Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (18)

52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs more or less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary or wanting in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few rays. Petals white.--Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have edible roots. (_Krubera_ Hoffm., including _Sclerosciadium_ Koch). =Capnophyllum= Gaertn.

Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less filiform. 53

53. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx toothed. 54

Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous. 55

54. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Astydamia= DC.

Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.--Species 1. Egypt. =Ducrosia= Boiss.

55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral umbels male.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under _Ferula_ L.) =Ferulago= Koch

Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels sometimes male. 56

56. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals broad and rolled inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an involucre.--Species 1. (_A. graveolens_ L., dill). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in Central and South Africa. Used as a pot-herb. (Under _Peucedanum_ L.) =Anethum= Tourn.

Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing. Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.--Species 50. Some of them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (Including _Bubon_ L., _Imperatoria_ Tourn., and _Lefeburia_ A. Rich.) =Peucedanum= L.

57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed; commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [Subtribe SESELINAE.] 58

Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs usually slender, filiform, rarely keel-or wing-like. [Subtribe CARINAE.] 73

58. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel-or wing-like. 59

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad. 69

59. Ribs wing-like. 60

Ribs keel-or ridge-like. 62

60. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (Under _Meum_ Jacq.) =Ligusticum= L.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. 61

61. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or partly wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx toothed.--Species 10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots. (Including _Stenosemis_ E. Mey.) (Plate 119.) =Annesorrhiza= Cham. & Schlechtd.

Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or spongy. Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Selinum_ L.) =Cnidium= Cuss.

62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened, spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and rolled in at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow segments. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a pot-herb. “Samphire.” =Crithmum= Tourn.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (_Seseli_) accompanied by a second channel in each furrow or one under each rib. 63

63. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present. 64

Calyx not toothed. 67

64. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed point. Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves once or twice dissected.--Species 2. South Africa. =Polemannia= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Stem herbaceous. 65

65. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly bottle-shaped, compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Todaroa= Parl.

Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval. 66

66. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty or bristly ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical. Styles long, with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present. Leaves twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Physotrichia= Hiern

Seeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect and with narrow segments.--Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including _Libanotis_ Crantz). =Seseli= L.

67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc conical. Pericarp not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear segments.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also naturalized in other regions. They yield vegetables, condiments, perfumes, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. “Fennel”. =Foeniculum= L.

Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments. 68

68. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc conical. Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Phellolophium= Bak.

Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid; furrows broad.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Fools parsley.” =Aethusa= L.

69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals obovate, white. Involucels of many bracts.--Species 10. North and South Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine. =Oenanthe= L.

Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present. 70

70. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp not considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner face. Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of many bracts. Leaves with broad segments.--Species 1. North Africa. (_Brignolia_ Bertol.) =Kundmannia= Scop.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a second in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish. 71

71. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate. Disc depressed. (See 66.) =Seseli= L.

Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical. Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected. 72

72. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds with a keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx toothed.--Species 4. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Athamanta= L.

Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels thickened.--Species 2. East Africa. =Diplolophium= Turcz.

73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (_Heteromorpha_) toothed to dissected, and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like. 74

Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like. 77

74. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Hohenackeria= Fisch. & Mey.

Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. Carpophore free. 75

75. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (_Franchetella_ O. Ktze.). =Heteromorpha= Cham. et Schlechtd.

Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal. 76

76. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate. Fruit oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular, leathery. Umbels of few rays, involucrate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Nirarathamnus= Balf.

Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat, entire. Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.) =Bupleurum= Tourn.

77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx toothed. Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.--Species 7. South Africa. =Lichtensteinia= Cham. & Schlechtd.

Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs. 78

78. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs slender. Petals white or reddish. 79

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 83

79. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre and involucels present.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Falcaria= Host.

Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting. 80

80. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller ones on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and under the ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base of the styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (_Lereschia_ Boiss., under _Anthriscus_ L.) =Cryptotaenia= DC.

Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and lateral. 81

81. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.--Species 5. North and Central Africa. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots. =Ammi= L.

Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally notched. 82

82. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with a single cotyledon.--Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible. (Including _Diaphycarpus_ Calestani, partly under _Carum_ L.) =Bunium= L.

Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.--Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa; one species (_C. Carvi_ L., caraway) also cultivated elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are poisonous. Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (Including _Selinopsis_ Coss. et Dur., partly under _Bunium_ L.) =Carum= L.

83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected or the lower lobed. 84

Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (_Rhyticarpus_) 3, large, but then shrubs and upper leaves undivided. 85

84. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large, persistent.--Species 7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Including _Berula_ Koch) =Sium= L.

Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.--Species 25. The fruits of _P. anisum_ L., anise, serve as a condiment; other species are used in medicine. (Including _Reutera_ Boiss.) =Pimpinella= L.

85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform. 86

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy. 87

86. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon the ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected with very narrow segments.--Species 7. South and North Africa and Island of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Some species yield condiments. (_Tragiopsis_ Pomel, under _Carum_ L. or _Ptychotis_ L.) =Trachypermum= Link

Calyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs. Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to the sheath. Umbels of few rays.--Species 10. North and South Africa. (_Deverra_ DC.) =Pituranthos= Viv.

87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very prominent. Oil-channels large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals greenish-white, straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of 1-3 bracts or wanting.--Species 7. One of them (_A. graveolens_ L., celery) is used as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (Including _Helosciadium_ Koch). =Apium= L.

Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond. 88

88. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and ending there in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white, broadly inflexed and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad segments.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Sison= L.

Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed, more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched. 89

89. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or somewhat reddish, much inflexed at the tip. 90

Calyx distinctly toothed. 91

90. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species 2. North Africa; also naturalized in tropical and South Africa. One species (_P. sativum_ Hoffm., parsley) is used as a pot-herb. (Under _Apium_ L. or _Carum_ L.). =Petroselinum= Hoffm.

Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels narrow. Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under _Carum_ L.) =Ridolfia= Moris.

91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow. Petals shortly inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels involucrate.--Species 3. South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands. One species is used for preparing an intoxicating drink. (_Glia_ Sond., under _Lichtensteinia_ Cham. & Schlechtd.) =Ruthea= Bolle

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip, rarely shortly inflexed, but then red. 92

92. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly inflexed at the tip.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anisopoda= Bak.

Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed at the tip. 93

93. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from a transverse fold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an involucre.--Species 4. North and South Africa. (Under _Carum_ L., _Petroselinum_ Hoffm., or _Seseli_ L.) =Ptychotis= Koch

Petals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Rhyticarpus= Sond.

FAMILY 187. CORNACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers regular. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the base. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; embryo long.--Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Ovary 4-celled. Micropyle turned outwards. Style simple; stigma 4-parted. Anthers oval. Petals broad. Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite, in cymose panicles. Leaves opposite, toothed.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. [Subfamily =CURTISIOIDEAE=.] =Curtisia= Ait.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Micropyle turned inwards. Style and stigma simple, or styles 2-3. Flowers 4-merous, but unisexual, or 5-merous. [Subfamily =CORNOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Petals imbricate in bud. Filaments short, thread-shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in racemes sometimes arranged in panicles.--Species 3. Madagascar. [Tribe GRISELINIEAE.] =Melanophylla= Bak.

Petals valvate in bud. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. [Tribe CORNEAE.] 3

3. Style simple. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers ovate. Petals ovate. Fruit with a 2-celled stone. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). =Cornus= L.

Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Filaments very short, rather thick. Anthers oblong. Petals oblong. Fruit with two 1-celled stones. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Kaliphora= Hook. fil.

SUBCLASS METACHLAMYDEAE

(SYMPETALAE)

ORDER ERICALES

FAMILY 188. CLETHRACEAE

Low trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Anthers turned inwards, shortly beaked at the base, opening by

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 119._

J. Fleischmann del.

Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd.

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Petal. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Cross-section of a mericarp.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 120._

J. Fleischmann del.

Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Fruit cut across. _F_ Seed.] two short slits at the top; pollen-grains separate. Disc none. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Style 3-cleft at the top. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a lax testa, a fleshy albumen, and a short embryo. (Under _ERICACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. Island of Madeira. Yields wood especially used for making walking-sticks, and serves as an ornamental plant. =Clethra= L.

FAMILY 189. ERICACEAE

Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves undivided, usually narrow. Flowers solitary or in umbels, racemes or panicles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-cleft or-parted, persistent. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 3-15, usually twice as many as the petals, free from the corolla or almost so, rarely (_Ficalhoa_) distinctly inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards, usually opening towards the top; pollen-grains united in groups of four. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary usually superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules axile or solitary, inverted or almost so. Style simple. Seeds with copious albumen.--Genera 17, species 720. (Including _VACCINIACEAE_.) (Plate 120.)

1. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 8-10. Fruit a many-seeded berry.--Species 8. Azores, Madeira, East Africa to Transvaal, and Madagascar. Some have edible fruits. [Subfamily =VACCINIOIDEAE=, tribe VACCINIEAE.] =Vaccinium= L.

Ovary superior, free from the calyx, but sometimes (Salaxis) adnate to the corolla-tube at the base. 2

2. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 6-merous. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 10-15 inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule without a persistent central column, or a berry. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =ARBUTOIDEAE=.] 3

Flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, very rarely (_Erica_) 5-merous, but then low shrubs with fascicled flowers. Corolla usually persistent. Stamens 3-8, rarely 10-12. Fruit a capsule, usually with a persistent central column, or an achene. Undershrubs or mostly low shrubs, very rarely trees. 5

3. Anthers attached below the apex, provided with two spur-like appendages. Filaments broadened at the base. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules axile. Fruit a mealy berry with a warty skin.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield tanning materials, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve as ornamental plants. “Strawberry-tree.” [Tribe ARBUTEAE.] =Arbutus= L.

Anthers attached above the base, without appendages. Disc indistinct. Ovules subbasal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. [Tribe ANDROMEDEAE.] 4

4. Corolla shortly urn-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 15, in groups of three, inserted in the corolla-tube. Filaments glabrous. Stigma finally 5-parted. Seeds ovoid. Trees. Leaves serrate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Ficalhoa= Hiern

Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Stamens 10-12, inserted singly at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments hairy. Stigma entire. Seeds oblong. Leaves entire.--Species 7. Tropics. Some of them are poisonous or yield wood and medicaments. =Agauria= DC.

5. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, many-seeded. Corolla shortly toothed, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers longer than the filaments, without appendages, opening by terminal pores. Ovary-cells many-ovuled. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptical. Flowers in terminal racemes.--Species 1. Azores. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subfamily =RHODODENDROIDEAE=, tribe PHYLLODOCEAE.] =Daboecia= Don

Fruit dehiscing loculicidally or indehiscent, rarely septicidal, but then few-seeded and enveloped by the persistent corolla. Corolla usually persistent after the time of flowering. Leaves usually whorled and linear. [Subfamily =ERICOIDEAE=.] 6

6. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell, rarely with several ovules, but then 1-2-celled. [Tribe SALAXIDEAE.] 7

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each of its 3-8 cells. [Tribe ERICEAE.] 12

7. Stigma large, cupular or discoid. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. Corolla-lobes 4. 8

Stigma small, capitate or truncate. Bracts and bracteoles usually 3. 10

8. Style short, included in the corolla-tube. Stamens 6-8. Calyx unequally 4-cleft or 4-parted.--Species 15. South Africa. (Including _Coccosperma_ Klotzsch, _Lagenocarpus_ Klotzsch, and _Lepterica_ N. E. Brown). =Salaxis= Salisb.

Style long, exserted. Stamens 3-5. Calyx 3-4-toothed or-cleft. 9

9. Anthers much exserted. Calyx 4-toothed. Bract 1.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Syndesmanthus_ Klotzsch). =Codonostigma= Klotzsch

Anthers included or slightly exserted. Bracts none.--Species 20. South Africa. (Including _Coilostigma_ Klotzsch). =Scyphogyne= Brongn.

10. Corolla 2-lobed. Calyx 2-lobed or 4-toothed. Stamens 4.--Species 9. South Africa. (Including _Aniserica_ N. E. Brown) =Sympieza= Lichtenst.

Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx 4-toothed to 4-parted. 11

11. Calyx shortly toothed, usually thickened. Stamens 3-4. Ovary 1-2-celled.--Species 50. South Africa. (Including _Anomalanthus_ Klotzsch and _Syndesmanthus_ Klotzsch). =Simochilus= Hook. & Benth.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond. Stamens 4-8.--Species 40. South Africa. (Including _Acrostemon_ Klotzsch, _Eremiopsis_ N. E. Brown, _Grisebachia_ Klotzsch, _Hexastemon_ Klotzsch, _Platycalyx_ N. E. Brown, _Thamnus_ Klotzsch, and _Thoracosperma_ Klotzsch). =Eremia= Don

12. (6.) Stamens 4. Fruit few-seeded, loculicidal. 13

Stamens 8, very rarely 6, 7, 10, or 12. 14

13. Calyx-lobes unequal, one of them somewhat larger than the others. Disc distinctly developed. Bracts and bracteoles none.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. =Ericinella= Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Disc rudimentary. Bracts and bracteoles 3.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. =Blaeria= L.

14. Flowers with 4 bracts and bracteoles. Calyx corolla-like, 4-parted nearly to the base, slightly exceeding the deeply 4-cleft corolla. Anthers spurred, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, few-seeded.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Salisb., ling). North-west Africa (Morocco and Azores). Yields tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and food for bees. =Calluna= Salisb.

Flowers with 1-3 bracts and bracteoles or without any. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally, usually many-seeded. 15

15. Calyx-lobes unequal, the lowest larger than the others. Bracts and bracteoles none. Disc rudimentary. Stigma broad. Flowers terminal.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 120.) =Philippia= Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Bracts and bracteoles nearly always present. Disc usually distinctly developed. 16

16. Calyx much longer than the corolla, two of the segments including the other two. Anthers opening by loculicidal slits.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Erica_ L.) =Macnabia= Benth.

Calyx not much longer, usually shorter than the corolla.--Species 480. South Africa, East Africa to Comoro Islands, and North Africa. Many species are used as ornamental plants, some yield wood or dyes. (Including _Pentapera_ Klotzsch). “Heath.” =Erica= L.

ORDER PRIMULALES

FAMILY 190. MYRSINACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Afrardisia_) herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, panicles, umbels or heads, regular, 4-5-, very rarely 6-7-merous. Petals white or red, rarely yellow or green, usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to them, inserted on the corolla. Anthers opening inwards, more rarely near the apex. Ovary superior, rarely (_Maesa_) half-inferior, 1-celled, with a free central, usually globular placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a berry, a drupe, or a nut. Seeds with copious albumen. Embryo with a long radicle and small cotyledons.--Genera 10, species 130. (Plate 121.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules seated upon the surface of the placenta. Fruit several-seeded. Petals united below, white. Stigma broadened. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 121.) [Subfamily =MAESOIDEAE=.] =Maesa= Forsk.

Ovary superior. Ovules sunk into the placenta. Fruit one-seeded. [Subfamily =MYRSINOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Ovules in several rows. Petals free, pink. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in short racemes. Stigma punctiform. Filaments long.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz or _Myrsine_ L.) [Tribe ARDISIEAE.] =Heberdenia= Banks

Ovules in a single row. Petals united below, more rarely free, but then flowers dioecious and stigma peltate. [Tribe MYRSINEAE.] 3

3. Ovules numerous, about ten. Anthers opening by a single pore at the apex. Sepals unequal-sided. Petals united below. Filaments short. Stigma punctiform. Trees. Flowers in panicles, dioecious, 5-merous.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz). =Monoporus= A. DC.

Ovules few. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 4.

4. Stigma punctiform. Style thin. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-7-merous. Petals united below. Filaments short, free or nearly so. 5

Stigma more or less dilated. Style thick. 6

5. Sepals and petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation; petals white, equal-sided. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in heads or umbels arising from lateral dwarf-shoots.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under _Myrsine_ L.) =Pleiomeris= A. DC.

Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation; petals red, unequal-sided. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels or racemes, 5-merous.--Species 10. West Africa. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz). =Afrardisia= Mez

6. Petals free or nearly so. Filaments usually free. Flowers unisexual.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Samara_ L., _Pattara_ Adans.) =Embelia= Burm.

Petals obviously united below. 7

7. Filaments wanting. 8

Filaments distinctly developed, more or less united. Style present. 9

8. Style wanting. Flowers in umbels upon sometimes imperceptible dwarf-shoots.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Myrsine_ L.) =Rapanea= Aubl.

Style present. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 10. Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz or _Icacorea_ Aubl.) =Badula= Juss.

9. Flowers dioecious, in umbels arising from dwarf-shoots. Petals imbricate in bud. Anthers free.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and Azores. They yield timber and are used as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder plants. =Myrsine= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary umbels, racemes or panicles.--Species 55. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Oncostemon= A. Juss.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 121._

J. Fleischmann del.

Maesa lanceolata Forsk.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruiting branch. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 122._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Seed. _D_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

FAMILY 191. PRIMULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in umbels racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, 3-7-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals usually united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Fertile stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Ovary usually superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with ventral hilum; albumen fleshy; embryo small, axile.--Genera 11, species 45. (Plate 122.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Corolla white, 5-cleft, regular, imbricate in bud, with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules numerous. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 2. Used as vegetables. [Tribe SAMOLEAE.] =Samolus= L.

Ovary superior. 2

2. Corolla irregular, red. Calyx prickly. Ovules 5. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves alternate, linear, prickly toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe CORIDEAE.] =Coris= L.

Corolla regular. Calyx not prickly. 3

3. Corolla-lobes bent back, with contorted aestivation, red or white. Ovules numerous. Stem tuberous. Leaves radical, stalked, broad. Flowers solitary, radical.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the tubers are poisonous. [Tribe CYCLAMINEAE.] =Cyclamen= L.

Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Stem not tuberous. 4

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. [Tribe LYSIMACHIEAE.] 5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. [Tribe ANDROSACEAE.] 9

5. Corolla smaller than the calyx. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. 6

Corolla larger than the calyx; petals united below. 8

6. Petals 3, free. Fruit 2-seeded, opening in 3 valves. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. (Under Asterolinum Link & Hoffmsg.) =Pelletiera= St. Hil.

Petals 4-5, united below. Fruit many-seeded. 7

7. Corolla-tube short. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.--Species 1. North and East Africa. =Centuneulus= L.

Corolla-tube long. Fruit opening by 4-5 valves. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. North and East Africa. =Asterolinum= Link & Hoffmsg.

8. Fruit opening by a lid. Corolla red or blue. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 20. Some of them yield a fish-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Pimpernel.” =Anagallis= L.

Fruit opening by valves. Corolla usually yellow or white.--Species 12. North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Lubinia_ Vent.) =Lysimachia= L.

9. Stamens with an acuminate connective, inserted at the base of the corolla. Corolla white, about as long as the calyx, bell-shaped, deeply cleft, ciliate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves. Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, lobed. Stem creeping.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 122.) =Ardisiandra= Hook.

Stamens with an obtuse connective, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels or whorls. Leaves radical. Stem erect, sometimes very short. 10

10. Corolla smaller than the calyx, bell-shaped, with a short tube, whitish or reddish. Flowers in umbels. Leaves elliptical, subsessile.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Androsace= L.

Corolla larger than the calyx, salver-shaped, with a long tube. Leaves spatulate.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Primrose.” =Primula= L.

FAMILY 192. PLUMBAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in spike-head or panicle-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, 5-merous, hermaphrodite, bracteolate. Calyx with valvate or open aestivation, usually folded. Petals more or less clearly united, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from the basal funicle, inverted, with superior micropyle. Style or style-branches 5. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.--Genera 7, species 90. (Plate 123.)

1. Styles united high up. Stamens generally free from the corolla. Inflorescence usually simple; each flower with 2 bracteoles, which usually bear no flowers in their axils. [Tribe PLUMBAGINEAE.] 2

Styles free or united at the base only. Stamens attached to the corolla. Inflorescence composed of cymes; each flower with 1-2 bracteoles, one of which bears a flower in its axil. [Tribe STATICEAE.] 4

2. Sepals glandular, evidently united below. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens free from the corolla. Undershrubs.--Species 9. Some of them yield arrow-poison, tanning materials, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Plumbago= L.

Sepals without glands, free or nearly so. Shrubs. 3

3. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, pink or violet. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 2. Abyssinia. =Ceratostigma= Bunge

Stamens free from the corolla. Corolla funnel-shaped. Inflorescence spicate-paniculate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (_Vogelia_ Lam.) (Plate 123.) =Dyerophyton= O. Ktze.

4. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Styles united nearly halfway up. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Undershrubs.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Bubania_ Gir.) =Limoniastrum= Moench

Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. 5

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 123._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. Pl. AFR_

_Pl. 124._

J. Fleischmann del.

Mimusops Kummel Bruce

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Petal, stamen, and staminodes. _D_ Petal from outside. _E_ Anther from outside. _F_ Cross-section of ovary.]

5. Stigmas capitate. Styles tubercled. Fruit opening by a lid. Inflorescence paniculate. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments, and serves as an ornamental plant. =Goniolimon= Boiss.

Stigmas cylindrical or filiform. 6

6. Styles hairy. Petals almost free. Fruit bursting all round at the base. Inflorescence capitate. Leaves usually linear.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Thrift.” =Armeria= Willd.

Styles glabrous. Fruit opening with a lid, or bursting irregularly, or remaining closed. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 60. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa. Some species are used for tanning or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Limonium Boiss.) =Statice= L.

ORDER EBENALES

SUBORDER SAPOTINEAE

FAMILY 193. SAPOTACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils or on the trunk. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, more or less curved, the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple. Fruit a berry.--Genera 19, species 150. (Plate 124.)

1. Petals with two sometimes laciniate or minute dorsal appendages, rarely with one only. [Tribe MIMUSOPEAE.] 2

Petals without dorsal appendages. [Tribe PALAQUIEAE.] 4

2. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6; staminodes none. Appendages of the petals small, toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, affixed by a broad, lateral hilum.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Northea= Hook. fil.

Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6-8, but alternating with as many staminodes, or more. 3

3. Fertile stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. =Labourdonnesia= Boj.

Fertile stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the petals.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, tanning-bark, a resin (balata) similar to guttapercha, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including _Baillonella_ Pierre, _Dumoria_ A. Chev., _Imbricaria_ Commers., _Labramia_ A. DC., and _Tieghemella_ Pierre). (Plate 124.) =Mimusops= L.

4. Fertile stamens as many as petals. [Subtribe SIDEROXYLINAE.] 5

Fertile stamens more than petals. 17

5. Staminodes none, rarely 1-4, small. 6

Staminodes 5 or more. 11

6. Filaments with a leaf-like appendage. Leaves crowded at the top of the branches; stipules linear. Flowers in clusters springing from older branches.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cryptogyne= Hook. fil.

Filaments without a leaf-like appendage. 7

7. Anthers converging around the style, oblong. Filaments adnate to the long corolla-tube at their base. Sepals free. Endocarp separating and enveloping the 5 seeds. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs with long, reddish brown, undivided hairs. Leaves lanceolate, with 2 pouch-shaped auricles at the base of the blade; side-nerves numerous, somewhat distant, connected by numerous transverse veins.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Delpydora= Pierre

Anthers not converging. Leaves not auricled. Hairs usually 2-parted. 8

8. Seeds albuminous. Primary side-nerves of the leaves usually approximate.--Species 20. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. =Chrysophyllum= L.

Seeds exalbuminous, solitary. Stigma 5-lobed. Primary side-nerves of the leaves somewhat distant. Trees. 9

9. Sepals free or nearly so. Tube of the corolla longer than the segments. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Leaves oblong or ovate; primary side-nerves straight and connected by numerous transverse veins.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber. =Malacantha= Pierre

Sepals obviously united at the base. Tube of the corolla as long as or shorter than the segments. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical; primary side-nerves arched, connected by a network of veins. 10

10. Corolla-tube as long as the segments. Ovules attached below the middle.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under _Sideroxylon_ L.) =Sersalisia= R. Br.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Ovules attached by the middle or above it. Leaves lanceolate; stipules linear.--Species 4. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. =Pachystela= Pierre

11. (5.) Ovary 2-6-celled. 12

Ovary 8-12-celled. 16

12. Filaments much longer than the anthers. Staminodes linear. Style long. Ovules attached above the middle. Corolla with a short tube and narrow segments. Seed 1, with a very scanty albumen. Trees. Leaves lanceolate, stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under _Sideroxylon_ L.) =Bakerisideroxylon= Engl.

Filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anthers. Ovules attached by the middle or below it. 13

13. Sepals united to above the middle. Anthers opening inwards. Staminodes lanceolate or ovate. Styles very long, with a very small stigma. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Including _Stironcurum_ Radlk.) =Synsepalum= A. DC.

Sepals free or united at the base. Anthers opening outwards. 14

14. Staminodes awl-shaped. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds 2-4, connate, albuminous. Spiny trees. Leaves lanceolate. Species 1. Morocco. Yields timber (iron-wood) and oil. =Argania= Roem. & Schult.

Staminodes more or less petal-like, or short and broad. Ovary usually 5-celled. Seeds separate or solitary. 15

15. Staminodes more or less petal-like. Seeds albuminous, with leaf-like cotyledons.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, and Madeira. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments. (Including _Calvaria_ Commers. and _Sapota_ A. DC.) =Sideroxylon= L.

Staminodes small, broad. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. (See 10.) =Sersalisia= R. Br.

16. Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Ovary 10-12-celled. Ovules attached by the base. Fruit 4-12-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, with a narrow hilum, albuminous. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (_A. Sapota_ L., sapodilla-plum). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Sapota_ Plum.) =Achras= L.

Calyx 8-10-parted. Corolla 8-10-cleft or-parted. Ovary 8-10-celled. Ovules attached by the middle. Fruit 1-4-seeded. Seeds globular, with a broad hilum, exalbuminous. Flowers in clusters, clothed with rusty-brown hairs.--Species 1 (_B. Parkii_ Kotschy). Central Africa. Yields timber, a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and a fat (shea-butter) from the seeds. (_Bassia_ L.) =Butyrospermum= Kotschy

17. (4.) Sepals 5, unequal, spirally arranged. Fertile stamens 15, 20, or more; Staminodes 5 or more. Ovary 9-30-celled. Style cone-or club-shaped. [Subtribe OMPHALOCARPINAE.] 18

Sepals 4 or 6, nearly equal, whorled. Stamens 12 or 16, all fertile. Anthers opening outwards. Style awl-shaped. [Subtribe ILLIPINAE.] 19

18. Stamens 15, united in 5 bundles. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary 10-celled. Style club-shaped. Petals 5, white. Sepals red. Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the lower, sometimes fallen leaves.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Tridesmostemon= Engl.

Stamens 20 or more, free. Anthers opening inwards. Style cone-shaped, Flowers springing from the old wood.--Species 13. West Africa. They yield timber and a sort of guttapercha. =Omphalocarpum= Beauv.

19. Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stamens 16. Ovary 10-12-celled. Seeds albuminous.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields guttapercha. =Payena= A. DC.

Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding guttapercha. =Palaquium= Blanco

SUBORDER DIOSPYRINEAE

FAMILY 194. HOPLESTIGMATACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx closed in the bud, subsequently cleft into 2-4 lobes. Corolla with a short tube and 11-14 imbricate segments. Stamens 23-34, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled with 2 much projecting placentas. Ovules 4, pendulous inverted. Styles 2, united at the base, with roundish stigmas. Fruit a drupe with 2 empty cavities. Seeds with a large embryo and scanty albumen. (Under _FLACOURTIACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Hoplestigma= Pierre

FAMILY 195. EBENACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the leaf-axils, regular. Petals united below, with contorted, rarely valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more numerous, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments free or united in bundles. Anthers basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-16-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Seeds with a copious, cartilaginous albumen and an axile embryo.--Genera 6, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 125.)

1. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens about 30. Flowers 4-merous, dioecious, the male in cymes, the female solitary.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tetraclis= Hiern

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 2

2. Stamens 2-3, with hairy filaments and linear anthers. Corolla 3-4-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit oblong or ovoid. Leaves oblique at the base.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhaphidanthe= Hiern

Stamens 4 or more, very rarely 3, but then filaments glabrous and anthers oblong or lanceolate. 3

3. Stamens in a single row, 4-14, usually 10. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, 5-, rarely 4-, 6-, or 7-merous. Ovary 4-10-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Pericarp leathery.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber. =Royena= L.

Stamens in 2 or more rows, very rarely in a single row, but then only 3. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Pericarp usually fleshy. 4

4. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules, or 6-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; in the latter case female flowers with staminodes. Flowers 3-merous, more rarely 4-6-merous. Stamens usually 9, glabrous. Leaves alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 125.) =Maba= Forst.

Ovary 4-or 8-16-celled, rarely 2-or 6-celled; in the latter case female flowers without staminodes. Flowers 4-7-, very rarely 3-merous. Stamens usually 12-20. 5

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 125._

J. Fleischmann del.

Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 126._

J. Fleischmann del.

Schrebera alata Welw.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Group of fruits. _D_ Fruit cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut across.]

5. Staminodes usually absent in the female flowers. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules, or 4-6-celled with one ovule in each cell. Calyx not enlarged after flowering. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 10-30.--Species 35. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. =Euclea= L.

Staminodes usually present in the female flowers. Ovary 4-16-, usually 8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Calyx most frequently enlarged after flowering. Stamens usually 16.--Species 75. Tropical and South-east Africa. They yield timber (ebony), tanning and dyeing materials, mucilage, edible fruits (date-plums), fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including _Thespesocarpus_ Pierre). =Diospyros= Dalech.

FAMILY 196. STYRACACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, clothed with stellate hairs, hermaphrodite. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting subsequently into 2 or 3 segments. Petals 5, free, fleshy, whitish-yellow. Stamens 10, free. Anthers basifixed, pointed, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 6, basal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1, with a crusty-woody testa and a copious, horny albumen. Embryo axile, large, straight, with a short radicle and thin cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Afrostyrax= Perkins & Gilg

ORDER CONTORTAE

SUBORDER OLEINEAE

FAMILY 197. OLEACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate, usually opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels, rarely 3-4, inserted on the corolla, if the latter is present. Disc none. Ovary superior, rarely (_Fraxinus_) naked, 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled. Ovules 1-4, usually 2, in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 1-2. Seeds with a straight embryo.--Genera 11, species 120. (Including _JASMINEAE_.) (Plate 126.)

1. Seeds erect or ascending, the radicle turned downwards. Fruit 2-parted, but sometimes one half only developed. Corolla conspicuous, white or yellow, with 5-6, more rarely 7-12 or 4 imbricate segments; in the latter case anthers opening inside. Shrubs or undershrubs. [Subfamily =JASMINOIDEAE=, tribe JASMINEAE.] 2

Seeds pendulous or descending, the radicle turned upwards. Fruit not 2-parted. Petals 4 or 0, rarely 5-8; in this case petals valvate in bud or stem tree-like. Anthers opening laterally, very rarely inside, but then petals valvate in bud. [Subfamily =OLEOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Fruit a capsule. Sepals linear. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped, with a short tube and 5-6 segments. Anthers opening laterally. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided or pinnatifid.--Species 3. South Africa. =Menodora= Humb. & Bonpl.

Fruit a berry. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers opening inside. Shrubs. Leaves compound, with 1-7 leaflets.--Species 60. Some of them are used in perfumery and medicine or as ornamental plants (jessamine). =Jasminum= L.

3. Fruit a linear or lanceolate winged nut. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla absent. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Leaves pinnate. Trees.--Species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Ash.” [Tribe FRAXINEAE.] =Fraxinus= L.

Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe. Corolla present. 4

4. Fruit a capsule. Albumen very scanty or absent. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a long tube and 4-8 imbricate lobes. Flowers in panicles. Trees.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (_Nathusia_ Hochst.) (Plate 126.) [Tribe SYRINGEAE.] =Schrebera= Roxb.

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a short tube or without a tube, and with valvate, rarely imbricate segments; in the latter case shrubs with spicate or racemose flowers. Leaves undivided. [Tribe OLEINEAE.] 5

5. Petals free or united in pairs, with valvate aestivation. 6

Petals all united at the base. 7

6. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes. Embryo with a long radicle.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber. (_Picconia_ DC.) =Notelaea= Vent.

Flowers in axillary or terminal compound racemes. Embryo with a short radicle.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber. (_Mayepea_ Aubl.) =Linociera= Swartz

7. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Flowers in axillary simple spikes or racemes. Shrubs.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. =Phillyrea= L.

Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation. 8

8. Corolla globular. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes, more rarely solitary or in clusters. Trees. Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some have edible fruits. =Noronhia= Stadtmann

Corolla not globular. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and flat cotyledons. Flowers in compound racemes or in clusters. 9

9. Corolla-tube very short; segments narrow, bent inwards at the margins. Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening outwards. Flowers in clusters. Low trees.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa. =Dekindtia= Gilg

Corolla-tube not very short. Sepals united high up. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Flowers in compound racemes. 10

10. Fruit a berry with a membranous or crustaceous endocarp, 2 cells, and 2-4 seeds. Inflorescences terminal. Shrubs. Species 1. Naturalized in North Africa. Serves as an ornamental or hedge plant; also the wood is used; the berries are poisonous. “Privet.” =Ligustrum= L.

Fruit a drupe with a bony, woody, or crustaceous endocarp and 1, rarely 2 seeds. Inflorescences usually axillary.--Species 15. Some of them, especially the olive (_O. europaea_ L.), yield timber, edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Olea= L.

SUBORDER GENTIANINEAE

FAMILY 198. LOGANIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, rarely toothed or lobed; stipules well developed or reduced to a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 4-16, united below. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals, inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-, rarely 4-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple or 4-cleft. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 14, species 240. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 127.)

1. Glandular hairs present. Corolla-lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4. Style simple. [Subfamily =BUDDLEIOIDEAE=.] 2

Glandular hairs absent. [Subfamily =LOGANIOIDEAE=.] 8

2. Anther-halves cohering above, divergent below. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla. Style long; stigma small. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of several cells.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Plate 127.) =Nuxia= Lam.

Anther-halves separate. Style short with a thick stigma, rarely rather long, but then flowers in racemes. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of 2 cells. 3

3. Anthers distinctly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in many-flowered, terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Trees.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. =Chilianthus= Burch.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube or scarcely projecting. 4

4. Style long. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal simple racemes. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Gomphostigma= Turcz.

Style short. Flowers in capitate, racemose, or panicled inflorescences composed of cymes. 5

5. Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Fruit a globular drupe. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under _Buddleia_ L.) =Adenoplea= Radlk.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 6

6. Fruit a globular drupe. Seeds with a small embryo. Ovary completely 2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences lateral, racemiform. Leaves toothed, with foliaceous stipules.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Adenoplusia= Radlk.

Fruit an oblong berry or an oblong or ovate capsule. 7

7. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a comparatively large embryo. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences capitate. Shrubs.--Species 7. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. =Nicodemia= Ten.

Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a small embryo.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dye-stuffs, a substitute for soap, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Buddleia= L.

8. (1.) Style 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Fruit a capsule. Leaves entire. Stipules triangular or united into a sheath. [Tribe GELSEMIEAE.] 9

Style simple. Ovules with several or many ovules in each cell, rarely with 2, but then corolla valvate in bud. 10

9. Flowers in few-flowered cymes enclosed by two large involucral bracts united at the base. Stamens unequal in length.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Under _Mostuea_ Didr.) =Coinochlamys= Anders.

Flowers without an involucre.--Species 25. Tropics. =Mostuea= Didr.

10. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation; segments 5-16. Stamens the same in number. 11

Corolla with valvate aestivation; segments 4-5. Stamens the same in number or fewer. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Inflorescences terminal and lateral. 12

11. Calyx with 4, corolla with 10-16 segments. Anthers long and narrow. Disc present. Ovary 4-celled below, 2-celled above. Fruit a berry. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible fruits or are used in medicine. [Tribe FRAGRAEEAE.]. =Anthocleista= Afz.

Calyx and corolla with 5 segments each. Anthers short. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Inflorescences lateral.--Species 10 Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber. [Tribe LOGANIEAE.] =Geniostoma= Forst.

12. Calyx-segments very unequal, one of them much larger than the others and petal-like. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamen 1. Ovary 2-celled with numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe ANTONIEAE.] =Usteria= Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal. Stamens 4-5. 13

13. Corolla tubular, red. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule. Leaves whorled, linear. Flowers few, terminal or arising in the upper leaf-axils. Shrubs. Species 1. South Africa. =Retzia= Thunb.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 127._

J. Fleischmann del.

Nuxia Autunesii Gilg

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower (from which the anthers have fallen off excepting one). _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW PL. AFR._

_Pl. 128._

J. Fleischmann. del.

Chironia transvaalensis Gilg

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.]

Corolla salver-, bell-, or wheel-shaped, usually white. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, 3-5-nerved--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poisons, and medicaments; some have poisonous, others edible fruits and seeds, which are also used for preparing alcohol. (Including _Brehmia_ Harv. and _Ignatia_ L. f.) [Tribe STRYCHNEAE.] =Strychnos= L.

FAMILY 199. GENTIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided, sometimes reduced to scales; stipules absent or replaced by a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Flowers regular, rarely (_Canscora_) somewhat irregular. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, 3-8, sometimes one only fertile. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple with 1-2 stigmas rarely (_Erythraea_) 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (_Chironia_) a berry. Seeds minute, albuminous.--Genera 23, species 250. (Plate 128.)

1. Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation, 5-partite, white or yellow. Pollen-grains compressed from one side. Ovary 1-celled, with little intruding placentas. Stigma 2-partite. Leaves alternate or all radical, broad-cordate. [Subfamily =MENYANTHOIDEAE=.] 2

Corolla with contorted or imbricate aestivation. Pollen-grains not compressed from one side. Leaves opposite or whorled or nearly so. [Subfamily =GENTIANOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Stem erect. Leaves slightly cordate at the base, ovate, radical. Flowers panicled. Fruit opening by 4 valves at the top.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. =Villarsia= Vent.

Stem floating or creeping. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Flowers fascicled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible roots or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Limnanthemum= Gmel.

3. Stem and leaves reddish. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary, terminal. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow or blue. Anthers included. Pollen-grains with a single pore. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma entire. Ovules straight. Seeds with a very scanty albumen.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under _Voyria_ Aubl.) [Tribe LEIPHAIMEAE.] =Leiphaimos= Cham. & Schlechtd.

Stem and leaves green. Leaves well developed, rarely very small, but then flowers in cymes. Pollen-grains with 3 pores. Ovules inverted. Seeds with copious albumen. 4

4. Pollen-grains connected in groups of four, tubercled on the surface. Calyx 4-toothed, with a winged tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Filaments inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube, winged at the base. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-partite.--Species 1. West Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe HELIEAE.] =Schultesia= Mart.

Pollen-grains separate. [Tribe GENTIANEAE.] 5

5. Ovary completely 2-celled. Pollen-grains very small. 6

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Pollen-grains rather large. 9

6. Anthers opening by terminal pores which are sometimes produced into slits, without glands, exserted. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla or somewhat lower. Corolla violet, pink, or white, with a short and wide tube. Calyx winged.--Species 12. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants. =Exacum= L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits, nearly always with 1-4 small glands at the base or the apex. Corolla yellow, with a more or less elongated tube. 7

7. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes.--Species 80. South Africa and tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Sebaea= R. Br.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the corolla-tube. Flowers 5-merous. 8

8. Filaments inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Calyx not winged. Small plants with small flowers.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Sebaea_ R. Br.) =Lagenias= E. Mey.

Filaments inserted in the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube, Calyx winged. Flowers rather large. Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (_Parasia_ Rafin., including _Exochaenium_ Griseb., under _Sebaea_ R. Br.) =Belmontia= E. Mey.

9. Ovary divided into incomplete cells by the intrusion of the placentas. Stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Stamens 5. 10

Ovary completely one-celled with little intruding placentas. 12

10. Anthers more or less twisted after flowering. Pollen-grains smooth.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental plants. =Erythraea= L. C. Rich.

Anthers erect or bent back after flowering. Pollen-grains tubercled or netted. Calyx with small scales on the inside. 11

11. Corolla yellow; tube short, glabrous within. Anthers exserted. Pollen-grains tubercled. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers in many-flowered panicles with large bracts.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Ixanthus= Griseb.

Corolla white or red; tube long, with 5 small scales on the inside. Anthers included. Pollen-grains netted. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 9. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or are used in medicine. =Tachiadenus= Griseb.

12 Corolla with 1-2 glandular nectaries at the base of each segment; tube very short. Stamens 4-5. Pollen-grains tubercled.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Sweertia= L.

Corolla without nectaries, but sometimes with scales at the insertion of the stamens. Pollen-grains smooth or dotted. 13

13. Corolla with distinctly unequal segments and imbricate, more rarely contorted aestivation, white or red. Stamens 4, inserted at different heights on the corolla-tube, usually one only perfect. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-lobed.--Species 3. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Canscora= Lam.

Corolla with equal or subequal segments and contorted aestivation. 14

14. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3; all inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem 4-angled or winged. Leaves very small, decurrent along the stem. Flowers in dense cymes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under _Canscora_ Lam.) =Schinziella= Gilg

Fertile stamens 3-8, rarely more. 15

15. Flowers 6-8-merous, rarely polymerous. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-parted with deeply notched branches. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Chlora= L.

Flowers 3-5-merous. Stigma entire or 2-parted with entire branches. 16

16. Flowers 3-merous. Sepals very unequal. Corolla with a long tube, usually blue. Stamens inserted at the throat; filaments with a swelling at the base. Stigma 2-parted. Flowers crowded in heads.--Species 3. Southern Central Africa. =Pycnosphaera= Gilg

Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals not very unequal. 17

17. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers ovate, rarely oblong. Pollen-grains smooth. Herbs. 18

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers oblong or linear. 21

18. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx 8-12-ribbed. Corolla with a narrow tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf herbs. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, sometimes forming racemes or corymbs.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Neurotheca= Salisb.

Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers ovate. Flowers small. 19

19. Flowers in dense fascicles. Calyx divided to the middle or below the middle. Corolla with 4 scales at the throat.--Species 10. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Faroa= Welw.

Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla without scales at the throat. Dwarf herbs. 20

20. Stem much branched. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla with a long tube and broad lobes. Stigma 2-parted.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Cicendia= Adans.

Stem not or scantily branched. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla with a rather long tube and narrow segments. Stigma entire or notched.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Microcala= Link & Hoffmsg.