Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (24)

76. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of several rows of bristles.--Species 13. Central Africa. =Pleiotaxis= Steetz

Involucral bracts pointed. 77

77. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers with a 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles. Shrubs with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large, red-flowered.--Species 3. South Africa. =Oldenburgia= Less.

Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or with neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (Including _Brachyachaenium_ Bak. and _Hochstetteria_ DC.) =Dicoma= Cass.

78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at least towards the margin. 79

Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy. 114

79. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 80

Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal female or neuter. 85

80. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting. 81

Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales. 82

81. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads collected in compound heads.--Species 3. East Africa. =Polycline= Oliv.

Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the time of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.--Species 3. North Africa. =Anvillea= DC.

82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly 3-lobed.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Eenia= Hiern & Moore

Pappus of bristles. 83

83. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Lachnospermum= Willd.

Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like plants. 84

84. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Helipterum= DC.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.--Species 300. Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants (“everlastings”). (_Elichrysum_ Gaertn., including _Aphelexis_ Don). =Helichrysum= Gaertn.

85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. 86

Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped. 102

86. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded, with the marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip. Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or white. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe BUPHTHALMINAE.] 87 Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the tip. 97

87. Pappus absent. 88

Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits. 89

88. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle broad. (See 81.) =Anvillea= DC.

Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Astephania= Oliv.

89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.--Species 12. =Sphacophyllum= Boj.

Pappus of scales or bristles. 90

90. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.--Species 3. North Africa. =Rhanterium= Desf.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and bristles. 91

91. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and inner bristles. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only. Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Kalahari). =Philyrophyllum= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (_Anisopappus_) of scales intermingled with some bristles. 92

92. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads solitary.--Species 1. German South-west Africa. =Ondetia= Benth.

Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage. 93

93. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply 5-cleft. Heads in cymes.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. =Geigeria= Griesselich

Involucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed. 94

94. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than the limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with an outer involucre of mucronate leaves.--Species 1. North Africa. =Pallenis= Cass.

Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than the limb. 95

95. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales unequal. Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Anisopappus= Hook. & Arn.

Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal. 96

96. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal scales. Herbs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Callilepis= DC.

Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal scales.--Species 13. North and Central Africa. _O. pygmaeum_ O. Hoffm. is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.” (_Asteriscus_ Moench) =Odontospermum= Neck.

97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs. 98

Pappus present. 99

98. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent, nearly glabrous.--Species 1. South Africa. =Arrowsmithia= DC.

Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves glandular-hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. Used medicinally. =Osmitopsis= Cass.

99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown. 100

Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles. 101

100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate. Undershrubs.--Species 8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Osmites= L.

Involucral bracts in many rows.--Species 20. South Africa. =Relhania= L’Hér.

101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Rosenia= Thunb.

Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. South, North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Leyssera= L.

102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female marginal flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe FILAGININAE.] 103

Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured appendage. Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles. 110

103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs. 104

Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a pappus. 106

104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits. Corolla of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary. Herbs.--Species 2. North Africa. =Micropus= L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits. 105

105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads. Herbs.--Species 7. North Africa. (Including _Evacidium_ Pomel) =Evax= Gaertn.

Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules or in spikes. Leaves linear.--Species 10. South and North Africa. (Including _Trichogyne_ Less.) =Ifloga= Cass.

106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the marginal ones of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gymnarrhena= Desf.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles. 107

107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony. 108

Stem woody, at least at the base. 109

108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of bristles.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (_Monenteles_ Labill.) =Pterocaulon= Ell.

Stem not winged.--Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands. (Including _Logfia_ Boiss. and _Xerotium_ Bluff & Fing.) =Filago= L.

109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows. Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Cylindrocline= Cass.

Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female flowers few.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Blepharispermum= Wight

110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs.--Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Achyrocline= Less.

Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers. 111

111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales. Shrubs. 112

Hermaphrodite flowers fertile. 113

112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts and separated from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner involucral bracts.--Species 1. South Africa. =Petalactella= N. E. Brown

Female flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts. Pappus-bristles thickened or penicillate at the apex.--Species 1. South Africa. =Petalacte= Don

113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Rhynea_ DC.) =Cassinia= R. Br.

Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.) =Helichrysum= Gaertn.

114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe TARCHONANTHINAE.] 115

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (_Anaphalis_) subdioecious, but then herbs. 117

115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of the female in two rows. Pappus none.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. =Tarchonanthus= L.

Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles. 116

116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Synchodendron= Boj.

Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species 10. Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber. =Brachylaena= R. Br.

117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male). 118

Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. 134

118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped. 119

Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped. 125

119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Macowania= Oliv.

Pappus wanting. 120

120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed. Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.) =Arrowsmithia= DC.

Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 121

121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs. 122

Marginal fruits all alike. 123

122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.--Species 15. North and South Africa and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena, and one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used as ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute for saffron. =Calendula= L.

Fruits straight. Heads small.--Species 3. South Africa. (Including _Xenisma_ DC.) =Oligocarpus= Less.

123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. =Tripteris= Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 124

124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled, usually tubercled. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 20. South Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.--Species 60. South and Central Africa. (Including _Gibbaria_ Cass.) =Osteospermum= L.

125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers male, the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly or cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anaphalis= DC.

Heads all alike. 126

126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the inner petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs. 127

Female flowers in several rows. 128

127. Heads large, solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Phaenocoma= Don

Heads small, in dense cymes.--Species 7. South Africa. =Anaxeton= Cass.

128. Pappus consisting of bristles. 129

Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits. 131

129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Monarrhenus= Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 130

130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (_Placus_ Lour.) =Blumea= DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.--Species 15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Tecmarsis_ DC.) =Pluchea= Cass.

131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. 132

Inner and outer fruits without a pappus. 133

132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of the female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Demidium_ DC.) =Amphidoxa= DC.

Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges, subequal. Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles 1-2.--Species 2. South and Central Africa. =Denekia= Thunb.

133. Heads arranged in cymes.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (Including _Litogyne_ Harv.) =Epaltes= Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally. =Sphaeranthus= L.

134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose within, hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of division. 135

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges, hairy only in their upper part. 149

135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 136

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female. 138

136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the apex. Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Apodocephala= Bak.

Pappus present. Heads medium-sized. 137

137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under _Geigeria_ Griesselich). =Thysanurus= O. Hoffm.

Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads stalked. Shrubs.--Species 5. Madagascar. =Centauropsis= Boj.

138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped. Receptacle pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). =Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm.

Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe PLUCHEINAE.] 139

139. Pappus wanting. 140

Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers. 141

140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.) =Epaltes= Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.) =Sphaeranthus= L.

141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a pappus. 142

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 143

142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the female flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.) =Denekia= Thunb.

Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers 4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Delamerea= S. Moore

143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound heads collected in heads of the third order.--Species 1. East Africa. =Triplocephalum= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 144

144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy panicles, red-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Porphyrostemma= Grant

Pappus of bristles. 145

145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous. Heads in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). (Under _Pluchea_ Cass.) =Pechuel-Loeschea= O. Hoffm.

Female flowers in several rows. 146

146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few together. Undershrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Nicolasia= S. Moore

Fruits terete or angular. 147

147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.) =Monarrhenus= Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 148

148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.) =Blumea= DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See 130.) =Pluchea= Cass.

149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or rounded; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex. Female (marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a tubular one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe INULINAE.] 150

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex. 166

150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species 3. West Africa. =Mollera= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of scales or bristles or of both. 151

151. Pappus of scales. 152

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 153

152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in panicles. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Anisochaeta= DC.

Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.--Species 4. Central and South-west Africa. =Calostephane= Benth.

153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles. 154

Pappus of scales and bristles. 161

154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Shrubs.--Species 7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Printzia= Cass.

Ray-flowers yellow or wanting. 155

155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Cypselodontia= DC.

Ray-flowers fertile. 156

156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are shorter. 157

Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter ones. 159

157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without ray-flowers.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Iphiona= Cass.

Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. 158

158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without ray-flowers. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Anisothrix= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Minurothamnus= DC.

159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or corymbs. Involucre of few bracts.--Species 2. Egypt. (Under _Iphiona_ Cass.) =Varthemia= DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts. 160

160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads with ray-flowers, solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Homochaete= Benth.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.--Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including _Bojeria_ DC., _Pentatrichia_ Klatt, _Schizogyne_ Cass., and _Vicoa_ Cass.) =Inula= L.

161. Pappus-scales united below. 162

Pappus-scales free. 163

162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Allagopappus= Cass.

Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.--Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including _Francoeuria_ Cass.) =Pulicaria= Gaertn.

163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.) =Pegolettia= Cass.

Pappus-scales very narrow. 164

164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under _Grantia_ Boiss.) =Perralderia= Coss.

Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers. 165

165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Viraea= Webb

Fruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Jasonia= Cass.

166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 167

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribes GNAPHALINAE and RELHANINAE.] 176

167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small. Heath-like plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe RELHANINAE.] 168

Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants. 172

168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or 2-flowered with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus of feathery bristles united at the base. Shrubs.--Species 8. South Africa. =Disparago= Gaertn.

Heads many-flowered. 169

169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Anaglypha= DC.

Pappus present. 170

170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.--Species 13. South Africa. =Nestlera= Spreng.

Pappus of bristles. 171

171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Amphiglossa= DC.

Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.--Species 1. South Africa. =Bryomorphe= Harv.

172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Pappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe ATHRIXINAE.] 173

173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner of bristles or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 101.) =Leyssera= L.

Pappus consisting of bristles. 174

174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 15. Southern and tropical Africa. =Athrixia= Ker

Involucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Shrubs. 175

175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre hemispherical.--Species 3. South Africa. =Heterolepis= Cass.

Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. =Antithrixia= DC.

176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female. 177

Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all flowers hermaphrodite. 184

177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Chiliocephalum= Benth.

Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus. 178

178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.) =Amphidoxa= DC.

Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus. 179

179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of the outer only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Artemisiopsis= S. Moore

Pappus of all fruits formed of bristles. 180

180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.--Species 2. South and North Africa. =Lasiopogon= Cass.

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 181

181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. =Chevreulia= Cass.

Fruits without a beak. 182

182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs. (See 110.) =Achyrocline= Less.

Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate. 183

183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary or in long-stalked glomerules.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. =Phagnalon= Cass.

Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.--Species 50. “Cudweed.” =Gnaphalium= L.

184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered. 185

Heads 2-or more-flowered. 188

185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.) =Disparago= Gaertn.

Flowers all hermaphrodite. 186

186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Perotriche= Cass.

Pappus formed of bristles. 187

187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Stoebe= L.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.--Species 12. Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used medicinally. =Stenocline= DC.

188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs. 189

Pappus formed of bristles. 190

189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Syncephalum= DC.

Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Astephanocarpa= Bak.

190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base. 191

Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery. 192

191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Pterothrix= DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not heath-like plants. (See 84.) =Helipterum= DC.

192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. 193

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 197

193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads small, in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Eriosphaera= Less.

Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells. 194

194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite. 195

Habit not heath-like. 196

195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and surrounded by a ring-or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.--Species 7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Elytropappus= Cass.

Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts coloured above.--Species 25. South Africa. =Metalasia= R. Br.

196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired. Heads 2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.) =Stenocline= DC.

Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.) =Helichrysum= Gaertn.

197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs. 198

Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs. 199

198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cullumiopsis= Drake

Heads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear. (See 83.) =Lachnospermum= Willd.

199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts yellow.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pachyrhynchus= DC.

Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa. =Leontonyx= Cass.

200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a stigma and usually entire or shortly toothed. 201

Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile. 238

201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus wanting, rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 202

Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (_Adelostigma_) distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly. 207

202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs. 203

Outer fruits all alike. 204

203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.) =Calendula= L.

Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.) =Oligocarpus= Less.

204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row. (See 123.) =Tripteris= Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 205

205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.) =Osteospermum= L.

Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads solitary. 206

206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Involucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Garuleum= Cass.

207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales. 208

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. 213

208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a thread-shaped corolla. 209

Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the others with all the flowers female and provided with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 211

209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer fruits hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous one-ranked bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Eriocephalus_ L.) =Lasiocoma= Bolus

Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or wanting. 210

210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers 2-toothed. Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Parthenium= L.

Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes or umbels, or solitary.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used medicinally. =Eriocephalus= L.

211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows. Corolla 4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base. Style cleft. Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves opposite. Heads in leafy panicles.--Species 2. Island of St. Helena. =Petrobium= R. Br.

Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla, the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts, and without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at the base. Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribe AMBROSINAE.] 212

212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female heads 2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves.--Species 4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands; naturalized in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are noxious to pasturing cattle. =Xanthium= L.

Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free or nearly so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or racemes.--Species 2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South Africa. Used medicinally. =Ambrosia= L.

213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped, sometimes produced into two small points, or wanting. 214

Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles. 223

214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2 small points or wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle pitted. Corolla of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with lanceolate appendages. Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 8. South Africa. (_Heteractis_ DC.) =Gymnostephium= Less.

Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting. 215

215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 216

Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 220

216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the inner 4-toothed, yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two rows.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Brocchia_ Vis. and _Cenia_ Juss.) =Cotula= L.

Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed. 217

217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Style-branches of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits flattened, without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Steirodiscus= Less.

Involucral bracts in two or more rows. 218

218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers red, of the central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs. Herbs. Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. =Lagenophora= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed. 219

219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 206.) =Garuleum= Cass.

Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits 5-10-ribbed.--Species 50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Argyranthemum_ Webb, _Ismelia_ Cass., _Leucanthemum_ DC., _Monoptera_ Schultz, _Myconia_ Neck., _Pinardia_ Cass., _Plagius_ L’Hér., _Preauxia_ Schultz, _Prolongoa_ Boiss., _Pyrethrum_ Gaertn., and _Tanacetum_ L.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the female 2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs. Flowers yellow. 221

Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female 2-4-toothed. 222

221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows, without a corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves divided.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Soliva= Ruiz & Pav.

Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with marginal ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa. Used medicinally. =Hippia= L.

Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without strong ribs.--Species 20. Some of them (especially _A. Absinthium_ L., wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs, or for preparing liquors and vinegar. =Artemisia= L.

223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles. 224

Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of bristles. 233

224. Pappus-bristles feathery. 225

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 226

225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Homochroma= DC.

Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones yellow. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 13. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Mairia= Nees

226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles. 227

Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3 or more rows. 228

227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.--Species 3. South Africa. =Gymnodiscus= Less.

Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.--Species 45. Southern and tropical Africa. =Cineraria= L.

228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers entire or shortly toothed. 229

Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones, strap-shaped, rarely (_Psiadia_) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads in corymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft. 230

229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed, glabrous. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete, hairy.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Adelostigma= Steetz

230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread-or shortly strap-shaped. Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads in corymbs.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs. =Psiadia= Jacq.

Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue, strap-shaped. Fruits compressed. 231

231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.--Species 65. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Asterosperma_ Less., _Detris_ Adans., and _Diplopappus_ DC., under _Aster_ L.) =Felicia= Cass.

Stem herbaceous. 232

232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with a mostly short triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.--Species 13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are used medicinally. =Erigeron= L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage. Pappus-bristles in two rows.--Species 10. South and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Linosyris_ Cass.) =Aster= L.

233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much smaller ones. 234

234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite (male), the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb shortly strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad. Heads in racemes or corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Petasites= Gaertn.

Heads all alike. 235

235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad. Heads solitary.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.” =Tussilago= L.

Female marginal flowers in one row. 236

236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven hairs. Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.--Species 3. South Africa. =Ruckeria= DC.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles. 237

237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally free. Undershrubs.--Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Othonnopsis_ Jaub. et Spach) =Hertia= Less.

Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less united.--Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Doria_ Less.) =Othonna= L.

238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface, with hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the style below the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped. 239

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to the point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below that point. 262

239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers. 240

Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (_Vernonia_) subdioecious by incomplete development of one sex. 242

240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla. Style-branches blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Laggera= Schultz.

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow. Receptacle pitted. 241

241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary. (See 138.). =Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm.

242. Flowers yellow. 243

Flowers white, red, or blue. 244

243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.--Species 7. Central Africa. (Including _Autunesia_ O. Hoffm. and _Newtonia_ O. Hoffm., under _Vernonia_ Schreb.) =Gongrothamnus= Steetz

244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 245

Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders to the pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather long and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.] 247

245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous. Style-branches rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad scales.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewildemania= O. Hoffm.

Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage. Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scales united into a toothed cup. 246

246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly irregular. Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Omphalopappus= O. Hoffm.

Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Gossweilera= S. Moore

247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales. Herbs.--Species 5. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Elephantopus= L.

Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [Subtribe VERNONINAE.] 248

248. Pappus wanting. 249

Pappus present. 251

249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with an indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.) =Apodocephala= Bak.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs. 250

250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Ethulia= L.

Fruits rounded at the top.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Gutenbergia= Schultz

251. Pappus ear-or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs. 252

Pappus formed of scales or bristles. 253

252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.--Species 1. East Africa. =Hoehnelia= Schweinf.

Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.--Species 1. Tropics. =Sparganophorus= Vaill.

253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within them. 254

Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small scales outside them. 257

254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white. Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Msuata= O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales short. Herbs. 255

255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet. Receptacle pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in glomerules.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Ageratina= O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted. 256

256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear, with parallel veins.--Species 10. South Africa. =Corymbium= L.

Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits 3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Herderia= Cass.

257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles. 258

Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and scales. 260

258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads 4-5-flowered, in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Volkensia= O. Hoffm.

Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs. 259

259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the inner. Fruits blunt, 8-10-ribbed.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Centratherum= Cass.

Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits 4-5-angled.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. (Including _Bothriocline_ Oliv. and _Stephanolepis_ S. Moore) =Erlangea= Schultz

260. Leaves unarmed.--Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some of the species yield wood or medicaments. (Including _Bechium_ DC., _Cyanopis_ Blume, and _Decaneurum_ DC.) (Plate 150.) =Vernonia= Schreb.

Leaves prickly. 261

261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. =Hoplophyllum= DC.

Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits many-ribbed.--Species 2. West Africa. =Aedesia= O. Hoffm.

262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely projecting and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the upper part subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all hermaphrodite, red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.] 263

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing conspicuous marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with or without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or flowers yellow or partly female. 266

263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular, without prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Adenostemma= Forst.

Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of scales. [Subtribe AGERATINAE.] 264

264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant. =Ageratum= L.

Pappus of numerous bristles. 265

265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves opposite.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Willugbaeya_ Neck.) =Mikania= Willd.

Involucral bracts 6 or more.--Species 6. Four species indigenous to North and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Eupatorium= L.

266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the lower part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in the upper part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short subequal hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.] 267

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both directions by shorter ones. 301

267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or very shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre. 268

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla overtopping the involucre, or wanting. 276

268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of the marginal flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [Subtribe GRANGEINAE.] 269

Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-or strap-shaped. [Subtribe CONYZINAE.] 272

269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits. Fruits compressed.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. =Dichrocephala= DC.

Pappus present. 270

270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Microtrichia= DC.

Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales. 271

271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.--Species 1. Central Africa and Egypt. =Ceruana= Forsk.

Receptacle without scales between the flowers.--Species 3. Tropics to Egypt. Used medicinally. =Grangea= Adans.

272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or salad. =Microglossa= DC.

Fruits compressed. 273

273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches.--Species 6. South and North Africa. (_Leptothamnus_ DC.) =Nolletia= Cass.

Female flowers in two or more rows. 274

274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the style, or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.--Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (_Marsea_ Adans., including _Webbia_ Schultz). =Conyza= Less.

Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style. Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. 275

275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Nidorella= Cass.

Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.) =Erigeron= L.

276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting. Pappus of bristles. [Subtribe SOLIDAGININAE.] 277

Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. 289

277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers sometimes sterile. 278

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row of female or neuter marginal flowers. 286

278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the outer of much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs. 279

Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 280

279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles. Leaves radical.--Species 1. West Africa. =Psednotrichia= Hiern

Hairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (Including _Crassocephalum_ Moench, under _Senecio_ L.) =Gynura= Cass.

280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy corymbs. 281

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 282

281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.--Species 1. South Africa (Orange River Colony). =Pentheriella= O. Hoffm. & Muschler

Fruits compressed.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Chrysocoma= L.

282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short, sometimes scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed. 283

Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 284

283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. Southern West Africa. (_Adenogonum_ Welw.) =Engleria= O. Hoffm.

Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Fresenia= DC.

284. Stem woody, shrubby.--Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland. =Pteronia= L.

Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. 285

285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Chrysocoma_ L.) =Heteromma= Benth.

Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the rounded apex of the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre broad, of many rows of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows. Herbs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Alciope= DC.

Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or campanulate. 287

287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid dots.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Glycideras= Cass.

Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows. 288

288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles in one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Rochonia= DC.

Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs. Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Goldenrod.” =Solidago= L.

289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs. 290

Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles. [Subtribe ASTERINAE.] 292

290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the style-branches linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous. Leaves dissected.--Species 1. Tropics. =Chrysanthellum= Rich.

Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [Subtribe BELLIDINAE.] 291

291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Brachycome= Cass.

Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Daisy.” =Bellis= L.

292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Charieis= Cass.

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 293

293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that of the outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary, terminating the branches. Herbs.--Species 12. South Africa. =Amellus= L.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles. 294

294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales. Ray-flowers white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Bellium= L.

Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales. 295

295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.) =Mairia= Nees

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 296

296. Fruits compressed. 297

Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs. 300

297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or trees.--Species 4. Island of St. Helena. =Commidendron= DC.

Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs, undershrubs, or non-gummiferous shrubs. 298

298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout and then much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at the edge, usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second of much shorter bristles. (See 231.) =Felicia= Cass.

Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base. 299

299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner sometimes with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches usually short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows. (See 232.) =Erigeron= L.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped, usually oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal flowers in 1 row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles in one row. Downy undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Henricia= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. =Melanodendron= DC.

301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed, but not feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus. Receptacle without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.] 302

Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 316

302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [Subtribe OTHONNINAE.] 303

Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering. [Subtribe SENECIONINAE.] 306

303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers sterile. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy. Inner disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus of numerous interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs. Leaves pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.) =Ruckeria= DC.

Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile. Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem. 304

304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several rows of caducous bristles.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some species yield a resin. =Euryops= Cass.

Stem herbaceous throughout. 305

305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. =Oligothrix= DC.

Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes without a strong midnerve.--Species 2. East Africa. =Werneria= H. B. & Kunth

306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla. 307

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. 311

307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious borders. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without ribs. Heads solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.) =Phagnalon= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 308

308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or 10-ribbed. Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Erechthites= Raf.

Female marginal flowers in 1 row. 309

309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate. Outer fruits without a pappus.--Species 1. South Africa. =Stilpnogyne= DC.

Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline. 310

310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the branches. Involucral bracts leaf-like.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Eriothrix= Cass.

Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Faujasia= Cass.

311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal. Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or several together, on long stalks.--Species 7. North Africa. =Doronicum= L.

Receptacle flat or slightly convex. 312

312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median nerve, 1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches with a crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits many-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 8. South Africa. =Lopholaena= DC.

Involucral bracts without an appendage. 313

313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present. Style-branches rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs. (See 286.) =Alciope= DC.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (_Senecio_) indistinctly arranged in 3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer hairs. 314

314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a distinct crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.) =Gynura= Cass.

Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs. 315

315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches truncate, ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs. (See 227.) =Cineraria= L.

Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.--Species 500. Some of them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Brachyrhynchos_ Less., _Cacalia_ L. partly, _Emilia_ Cass., _Kleinia_ DC., _Lachanodes_ DC., _Mesogramma_ DC., _Notonia_ DC., and _Pladaroxylon_ Hook. fil.) =Senecio= L.

316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip and the edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown-or ear-shaped or wanting. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs. 317

Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of rather large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers ending in a hairy appendage. 356

317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer 3-edged. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Anthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [Tribe ANTHEMIDEAE.] 318

318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [Subtribe ANTHEMIDINAE.] 319

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. [Subtribe CHRYSANTHEMINAE.] 331

319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and apex. Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5) branches of the much-branched cyme.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Cladanthus= Cass.

Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top only, or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or panicles. 320

320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla persistent. Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Diotis= Desf.

Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without any appendages. 321

321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lasiospermum= Lag.

Fruits not woolly. 322

322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs. 323

Fruits not or scarcely compressed. 325

323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Anacyclus= L.

Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus. 324

324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.--Species 7. North Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Achillea= L.

Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter, white.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (_Fradinia_ Pomel, under _Cladanthus_ Cass.) =Mecomischus= Benth. & Hook.

325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present. 326

Leaves alternate. 327

326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales sometimes united into a small crown.--Species 4. South Africa. =Oedera= L.

Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.--Species 4. South Africa. =Eumorphia= DC.

327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided. 328

Stem woody, at least at the base. 329

328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Lonas= Adans.

Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus auricle-shaped or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with appendages. Heads stalked, terminating the branches.--Species 30. North and Central Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as medicinal plants (camomile). (Including _Chamaemelum_ Cass., _Ormenis_ Cass., _Perideraea_ Webb, and _Rhetinolepis_ Cass.) =Anthemis= L.

329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong awns. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4. Canary Islands. (Including _Hymenolepis_ Schultz and _Lugoa_ DC.) =Gonospermum= Less.

Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without ray-flowers. 330

330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base, usually compressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 6. Central and North-west Africa. Some of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Santolina= L.

Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled. Heads in usually dense corymbs.--Species 55. Southern and tropical Africa. (Including _Bembycodium_ Kunze and _Oligodora_ DC.) =Athanasia= L.

331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 332

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. 343

332. Flowers 4-merous. 333

Flowers 5-merous. 336