Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (3)

Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. =180. Myrtaceae.=

546. (537.) Stamens 2-10. 547

Stamens numerous. 548

547. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), more rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, tendril-bearing herbs. Styles usually 3. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous. Fruit more or less berry-like. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, and then styles 2 and stem woody, or twice as many. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous, but then flowers 4-merous. =96. Saxifragaceae.=

548. Petals 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous. 549

Petals numerous. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 550

549. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals not distinctly differentiated, together 8-9. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. _Begonia_, =165. Begoniaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals distinctly differentiated, together 10. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Shrubs. _Cydonia_, =103. Rosaceae=.

550. Sepals nearly hypogynous, 4. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Fruit bursting irregularly. Embryo straight. Leaves radical, floating, peltate or cordate. Flowers solitary. _Nymphaea_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=.

Sepals epigynous, usually 5. Ovules basal or parietal. Fruit opening loculicidally. Embryo curved. Leaves not floating. Flowers in cymes or panicles. _Mesembryanthemum_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

551. (52.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 552

Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 728

552. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 553

Ovaries 2 or more, separate or cohering at the base only. 719

553. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 554

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, at least at the time of flowering (sometimes incompletely septate in the bud). 604

554. Ovule 1. 555

Ovules 2 or more. 570

555. Ovule erect or ascending. 556

Ovule pendulous or descending. Style simple. 564

556. Style 1, entire or cleft at the top into 2 or more stigmas (or branches stigmatose on the inside). 557

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. 563

557. Stamens free from the corolla or inserted on its base. 558

Stamens inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. 561

558. Corolla (or corolla-like perianth) with valvate or folded aestivation. Leaves exstipulate. =69. Nyctaginaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case leaves stipulate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 559

559. Flowers 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Herbs. Leaves opposite, stipulate. _Cometes_, =75. Caryophyllaceae=.

Flowers 4-merous. Stigma 1. 560

560. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in fascicles. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. Leaves all radical, exstipulate. _Litorella_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes or panicles. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. _Salvadora_, =131. Salvadoraceae=.

561. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Leaves whorled. Shrubs. =205. Verbenaceae.=

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 562

562. Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla (or the petaloid staminodes). Seeds albuminous. =68. Amarantaceae.=

Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla (or petaloid perianth), 4. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. =55. Proteaceae.=

563. (556.) Sepals 2. Anthers turned outwards. Styles 3. Seeds with curved embryo. =74. Basellaceae.=

Sepals 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 5. Seeds with straight embryo. =192. Plumbaginaceae.=

564. Petals in the male flowers 2-4, united below, in the female 1-2, free. Sepals in the male flowers 4, in the female 1-2. Stamens 4-10, with united filaments. =80. Menispermaceae.=

Petals united below in the flowers of both sexes, or flowers hermaphrodite. 565

565. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the calyx or corolla, 4. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers 5-merous, irregular. Seeds albuminous. 566

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely (Ericaceae) fewer, but then only 3. 567

566. Ovary 1-celled from the beginning. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire, and then corolla-lobes very unequal. =215. Globulariaceae.=

Ovary originally 2-celled, one cell becoming rudimentary. Stigma entire. Corolla-lobes almost equal. _Microdon_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=.

567. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla (or corolla-like perianth), 4, inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. Corolla valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. =55. Proteaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla or free from it. 568

568. Stamens 10, perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Flowers regular. =171. Thymelaeaceae.=

Stamens 3-8, hypogynous. 569

569. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4. Corolla-lobes 3-4. Anthers opening by two pores or slits. Seeds albuminous. =189. Ericaceae.=

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Corolla-lobes 3 or 5. Stamens 8. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit. Seeds exalbuminous. _Securidaca_, =120. Polygalaceae=.

570. (554.) Ovules 2. 571

Ovules 3 or more. 578

571. Stamens 4, fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Flowers irregular. Leaves opposite. 572

Stamens 3 or more, as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. 573

572. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in clusters. _Afromendoncia_, =216. Acanthaceae=.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds albuminous. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary. _Linariopsis_, =210. Pedaliaceae=.

573. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 4-5. Leaves simple, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular. 574

Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then, as usually, leaves compound. 576

574. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovules ascending. Leaves stipulate. _Waltheria_, =144. Sterculiaceae=.

Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla. Leaves exstipulate. 575

575. Ovules erect. Style 2-parted, rarely simple, and then herbs. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Ovules pendulous. Style simple or wanting. Shrubs or trees. =132. Icacinaceae.=

576. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, but fewer than twice as many, 4-7, usually 6. Anthers opening by pores. Corolla 4-lobed. Leaves whorled, undivided, linear. _Salaxis_, =189. Ericaceae=.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, or more. Leaves alternate. 577

577. Corolla regular, 5-partite, with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10, five of them sometimes sterile. Ovules erect, straight. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes. _Connarus_, =104. Connaraceae=.

Corolla regular, with valvate aestivation, or irregular. Ovules inverted. Leaves usually stipulate. =105. Leguminosae.=

578. (570.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a free central placenta. 579

Ovules parietal. 587

579. Ovules 3, pendulous. Style simple. Fertile stamens as many as and opposite the corolla-lobes, 5-6, or fewer, 3. Flowers regular. Fruit a drupe. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. _Olax_, =59. Olacaceae=.

Ovules 3, ascending, or more. 580

580. Style 3-cleft. Stamens more than corolla-lobes, 8-30, rarely fewer, 3. Sepals 2. Corolla-lobes 5. Herbs or undershrubs. =73. Portulacaceae.=

Style simple or 2-cleft, rarely (_Caryophyllaceae_) 3-cleft, but then sepals, corolla-lobes and stamens 5 each. 581

581. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, 3-7. Style simple. 582

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous. 583

582. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =191. Primulaceae.=

Fruit a nut, berry, or drupe. Shrubs or trees, very rarely herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, gland-dotted. =190. Myrsinaceae.=

583. Stamens 5. Flowers regular. 584

Stamens 2, 4, or 8. 585

584. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Corolla deeply divided, with imbricate aestivation. Styles 1 or 3. Herbs or undershrubs. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Styles 1-2. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

585. Stamens 4, free from the corolla, or 8. Flowers regular, 4-merous. Stigma 1. Seeds albuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves whorled, narrow. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or 2. 586

586. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stamens 2. Style wanting. Sepals 2 or 5. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves alternate or all radical. Herbs. =214. Lentibulariaceae.=

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Style present. Ovules 4. Leaves opposite or whorled. =205. Verbenaceae.=

587. (578.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. Style simple. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Leaves alternate, compound or reduced to the dilated petiole. =105. Leguminosae.=

Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 588.

588. Style simple or 2-cleft. 589

Style 3-10-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 603

589. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-4. 590

Fertile stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. 595

590. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. =199. Gentianaceae.=

Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 591

591. Fertile stamens 2. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers irregular. 592

Fertile stamens 4. 594

592. Seeds 4, with thin albumen. Fruit a capsule with a drupaceous rind Ovules 4-16. Stigma 2-parted. Staminodes 3. _Martynia_, =211. Martyniaceae=.

Seeds numerous, without albumen. Ovules numerous. 593

593. Disc wanting. Ovary and fruit ovate. Placentas little projecting. Staminodes none. Small water-plants. Leaves opposite. _Dintera_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=.

Disc rarely wanting, and then ovary and fruit linear or oblong and placentas much projecting. =213. Gesneraceae.=

594. Placentas 2. Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

Placentas 4. Fruit a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Herbs without green colour. Leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular. =212. Orobanchaceae.=

595. (589.) Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 3-8. 596

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla, 7 or more. Shrubs or trees. 600

596. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened, often 2-lobed apex. Placentas 2. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular or nearly so, 5-, rarely 4-merous. Juice milky. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Juice not milky. 597

597. Leaves and stem without green colour; stem herbaceous, leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Placentas 4. =212. Orobanchaceae.=

Leaves green, rarely (_Gentianaceae_) without green colour, but then flowers regular, stamens 5 and placentas 2. 598

598. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Stem woody. Bark resinous. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Stigma 1. _Pittosporum_, =97. Pittosporaceae=.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or all radical, but then stem herbaceous. 599

599. Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually stipulate. Flowers 4-merous. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then flowers 5-merous. Leaves exstipulate. =199. Gentianaceae.=

600. Stamens 7-18, with united filaments. Placentas 3-5. 601

Stamens 23 or more, with free filaments. Leaves undivided. 602

601. Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 4-6. Stamens 7-9 or 14-18. Anthers opening outwards. _Cinnamosma_, =157. Winteranaceae=.

Sepals 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. =118. Meliaceae.=

602. Corolla-lobes 6. Sepals 3. Filaments and styles very short. Placentas numerous, confluent. Albumen abundant, ruminate. =81. Anonaceae.=

Corolla-lobes 11-14. Sepals 2-4. Filaments and styles long. Placentas 2, two-cleft. Albumen scanty, uniform. _Hoplestigma_, =194. Hoplestigmataceae=.

603. (588.) Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 3-5. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =162. Achariaceae.=

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 10. Fruit a berry. Trees. _Carica_, =163. Caricaceae=.

604. (553.) Ovary 2-celled. 605

Ovary 3-or more-celled. 669

605. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 606

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 621

606. Ovules erect or ascending. 607

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 611

607. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 608

Fertile stamens 5 or 6. 609

608. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. Fruit capsular. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle. =205. Verbenaceae.=

609. Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening outwards. Stigma 1. Trees or shrubs. =193. Sapotaceae.=

Stamens alternate with the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening inward. 610

610. Stigma 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. _Rochelia_, =204. Borraginaceae=.

Stigmas 2. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. _Gaertnera_, =219. Rubiaceae=.

611. (606.) Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 612

Fertile stamens 5 or more. 618

612. Stamens 4, free from the corolla. Corolla regular or nearly so, 2-4-lobed. Seeds with abundant albumen. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens inserted on the corolla. 613

613. Corolla scarious, regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Fruit opening by a lid. Seeds albuminous. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious, more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 2 or stigmas 2. 614

614. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells. Disc wanting. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet. _Jasminum_, =197. Oleaceae=.

Corolla more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 4. Leaves simple. 615

615. Flowers regular. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Style 2-cleft. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves alternate. _Wellstedia_, =204. Borraginaceae=.

Flowers more or less irregular. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then anthers opening by a single slit or pore. 616

616. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. Seeds albuminous. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled. 617

617. Fruit a capsule. Seeds borne on a hook-like process of the funicle, exalbuminous. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds not on a hook-like process of the funicle, albuminous. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Herbs. =205. Verbenaceae.=

618. (611.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Stamens united at the base with one another and with the corolla. Anthers opening by a single pore. =120. Polygalaceae.=

Flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 619

619. Flowers unisexual. Stamens free from the corolla. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves undivided. 620

620. Calyx and corolla of 2-4 divisions each. Stamens 6-8, free from the corolla or nearly so. =189. Ericaceae.=

Calyx and corolla of 5 divisions each. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla; filaments free. Stigmas 2. =200. Apocynaceae.=

621. (605.) Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 622

Ovules 3 or more in each cell of the ovary. 640

622. Fertile stamens 2-3. 623

Fertile stamens 4-30. 626

623. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells, rarely 3. Disc wanting. =197. Oleaceae.=

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens not regularly alternating with the ovary-cells. 624

624. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Style 2-cleft. Petals 2-cleft. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. _Tapura_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then, as nearly always, style simple. 625

625. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, albuminous. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

626. (622.) Fertile stamens 4. 627

Fertile stamens 5-30. 634

627. Corolla with 4 divisions. 628

Corolla with 5 divisions. 632

628. Flowers more or less irregular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Flowers regular. Seeds albuminous. 629

629. Corolla scarious, regular. Stigma entire. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves sessile. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious. 630

630. Leaves alternate. Styles or stigmas 2. Ovules erect =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled. Shrubs or trees. 631

631. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base. =197. Oleaceae.=

632. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Flowers regular or nearly so. Corolla white. Stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. =217. Myoporaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely the upper ones alternate, but then flowers irregular, stigma 2-partite and fruit a capsule or nut. 633

633. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. =210. Pedaliaceae.=

Seeds without albumen. =216. Acanthaceae.=

634. (626.) Stamens 5. 635

Stamens 8-30. 639

635. Style (or styles) stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. Corolla with contorted aestivation. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 636

636. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate or connected by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves alternate. 637

637. Ovules erect. Corolla lobed or nearly entire, usually folded in bud. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Ovules pendulous. Styles or stigmas 2. Corolla lobed, but imbricate in bud, or deeply divided. Shrubs or trees. 638

638. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Fruit a drupe. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Fruit a capsule. _Lonchostoma_, =100. Bruniaceae=.

639. Stamens 8. Style 1. Flowers hermaphrodite. _Salaxis_, =189. Ericaceae=.

Stamens 10-30. Styles 2. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. _Euclea_, =195. Ebenaceae=.

640. (621.) Fertile stamens 1-4. 641

Fertile stamens 5-16. 658

641. Flowers more or less irregular. 642

Flowers regular. 652

642. Leaves opposite or whorled. 643

Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. 648

643. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves rarely with stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base, and then herbs or undershrubs. 644

644. Seeds with distinctly developed albumen. 645

Seeds with very scanty albumen or without any. 646

645. Seeds with funicles provided with a wart-like outgrowth. Placentas remaining attached to the beaked and recurved valves of the capsule. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla-lobes 5, with descending aestivation. Anther-halves not confluent. Stigma lobed. Flowers in spikes. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds without an outgrowth from the funicle or without a funicle. Placentas usually separating from the valves of the capsule. Disc more or less distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

646. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. Stamens 4. =210. Pedaliaceae.=

Seeds without albumen. 647

647. Seeds borne on a large hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, rarely on a small cushion-shaped one, and then herbs. Fruit a capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiment. Ovules usually few. Leaves simple. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, more or less distinctly winged or marginate. Fruit a capsule, the valves usually separating from the more or less dilated dissepiment, or a nut or berry. Ovules numerous. Stamens 4. Leaves usually compound. Shrubs or trees. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

648 (642.) Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. =207. Solanaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate, not folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed transversely to the median plane of the flower. 649

640. Fruit a drupe. Ovules in each ovary-cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma 1. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Shrubs. _Oftia_, =217. Myoporaceae=.

Fruit a capsule, nut, or berry. Ovules usually numerous. 650

650. Seeds exalbuminous, usually horizontal and winged. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Stamens 4. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually compound. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. 651

651. Albumen very thin, nearly membranous. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 2. Stamens 4. Plants with glandular hairs. Lower leaves opposite. =210. Pedaliaceae.=

Albumen distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

652. (641.) Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 4. 653

Corolla with valvate or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 654

653. Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =199. Gentianaceae.=

654. Corolla scarious. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit dehiscing by a lid. Flowers in spikes or heads. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious. Fruit dehiscing lengthwise or indehiscent. 655

655. Anthers with confluent halves, opening by a transverse slit. Disc more or less distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

Anthers with distinct halves, opening by two longitudinal slits or apical pores. 656

656. Leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes dissected. Corolla usually folded in bud. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. Ovules generally numerous. =207. Solanaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then compound. Corolla not folded. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. 657

657. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges, simple, opposite or whorled. Ovules usually numerous. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc none. =197. Oleaceae.=

658. (640.) Leaves opposite or whorled. 659

Leaves alternate. 662

659. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves without stipules, but sometimes connected by transverse lines; in this case herbs or undershrubs. Stamens 5. 660

660. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose at the entire apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs growing upon trees. _Dermatobotrys_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=.

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 661

661. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =199. Gentianaceae.=

Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. =200. Apocynaceae.=

662. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 663

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 665

663. Stamens free from the corolla. Herbs. _Lightfootia_, =224. Campanulaceae=.

Stamens attached to the corolla. 664

664. Corolla almost entire, somewhat irregular. Trees. _Humbertia_, =202. Convolvulaceae=.

Corolla lobed, rarely almost entire, but then herbs or undershrubs. =207. Solanaceae.=

665. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 666

666. Styles 2, free or united at the base. Disc wanting. Corolla regular Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Herbs or undershrubs. =203. Hydrophyllaceae.=

Style 1, undivided. 667

667. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stigmas 2. Corolla slightly irregular. Shrubs. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

Seeds not winged, albuminous. 668

668. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit a capsule opening lengthwise. Stigma 1. Corolla slightly irregular; tube short. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

Seeds with curved embryo. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, or a berry. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. =207. Solanaceae.=

669. (604.) Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell 670

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 685

670. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer. 671

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 679

671. Flowers unisexual, regular. Corolla divided almost to the base. Disc wanting. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. _Ilex_, =128. Aquifoliaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 672

672. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers irregular. =120. Polygalaceae.=

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the apex; in the latter case ovary 4-celled. 673

673. Stamens free from the corolla or scarcely adhering to it, 4. Flowers regular. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. 674

674. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, regular. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Ovules pendulous or laterally affixed. Fruit opening by a lid. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious. 675

675. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation, regular. Stamens 5. Leaves alternate. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 676

676. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Ovules with the micropyle directed upwards. Leaves, all or the upper ones, alternate, undivided. Inflorescences cymose, usually one-sided and coiled when young. =204. Borraginaceae.=

Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then ovules with the micropyle directed downwards and leaves opposite or whorled. 677

677. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules pendulous, the micropyle directed upwards. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. _Myoporum_, =217. Myoporaceae=.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then corolla 2-lipped. Ovules with the micropyle directed downwards. 678

678. Ovary deeply divided, more rarely slightly lobed, and then, as usually, fruit dry. Inflorescence composed of sometimes one-flowered cymes arranged in false whorls. =206. Labiatae.=

Ovary entire, rarely slightly lobed, and then fruit succulent, drupaceous. Inflorescence usually of the racemose type. =205. Verbenaceae.=

679. (670.) Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves simple, stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled. 680

680. Style 1, undivided. 681

Styles 2 or more, free or partially united. 683

681. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, 4-8. Fruit a capsule or nut. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla; in the latter case, 12 or more. Fruit a berry. 682

682. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Leaves pinnate. _Leea_, =138. Vitaceae=.

Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Leaves undivided. =193. Sapotaceae.=

683. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 10. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5, free. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Flowers unisexual or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite, but then sepals united below and ovary-cells twice as many as the styles. 684

684. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary. Corolla with contorted or valvate aestivation. =195. Ebenaceae.=

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then herbs or undershrubs, and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Flowers in racemes or panicles, unisexual. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

685. (669.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 686

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 701

686. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer. 687

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 693

687. Stamens 4. 688

Stamens 5-7, rarely (_Dichapetalaceae_) 2-3 only fertile. 691

688. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Seeds with scanty albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, lobed, stipulate. _Pretrea_, =210. Pedaliaceae=.

Corolla regular, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Seeds with abundant albumen. Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alternate. 689

689. Flowers unisexual. Corolla deeply divided. Fruit a drupe. _Ilex_, =128. Aquifoliaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruit a capsule or nut. 690

690. Stamens free from the corolla or slightly adhering to it at the base. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

691. Ovary 4-8-celled. Disc wanting. Corolla deeply divided. Flowers unisexual. _Ilex_, =128. Aquifoliaceae=.

Ovary 3-celled. Disc present. 692

692. Corolla folded in the bud. Ovules erect. Seeds albuminous. _Ipomoea_, =202. Convolvulaceae=.

Corolla not folded in the bud. Ovules pendulous. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. =121. Dichapetalaceae.=

693. (686.) Stamens as many to twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 694

Stamens more than twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 698

694. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate, rarely (_Oxalidaceae_) stipulate, but then sepals free and imbricate in bud. 695

695. Style 1, undivided. 696

Styles 2-8, free or partially united. 697

696. Stamens 8-10; filaments united; anthers opening by longitudinal slits. =118. Meliaceae.=

Stamens 4-8; filaments free, rarely united, but then anthers opening by apical pores. Leaves undivided. =189. Ericaceae.=

697. Sepals free. Corolla deeply divided. Stamens 10. Filaments united in a cup at the base. Styles 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Sepals united below. Filaments free or united in several bundles. Shrubs or trees. =195. Ebenaceae.=

698. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Shrubs or trees. =195. Ebenaceae.=

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then style 1, undivided. 699

699. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Style simple. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. =145. Scytopetalaceae.=

Corolla with contorted, calyx with valvate aestivation. 700

700. Anthers 1-celled. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

701. (685.) Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer. 702

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 708

702. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Flowers irregular. Albumen scanty. 703

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 704

703. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stigma 1. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves whorled. Shrubs. _Bowkeria_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. =210. Pedaliaceae.=

704. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 705

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 706

705. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla with valvate aestivation. Ovary 5-7-celled. Embryo straight. Shrubs. _Roussea_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Leaves alternate. Corolla with folded aestivation. Embryo curved. =207. Solanaceae.=

706. Stamens free from the corolla or adhering to it at the base. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens attached on the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube. 707

707. Fruit a capsule. Disc wanting. Stamens 4. Leaves without stipules. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae.=

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves opposite or whorled, provided with stipules or connected by transverse lines at the base. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.=

708. (701.) Stamens 3-12. 709

Stamens numerous. 714

709. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry. Trees or shrubs. 710

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 711

710. Flowers monoecious. Calyx subentire. Corolla of the male flowers with a long tube, of the female ones with free petals. Staminodes absent in the female flowers. Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 5. Leaves lobed. _Cylicomorpha_, =163. Caricaceae=.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx of free sepals. Corolla with a short tube. Staminodes present in the female flowers. Ovary shortly stalked. Style long. Stigma 1, lobed. Leaves undivided. _Cercopetalum_, =87. Capparidaceae=.

711. Styles 5, free. Stamens 10, united at the base. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with contorted, aestivation. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Style 1, simple or divided; in the latter case calyx with valvate aestivation. 712

712. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. =189. Ericaceae.=

Leaves stipulate. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. 713

713. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit, twisted, 5. Leaves digitate. Trees. _Ceiba_, =143. Bombacaceae=.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by two slits or pores. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

714. (708.) Corolla of numerous divisions. Styles 5. Leaves without stipules. Herbs. _Orygia_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

Corolla of 5 divisions. 715

715. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Shrubs or trees. =145. Scytopetalaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 716

716. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 717

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. 719

717. Anthers 2-celled. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Anthers 1-celled. Filaments united. Embryo curved. 718

718. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. =143. Bombacaceae.=

Leaves simple. =142. Malvaceae.=

719. Stamens 15. Style simple, with 5 stigmas. Albumen abundant. _Ficalhoa_, =189. Ericaceae=.

Stamens more than 15. Albumen scanty or wanting. =148. Theaceae.=

720. (552.) Style 1, or styles 2 or more, united at the base or apex. 721 Styles 2 or more, entirely free. 725

721. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Anthers 1-celled. Ovaries 5 or more. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.=

Stamens 2-5. Ovaries 2-5. 722

722. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Flowers usually irregular. Leaves usually opposite or whorled. =206. Labiatae.=

Fertile stamens 5. Flowers usually regular. 723

723. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Style or style-branches stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Disc present. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate. =204. Borraginaceae.=

Ovaries 2, rarely 3 or 5, very rarely 4, but then 2-ovuled. Style or styles stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Leaves usually opposite. 724

724. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with and adhering to the anthers. Styles 2, united at the top. Pollen-grains cohering. Disc wanting. =201. Asclepiadaceae.=

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers. Styles partially or wholly united. Pollen-grains free. =200. Apocynaceae.=

725. Styles 2. Ovaries 2 or 4. Ovules together 4. Stamens 5. Corolla with folded or valvate aestivation. Herbs. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Styles 3 or more. Ovaries 3 or more. 726

726. Sepals 2-3. Corolla-lobes 3-6. Stamens 6 or more. Albumen abundant, ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. Albumen scanty or wanting. 727

727. Flowers unisexual. Ovules solitary in each ovary. Fruits indehiscent. Trees. Leaves alternate, lobed, stipulate. _Platanus_, =102. Platanaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary, rarely solitary, but then leaves opposite. Fruits dehiscent. Leaves exstipulate. 728

728. Ovules 2 in each ovary. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Shrubs or trees. =104. Connaraceae.=

Ovules numerous, rarely 1-2 in each ovary, but then leaves opposite and undivided. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =95. Crassulaceae.=

729. (551.) Ovary single, 1-celled. 730

Ovary 2-or more-celled, or 2 separate ovaries. 747

730. Ovules 1-4, not distinctly separated from the tissues of the ovary. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Shrubs growing upon trees. _Loranthus_, =61. Loranthaceae=.

Ovules distinctly developed. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or more, or fewer, rarely opposite the divisions, but then ovules numerous. 731

731. Ovule 1. 732

Ovules 2 or more. 740

732. Ovule erect. 733

Ovule pendulous. 734

733. Stigmas 2. Stamens 3-5; anthers coherent. Corolla with valvate or open aestivation. Calyx little developed. Seed exalbuminous. Flowers in heads, rarely in spikes or umbels or solitary. Leaves exstipulate. =226. Compositae.=

Stigmas 3. Stamens 9-10; anthers free. Corolla with contorted, calyx with imbricate aestivation. Seed albuminous. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaves stipulate. Tendril-bearing shrubs. _Ancistrocladus_, =166. Ancistrocladaceae=.

734. Leaves alternate. 735

Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 737

735. Flowers unisexual. Seed exalbuminous. Climbing or prostrate plants. Stamens 2-5. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite. Seed albuminous. Erect shrubs. Leaves undivided. 736

736. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigma 1. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Flowers in terminal heads. _Berzelia_, =100. Bruniaceae=.

Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 6 or more. Stigmas 2-6. Fruit succulent, drupaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. _Alangium_, =178. Alangiaceae=.

737. Style 3-parted. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or trees. _Viburnum_, =220. Caprifoliaceae=.

Style simple with 1-3 stigmas or 2-parted. Herbs or undershrubs. 738

738. Stamens 5. Corolla with valvate aestivation. =219. Rubiaceae.=

Stamens 1-4. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 739

739. Flowers in heads. Calyx surrounded by an epicalyx. Stamens 2-4. Seed albuminous. =222. Dipsacaceae.=

Flowers in cymose inflorescences, without an epicalyx. Stamens 1-3. Seed exalbuminous. =221. Valerianaceae.=

740. (731.) Ovules basal or apical or inserted upon a free central placenta. 741

Ovules inserted upon two or more parietal placentas. 745

741. Calyx of 2, corolla of 4-6 divisions. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla or more. Herbs or undershrubs. _Portulaca_, =73. Portulacaceae=.

Calyx and corolla of 4-5 divisions each. Stamens as many or fewer. 742

742. Ovules basal or apical. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or fewer. Corolla usually with valvate aestivation. 743

Ovules inserted upon a free central placenta. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 744

743. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens free. Ovules 4, basal. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds albuminous. Undershrubs. _Merciera_, =224. Campanulaceae=.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

744. Staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. _Samolus_, =191. Primulaceae=.

Staminodes wanting. Fruit a berry or nut. Shrubs. _Maesa_, =190. Myrsinaceae=.

745. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous. Succulent, usually leafless plants. =167. Cactaceae.=

Stamens 2-11. Leafy plants. 746

746. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5-11. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. =219. Rubiaceae.=

Corolla with valvate, rarely with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Fruit berry-or nut-like. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves nearly always alternate. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

747. (729.) Ovaries 2, distinct. Styles more or less united above, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Stamens 5. Leaves usually opposite. 748

Ovary 1. 749

748. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with the anthers, to which the pollen united into masses adheres. Styles free below the thickened apex. Disc wanting. =201. Asclepiadaceae.=

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers. Pollen of free grains. =200. Apocynaceae.=

749. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 750

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 758

750. Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 751

Leaves alternate. 753

751. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-3. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. =221. Valerianaceae.=

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 752

752. Leaves pinnately dissected. Stamens 5. Anthers opening outwards. Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a drupe. _Sambucus_, =220. Caprifoliaceae=.

Leaves undivided. =219. Rubiaceae.=

753. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. 754

754. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves undivided. =59. Olacaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or more. 755

755. Flowers irregular. Corolla folded in bud. Ovules erect. Stigma 1, enclosed by a cup. Leaves undivided. _Scaevola_, =225. Goodeniaceae=.

Flowers regular. Ovules pendulous. 756

756. Corolla with imbricate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Styles or stigmas 2. Leaves undivided. =100. Bruniaceae.=

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 757

757. Flowers in cymes. Petals slightly cohering at the base. Leaves undivided. _Alangium_, =178. Alangiaceae=.

Flowers in umbels, heads, racemes, or spikes. Petals usually united throughout their whole length. Leaves usually compound. =185. Araliaceae.=

758. (749.) Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla. 759

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla. 769

759. Leaves opposite or whorled. 760

Leaves alternate. 764

760. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, with free filaments. =219. Rubiaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. 761

761. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Seeds albuminous. 762

762. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Usually herbs. =224. Campanulaceae.=

Stamens evidently inserted upon the corolla, 5. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Usually shrubs or trees. 763

763. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Style stigmatose at the apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. =220. Caprifoliaceae.=

Flowers regular. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose below the apex. Ovary 2-celled. =200. Apocynaceae.=

764. Leaves stipulate, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then more or less deeply divided or stamens fewer than 5 or ovules numerous. 765

765. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous, regular, rarely somewhat irregular, in the latter case, as usually, stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, but then irregular. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 766

766. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate (not contorted) or valvate aestivation. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 767

767. Corolla imbricate in bud, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-4 ovules in each cell. Style simple with 2 stigmas or 2-parted. Shrubs or undershrubs. =100. Bruniaceae.=

Corolla valvate in bud, rarely imbricate, but then irregular or ovules numerous. Style simple. 768

768. Style with hairs or glands in its upper part, rarely without, and then corolla irregular or imbricate in bud. Stigma more or less deeply divided, at least after the period of flowering. =224. Campanulaceae.=

Style without hairs or glands. Stigma entire, capitate. Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules. Anthers free. Corolla regular, 5-partite, valvate in bud. Undershrubs. _Berenice_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

769. (758.) Stamens 8-10. Seeds with a straight embryo and abundant fleshy albumen. _Vaccinium_, =189. Ericaceae=.

Stamens numerous. 770

770. Corolla of numerous petals united at the base. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. _Mesembryanthemum_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

Corolla of 3-6 petals. Shrubs or trees. 771

771. Petals united at the base, imbricate in bud. Filaments united at the base. Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. =176. Lecythidaceae.=

Petals united into a hood throughout their whole length, sometimes finally separating. Filaments free or nearly so. 772

772. Ovary half-inferior. Seeds albuminous. _Rhaptopetalum_, =145. Scytopetalaceae=.

Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves gland-dotted. =180. Myrtaceae.=

KEY TO THE GENERA

EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

(PHANEROGAMAE)

SUBDIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE

CLASS I. CYCADALES

FAMILY 1. CYCADACEAE

Stem simple, rarely branched at the top, woody, with mucilagineous juice. Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, forming a tuft at the top of the stem and intermingled with scales. Flowers solitary, terminal, in the shape of a cone (but sometimes overtopped by the continued growth of the stem), dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens bearing many pollen-sacs on their lower side. Ovules 2-8 to each carpel, straight, with a single coat. Seeds drupe-like, albuminous. Embryo with two more or less united cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 1.)

1. Stem growing through the female flower, covered with the remains of the old leaves. Leaf-segments one-nerved, coiled in bud. Carpels pinnately toothed or cleft, each with 4-8 ascending ovules.--Species 2, one growing wild in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various parts of Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are edible and the pith contains starch (sago). [Tribe CYCADEAE.] =Cycas= L.

Stem not growing through the female flower. Leaf-segments with several nerves, straight in bud. Carpels each with 2 descending ovules. [Tribe ZAMIEAE.] 2

2. Leaf-segments with pinnate nerves. Stem without remains of old leaves at the base. Cone-scales (stamens and carpels) imbricate.--Species 2. South-east Africa (Natal). Used as ornamental plants. =Stangeria= Th. Moore

Leaf-segments with parallel nerves. Stem covered with the remains of old leaves. Cone-scales not imbricate.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. The pith (Kaffir-bread) and the seeds of some species are eaten and also used for making a sort of beer. Several species yield gum or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 1.) =Encephalartos= Lehm.

CLASS II. CONIFERAE

FAMILY 2. TAXACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or the male umbellate, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens with 2-9 pollen-sacs. Carpels free, one-ovuled, shorter than the seeds, sometimes rudimentary. Seeds 1-2, drupe-like, surrounded by a fleshy aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.--Genera 2, species 9. (Under _CONIFERAE_.)

Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs and a triangular blade. Pollen-grains with air-bladders. Carpels distinctly developed. Ovule inverted, with two coats. Aril enveloping the seed. Leaves with resin-ducts.--Species 8. South and East Africa, Madagascar, Island of St. Thomas. They yield timber and bark for tanning. (Including _Nageia_ Gaertn.) [Subfamily =PODOCARPOIDEAE=.] =Podocarpus= L’ Hér.

Stamens with 5-9 pollen-sacs and a peltate blade. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Carpels rudimentary. Ovule straight, with one coat. Aril cup-shaped. Leaves without resin-ducts.--Species 1. North-west Africa. A poisonous, medicinal and ornamental plant, with hard wood. “Yew.” [Subfamily =TAXOIDEAE=]. =Taxus= L.

FAMILY 3. PINACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves needle-or scale-like. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth. Stamens in catkins, with 2-5 pollen-sacs below the scale-like limb. Carpels arranged in the shape of a cone or bud, leathery woody or fleshy, when ripe. Ovules 2 or more to each carpel, rarely only 1. Seeds hidden by the carpels, without an aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.--Genera 6, species 25. (Under _CONIFERAE_.) (Plate 2.)

1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes fascicled, needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains with air-bladders. Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale, leathery or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel; ovules turned downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.] 2

Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3-5, very rarely 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards. [Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.] 4

2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves solitary, flat. Pollen-sacs opening obliquely or transversely; connective without an appendage. Cones ripening the first year; scales leathery.--Species 2. North-west Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the preparation of turpentine. “Silver fir.” =Abies= Juss.

Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in clusters of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs opening longitudinally; connective with an appendage. Cones ripening the second or third year; scales woody. 3

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 1._

J. Fleischmann del.

Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. & Dur.

_A_ Young plant. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Pollen-sacs. _E_ Female inflorescence. _F_ Carpel. (_A_ partly from De Wildeman, Notices sur des plantes utiles ou intéréssantes de la flore du Congo.)]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 2._

J. Fleischmann del.

Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Carpel. _F_ Seed.]

3. Leaves all needle-like; those of the short shoots in clusters of many; those of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short shoots, the males solitary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a terminal appendage, deciduous.--Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield timber and medicinal drugs. “Cedar.” =Cedrus= Loud.

Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three, very rarely solitary; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male flowers in spikes replacing short shoots; female flowers towards the end of the branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with a terminal umbonate appendage, persistent.--Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin are used for carpenters’ and joiners’ work, for tanning and for the manufacture of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other chemical products, as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species (especially those of the stone-pine, _P. Pinea_ L.) are edible. “Pine.” =Pinus= L.

4. Fruit fleshy, berry-or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the carpels or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like.--Species 9. North and East Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential oil, brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Arceuthos_ Ant. & Kotschy and _Sabina_ Spach). =Juniperus= L.

Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds winged, as many as the carpels or more. Leaves usually scale-like. 5

5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe, 1-10-seeded.--Species 8, one of them only naturalized. North, South, and southern East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them (especially _C. quadrivalvis_ Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac) which is used for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in medicine. (Including _Tetraclinis_ Mast. and _Widdringtonia_ Endl.) (Plate 2.) =Callitris= Vent.

Carpels 8-10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe, many-seeded.--Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental plant and sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in medicine. “Cypress.” =Cupressus= L.

CLASS III. GNETALES

FAMILY 4. GNETACEAE

Stem woody. Juice not resinous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male sometimes with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular or 2-4-parted, of the female bladder-like. Stamens 2-8. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.--Genera 3 species 8. North and Central Africa.

1. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile, linear, with parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes; the male consisting of a 4-partite perianth, 6 stamens with 3-celled anthers, and a rudimentary ovule. Ovule with a single coat.--Species 1; German South-west Africa and Angola. (_Tumboa_ Welw.) [Subfamily =WELWITSCHIOIDEAE=.] =Welwitschia= Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby or twining. Leaves numerous, not very large. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite or a tubular, undivided perianth and 2-8 stamens with 1-2-celled anthers, without rudimentary ovules, but sometimes accompanied by sterile female flowers. 2

2. Leaves large, with a short foot-stalk, lanceolate oblong elliptical or oval, penninerved. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes or panicles, the male consisting of a tubular, undivided perianth and 2 stamens with 1-celled anthers. Ovule with two coats.--Species 2. West Africa. The young leaves are used as a vegetable. [Subfamily =GNETOIDEAE=.] =Gnetum= L.

Leaves scale-like. Male flowers in spikes or panicles, female solitary or in pairs. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite perianth and 2-8 stamens with 2-celled anthers. Ovule with a single coat exceeding the perianth.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa. The fruits of some species are eaten or used in medicine. [Subfamily =EPHEDROIDEAE=.] =Ephedra= L.

SUBDIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE

CLASS IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

ORDER PANDANALES

FAMILY 5. TYPHACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock and simple stems. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Inflorescences spadix-like, cylindrical, superposed, interrupted by bracts, the lower female, the upper male. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth, but usually surrounded by hairs. Stamens 2-7; connective thickened; anthers opening lengthwise by two slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Seed with abundant albumen and a long, axile embryo.

Genus 1, species 4. They are used as ornamental plants and in medicine, and yield potash and also materials for plaiting and stuffing and for the manufacture of paper and felt. The root-stock and the pollen are edible. “Reedmace.” =Typha= Tourn.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 3._

J. Fleischmann del

Pandanus Candelabrum Beauv.

_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Leaf. _D_ Female inflorescences. _E_ Male flower. _A_ and _D_ (from Palisot-Beauvois Flore d’Oware et de Benin.)]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 4._

J. Fleischmann del

Potamogeton javanicus Hassk.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Fruiting branch. _C_ Flower. _D_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

FAMILY 6. PANDANACEAE

Shrubs or trees, usually with aerial roots. Leaves in three ranks, sword-shaped, usually spiny. Flowers dioecious, without bracts, arranged in solitary or panicled, spike-or head-like spadices, which are inserted in the axil of spathe-like bracts. Perianth none. Ovaries connate, 1-celled. Ovule 1, descending, inverted. Stigma 1, sessile. Fruits drupe-like, congested into a globose or ovoid head. Seed with abundant albumen. (Plate 3.)

Genus 1, species 65. Tropics. They yield timber, fibres, flowers used in perfumery, edible fruits, and medicinal drugs. “Screw-pine.” =Pandanus= L.

FAMILY 7. SPARGANIACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Flowers unisexual, in globular heads, the lower of which are female. Perianth of membranous scales. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple, stigmas 1-2. Fruits drupe-like. Seed with a mealy albumen and a large, axile embryo. (Under _TYPHACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. North-west Africa. “Bur-reed.” =Sparganium= L.

ORDER HELOBIAE

SUBORDER POTAMOGETONINEAE

FAMILY 8. POTAMOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers solitary or spicate, regular, with 1-4-merous whorls. Perianth simple and little developed or wanting. Stamens 1-4. Anthers sessile, opening outwards or laterally. Carpel 1, with a 1-celled ovary, or several distinct or almost distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, very rarely 2, pendulous or laterally fixed Fruit indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.--Genera 8, species 35. (Including _ZOSTERACEAE_, under _NAIADACEAE_.) (Plate 4.)

1. Flowers in spikes, hermaphrodite or polygamous, without a perianth, but the stamens sometimes provided with a sepal-like connective. 2

Flowers solitary or in cymes, unisexual. 5

2. Spikes with a flat axis, at the time of flowering enclosed in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamen 1. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel 1. Stigmas 2, on a short style. Embryo with a very large radicle and a tail-like cotyledon. Submerged marine plants.--Species 2. North and South Africa and Madagascar. Used for stuffing and as packing material. “Grass-wrack.” [Tribe ZOSTEREAE.] =Zostera= L.

Spikes with a cylindrical axis, at the time of flowering not enclosed in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamens 2-4. Stigma 1, undivided or many-parted. 3

3. Spikes compound, submerged. Spikelets shorter than their bracts. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 3, rarely 4. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel 1. Stigma divided (or provided with narrow appendages). Embryo with a very large radicle and a straight cotyledon resembling the leaves of the plumule. Marine plants.--Species 1. Mediterranean Sea. The leaves are used for packing and thatching, and also in medicine. [Tribe POSIDONIEAE.] =Posidonia= Koen.

Spikes simple, above the water. Flowers hermaphrodite. Pollen-grains globular or bent. Carpels usually 4. Stigma simple, more or less peltate. Embryo with a curved cotyledon. [Tribe POTAMOGETONEAE.] 4

4. Spikes two-flowered. Stamens 2. Anthers with a very short appendage and kidney-shaped cells opening outwards. Pollen-grains bent. Fruit stalked. Embryo with a very thick radicle. Salt-water plants. Leaves subulate.--Species 1. =Ruppia= L.

Spikes several-flowered. Stamens 4. Anthers with a sepal-like appendage and straight cells opening laterally. Pollen-grains globular. Fruit sessile. Embryo with a slightly thickened radicle.--Species 20. Used for manure; some have edible root-stocks. “Pondweed.” (Plate 4.) =Potamogeton= Tourn.

5. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpels 2. Stigmas strap-shaped, longer than the style. Embryo with an accumbent cotyledon. Marine plants. [Tribe CYMODOCEAE.] 6

Perianth present, at least in the female flowers. Stamens 1-2. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 3-9. Stigma shield-or funnel-shaped, shorter than the style. Embryo with a hooked or rolled cotyledon. Fresh-or brackish-water plants. [Tribe ZANICHELLIEAE.] 7

6. Stigma 1. Anthers inserted at slightly different heights. Ripe carpels scarcely compressed.--Species 2. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Angola. (_Halodule_ Endl., under _Cymodocea_ Koen.) =Diplanthera= Thouars

Stigmas 2. Anthers inserted at the same height. Ripe carpels compressed and keeled.--Species 5. North Africa, Senegambia, East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Including _Phycagrostis_ Ascherson) =Cymodocea= Koen.

7. Perianth in the male flowers none, in the female cup-shaped and undivided. Anthers stalked, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Carpels usually 4, slightly curved, with a peltate stigma.--Species 1. North and South Africa, southern West Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Zannichellia= Mich.

Perianth in the male flowers 3-toothed, in the female consisting of 1-3 segments. Anthers sessile, opening with one longitudinal slit. Carpels 3, straight, with a funnel-shaped stigma.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Althenia= Fr. Petit

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 5._

J. Fleischmann del.

Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Female flower. _C_ Carpel cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 6._

J. Fleischmann del.

Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Male flower from above. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise.]

FAMILY 9. NAIADACEAE

Herbs growing in fresh or brackish water. Leaves linear, toothed or spiny. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules, unisexual. Perianth little developed, in the male flowers simple or double, sack-like, in the female simple and sack-like or wanting. Stamen 1. Anthers 1-or 4-celled. Pollen-grains globular or ovoid. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 2-3. Seed with a hard coat, exalbuminous. Embryo straight, with a large radicle and a well developed plumule.

Genus 1, species 10. (Including _Caulinia_ A. Braun) =Naias= L.

FAMILY 10. APONOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves radical, narrow, with several longitudinal and many transverse nerves. Flowers in 1-4 spikes connected at the base, enclosed when young in a sheath, and rising above the water. Perianth of 1-3 more or less brightly coloured segments. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous, free. Anthers attached by the base, opening with two longitudinal slits. Carpels 3-8, distinct. Ovules in each carpel 2-8, basal or sutural, ascending, inverted. Fruits membranous, dehiscent. Seeds 2 or more, erect, exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. (Under _NAIADACEAE_.) (Plate 5.)