Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (21)

Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent. 63

60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and a rudimentary half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally two-cleft. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted, glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 3. North Africa. =Ziziphora= L.

Stamens 4. 61

61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within. Corolla white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex cleft into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. “Balm.” =Melissa= L.

Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 62

62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into two equal, awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False whorls 4-6-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under _Satureia_ L.) =Saccocalyx= Coss.

Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.--Species 45. Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea, or as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including _Calamintha_ Moench, _Clinopodium_ L., and _Micromeria_ Benth.) =Satureia= L.

63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish or white, 2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting straight forwards towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow. False whorls 6-or more-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Used as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and medicaments. [Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.] =Hyssopus= L.

Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards from the base. 64

64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe THYMINAE.] 65

Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe MENTHINAE.] 69

65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire. 66

Calyx equally 5-toothed. 68

66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip slightly 2-toothed, almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves spreading. Herbs. Bracts suborbicular.--Species 1 (_M. hortensis_ Moench). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used as a pot-herb, for the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of snuff, and in medicine. “Marjoram.” (Under _Origanum_ L.) =Majorana= Moench

Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. 67

67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink; tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls 6-flowered, in heads.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under _Thymus_ L.) =Coridothymus= Reichb. fil.

Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed. Anthers with a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally 2-cleft.--Species 20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental plants. “Thyme.” =Thymus= L.

68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers exserted, with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Herbs.--Species 5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil. =Origanum= L.

Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel halves. Shrubs.--Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Bystropogon= L’Hér.

69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally 5-toothed, glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves toothed. False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Lycopus= L.

Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex. 70

70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like process on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls axillary, many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the flowers.--Species 1. North-West Africa. Used medicinally. =Preslia= Opiz

Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like process on the back. Bracteoles small.--Species 9. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in Madagascar, its neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species (especially _M. piperita_ L., peppermint) yield condiments, medicaments, insectifuges, and an essential oil used as an aromatic or for medicinal purposes; several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.” =Mentha= L.

SUBORDER SOLANINEAE

FAMILY 207. SOLANACEAE

Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (_Solanum_) dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely (_Capsicum_) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 16, species 220. (Including _ATROPACEAE_.) (Plate 135.)

1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla violet or yellow, tube-or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers panicled.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.] =Schwenkia= L.

Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4. 2

2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers solitary, large. 3

Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by cultivation. 4

3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.--Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. (_Pentagonia_ Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.] =Nicandra= Adams

Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.--Species 5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.” (Including _Brugmansia_ Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.] =Datura= L.

4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.] 5

Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.] 6

5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.--Species 2. Naturalized in several islands. Ornamental and medicinal plants. [Subtribe CESTRINAE.] =Cestrum= L.

Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose, raceme-or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield tobacco (especially from _N. tabacum_ L. and _rustica_ L.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.] =Nicotiana= L.

6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 8. North and Central Africa. They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.” [Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.] =Hyoscyamus= L.

Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla tubular, campanulate, or rotate. 7

7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft. Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.] =Mandragora= Juss.

Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well developed. Leaves alternate. 8

8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the tube. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or in clusters. Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.] 9

Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.] 12

9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves lobed. Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Triguera= Cav.

Corolla regular. Fruit succulent. 10

10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.--Species 25. Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or in medicine. =Lycium= L.

Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose. 11

11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud. Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs. Flowers in clusters.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 135.) =Discopodium= Hochst.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (_A. Belladonna_ L., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and medicaments. =Atropa= L.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 135._

J. Fleischmann del.

Discopodium penninervium Hochst.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 136._

J. Fleischmann del.

Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens. _D_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _E_ Ovary cut across.]

12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences.--Species 150; three of them (_S. tuberosum_ L., potato, _S. Melongena_ L., egg-plant, and _S. Lycopericum_ L., tomato) only cultivated. Several species yield edible fruits or tubers, from which starch, sugar and alcohol are prepared, also tanning and dyeing materials, a substitute for soap, a means to coagulate milk, and various medicaments; others serve as vegetables or as ornamental or hedge-plants; some are poisonous. (Including _Lycopersicum_ Mill. and _Normania_ Lowe). =Solanum= L.

Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 13

13. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided. Shrubs.--Species 6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates milk. (_Physaloides_ Moench). =Withania= Pauq.

Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary. 14

14. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve as condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.” =Capsicum= L.

Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit. 15

15. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves undivided, covered with dense hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. =Melissea= Hook.

Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or violet. Herbs.--Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.” =Physalis= L.

FAMILY 208. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens 2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled or (_Bowkeria_) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved embryo, rarely (_Dintera_) exalbuminous.--Genera 107, species 1150. (Including _SELAGINEAE_.) (Plate 136.)

1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by one or both of the lateral lobes. [Subfamily =RHINANTHOIDEAE=.] 2

Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral lobes in the bud. 45

2. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip. Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Herbs. Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. [Tribe RHINANTHEAE.] 3

Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3 distinct lobes, or subequally 4-5-lobed. 8

3. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.” =Euphrasia= L.

Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins. 4

4. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique, narrow. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). “Lousewort.” =Pedicularis= L.

Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 5

5. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds ribbed.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Under _Bartsia_ L.) =Odontites= Pers.

Ovules many, horizontal. 6

6. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule broad. Corolla blue or red.--Species 8. Central and North-west Africa. (_Bartsia_ L.) =Bartschia= L.

Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red. 7

7. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.--Species 2. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (_Trixago_ Stev., under _Bartsia_ L.) =Bellardia= All.

Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Eufragia_ Griseb., under _Bartsia_ L.) =Parentucellia= Viv.

8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary or one only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely (_Strigina_) 2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long tube. Calyx-teeth about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe GERARDIEAE.] 9

Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then corolla-tube very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.] 36

9. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens. 10

Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the stamens, but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and barren. 17

10. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved; limb narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.--Species 5. South Africa. =Hyobanche= Thunb.

Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with well-developed leaves. 11

11. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or slightly curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided. 12

Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal. 14

12. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Eylesia= S. Moore

Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved. 13

13. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under _Buchnera_ L.) =Stellularia= Benth.

Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (_Buchnera_ L.) =Buechnera= L.

14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular. Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided. 15

Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved. 16

15. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.--Species 3. East Africa. =Cycniopsis= Engl.

Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds. =Striga= Lour.

16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not beaked.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Cycnium= E. Mey.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely globose and not beaked.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Rhamphicarpa= Benth.

17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them fertile, the other barren (without pollen) or almost so. 18

Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile. 27

18. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish. 19

Leaves well developed, green. 20

19. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very small.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tetraspidium= Bak.

Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. (_Aulaya_ Harv.) =Harveya= Hook.

20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren ones filiform. Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. East Africa. =Strigina= Engl.

Fertile stamens 4. 21

21. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell. Corolla-tube long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided. 22

Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small; in this case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs. 23

22. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the upper stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a spur-like sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Ghikaea= Schweinf. & Volk.

Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at one end a fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the other a disc-like appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. East Africa. =Pseudosopubia= Engl.

23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla violet; tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Stem erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Hiernia= S. Moore

Anthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly developed barren cell. 24

24. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly imperceptible, of the shorter awn-or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or violet; tube exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Climbing undershrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. =Buttonia= Mac Ken

Barren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs. 25

25. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a broad limb. Stem erect.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Sopubia= Hamilt.

Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow limb. 26

26. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided, broad, coarsely toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. =Thunbergianthus= Engl.

Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Baumia= Engl. & Gilg

27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx. 28

Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx. 30

28. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal halves. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Xylocalyx= Balf.

Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs. 29

29. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved. Non-parasitic plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence lax.--Species 3. Tropics. (Including _Gerardianella_ Klotzsch). =Micrargeria= Benth.

Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly changed, then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or scale-like leaves.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Alectra_ Thunb. and _Velvitsia_ Hiern). =Melasma= Berg

30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower. 31

Anther-halves equal. 33

31. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than the other. Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous. Flowers without bracteoles.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa and Transvaal. =Gerardiina= Engl.

Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody, at least at the base. 32

32. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules 2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leucosalpa= Scott Elliot

Corolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.--Species 3. South Africa and island of Socotra. (_Bopusia_ Presl). =Graderia= Benth.

33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem herbaceous. 34

Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody. 35

34. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla blue. Capsule 4-valved.--Species 1. South Africa. =Charadrophila= Marloth

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule 2-valved.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Seymeria= Pursh

35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Raphispermum_ Benth.) =Rhaphispermum= Benth.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Radamaea= Benth.

36. (8.) Stamens 2. 37

Stamens 4-8. 38

37. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included; anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal, many-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.--Species 3. Canary and Cape Verde Islands and Socotra. =Campylanthus= Roth

Corolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.--Species 30. Some of them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Speedwell.” =Veronica= L.

38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length. 39

Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal. 41

39. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted, white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in West Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute for tea. =Capraria= L.

Anther-halves separate. 40

40. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsule septicidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, subsessile, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. Used medicinally. =Scoparia= L.

Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments. Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves alternate, stalked, broad.--Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands, Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Sibthorpia= L.

41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube and a two-lipped limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or racemes.--Species 1. Sahara. =Lafuentea= Lag.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate. 42

42. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped limb, blue or violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes.--Species 1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant. =Erinus= L.

Corolla with a funnel-or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above. Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 43

43. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in terminal racemes.--Species 6. North Africa; one of them also naturalized in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally and as ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (Including _Callianassa_ Webb et Berth.) =Digitalis= L.

Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles. Leaves broad. Undershrubs. 44

44. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped. Calyx-segments glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 1. South Africa. =Glumicalyx= Hiern

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary fascicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Camptoloma= Benth.

45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a septicidal, many-seeded capsule. [Subfamily =PSEUDOSOLANEAE=.] 46

Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely all radical or alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly irregular or ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. [Subfamily =ANTIRRHINOIDEAE=.] 50

46. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or 4. Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.] 47

Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell-or wheel-shaped. Stamens 4 or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.] 49

47. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.--Species 10. Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Doratanthera_ Benth. and _Gerardiopsis_ Engl.) =Anticharis= Endl.

Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile. 48

48. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 5. South and Central Africa. =Peliostomum= E. Mey.

Fruit blunt. Shrubs.--Species 25. Central and South Africa. =Aptosimum= Burch.

49. Stamens 4.--Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Celsia= L.

Stamens 5.--Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the Mascarene Islands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Mullein.” =Verbascum= L.

50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and fruit. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent. Flowers in spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.] 51

Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous. 56

51. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted. Stamens 4. Flowers in spikes. 52

Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2 segments. 53

52. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. =Hebenstreitia= L.

Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.--Species 10. South Africa. =Dischisma= Choisy

53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit 1-seeded. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes. 54

Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal. 55

54. Sterile stamens present.--Species 1. South Africa. =Gosela= Choisy

Sterile stamens absent.--Species 3. South Africa. =Agathelpis= Choisy

55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 5. South Africa. =Microdon= Choisy

Calyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit 2-seeded.--Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Walafrida_ E. Mey.) =Selago= L.

56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and a very short tube. Stamens 2.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.] =Calceolaria= L.

Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular. 57

57. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a capsule. 58

Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then calyx 5-lobed or 3-parted. 71

58. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves. Herbs. [Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.] 59

Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe ANTIRRHINEAE.] 62

59. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two teeth at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Hemimeris= Thunb.

Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile. 60

60. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all fertile, glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Alonsoa= Ruiz & Pav.

Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy. Corolla with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal. 61

61. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base. Stamens all fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.--Species 2. Naturalized in Madagascar. =Angelonia= Humb. & Bonpl.

Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely with one only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.--Species 45. South Africa. =Diascia= Link & Otto.

62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or undershrubs. 63

Throat of the corolla open. 67

63. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate. 64

Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base. 66

64. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth or valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.--Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Toadflax.” =Linaria= Juss.

Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary. 65

65. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves. Seeds oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (Under _Linaria_ Juss.) =Cymbalaria= Baumg.

Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 17. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. (Under _Linaria_ L.) =Elatinoides= Wettst.

66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed pores.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.” =Antirrhinum= L.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present. Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowers small, axillary.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands. =Schweinfurthia= A. Braun

67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal. Anther-halves confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.--Species 1. South Africa. =Colpias= E. Mey.

Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. 68

68. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal cells. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa. (Under _Linaria_ Juss.) =Chaenorrhinum= (DC.) Lange

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. 69

69. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers in racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.--Species 5. North Africa and Abyssinia. (_Simbuleta_ Forsk.) =Anarrhinum= Desf.

Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves. 70

70. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule globose, 4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. =Diclis= Benth.

Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule compressed, 2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous wing.--Species 50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Nemesia= Vent.

71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles; occasionally solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case shrubs or trees. Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal capsule or a berry. [Tribe CHELONEAE.] 72

Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles. Stamens 2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 81

72. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a ventricose tube and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile stamen distinctly developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves confluent. Fruit a capsule.--Species 20. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Scrophularia= L.

Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely fertile. 73

73. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Fruit a capsule. 74

Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5. 76

74. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or white. Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ixianthes= Benth.

Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens 4. 75

75. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted upper lip. Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose beneath. Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Anastrabe= E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip. Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Leaves nearly always whorled.--Species 6. South Africa. =Bowkeria= Harv.

76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Dermatobotrys= Bolus

Fertile stamens 4. 77

77. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous. 78

Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate. 79

78. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Seychelles. Ornamental plant. =Russelia= Jacq.

Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. The fruits are edible. =Halleria= L.

79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit a two-valved capsule.--Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Phygelius= E. Mey.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or a berry. 80

80. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.--Species 2. South Africa. =Teedia= Rudolphi

Corolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.--Species 2. South Africa. =Freylinia= Pangelli

81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently 1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.] 82

Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.] 91

82. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. 83

Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4. 84

83. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.--Species 30. South Africa. =Zaluzianskia= Schmidt

Anthers 4, equal.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. =Polycarena= Benth.

84. Corolla-tube very short. 85

Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long. 86

85. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all radical. (See 61.) =Diascia= Link & Otto

Corolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Sutera_ Roth) =Sphenandra= Benth.

86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores or transverse slits. 87

Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening lengthwise, septicidal. 88

87. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.--Species 1. Naturalized in the island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (_Lophospermum_ Don) =Maurandia= Ort.

Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.) =Anarrhinum= Desf.

88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or dissected.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (_Jamesbrittenia_ O. Ktze.) =Sutera= Roth.

Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed. 89

89. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.--Species 20. South Africa. =Phyllopodium= Benth.

Bracts free from the pedicels. 90

90. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts or without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in compound, rarely in simple racemes.--Species 35. South Africa to Angola. (_Nemia_ Berg). =Manulea= L.

Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 120. South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including _Lyperia_ Benth., under _Sutera_ Roth). (Plate 136.) =Chaenostoma= Benth.

91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2. 92

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3. 97

92. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary. 93

Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 95

93. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland) =Dintera= Stapf

Ovary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or sub-equally 5-lobed. 94

94. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Bryodes= Benth.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Egypt. =Peplidium= Del.

95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves spreading.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Bonnaya_ Link et Otto) =Ilysanthes= Rafin.

Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. 96

96. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of the corolla with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Hydrotriche= Zucc.

Leaves entire.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Dopatrium= Hamilt.

97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. West Africa. =Hydranthelium= H. B. & Kunth

Stamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla. 98

98. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla. 99

Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. 102

99. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth, sterile stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Allocalyx= Cordem.

Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth-or bristle-like appendage at the base. 100

100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped; segments subequal.--Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (_Vandellia_ L.) =Lindernia= All.

Calyx winged or with very prominent angles. 101

101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the base. Stem usually leafless.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. =Craterostigma= Hochst.

Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem leafy.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Torenia= L.

102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped. 103

Anther-halves contiguous or confluent. 105

103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or ascending.--Species 8. Northern East Africa and Egypt. =Lindenbergia= Lehm.

Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved. 104

104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water-or marsh-plants.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Ambulia_ Lam., _Stemodiacra_ P. Browne) =Limnophila= R. Br.

Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue. Glandular-pubescent land-plants.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Stemodia= L.

105. Sepals united high up. 106

Sepals united at the base only. 107

106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top. Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Two of them indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in the Azores. Used as ornamental plants. =Mimulus= L.

Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent. Ovary septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers axillary.--Species 5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt. =Limosella= L.

107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.--Species 10. Tropics, South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (_Moniera_ P. Browne, including _Herpestis_ Gaertn. and _Bramia_ Lam.) =Bacopa= Aubl.

Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla 2-lipped. 108

108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the anterior exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in racemes, rather large.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Artanema= Don

Sepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage. Flowers solitary, very small.--Species 4. East Africa. =Stemodiopsis= Engl.

FAMILY 209. BIGNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (_Colea_) by one. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged, exalbuminous.--Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 137.)

1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [Tribe TECOMEAE.] 2

Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (_Colea_) completely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.] 14

2. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx 5-toothed. Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters. 3

Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (_Stenolobium_) unifoliolate. 4

3. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white, with a long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Catophraetes= G. Don

Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Rhigozum= Burch.

4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 5

Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube. 6

5. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees. Leaflets entire.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible seeds, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African tulip-tree.” =Spathodea= Beauv.

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Tecoma_ Juss.) =Tecomaria= Fenzl

6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Trees. Flowers panicled. 7

Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. 8

7. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each cell in 2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and medicaments. =Newbouldia= Seem.

Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than two rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Dolichandrone= Fenzl

8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood. Anther-halves usually divergent. 9

Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate. 11

9. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Perichlaena= Baill.

Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees. 10

10. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped. Disc saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves glabrous, crowded at the end of the branches.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Kigelianthe= Baill.

Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose beneath.--Species 2. Central Africa. (_Ferdinandia_ Seem., under _Heterophragma_ DC.) =Fernandia= Baill.

11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (Under _Tecoma_ Juss.) =Stenolobium= D. Don

Flowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like. 12

12. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy partition. Trees.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments. =Stereospermum= Cham.

Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell. 13

13. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.--Species 10. Central Africa. Some species yield timber. (Under _Dolichandrone_ Fenzl) =Markhamia= Seem.

Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally 5-toothed. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa (Under _Pandorea_ Endl. or _Tecoma_ Juss.) =Podranea= Sprague

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 137._

J. Fleischmann del.

Kigelia aethiopica Decne.

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _E_ Ovary cut across. _F_ Fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 138._

J. Fleischmann del.

Sesamum angolense Welw.

_A_ Flowering plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Stigma. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.]

14. (1.) Ovary completely 1-celled. Calyx bell-shaped, bursting irregularly. Corolla red or orange, ventricose-campanulate, irregular. Anther-halves parallel or divergent. Fruit with a thick rind. Trees. Leaves pinnate.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (_Kigelkeia_ Rafin.) (Plate 137.) =Kigelia= DC.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 15

15. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. 16

Leaves pinnately compound or reduced to the winged leaf-stalk. Flowers panicled. 18

16. Leaves with a pair of spines at their base. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary or springing from the old wood. Calyx pouch-shaped, unequally 2-5-lobed. Corolla regular, long funnel-shaped. Anther-halves divaricate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Paracolea= Baill.

Leaves without spines at the base, but the leaf-stalk sometimes becoming spine-like. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-or bell-funnel-shaped. 17

17. Leaves herbaceous; leaf-stalk hardening into a spine. Flowers in panicles. Corolla irregular. Anther-halves divaricate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Phylloctenium= Baill.

Leaves leathery, resinous; leaf-stalk not hardening into a spine. Flowers in racemes. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves divergent, pendulous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Tabebuia_ Gomez). =Zaa= Baill.

18. Leaves reduced to the jointed and winged leaf-stalk bearing sometimes 1-3 terminal leaflets. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slightly irregular. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary septate at the base. Fruit succulent.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber and edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants. (_Arthrophyllum_ Boj.) =Phyllarthron= DC.

Leaves pinnate, opposite or whorled. 19

19. Calyx long tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, nearly regular. Anther-halves divergent. Disc ring-shaped. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Siphocolea= Baill.

Calyx bell-shaped. 20

20. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla regular, almost barrel-shaped, red. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped, crenate. Trees. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Rhodocolea= Baill.

Calyx 5-toothed or unequally cleft. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry.--Species 25. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species have edible fruits. =Colea= Boj.

FAMILY 210. PEDALIACEAE

Plants with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, simple. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, the 4 fertile in pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, small, awl-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-8-celled with 2 or more axile ovules in each cell, rarely (_Linariopsis_) 1-celled with 2 basal ovules. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.--Genera 14, species 65. (Plate 138.)

1. Flowers in terminal, raceme-or umbel-like cymes. Shrubs or small trees. Ovary 2-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule. 2

Flowers solitary or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves, with glands at the base of the pedicels. Herbs, rarely (_Pretreothamnus_) shrubs, but then ovules 3 in each ovary-cell. 4

2. Inflorescences umbel-or fascicle-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels none. Corolla-tube moderately long, funnel-shaped, neither spurred nor curved. Anthers included; halves divergent, pendulous. Disc slightly one-sided. Ovary-cells not or very incompletely chambered. Fruit beset with hooked bristles. Seeds narrowly winged. Leaves large, broad, long-stalked, lobed. Spines none.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under _Harpagophytum_ DC.) =Uncarina= (Baill.) Stapf

Inflorescences raceme-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels presente. Corolla-tube very long, cylindrical, spurred or curved. Ovary-cell, nearly completely chambered. Leaves small, partly replaced by spines. 3

3. Corolla spurred. Anthers scarcely exserted, with parallel halves. Disc one-sided. Stem much thickened at the base.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Sesamothamnus= Welw.

Corolla not spurred, with an S-shaped tube, yellow. Anthers exserted, with divergent halves. Disc equal-sided. Stem not much thickened. Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Sigmatosiphon= Engl.

4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. Ovules 2, erect. Seed 1. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Corolla violet; tube widened from the base, almost straight. Anther-halves parallel. Disc equal-sided. Stem prostrate, hairy. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. =Linariopsis= Welw.

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. 5

5. Ovary and fruit 2-celled, with undivided cells. Ovules descending or horizontal. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary. 6

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled, each cell completely or incompletely divided into two chambers. 10

6. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 7

Ovules 8 or more in each cell of the ovary. Anthers opening by long slits. Disc one-sided. Succulent, prostrate herbs. 9

7. Fruit 4-winged, without spines. Anther-halves divergent, opening by short slits. Disc one-sided. Corolla yellow or red. Stem tuberous at the base.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. =Pterodiscus= Hook.

Fruit wingless, bearing spines or tubercles. Corolla yellow. Succulent herbs. 8

8. Fruit with a large spine at the base of each angle.--Species 1. East Africa and Madagascar. Yields vegetables and is used in medicine. =Pedalium= Royen

Fruit without large spines at the base, but with small spines or tubercles on the flanks. Seeds winged.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Pedalium_ Royen). =Pedaliophytum= Engl.

9. Ovules 8 in each cell of the ovary. Corolla yellow; tube deeply saccate at the base.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Holubia= Oliv.

Ovules numerous in each cell of the ovary. Corolla red; tube not or slightly saccate at the base. Fruit with several rows of recurved spines.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. Noxious weeds. “Grapple plant.” (_Uncaria_ Burch.) =Harpagophytum= DC.

10. Ovules 2-3 in each chamber of the ovary, ascending, or one ascending, the other descending. Fruit a nut. 11

Ovules numerous in each chamber, at least in the larger ones, descending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule. 12

11. Ovules 2 in each of the 4 chambers of the ovary. Fruit with 2 spines in the middle. Corolla red. Trailing herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Pretrea= J. Gay

Ovules 3 in each chamber. Shrubs.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Pretreothamnus= Engl.

12. Cells of the ovary and fruit unequal in size and containing an unequal number of ovules or seeds. Corolla violet or white. Fruit with 2-8 spines or tubercles at the base; only the larger cell dehiscent. Erect herbs. Leaves toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in cymes.--Species 3. Central Africa to Namaland. =Rogeria= J. Gay

Cells of the ovary and fruit equal. Flowers solitary. 13

13. Fruit with two horns or spines at the apex. Corolla red, violet, or yellow.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Ceratotheca= Endl.

Fruit without horns nor spines. Corolla red or white.--Species 20. Central and South Africa; one species (_S. indicum_ L.) also cultivated in Egypt and Madagascar. The seeds of this and a second species are used as food or as a condiment and for preparing meal and oil; some species yield dyes or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 138.) =Sesamum= L.

FAMILY 211. MARTYNIACEAE

Erect, hairy herbs. Leaves broad, undivided. Flowers in racemes, with large bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx unequally 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla obliquely campanulate, two-lipped, 5-lobed, red. Fertile stamens 2, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, included; staminodes 3. Disc regular. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 two-cleft parietal placentas. Ovules 4-16, descending, inverted. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigma-lobes. Fruit ending in two horns, 8-ribbed, 4-chambered and 4-seeded, opening loculicidally at the apex; exocarp leathery, endocarp hard. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen. (Under _PEDALINEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and Mauritius. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Martynia= L.

FAMILY 212. OROBANCHACEAE

Parasitic herbs destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-5-toothed or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals. Corolla 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a pitted testa, a copious albumen, and an undivided embryo.--Genera 2, species 30. North and Central Africa. (Plate 139.)

Calyx 5-lobed, with blunt or rounded, nearly equal lobes. Corolla almost equally 5-lobed. Bracteoles adnate to the calyx.--Species 6. North and Central Africa. (Under _Phelipaea_ E. Mey.) (Plate 139.) =Cistanche= Hoffm. & Link

Calyx 2-5-toothed with pointed teeth, or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals.--Species 25. North and East Africa; two species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. “Broomrape.” (Including _Phelipaea_ E. Mey.) =Orobanche= (Tournef.) G. Beck

FAMILY 213. GESNERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 2. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 6, species 65. Tropical and South Africa. (_CRYTANDREAE._) (Plate 140.)

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 139._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg.

_A_ Stem. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower laid open. _D_ Anther. _E_ Stigma. _F_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _G_ Ovary cut across.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 140._

J. Fleischmann del.

Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke

_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower laid open. _C_ Anther (from front and back). _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit.]

1. Fruit linear, loculicidal or follicular. Disc equal-sided, sometimes indistinct. 2

Fruit oblong, ovate, or globose. Disc one-sided, rarely (_Saintpaulia_) equal-sided. 3

2. Fruit twisted.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 140.) (Tribe STREPTOCARPEAE.) =Streptocarpus= Lindl.

Fruit not twisted.--Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. (_Roettlera_ Vahl, including _Trachystigma_ C. B. Clarke). [Tribe DIDYMOCARPEAE.] =Didymocarpus= Wall.

3. Fruit globose, opening transversely. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue or white. Posterior stamens fertile. Inflorescence capitate. Leaves few.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe BESLERIEAE.] =Epithema= Blume

Fruit ovate or oblong, opening lengthwise. 4

4. Fruit loculicidal or follicular. Leaf single.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including _Carolofritschia_ Engl.) [Tribe KLUGIEAE.] =Acanthonema= Hook. fil.

Fruit septicidal. Leaves several. [Tribe RAMONDIEAE.] 5

5. Corolla white, lobed. Disc one-sided. Anthers oblong. Ovary completely 1-celled, glandular-hairy. Stigma entire. Stem creeping. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Linnaeopsis= Engl.

Corolla blue or violet, cleft. Disc equal-sided. Anthers ovoid or subglobose. Ovary incompletely 2-4-celled, hairy. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem erect or ascending. Leaves opposite or all radical.--Species 4. East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Saintpaulia= Wendl.

FAMILY 214. LENTIBULARIACEAE

Rootless herbs with pitcher-leaves. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Corolla of united petals, 2-lipped, spurred or saccate. Stamens 2, attached to the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted. Stigma sessile, entire or unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a 3-many-seeded capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 65. (Plate 141.)

Calyx subequally 5-partite. Land-or marsh-plants. Pitcher-leaves tubular with two spirally twisted arms. Flowers in few-flowered racemes, with 2 bracteoles each.--Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Genlisea= St. Hil.

Calyx 2-partite or of 2 free sepals. Pitcher-leaves bladder-like, ovoid or globose.--Species 60. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bladderwort.” (Plate 141.) =Utricularia= L.

FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, usually blue. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, attached to the corolla. Staminodes none. Anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Disc present, usually gland-like. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight, the radicle turned upwards.--Genera 3, species 6. North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and Socotra. (Under _SELAGINEAE_.)

1. Flowers in spikes. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip similar to those of the lower.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Cockburnia= Balf.

Flowers in heads. Corolla distinctly exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip much shorter than those of the lower. 2

2. Heads axillary. Corolla-tube slit open between the lobes of the upper lip.--Species 2. Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under _Globularia_ L.) =Lytanthus= Wettst.

Heads terminal. Corolla-tube not slit.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Globularia= L.

SUBORDER ACANTHINEAE

FAMILY 216. ACANTHACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, usually dotted with cystoliths. Flowers more or less irregular, 4-5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Disc usually present. Style simple. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely 4-lobed. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely (_Afromendoncia_) 1-celled. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiments, more rarely a drupe. Seeds 2 or more, mostly exalbuminous; funicle usually with a hook-like outgrowth.--Genera 106, species 1100. (Plate 142.)

1. Fruit a 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Funicles small, without an outgrowth. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 4, with 2-celled anthers. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Calyx minute, enveloped by two large bracteoles. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, rarely in terminal racemes. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Climbing shrubs. [Subfamily =MENDONCIOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit a 2-celled, 2-or more-seeded capsule. Funicles with a tubercle-or hook-shaped outgrowth, or thickened throughout their length. Ovary 2-celled. 4

2. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit oblong or ovate. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 6. Tropics. (Including _Liraya_ Pierre, under _Mendoncia_ Vell.) =Afromendoncia= Gilg

Ovary 2-celled, at least when young. 3

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 141._

J. Fleischmann del.

Utricularia livida E. Mey.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Pistil and calyx cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 142._

J. Fleischmann del.

Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau

_A_ Plant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off). _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise (without the seeds).]

3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous below. Fruit globose.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Gilletiella= De Wild. & Dur.

Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves oblong.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Monachochlamys= Bak.

4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit beaked at the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly regular, with contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large bracteoles. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing herbs. [Subfamily =THUNBERGIOIDEAE=.] 5

Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth; in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. 6

5. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.) =Pseudocalyx= Radlk.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.--Species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Hexacentris_ Nees). =Thunbergia= L. f.