pouch. 69

68. Sepals narrower and less coloured than the petals, usually reflected. Petals erect or spreading.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Lissochilus= R. Br.

Sepals and petals equal or nearly so, spreading.--Species 130. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Cyrtopera_ Lindl. and _Orthochilus_ Hochst.) =Eulophia= R. Br.

69. Column with 2 basal lobes projecting upon the base of the lip.--Species 4. East Africa. =Pteroglossaspis= Reichb. fil.

Column without appendages. 70

70. Lip and lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, the former with a narrow, the latter with a broad base.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Eulophiella= Rolfe

Lip inserted on the foot of the column, the lateral sepals on the margin of the ovary, both with a narrow base.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. The pseudobulbs yield mucilage. =Cyrtopodium= R. Br.

71. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence 2-3-flowered. Lip slightly saccate. Column rather long, with short, roundish wings. Pollen-masses affixed to a single appendage.--Species 2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Pachystoma_ Reichb. fil.) =Ancistrochilus= Rolfe

Leaves not jointed. Inflorescence usually many-flowered. Lip clasping the column or adnate to it, usually spurred. 72

72. Lip adnate to the column; blade spreading, 3-4-lobed. Column short.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Calanthe= R. Br.

Lip free, clasping the column or broadly concave at the base. Column slender.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or yield dye-stuffs. =Phaius= Lour.

73. (65.) Leafy stems with indeterminate apical growth; side-shoots weakly developed or wanting. Inflorescences or solitary flowers axillary. Epiphytes without pseudobulbs. Lip continuous with the base of the column. [Tribe SARCANTHEAE, subtribe AERIDINAE.] 74 Leafy stems with determinate apical growth; annual shoots arising laterally at their base and forming a sympodium. Mostly epiphytes with pseudobulbs. Lip more or less distinctly articulated with the foot of the column. 86

74. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals long and narrow, spreading. Pollen-masses without an appendage. Leaves broad.--Species 2. Island of Réunion. =Bonniera= Cord.

Lip spurred. 75

75. Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, forming a chin. Lip entire, smooth, shortly spurred.--Species 10. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Cameroons. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Aeranthus= Lindl.

Lateral sepals inserted on the apex of the ovary. Column not prolonged into a foot. 76

76. Pollen-masses upon a single, sometimes 2-cleft or almost imperceptible stalk. 77

Pollen-masses with 2 stalks, which are entirely distinct or united by the gland only. 81

77. Stalk of the pollen-masses 2-cleft.--Species 10. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, West Africa. (Including _Ancistrorhynchus_ Finet, _Dicranotaenia_ Finet, and _Monixus_ Finet, under _Angrecum_ Thouars). =Aerangis= Reichb. fil.

Stalk of the pollen-masses simple. 78

78. Stalk of the pollen-masses broadened above or throughout, sometimes almost imperceptible. Lip with a long and thin spur.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Lepervenchea_ Cord., _Radinocion_ Ridl., and _Rhaphidorhynchus_ Finet). =Angrecum= Thouars

Stalk of the pollen-masses thread-like. 79

79. Lip hood-shaped, entire, covering the column. Sepals and petals connivent.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Angrecum_ Thou. or _Saccolabium_ Blume). =Calyptrochilus= Kraenzl.

Lip not covering the column. 80

80. Lip directed upwards. Flowers fleshy, rather small.--Species 4. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Equatorial East Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Saccolabium_ Blume). =Acampe= Lindl.

Lip directed downwards.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Saccolabium= Blume

81. Pollen-masses affixed to the surface of two oblong scales. Lip entire, with a long spur.--Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under _Angrecum_ Thou.) =Macroplectrum= Pfitz.

Pollen-masses affixed to thin, not scale-like, but sometimes very short stalks. 82

82. Gland of the rostellum covered by scales. Petals 2-4-lobed. Lip with a long spur, a clawed 3-5-lobed middle-lobe, and incurved sickle-shaped side-lobes.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Cryptopus= Lindl.

Gland of the rostellum without scales. 83

83. Lip with a short, conical spur; side-lobes embracing the column.--Species 9. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (_Aeonia_ Lindl.) =Oeonia= Lindl.

Lip with a long, thread-or club-shaped spur. 84

84. Sepals unequal, the lateral much longer than the middle one, united with the petals above. Lip deeply 3-cleft. Stem climbing.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Angrecopsis= Kraenzl.

Sepals and petals subequal, free. 85

85. Sepals and petals erect. Lip entire. Pollen-masses with very short stalks.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. (_Pectinaria_ Cord., under _Angrecum_ Thou., _Macroplectrum_ Pfitz. or _Mystacidium_ Lindl.) =Ctenorchis= K. Schum.

Sepals and petals spreading. 86

86. Column bent backwards. Stalks of the pollen-masses attached to a common gland.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 26.) =Listrostachys= Reichb. fil.

Column straight. Stalks of the pollen-masses usually attached to two separate glands.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Gussonia_ A. Rich.) =Mystacidium= Lindl.

87. (73.) Pollen-masses 2, grooved, with a large transverse appendage at the base, attached to the gland of the rostellum by a broad stalk. Lip usually large. Pseudobulbs formed by several internodes, rarely by a single one or wanting. [Tribe CYMBIDIEAE.] 88

Pollen-masses 4, rarely 2, without an appendage and usually without a stalk. Lip usually small. Pseudobulbs formed by a single internode, bearing one or two leaves. 92

88. Lip distinctly spurred. 89

Lip not distinctly spurred. 90

89. Pollen-masses grooved. Stem with a pseudobulb.--Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. (Under _Eulophia_ R. Br.) =Eulophiopsis= Pfitz.

Pollen-masses not grooved. Stem without pseudobulbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Lemurorchis= Kraenzl.

90. Pollen-masses attached to two processes of the stalk. Stem slender, without pseudobulbs, many-leaved.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant. =Grammatophyllum= Blume

Pollen-masses attached to a common stalk without processes. Stem with more or less distinct pseudobulbs. 91

91. Pseudobulbs enveloped by the sheaths of the leaves inserted below and upon them.--Species 4. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. =Cymbidium= Swartz Pseudobulbs bearing leaves at the top only, hence not enveloped by sheaths. Lateral sepals forming with the foot of the column a distinct chin.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. =Grammangis= Reichb. fil.

92. Pollen-masses attached to a scale-like stalk. Lip spurred, 3-lobed.--Species 2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Eulophia_ R. Br.) [Tribe MAXILLARIEAE.] =Eulophidium= Pfitz.

Pollen-masses without a stalk, rarely with a linear stalk. Lip small, not distinctly spurred, usually entire. [Tribe BOLBOPHYLLEAE.] 93

93. Pollen-masses with a stalk. Lateral sepals somewhat longer than the dorsal one. Flowers in racemes. Stem creeping.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under _Bolbophyllum_ Thou. or _Polystachya_ Lindl.) =Genyorchis= Schlecht.

Pollen-masses without a stalk. 94

94. Lateral sepals much longer than the dorsal one, free at the base, united towards the tip. Inflorescence almost umbel-like.--Species 1. Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under _Bolbophyllum_ Thou.) =Cirrhopetalum= Lindl.

Lateral sepals shorter or somewhat longer than the dorsal one or equalling it, free or almost so. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely solitary. 95

95. Lateral sepals much shorter than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a dilated, almost leaf-like rachis.--Species 40. Tropical and South-East Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants. =Megaclinium= Lindl.

Lateral sepals about as long as or longer than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a cylindrical rachis.--Species 90. Tropical and South-East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Bulbophyllum_ Thou.) =Bolbophyllum= Thouars

CLASS V. DICOTYLEDONEAE

SUBCLASS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE

(APETALAE AND CHORIPETALAE)

ORDER VERTICILLATAE

FAMILY 45. CASUARINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like, whorled, united into a sheath. Flowers unisexual, the male in spikes, the female in heads. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of two scales, in the female absent. Stamen 1. Anther opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Style very short, with 2 thread-shaped stigmas. Fruit dry, indehiscent, enclosed by woody bracteoles. Seed 1, without albumen. Embryo straight; radicle superior.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 27._

J. Fleischmann del.

Piper guineense Schum.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Part of the female spike with two flowers and their bracts. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 28._

J. Fleischmann del.

Salix Safsaf Forsk.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Part of a flowering branch. _C_ Male flower. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

Genus 1, species 2. Spontaneous in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, cultivated in other tropical countries. The wood (beaf-wood) and the bark are used, the latter for tanning and dyeing and in medicine. =Casuarina= Rumph.

ORDER PIPERALES

FAMILY 46. PIPERACEAE

Flowers in spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Fruit a berry. Seed with a copious albumen and a small embryo.--Genera 3, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 27.)

1. Stigma 1, sometimes penicillate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate. Herbs.--Species 65. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield vegetables or condiments or are used in medicine. =Peperomia= Ruiz & Pav.

Stigmas 2-5. Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base. Usually shrubs. 2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spikes axillary, arranged in an umbel. Stipules united into a sheath. Shrubs.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields edible fruits containing an aromatic oil and is also used in medicine. (Under _Piper_ L.) =Heckeria= Kunth

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Spikes leaf-opposed.--Species 17, two of them only in cultivation. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield spices (pepper) or are used in medicine. (Including _Coccobryon_ Klotzsch and _Cubeba_ Miq.) (Plate 27.) =Piper= L.

ORDER SALICALES

FAMILY 47. SALICACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, dioecious, without a perianth. Disc cup-shaped or reduced to scales. Stamens 2 or more. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Stigmas 2-4, sessile or nearly so. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs, without albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 2, species 20. (Plate 28.)

Disc cup-or urn-shaped. Stamens 4-30. Bracts jagged. Leaves, at least those of the uppermost branches, broad (ovate or broader). Buds terminal and lateral, covered by several scales.--Species 6. North and East Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. “Poplar.” =Populus= L.

Disc reduced to one or several scales or teeth sometimes cohering at the base. Bracts entire. Leaves narrow or rather broad (linear to ovate). Buds lateral, covered by a single scale.--Species 15, two of them only naturalized. They yield timber, plaiting-, stuffing-, and tanning-materials, and medicaments. “Willow.” (Plate 28.) =Salix= L.

ORDER MYRICALES

FAMILY 48. MYRICACEAE

Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers in simple or compound spikes, unisexual, without a perianth, but usually with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12, usually 4. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, thread-shaped, stigmatose on the inside. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, without albumen. (Plate 29.)

Genus 1, species 25. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield bark for tanning, wax, and edible fruits, and are also used in medicine. =Myrica= L.

ORDER JUGLANDALES

FAMILY 49. JUGLANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious, with bracteoles which are adnate to the ovary in the female flowers. Perianth 3-4-parted. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, stigmatose lengthwise. Fruit a drupe with an incompletely septate stone. Seed lobed, with a thin coat, without albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa. They yield timber, tans and dyes, edible fruits (walnuts), oil, sugar, and medicaments. =Juglans= L.

ORDER FAGALES

FAMILY 50. BETULACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or catkins, with a perianth of bract-like segments or without a perianth. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled at the base. Ovules solitary in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit a nut. Seed 1, exalbuminous, with a membranous coat.--Genera 2, species 2. Extra-tropical regions. (Under _CUPULIFERAE_.)

Male flowers without a perianth, with 2-parted filaments and hairy anthers. Female flowers with a small perianth and a jagged involucre free from the bract but adnate to the fruit. Fruit large. Female spikes bud-shaped, solitary. Leaves folded at the mid-rib in the bud.--Species 1 (_C. Avellana_ L., hazel). Cultivated and naturalized in North-west Africa. Fruits edible. [Tribe CORYLEAE.] =Corylus= Tourn.

Male flowers with a 4-parted perianth, simple filaments, and glabrous anthers. Female flowers without a perianth, enclosed by a 5-parted involucre formed by the connate bracts and bracteoles. Fruit small. Female spikes cone-shaped, at length woody, arranged in racemes. Leaves

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 29._

J. Fleischmann del.

Myrica conifera Burm. fil.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Male flower. _D_ Group of fruits. _E_ Female flower. _F_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _G_ Fruit. _H_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 30._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trema guineensis Schum.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

folded along the side-nerves in the bud.--Species 1 (_A. glutinosa_ L., alder). North-west Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Yields timber and bark for tanning. [Tribe BETULEAE.] =Alnus= Tourn.

FAMILY 51. FAGACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided lobed or pinnately cleft, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious. Perianth-segments 4-7, bract-like, more or less united. Stamens 4-20. Ovary inferior, 3-6-celled at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 3-6. Fruit a nut surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre. Seeds without albumen.--Genera 2, species 9. Extra-tropical regions. (Under _CUPULIFERAE_.)

Male flowers in fascicles arranged in erect spikes. Female flowers in clusters of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Filaments long. Styles 6, thread-shaped. Fruit enclosed in a prickly involucre. Leaves serrate.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Lam., chestnut). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bark for tanning, and edible fruits from which starch and oil are prepared. =Castanea= Tourn.

Male flowers in simple, pendulous catkins. Female flowers each surrounded by an involucre. Filaments short. Styles 3, rarely 4-5, flattened. Fruit seated in a scaly, cup-shaped involucre.--Species 8. North-west Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa. They yield timber, cork, tanning and dyeing materials, chemical and medicinal drugs, starch, and fodder; some have edible fruits. “Oak.” =Quercus= L.

ORDER URTICALES

FAMILY 52. ULMACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes. Perianth simple, with 3-8 segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, rarely more, straight in the bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, very rarely (_Ulmus_) 2-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Styles or stigmas 1-2. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed with a membranous coat and with scanty albumen or without albumen.--Genera 5, species 35. (Under _URTICACEAE_.) (Plate 30.)

1. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the perianth-segments. Stigma 1. Flowers dioecious. Perianth much enlarged in fruit. Leaves opposite. Species 1. Abyssinia. [Subfamily =BARBEYOIDEAE=.] =Barbeya= Schweinf.

Stamens as many as the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2. Flowers monoecious polygamous or hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate. 2

2. Fruit a compressed, winged nut. Embryo straight; cotyledons flat. Flower-clusters in the axils of scale-like bracts.--Species 1 (_U. campestris_ L., elm). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bast, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. [Subfamily =ULMOIDEAE=.] =Ulmus= L.

Fruit a more or less globular drupe. Embryo curved; cotyledons folded or rolled inwards. Flower-clusters or solitary flowers usually in the axils of the leaves. [Subfamily =CELTIDOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Stipules united. Leaves entire, penninerved. Spiny shrubs. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments of the male flowers valvate in the bud. Embryo with narrow cotyledons.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. =Chaetacme= Planch. & Harv.

Stipules free. Leaves usually 3-nerved. Spineless shrubs or trees. Flowers usually polygamous. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud, at least at the apex. 4

4. Embryo with narrow cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate at the apex only. Flowers almost sessile.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (_Sponia_ Commers.) (Plate 30.) =Trema= Lour.

Embryo with broad cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate. Stigmas feathery. Upper flowers upon long stalks.--Species 20. Some of them yield timber, bast, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits. “Nettle-tree.” =Celtis= L.

FAMILY 53. MORACEAE

Juice usually milky. Leaves stipulate. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer, 1-6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted or curved, rarely erect and straight. Styles 1-2.--Genera 26, species 260. (Under _URTICACEAE_ or _ULMACEAE.)_ (Plate 31.)

1. Stamens of the male flowers bent inwards in the bud, subsequently bent backwards. Ovule pendulous. Leaves folded in bud. Stipules not leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily =MOROIDEAE=.] 2

Stamens of the male flowers straight from the beginning. 14

2. Flowers in lax cymes consisting of one female flower and several male ones. Perianth with a distinct tube. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft. Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe FATOUEAE.] =Bleekrodia= Blume

Flowers arranged in spike-raceme-or head-like inflorescences or collected upon flattened receptacles. 3

3. Flowers on flattened and more or less expanded receptacles, rarely in spike-like inflorescences; in the latter case, as usually, male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Stamens 1-4, usually 2. [Tribe DORSTENIEAE.] 4

Flowers in spike-, raceme-or head-like, unisexual inflorescences (containing only male or only female flowers), rarely female flowers solitary. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. 7

4. Flowers in false spikes containing male and female flowers or male ones only. Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. East Africa. =Sloetiopsis= Engl.

Flowers on flattened receptacles. 5

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 31._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dorstenia elliptica Bureau

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Inflorescence cut lengthwise. _D_ Young male flower. _E_ Older male flower. _F_ Female flower cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 32._

J. Fleischmann del.

Fleurya aestuans Gaudich.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Older female flower. _D_ Pistil cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

5. Inflorescences unisexual, the lateral containing many male flowers, the middle one a single female flower. Receptacle covered on the outside by imbricate bracts. Male flowers with a 3-4-partite perianth and 3-4 stamens. Female flowers without a perianth. Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Mesogyne= Engl.

Inflorescences bisexual, containing many male flowers and one or several female ones, usually provided with bracts on the margin only. Perianth 2-lobed or wanting. Stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3. 6

6. Receptacles top-shaped, subsequently cupular, bearing many male flowers and a single central female flower. Pericarp membranous. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Trymatococcus= Poepp. & Endl.

Receptacles expanded, often divided into linear segments, bearing many male flowers and several female ones. Pericarp crusty within, fleshy outside. Herbs or low shrubs.--Species 50. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used medicinally. (Plate 31.) =Dorstenia= L.

7. Female flowers solitary, axillary; male flowers in spike-like inflorescences. Perianth 4-toothed. Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. Used medicinally. [Tribe STREBLEAE.] =Maillardia= Frapp. & Duchartre

Female flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. 8

8. Female flowers in head-like, but sometimes elongated (oblong) inflorescences, the male in spike-, raceme-or head-like ones. Style simple, with a thread-shaped stigma, rarely with an abortive side-branch. Trees. [Tribe BROUSSONETIEAE.] 9

Female and male flowers in spike-like inflorescences. Perianth of the female flowers divided to the base. Style 2-parted, with thread-shaped, equal or subequal stigmas. [Tribe MOREAE.] 12

9. Male flowers in head-like inflorescences. Perianth of the female flowers 4-lobed. Spinous plants.--Species 1. East Africa and Madagascar. It yields a dye-wood and edible fruits. (Under _Plecospermum_ Trecul) =Cardiogyne= Bur.

Male flowers in spike-or raceme-like inflorescences. 10

10. Male flowers in lax, raceme-like inflorescences. Spinous plants. Leaves entire. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft, persistent and enclosing the fruit.--Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa. The wood is used for joiners’ work, the leaves as food for silkworms. =Maclura= Nutt.

Male flowers in dense, spike-like inflorescences. Spineless plants. 11

11. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted. Fruit wholly, or for the greatest part, enclosed by the perianth. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber. =Chlorophora= Gaud.

Perianth of the female flowers shortly toothed. Fruit overtopping the perianth. Leaves usually lobed.--Species 1 (_B. papyrifera_ Vent., paper-mulberry). Cultivated in North Africa. Used for making paper; the fruit is edible. =Broussonetia= Vent.

12. Stipules united. Leaves entire, with numerous transverse nerves. Ovary subglobose. Seed with leaf-like, folded cotyledons. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pachytrophe= Bur.

Stipules free. 13

13. Leaves entire, penninerved, leathery. Ovary compressed. Seed without albumen; embryo with thick cotyledons. Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Ampalis= Boj.

Leaves toothed, 3-nerved at the base. Ovary ovoid or subglobose. Seed with copious albumen.--Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions. They yield timber, food for silkworms, edible fruits (mulberries), dyes, and medicaments. =Morus= L.

14. (1.) Ovule erect, straight. Trees. Leaves folded in the bud. Stipules leaving an annular scar. [Subfamily =CONOCEPHALOIDEAE=.] 15

Ovule pendulous, curved or inverted. Woody plants with the leaves rolled inwards in the bud, or herbaceous plants. 16

15. Leaves divided into 11-15 segments. Male flowers in false heads arranged in cymes; perianth with a distinct tube. Stamen 1. Female flowers upon a flattened, ovate receptacle. Style long.--Species 1 (_M. Smithii_ R. Br.). West Africa to the Upper Nile. Yields timber (cork-wood) and edible fruits. The aerial roots contain much water. =Musanga= R. Br.

Leaves undivided, 3-lobed, or 5-7-parted. Male flowers in false spikes or heads arranged in cymes; perianth divided quite or nearly to the base. Stamens 2-4. Female flowers in globose or subglobose false heads. Style short.--Species 8. Central Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. =Myrianthus= Beauv.

16. Flowers in cymes arranged in spikes or panicles. Fruit dry. Herbs. Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. Stipules free. [Subfamily =CANNABOIDEAE=.] 17

Flowers upon a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. Herbs with undivided, lanceolate, penninerved leaves, or more frequently shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided or lobed, coiled in the bud. Stipules usually united and leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily =ARTOCARPOIDEAE=.] 18

17. Stem twining. Leaves opposite, lobed or the upper ones undivided. Female flowers in catkins. Embryo spirally twisted, with narrow cotyledons.--Species 1 (_H. Lupulus_ L., hop). Cultivated in the extratropical regions. It is used for making beer, as a vegetable and a fibre-plant, and in medicine. =Humulus= L.

Stem erect. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, dissected. Female flowers in panicles. Embryo curved, with broad cotyledons.--Species 1 (_C. sativa_ L., hemp). Cultivated in various regions. It yields fibre, oil, and an intoxicating drug (hashish). =Cannabis= Tourn.

18. Flowers enclosed within a pouch-shaped, usually bisexual receptacle provided at the top with a small opening surrounded by bracts. Embryo curved. Shrubs or trees.--Species 160. Some of them yield timber, bast-fibres, bark for clothing, india-rubber, shellac, vegetables, medicaments, and edible fruits (especially the figs, from _F. carica_ L.) which are also used for making brandy and a substitute for coffee. Some species are poisonous or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe FICEAE.] =Ficus= L.

Flowers collected on a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. 19

19. Receptacles more or less cup-shaped, containing many male flowers and a single central female one. Stamen 1. Embryo straight. [Tribe BROSIMEAE.] 20

Receptacles of two kinds, some containing only male flowers, the others only female or many female intermixed with several male. Shrubs or trees. 22

20. Perianth distinctly developed. Ovary free. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. (Including _Cyatanthus_ Engl.) =Scyphosyce= Baill.

Perianth not distinctly developed. Ovary immersed in and adnate to the receptacle. Trees. 21

21. Receptacles covered with peltate bracts on their whole surface. Male flowers with, female without bracts.--Species 2. West Africa (Congo). =Bosqueiopsis= De Wild. & Dur.

Receptacles bearing bracts on the margin only. Female flowers with, male without bracts.--Species 6. Tropics. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs. =Bosqueia= Thouars

22. Male flowers on a discoid or concave receptacle bearing numerous bracts on the edge or the whole surface; female flowers on a similar receptacle or solitary. [Tribe OLMEDIEAE.] 23

Male flowers on a globular or club-shaped receptacle bearing bracts at the base only and between the flowers, or destitute of bracts; female flowers on a more or less globular receptacle. [Tribe ARTOCARPEAE.] 24

23. Male inflorescences many-flowered, discoid; female 1-flowered. Male flowers with, female without a perianth.--Species 3. Central Africa. Poisonous, used medicinally, and yielding timber and fibre. =Antiaris= Leschen.

Male and female inflorescences many-flowered, more or less concave. Male flowers without, female with a perianth.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding india-rubber. =Castilloa= Cerv.

24. Inflorescences without bracts at the base. Flowers monoecious. Stamen 1.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for making cloth, bast-fibres, mucilage, starch, edible fruits, and medicaments. “Breadfruit tree.” =Artocarpus= Forst.

Inflorescences with some bracts at the base. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 1-5. 25

25. Female flowers surrounded each by two rows of very unequal bracts or perianth-segments, not intermixed with male flowers.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Acanthotreculia= Engl.

Female flowers surrounded by subequal bracts and intermixed with some male flowers.--Species 9. Tropics. Some species have edible seeds from which also oil and meal are prepared. =Treculia= Decne.

FAMILY 54. URTICACEAE

Juice not milky. Leaves usually stipulate. Flowers unisexual, rarely (_Parietaria)_ polygamous. Perianth simple, with 1-5 segments, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Stamens in the male flowers as many as perianth-segments. Filaments broadened at the base, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or ascending, straight. Style 1 or 0. Fruit indehiscent. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, usually albuminous.--Genera 20, species 150. (Plate 32.)

1. Stamen 1. Perianth of the male flowers entire or divided in 2-3 segments, of the female entire 4-toothed or wanting. Stigma linear. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Hairs not stinging. Stipules free. [Tribe FORSKOHLEAE.] 2

Stamens 2-5. 4

2. Flower-clusters without an involucre and not surrounded by woolly hairs. Female flowers with a perianth.--Species 4. South and East Africa. (_Didymodoxa_ E. Mey.) =Australina= Gaudich.

Flower-clusters with an involucre and usually surrounded by woolly hairs. Female flowers without a perianth. 3

3. Involucral bracts free or united at the base only. Stem rough. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 5. =Forskohlea= L.

Involucral bracts united high up. Stem smooth. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. =Droguetia= Gaudich.

4. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, entire. Plants without stinging hairs. Female flowers in glomerules surrounded by an involucre; perianth 4-cleft. [Tribe PARIETARIEAE.] 5

Stipules present, very rarely rudimentary, but then leaves toothed. 6

5. Stem herbaceous. Flowers polygamous. Stigma spatulate and recurved.--Species 8. Some are used in medicine. “Pellitory.” =Parietaria= Tourn.

Stem woody. Flowers unisexual. Stigma linear.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Gesnouinia= Gaudich.

6. Plants with stinging hairs, very rarely (_Fleurya)_ almost glabrous, and then stigma linear-oblong and shortly papillose and perianth of the female flowers 3-4-partite. Perianth-segments of the female flowers 4, rarely 1-3. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. [Tribe UREREAE.] 7

Plants without stinging hairs. 12

7. Fruit straight. Stigma penicillate. Leaves opposite. Herbs.--Species 10. They yield material for spinning and paper-making and are used as pot-herbs and in medicine. “Nettle.” =Urtica= Gaudich.

Fruit oblique. Leaves alternate. 8

8. Stigma more or less capitate. Perianth surrounding the fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.--Species 20. Tropical and South-East Africa. =Urera= Gaudich.

Stigma linear or oblong. 9

9. Perianth of the female flowers reduced to a single, sometimes 2-parted, large segment, more rarely consisting of 2 unequal segments. Herbs with punctiform cystoliths.--Species 3. Tropics. =Girardinia= Gaudich.

Perianth of the female flowers with 4 segments, of which 1-2 are sometimes rudimentary. 10

10. Cystoliths linear. Annual herbs. Fruit gibbous, as long as or longer than the perianth.--Species 7. South and Central Africa. They yield fibre and fish-poison. (Plate 32.) =Fleurya= Gaudich.

Cystoliths punctiform. Perennial herbs or woody plants. 11

11. Fruit as long as or longer than the perianth, smooth.--Species 3. Central Africa. (_Urticastrum_ Heist.) =Laportea= Gaudich.

Fruit much shorter than the membranous perianth. Shrubs.--Species 6. Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa. =Obetia= Gaudich.

12. (6.) Stigma penicillate. Perianth of the female flowers 3-partite, rarely 4-5-partite or rudimentary, free from the ovary. Embryo with orbicular or ovate cotyledons. Cystoliths linear. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs; in this case leaves penninerved. Stipules connate. [Tribe PROCRIDEAE.] 13

Stigma filiform, rarely capitate and somewhat hairy, but then shrubs with 3-nerved leaves and perianth shortly toothed and adnate to the ovary. Perianth of the female flowers 2-4-toothed, entire, or wanting. Embryo with elliptical or oblong cotyledons. Cystoliths usually punctiform. Mostly woody plants. [Tribe BOEHMERIEAE.] 16

13. Leaves opposite, but sometimes the pairs consisting of unequal leaves. Herbs. 14

Leaves alternate or subopposite, i.e., one leaf of each pair very small, stipule-like. 15

14. Flowers on a disc-or bell-shaped receptacle.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Lecanthus= Wedd.

Flowers in glomerules arranged in panicles.--Species 35. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables or textile plants. (_Adicea_ Rafin.) =Pilea= Lindl.

15. Flowers on an expanded receptacle. Perianth-segments of the female flowers linear or lanceolate. Herbs. Leaves unequal-sided.--Species 15. Tropics. =Elatostema= Forst.

Flowers in glomerules or heads without an involucre. Perianth-segments ovate. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Tropics. =Procris= Juss.

16. Female flowers without a perianth. Stigma filiform. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary glomerules.--Species 1. Naturalized on the Island of Mauritius. =Phenax= Wedd.

Female flowers with a perianth. 17

17. Perianth of the female flowers free or almost free from the ovary, dry or membranous in fruit. Stipules free or nearly so. Stigma filiform. 18

Perianth of the female flowers adnate to the ovary, more or less succulent in fruit. Stipules evidently united. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. 19

18. Stigma persistent. Perianth surrounding the fruit neither winged nor ribbed. Leaves toothed.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. Two of them (especially _B. nivea_ Hook. & Arn., ramie or Chinese grasscloth plant) are cultivated as textile plants. =Boehmeria= Jaqu.

Stigma deciduous. Perianth surrounding the fruit usually winged or ribbed. Leaves usually entire.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. =Pouzolzia= Gaudich.

19. Stigma filiform, deciduous.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Pipturus= Wedd.

Stigma capitate, more or less penicillate.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Debregeasia= Gaudich.

ORDER PROTEALES

FAMILY 55. PROTEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely (_Brabeium_) whorled. Stipules none. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Perianth with 4 petaloid, valvate segments, usually surrounded by excrescences of the receptacle. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, ascending and inverted, more rarely pendulous and straight, very rarely ovules 2. Style simple, with a small stigma. Fruit a one-seeded nut or drupe. Seed exalbuminous.--Genera 13, species 400. Southern and tropical Africa. (Plate 33.)

1. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; anthers stalked. Perianth regular, divided to the base. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. [Tribe PERSOONIEAE.] 2

Stamens inserted on the middle or the upper part of the perianth-segments; anthers usually sessile. Perianth more or less deeply divided, but rarely to the base. [Tribe PROTEEAE.] 3

2. Receptacle with a short cupular excrescence at the base. Ovule pendulous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers in fascicles arranged in racemes. Leaves whorled, undivided.--Species 1. South Africa. The fruits are edible and used as a substitute for coffee. =Brabeium= L.

Receptacle with 4 scale-like excrescences at the base. Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Leaves alternate, 2-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. The wood is used for torches, the seeds yield oil. =Dilobeia= Thouars

3. Flowers unisexual, regular. 4

Flowers hermaphrodite. 5

4. Male flowers in spikes or racemes, female in heads. Bracts narrow.--Species 3. South Africa. =Aulax= Berg

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 33._

J. Fleischmann del.

Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower laid open. _C_ Perianth-segment and stamen.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 34._

J. Fleischmann del.

Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Anther.]

Male and female flowers in heads. Bracts broad.--Species 75. South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments; the silvery-haired leaves of the silver-tree (_L. argenteum_ R. Br.) also form an article of commerce. =Leucadendron= Herm.

5. Flowers regular or almost so, disposed in heads which are sometimes reduced to a single flower. Perianth-segments united below, free and recurved above. 6