Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (16)

Stamens united in a tube, the lobes of which bear 3-4 anthers each. Sepals much smaller than the petals. Disc cupular.--Species 15. Madagascar and West Africa. _S. globulifera_ L. f. yields timber and a resin used industrially and medicinally; other species afford edible fruits, oily seeds, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including _Chrysopia_ Thouars) =Symphonia= L. f.

13. Sepals 2-4. Stamens free or shortly united at the base. Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Embryo with a very short radicle and thick-fleshy cotyledons. [Subfamily =CALOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 14

Sepals 5. 15

14. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fleshy mesocarp thin. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 6. Madagascar and East Africa. They yield timber, resin, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments. =Calophyllum= L.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with altogether 4 ovules. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 2, one growing wild in West Africa, the other (_M. americana_ L.) cultivated in the tropics and naturalized on the Cape Verde Islands. The latter species yields timber, resin, medicaments, and edible fruits (mammee-apples), which are also used for preparing drinks. =Mammea= L.

15. Ovary 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Filaments united at the base in 5 bundles, further upwards in a tube. Fruit a drupe. Embryo with a very short radicle and thick cotyledons.--Species 1. West Africa. [Subfamily =ENDODESMIOIDEAE=.] =Endodesmia= Benth.

Ovary 2-5-celled. 16

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 99._

J. Fleischmann del.

Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 100._

J. Fleischmann del.

Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther from behind. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.]

16. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leioclusia= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. (See 6.) =Hypericum= L.

FAMILY 150. DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous or nearly so, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen or with a very thin albumen.--Genera 2, species 15. Tropics.

Receptacle flat. Filaments short. Anthers linear, adnate. Ovary glabrous. Embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons. Tall trees.--Species 1. Seychelles. Yields timber, resin, and fatty seeds. [Subfamily =DIPTEROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Vateria= L.

Receptacle raised. Filaments long. Anthers oval, versatile. Embryo with thin, leaf-like, twisted cotyledons.--Species 15. Central Africa. (Under _Vatica_ L.) [Subfamily =MONOTOIDEAE=.]. =Monotes= A. DC.

SUBORDER TAMARICINEAE

FAMILY 151. ELATINACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, free, hypogynous, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many or twice as many as the petals. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted, with a short funicle. Styles 3-5, free. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 15. (Plate 100.)

Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals united below, with a faint midrib and without membranous margins. Ovary depressed at the top. Flowers solitary.--Species 3. North Africa. =Elatine= L.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free or almost free, with a very projecting midrib and with membranous margins. Ovary narrowed at the top. Leaves serrate.--Species 12. Central and South Africa and Egypt. (Plate 100.) =Bergia= L.

FAMILY 152. FRANKENIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs. Stem jointed. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, bracteolate, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-lobed or-cleft, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, free or united in the middle, clawed, usually with a scale-like appendage, persistent. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Filaments united at the base, broadened in the middle. Anthers versatile, opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas bearing the ovules at their base. Style simple with 2-3 stigmas, or 2-3-cleft at the top. Ovules with a long ascending funicle, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a copious, mealy albumen and a straight, axile embryo.--Genera 2, species 10.

Stamens 5, equal. Carpels 2. Petals without a ligule. Small shrubs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. Used as a substitute for tea. (Under _Frankenia_ L.) =Beatsonia= Roxb.

Stamens 4 or 6, the outer ones shorter. Carpels usually 3. Petals usually with a ligule.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa. =Frankenia= L.

FAMILY 153. TAMARICACEAE

Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, 4-5-, rarely 6-7-merous. Petals hypogynous, free. Disc present. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with basal or parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, ascending, inverted, with a very short funicle. Styles or sessile stigmas several, free or united at the base. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy; embryo straight.--Genera 3, species 25. (Plate 101.)

1. Flowers solitary. Petals 5, with an appendage on the inner face. Stamens numerous. Styles distinctly separated from the ovary, thread-shaped; stigmas small, simple. Placentas extending throughout the ovary, but bearing ovules at the base only, later on separating from the wall of the ovary. Seeds with a boss at the top, hairy all round, albuminous.--Species 3. North Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe REAUMURIEAE.]. =Reaumuria= L.

Flowers in racemes. Petals unappendaged. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovary beaked. Styles short and thick or wanting; stigmas broadened. Placentas basal-subparietal, cushion-shaped. Seeds without a boss, but with a tuft of hairs at the top, exalbuminous. [Tribe TAMARICEAE.] 2

2. Anthers turned inwards. Stigmas sessile, cushion-shaped. Seeds with a stalked tuft of hairs.--Species 1. North West Africa (Algeria). =Myricaria= Desv.

Anthers turned outwards. Filaments free or almost free. Stigmas borne upon a short style, more or less spatulate. Seeds with a sessile tuft of hairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 101.) “Tamarisk.” =Tamarix= L.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 101._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tamarix senegalensis DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 102._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cistus heterophyllus Desf.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). _C_ Transverse section of ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed in longitudinal section.]

SUBORDER CISTINEAE

FAMILY 154. CISTACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 or 5, with contorted aestivation. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 7 or more, usually numerous, unequal. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary 1-celled with 3-10 parietal placentas, or more or less completely 3-10-celled. Style simple or wanting, stigma large. Ovules numerous, usually straight. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5, species 75. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. (Plate 102.)

1. Stamens partly (the outer ones) sterile. Carpels 3. Ovules 6-12, inverted. Style long. Undershrubs.--Species 5. North Africa. (Under _Helianthemum_ L.) =Fumana= Spach

Stamens all fertile. Ovules straight. 2

2. Carpels 5 or 10. Funicle thread-shaped. Petals white or red. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.--Species 15. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants; the resin of others (ladanum) is employed in medicine and perfumery and as a fumigant. (Plate 102.) =Cistus= L.

Carpels 3. 3 3

3. Style long, usually kneed or sigmoid at the base. Funicle obconical. Embryo folded. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 40. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-rose.” =Helianthemum= Adans.

Style short and straight or wanting. Funicle thread-shaped or thickened in the middle. Embryo coiled or hooked. 4

4. Funicle thread-shaped. Embryo coiled. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, without stipules.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under _Helianthemum_ Tourn.) =Halimium= Willk.

Funicle thickened in the middle. Embryo hooked. Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa. (Under _Helianthemum_ Tourn.) =Tuberaria= Spach

FAMILY 155. BIXACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, palminerved, stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes, clothed with scales, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free, glandular at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, rose-coloured, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or slightly united at the base. Anthers curved, opening at the top by two short, transverse slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma small, 2-lobed. Fruit 2-valved, usually prickly. Seed-coat red and fleshy outside, hard within. Albumen copious.

Genus 1, species 1 (_B. orellana_ L.). Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Yields fibres, dyes (arnatto), and medicaments. =Bixa= L.

SUBORDER COCHLOSPERMINEAE

FAMILY 156. COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or palmately lobed or divided, stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, glabrous or clothed with simple hairs, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or united at the base. Anthers straight, opening by two sometimes confluent slits or pores. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3-5 more or less projecting parietal placentas, or 2-3-celled. Ovules several or many, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a curved embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2, species 7. Tropics. (Under _BIXINEAE_.)

Petals large, yellow. Anthers long, attached by the base, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal. Seeds covered with long hairs. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Flowers in few-flowered racemes or panicles.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield fibre, gum, dyes, and medicaments. (_Maximilianea_ Mart. & Schrank.) =Cochlospermum= Kunth

Petals small. Anthers short, attached by the back, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules few, subbasal. Leaves undivided, penninerved. Flowers in compound cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Sphaerosepalum= Bak.

SUBORDER FLACOURTIINEAE

FAMILY 157. WINTERANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-10, free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 7-18, hypogynous. Filaments wholly united. Anthers opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a minute embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2, species 4. Tropics. (_CANELLACEAE_.)

Petals 4-6, united beyond the middle. Anthers 7-9, two-celled, or 14-18, 1-celled. Placentas 3-4. Stigma 1. Flowers solitary.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe CINNAMOSMEAE.] =Cinnamosma= Baill.

Petals 10, free. Anthers 10. Placentas 5. Stigmas 5. Flowers cymose.--Species 2. East Africa. Yielding an aromatic oil. [Tribe CINNAMODENDREAE.] =Warburgia= Engl.

FAMILY 158. VIOLACEAE

Leaves simple. Flowers bracteolate, more or less irregular. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, with open or imbricate aestivation. Petals 5, free, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 103._

J. Fleischmann del.

Rinorea gracilipes Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen from front and back. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 104._

J. Fleischmann del.

Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Hér.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.] the petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Filaments short. Anthers turned inwards; connective usually prolonged. Ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with an elastically seceding exocarp. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 4, species 100. (Plate 103.)

1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and furnished with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing a spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above. Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe VIOLEAE.] 2

Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss. Style straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe RINOREEAE.] 3

2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very short. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies). =Viola= L.

Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Calceolaria_ Loefl., _Ionidium_ Vent.) =Hybanthus= Jacq.

3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent. Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Allexis= Pierre

Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds without an aril, with copious albumen.--Species 70. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (_Alsodeia_ Thouars). (Plate 103.) =Rinorea= Aubl.

FAMILY 159. FLACOURTIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular. Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (_Dioncophyllum_) with contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal slits, rarely (_Kiggelaria_) by apical pores. Ovary superior and sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (_Bembicia_) inferior, one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with 2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight embryo.--Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _SAMYDACEAE_, under _BIXINEAE_.) (Plate 104.)

1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes. [Tribe ERYTHROSPERMEAE.] 2

Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals absent. 7

2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base. 3

Inner perianth-leaves without appendages. 5

3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery. Style very short.--Species 4. East and South-east Africa. =Rawsonia= Harv. & Send.

Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner. 4

4. Stamens 5.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under _Dasylepis_ Oliv.) =Scottelia= Oliv.

Stamens numerous.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Dasylepis= Oliv.

5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple, with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and East Africa. =Erythrospermum= Lam.

Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-4-cleft or-parted. 6

6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded, loculicidal capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Pyramidocarpus= Oliv.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches. Fruit a many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (_Cerolepis_ Pierre). =Camptostylus= Gilg

7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled. 8

Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8. 35

8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary superior. 9

Petals as many as sepals. 17

9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating with 8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx 4-partite. Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the placentas. Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.--Species 1. West Africa. =Dissomeria= Benth.

Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous, parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.] 10

10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate aestivation. Style simple. 11

Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation. 12

11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas 2-3. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Prockiopsis= Baill.

Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Buchnerodendron= Guerke

12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the axils of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.--Species 3. West Africa. =Poggea= Guerke

Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12. 13

13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Grandidiera= Jaub.

Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes. 14

14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) =Lindackeria= Presl

Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more. 15

15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided into several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous, minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.--Species 15. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) =Caloncoba= Gilg

Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together. 16

16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6 valves; seeds few, large.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) =Xylotheca= Hochst.

Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and numerous seeds.--Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally; the fruits are edible and used for making ornaments. =Oncoba= Forsk.

17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top. Ovary superior. Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes. Shrubs.--Species 6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.] =Kiggelaria= L.

Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. 18

18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona at its margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe PAROPSIEAE.] 19

Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands. 25

19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona short-tubular, entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not thickened. Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated axillary spikes or racemes.--Species 3. West Africa. =Soyauxia= Oliv.

Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles. 20

20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles. Bracts with two large glands at the base.--Species 1. West Africa (Liberia). (Under _Paropsia_ Nor.) =Androsiphonia= Stapf

Ovules 3 or more on each placenta. 21

21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile, in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by imbricate bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited by ants. Leaves stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa and region of the Great Lakes. =Barteria= Hook.

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked. 22

22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner ring-shaped. Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. =Paropsiopsis= Engl.

Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many. 23

23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments. Stamens 5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Hounea= Baill.

Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments thin, thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed. 24

24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at the base of the blade.--Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. =Paropsia= Nor.

Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base of the stalk.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under _Paropsia_ Nor.) =Smeathmannia= Soland.

25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves, cymose. Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.] 26

Inflorescences axillary or terminal. 28

26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Moquerysia= Hua

Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5. 27

27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Leaves large, serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Phylloclinium= Baill.

Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules. Leaves very large.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Phyllobotryum= Muell. Arg.

28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary half-inferior, more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe HOMALIEAE.] 29

Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.] 33

29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with 1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes or spike-like panicles.--Species 4. East and South Africa. =Trimeria= Harv.

Flowers hermaphrodite. 30

30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Gerrardina= Oliv.

Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft. 31

31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens 5-8, nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including _Bivinia_ Tul.) =Calantica= Tul.

Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly. 32

32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens 12-18. Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like panicles. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 2. West Africa. =Byrsanthus= Guill.

Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond; in the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the sepals. Petals persistent.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Including _Blackwellia_ Comm.) =Homalium= Jacq.

33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7, united at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dioncophyllum= Baill.

Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1, simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils. 34

34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled. Connective not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger than the sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves penninerved.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Marquesia= Gilg

Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually prolonged. Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (_Phoberos_ Lour.) =Scolopia= Schreb.

35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas. Styles 2-3. Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.] =Bembicia= Oliv.

Ovary superior. 36

36. Receptacle with thread-or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united appendages. Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas. 37

Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without thread-or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages. 39

37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual, solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Trichostephanus= Gilg

Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe CASEARIEAE.] 38

38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds with a minute aril.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Ophiobotrys= Gilg

Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads, hermaphrodite. Stamens 6-12.--Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (_Guidonia_ Plum.) =Casearia= Jacq.

39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals. Sepals glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with numerous ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves entire or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See 31.) =Calantica= Tul.

Stamens not in bundles. 40

40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles 2. Fruit a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with a minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Physena= Thouars

Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous. 41

41. Ovary 2-or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit a prickly nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite.--Species 5. Madagascar. (_Ropalocarpus_ Boj.) =Rhopalocarpus= Boj.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2-or more-celled, then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.] 42

42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or more-celled. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free glands. 43

Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous. 44

43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands. Placentas with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute, deciduous.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits. (_Dovyalis_ Arn. & Mey., including _Aberia_ Hochst.) =Doryalis= Arn. & Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each. Fruit a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.--Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian plums), and medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.) =Flacourtia= Juss.

44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into a disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules. Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. Yields timber and condiments. =Guya= Frapp.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc but then style distinctly developed. 45

45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6, oblong, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at the apex. Stipules none.--Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine. =Ludia= Lam.

Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish, or 3. Styles 3 or 0. 46

46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 3. Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear. Flowers in racemose inflorescences.--Species 6. Madagascar. =Tisonia= Baill.

Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (_Aphloia_ Benn.) =Neumannia= Rich.

FAMILY 160. TURNERACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 7, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.)

1. Sepals free or nearly so. 2

Sepals united below into a distinct tube. 3

2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs. Trees with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the stalk. Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Mathurina= Balf. fil.

Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes. Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including _Erblichia_ Seem., under _Turnera_ L.) =Piriqueta= Aubl.

3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas of the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute. Flowers solitary, erect, bracteolate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Loewia= Urban

Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then stigmas divided. 4

4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. 5

Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy herbs. Leaves without stipules. 6

5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of the calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under _Turnera_ L.) =Hyalocalyx= Rolfe

Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube. Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.--Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Turnera= L.

6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a scale at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit linear. Seeds in one row.--Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 105.) =Wormskioldia= Schum. & Thonn.

Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in several rows.--Species 3. East Africa. (Under _Wormskioldia_ Schum. & Thonn.) =Streptopetalum= Hochst.

FAMILY 161. PASSIFLORACEAE

Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage. Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy albumen.--Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.)

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 105._

J. Fleischmann del.

Wormskioldia lobata Urb.

_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary. _D_ Seed with aril. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 106._

J. Fleischmann del.

Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Tendril. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cluster of fruits.]

1. Leaves compound: 2-3-foliolate or pinnate. Shrubs. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-10, free from the short gynophore. Anthers attached by the back. 2

Leaves simple: entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. 3

2. Corona formed of numerous threads springing from the base of the calyx. Petals 4-5, resembling the sepals. Stamens united at base. Style 3-5-cleft. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Stem climbing. Leaflets in 1-2 pairs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 6. West Africa and Madagascar. =Deidamia= Thouars

Corona none, but a disc within the stamens present. Petals 5, much exceeding the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, free, alternating with 5 staminodes. Style simple. Ovules 10-12. Leaflets in 4-5 pairs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. =Donaldsonia= Bak.

3. Fertile stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 6-8. Corona formed of one row of threads. Ovary almost sessile, with 4 placentas and 4 subsessile stigmas. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Schlechterina= Harms

Fertile stamens as many as the sepals or petals. 4

4. Fertile stamens alternating with as many staminodes. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Style simple. 5

Fertile stamens not alternating with staminodes. 6

5. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, larger than the sepals. Corona formed of one row of threads. Staminodes tooth-shaped. Ovary seated in the centre of the disc. Stigma entire. Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Northern West Africa. =Crossostemma= Planch.

Calyx-tube bell-or funnel-shaped. Sepals oblong. Petals linear-oblong, much smaller than the sepals. Corona none. Staminodes awl-shaped. Anthers affixed by the back, near the base, and surmounted by a prolonged, awl-shaped connective. Stamens free from the short gynophore. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Erect herbs without tendrils. Leaves linear-lanceolate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Machadoa= Welw.

6. Stamens adnate to the gynophore. Anthers affixed by the back, at first turned inwards, later on outwards. Styles 3 or style single and 3-cleft. Corona present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry.--Species 8. One of them a native of Madagascar, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits, drinks, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Passion-flower.” =Passiflora= L.

Stamens free from the gynophore, or no gynophore present. Anthers affixed by the base or between its lobes, opening inwards or laterally. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. 7

7. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Corona triple. Style 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in 2-3-flowered cymes.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Including _Basananthe_ Peyr.) =Tryphostemma= Harv.

Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite or polygamous, but then without a corona. Petals 4-6. Corona simple, double, or wanting. Leaves with 1-3 glands at the base.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous, others have edible fruits or are used in medicine. (_Modecca_ Lam., including _Echinothamnus_ Engl., _Jaeggia_ Schinz, _Keramanthus_ Hook. fil., _Ophiocaulon_ Hook. fil., and _Paschanthus_ Burch.) (Plate 106.) =Adenia= Forsk.

FAMILY 162. ACHARIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous, monoecious, solitary or fascicled, axillary, the male sometimes in racemes. Sepals free, at least in the female flowers, imbricate or open in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, affixed to the corolla. Anthers adnate, opening inwards. Receptacle produced into a corona formed of 3-5 scales which are inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the stamens. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas bearing 2 or more inverted ovules each. Style 3-10-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a sometimes adnate aril, a pitted or wrinkled testa, a copious albumen, and a straight embryo.--Genera 3, species 3. South Africa. (Under _PASSIFLORACEAE_.)

1. Stem twining. Leaves 5-7-lobed. Flowers 4-5-merous, the male in racemes, the female solitary. Sepals of the male flowers linear. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthers cohering. Corona formed of linear or oblong scales. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. Style-branches twice as many as placentas. Fruit linear. Aril adnate to the wrinkled testa.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ceratiosicyos= Nees

Stem erect or underground. Leaves 3-lobed or undivided. Flowers solitary or fascicled. Stamens inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Aril free from the pitted testa. 2

2. Aboveground stem erect or ascending, woody at the base. Leaves 3-lobed. Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals oblong or ovate, free. Anthers with a broad connective. Ovary sessile, subglobose. Ovules few, usually 6-8. Style-branches twice as many as placentas.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Acharia= Thunb.

Aboveground stem wanting. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary, 5-merous. Sepals linear, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers with a narrow connective. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. Ovules numerous. Style-branches as many as placentas. Fruit elliptical.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Guthriea= Bolus

SUBORDER PAPAYINEAE

FAMILY 163. CARICACEAE

Trees with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the top of the stem, palmately lobed or divided, without stipules. Flowers, at least the male ones, panicled, 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers turned inwards, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 1-or 5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal, inverted. Style simple with 5 stigmas, or 5-to many-cleft. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a double coat, succulent outside, woody within.--Genera 2, species 3. Tropics. (_PAPAYACEAE_, under _PASSIFLORACEAE_.)

Filaments free. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas branched. Stem unarmed, simple or scantily branched.--Species 1 (_C. Papaya_ L., papaw-tree). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. It yields edible fruits, medicaments, and substitutes for soap and tobacco. The juice of the stem is poisonous, that of the leaves is used for rendering meat tender. (_Papaya_ Tourn.) =Carica= L.

Filaments united below. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas undivided. Stem branched, prickly. Species 2. Central Africa. (Under _Jacaratia_ Marcgr.) =Cylicomorpha= Urban

SUBORDER LOASINEAE

FAMILY 164. LOASACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, regular, 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals open in bud, becoming wing-like after flowering. Petals shorter, free, concave, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, collected in 5 bundles opposite to the petals, alternating with glandular scales bearing each two staminodes on their inner surface. Ovary inferior, unequally 2-celled, the larger cell with two ovules, the smaller with one. Ovules descending, inverted. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 1. South Africa. =Kissenia= R. Br.

SUBORDER BEGONIINEAE

FAMILY 165. BEGONIACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or palmately compound, usually oblique, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 2-5, very rarely 6-9 free segments. Stamens numerous. Anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled, usually winged. Placentas attached to the inner angle of the cells or to the partitions. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2-6, free or united at the base, usually cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds very numerous, minute, with a striate or netted testa, exalbuminous. (Plate 107.)

Genus 1, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants or as vegetables. (Including _Mezierea_ Gaud.) =Begonia= L.

SUBORDER ANCISTROCLADINEAE

FAMILY 166. ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, with small, deciduous stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Filaments united at the base, short. Anthers basifixed, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, half-inverted. Style simple with 3 stigmas or 3-cleft. Fruit a nut surmounted by the enlarged, wing-like sepals. Seeds with a thin testa, a repeatedly folded albumen, and a straight embryo. (Under _DIPTEROCARPACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. West Africa. =Ancistrocladus= Wall.

ORDER OPUNTIALES

FAMILY 167. CACTACEAE

Succulent plants with a thickened, usually jointed and spiny stem. Leaves mostly scale-like, often deciduous. Flowers solitary or in clusters, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 8 or more segments not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with several parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5, species 13.

1. Leaves well-developed. Stem not jointed. Spines not barbed. Perianth wheel-shaped. Ovules few, not enveloped by the short funicle. Cotyledons intertwisted.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A decorative and medicinal plant. [Subfamily =PEIRESKIOIDEAE=, tribe PEIRESKIEAE.] =Peireskia= Plum.

Leaves scale-like or absent. Stem more or less copiously jointed. Cotyledons not intertwisted. 2

2. Plants destitute of barbed spines. Joints of the stem elongated. Ovules not enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily =CEREOIDEAE=.] 3

Plants bearing barbed spines, at least upon the fruit. Joints of the stem short, more or less ovoid. Perianth regular, more or less wheel-shaped. Ovules enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily =OPUNTIOIDEAE=, tribe OPUNTIEAE.] 4

3. Perianth funnel-or salver-shaped, with obviously united segments. Ovules numerous, on long funicles. Terrestrial plants.--Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. A decorative plant with edible fruits. [Tribe ECHINOCACTEAE.] =Cereus= Haw.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 107._

J. Fleischmann del.

Begonia Favargeri Rechinger

_A_ Aboveground part of the plant. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther from front and back. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Seed.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 108._

J. Fleischmann del.

Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower in longitudinal section and bracteole. _C_ Anther. _D_ Transverse section of ovary.]

Perianth wheel-shaped, of free or nearly free segments. Ovules few, on short funicles. Epiphytes.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Hariota_ Adans.) [Tribe RHIPSALIDEAE.] =Rhipsalis= Gaertn.

4. Stamens much exceeding the perianth. Seed-coat leathery. Stem without spines. Flowers red.--Species 1 (_N. coccinellifera_ S. Dyck). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized, especially in the Canary Islands. It is used for rearing the cochineal insect and as a vegetable. (Under _Opuntia_ Haw.) =Nopalea= S. Dyck

Stamens shorter than the perianth. Seed-coat hard.--Species 3. Cultivated, especially in North Africa. They yield edible fruits (prickly pear) from which also dyes, drinks, medicaments, and sugar are prepared; one species is used for rearing the cochineal insect. =Opuntia= Haw.

ORDER MYRTIFLORAE

SUBORDER THYMELAEINEAE

FAMILY 168. GEISSOLOMATACEAE

Shrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite, surrounded by 6-8 unequal bracteoles. Calyx-tube short. Sepals petal-like, imbricate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 8, perigynous, unequal. Anthers versatile, short, with a narrow connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style 1. Stigmas 4. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a small outgrowth at the hilum, a smooth testa, a fleshy albumen, and a large straight embryo. (Under _PENAEACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. South Africa. =Geissoloma= Lindl. & Kunth

FAMILY 169. PENAEACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, entire, with sometimes gland-like stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or heads, with 2 or 4 bracteoles, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Sepals petal-like, red or yellow, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 4, perigynous, alternating with the sepals. Anthers adnate, with a thickened connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, sessile, 4-celled. Ovules 2 or 4 in each cell, all or the lower ones ascending, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple with a 4-lobed or 4-parted stigma, or 4-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with very small cotyledons.--Genera 5, species 35. South Africa. (Plate 108.)

1. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell, two of them ascending, two descending. Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. [Tribe ENDONEMEAE.] 2

Ovules 2, very rarely 4 in each ovary-cell, all ascending. Flowers in the axils of crowded leaves or bracts. Bracteoles 2. [Tribe PENAEEAE.] 3

2. Flowers in the axils of coloured bracts, crowded in terminal spikes or heads. Bracteoles 2. Filaments much shorter than the anthers. Anthers turned inwards in the bud; cells equalling the connective.--Species 1. Cape Colony. (Under _Endonema_ Juss.) =Glischrocolla= A. DC.

Flowers in the axils of foliage-leaves, not crowded. Bracteoles 4. Filaments nearly as long as or longer than the anthers. Anthers turned outwards in the bud; cells much shorter than the connective. Seeds with an outgrowth at the top.--Species 2. Cape Colony. =Endonema= A. Juss.

3. Ovary and style 4-angled or 4-winged. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stamens very short.--Species 20. Cape Colony. (Including _Stylapterus_ Juss.) =Penaea= L.

Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. 4

4. Calyx-tube short, oblong-oval, somewhat longer than the sepals. Stamens slightly exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments short. Ovules 2 in each cell.--Species 6. Cape Colony. (Under _Sarcocolla_ Kunth). =Brachysiphon= A. Juss.

Calyx-tube long, cylindrical, much longer than the sepals. Stamens much exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments long. Anthers-cells almost equalling the connective.--Species 5. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental plants. (Plate 108.) =Sarcocolla= Kunth

FAMILY 170. OLINIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers in terminal cymose inflorescences, regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx petaloid, white or red. Petals much smaller than the sepals, white, valvate in bud. Fertile stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals, usually alternating with scale-like staminodes. Anthers nearly sessile, with a large connective. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled. Ovules 2-3 in the inner angle of each ovary-cell, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons. (Under _LYTRHACEAE_, _MELASTOMATACEAE_, or _RHAMNACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 7. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber. =Olinia= Thunb.

FAMILY 171. THYMELAEACEAE

Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals petaloid. Petals usually present. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, 4, or twice as many, 8 or 10. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe or a nut. Embryo large, straight.--Genera 17, species 250. (Plate 109.)

1. Receptacle flat. Sepals free. Petals none, but 4-10 scales placed singly or in pairs opposite to the sepals. Stamens 8-10, hypogynous. Ovary 4-5-celled. Low trees. Leaves alternate, dotted beneath. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary, white.--Species 7. West Africa. (Including _Makokoa_ Baill.) [Subfamily =OCTOLEPIDIOIDEAE=, tribe OCTOLEPIDEAE.] =Octolepis= Oliv.

Receptacle concave. Sepals united. Stamens perigynous. Ovary 1-2-celled. 2

2. Ovary 2-celled, surrounded by a disc. Petals none. Stamens 8-10. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbels, yellowish-green.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. [Subfamily =PHALERIOIDEAE=, tribe PEDDIEAE.] =Peddiea= Harv.

Ovary 1-celled. [Subfamily =THYMELAEOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Petals present, usually smaller than the sepals and 2-parted, sometimes united into a ring. 4

Petals none, but sometimes 8 or more scales present, inserted below the stamens, and usually alternating with them. Stamens 8-10. 9

4. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part falling off after flowering. Fruit with a membranous exocarp. [Tribe GNIDIEAE.] 5

Calyx-tube not jointed, persisting in fruit or falling off as a whole. Fruit with a hard or fleshy exocarp. Stamens 8-10. [Tribe DICRANOLEPIDEAE.] 6

5. Stamens 4, inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube, nearly sessile, with a broadened connective. Petals thick-fleshy, surrounded by hairs. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves small, leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.--Species 25. South and Central Africa. =Struthiola= L.

Stamens 8 or 10, in two whorls very distant from each other and inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube and at the throat. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Flowers in heads, more rarely arranged spike-like in the axils of the upper leaves.--Species 125. Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (Including _Arthrosolen_ Mey. and _Lasiosiphon_ Frees) =Gnidia= L.

6. Petals united into a ring. Stamens 10. Shrubs. 7

Petals free, 2-partite. Leaves herbaceous. 8

7. Petals united into a nearly entire ring. Ovary short-stalked, surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped or slashed disc. Flowers in few-flowered axillary clusters or in short terminal racemes.--Species 6. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Synaptolepis= Oliv.

Petals united into a slashed ring. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Flowers in long-stalked spikes or heads.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Stephanodaphne= Baill.

8. Flowers 4-merous. Petals thickish, almost erect. Staminal whorls remote from each other. Anthers nearly sessile, slightly exserted. Disc none. Ovary sessile, hairy. Style included. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal umbels.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa. =Englerodaphne= Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Petals thin, spreading. Staminal whorls approximate. Anthers more or less exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary short-stalked. Style long. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Dicranolepis= Planch.

9. (3.) Stamens 10, inserted at or below the middle of the long, narrowly funnel-shaped, not jointed calyx-tube at the same level. Filaments short, unequal in length. Anthers included. Corona none. Disc ring-or saucer-shaped. Ovary sessile. Style short. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite or nearly so, leathery. Flowers in axillary clusters, greenish-yellow.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe CRATEROSIPHONEAE.] =Craterosiphon= Engl. & Gilg

Stamens inserted at the throat or the upper part of the calyx-tube; in the latter case calyx-tube wide or jointed. [Tribe DAPHNEAE.] 10

10. Calyx-tube bearing in its upper part a corona of 8 or more scales, jointed above the ovary, the lower part persistent in fruit. Flowers 4-merous. Filaments thread-like. Anthers exserted. Ovary sessile. Fruit dry. Shrubs. Leaves small, leathery, sometimes needle-shaped. 11

Calyx-tube without a corona, but sometimes the ovary surrounded at the base by a disc or by several glands. 12

11. Flowers solitary, white or reddish. Sepals equal in length. Corona inserted in the middle of the calyx-tube.--Species 5. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Cryptadenia= Meissn.

Flowers in fascicles or heads. Corona inserted next to the throat of the calyx, and formed of 8 scales which alternate with the stamens.--Species 20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 109.) =Lachnaea= L.

12. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part, rarely the whole calyx, falling off after flowering. 13

Calyx-tube not jointed, persistent in fruit or falling off as a whole, the segments sometimes falling off singly. Filaments and style short. Flowers 4-merous. 16

13. Filaments very short. Staminal whorls widely separated. Disc minute or wanting. (See 5.) =Gnidia= L.

Filaments long. Staminal whorls approximate, rarely somewhat distant, but then disc distinctly developed. Shrubs. 14

14. Flowers 5-merous. Segments of the calyx much shorter than the tube. Disc saucer-shaped, lobed. Ovary hairy. Fruit dry. Seeds without albumen. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 6. South Africa and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Dais= L.

Flowers 4-merous. Segments of the calyx nearly as long as the tube. Disc none. Ovary glabrous. Seeds with a copious albumen. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal spikes. 15

15. Fruit fleshy. Calyx-tube short, urn-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa. =Chymococca= Meissn.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 109._

J. Fleischmann del.

Lachnaea filamentosa (L. fil.) Gilg

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (the hairs are omitted).]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 110._

J. Fleischmann del.

Nesaea floribunda Sond.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower without the petals, cut lengthwise. _C_ Petal. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

Fruit dry.--Species 7. South Africa. Some species yield dyes or serve as ornamental plants. =Passerina= L.

16. Disc hypogynous, consisting of 1-4, usually 4, free or partly united, narrow, almost thread-shaped scales. Calyx-tube long; segments deciduous. Ovary hairy. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, hermaphrodite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. =Wikstroemia= Endl.

Disc minute and ring-shaped, or wanting. 17

17. Fruit a drupe. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Stigma large. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous plants yielding bast-fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments; they also serve as ornamental plants. =Daphne= L.

Fruit a nut. Disc none. Ovary short-stalked. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary.--Species 10. North Africa. Some species are used as medicinal or fibre-plants. =Thymelaea= Endl.

FAMILY 172. ELAEAGNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, covered with scaly hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes, 4-merous, very rarely 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx white or yellow within, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens perigynous, as many as and alternate with the sepals. Filaments very short. Anthers attached at the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, but tightly enclosed by the concave receptacle, 1-celled, with a single erect and inverted ovule. Style simple, long; stigma entire, capitate. Fruit a nut enclosed by the succulent calyx-tube. Seed with a hard coat and scanty albumen or without albumen; embryo straight, with a minute radicle and thick, fleshy cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 2. Naturalized in North Africa and the Island of Mauritius. Ornamental plants yielding timber and medicaments. “Oleaster.” =Elaeagnus= L.

SUBORDER MYRTINEAE

FAMILY 173. LYTHRACEAE

Leaves entire, usually stipulate. Flowers 3-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals valvate in the bud. Petals inserted at the throat of the calyx, usually crumpled in the bud, sometimes absent. Stamens nearly always inserted below the petals. Anthers fixed by the back. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules numerous in each cell, attached at the inner angle, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 110.)

1. Partitions of the ovary incomplete above; placentas not continuing into the style. [Tribe LYTHREAE.] 2

Partitions of the ovary complete; placentas continuing into the style. Flowers regular. [Tribe NESAEEAE.] 9

2. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 6. Petals 6-7, unequal. Stamens 10-14, usually 11. Disc present. Placenta finally protruding from the bursting ovary and calyx-tube. Leaves opposite or whorled.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. =Cuphea= P. Browne

Flowers regular or almost so. 3

3. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves not dotted. Seeds not winged. 4

Stem woody. Leaves opposite, marked with black dots, rarely without dots, but then seeds with a thick wing. Style long. 7

4. Fruit indehiscent, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx-tube hemispherical or broad-campanulate, with appendages at the apex. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-celled. Style very short. Flowers solitary, axillary, with whitish bracteoles.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a vegetable. =Peplis= L.

Fruit dehiscing by 2-4 valves or bursting transversely or irregularly; in the latter cases flowers 4-merous and cymose. 5

5. Fruit bursting transversely or irregularly, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Flowers in axillary cymes, with whitish bracteoles.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used medicinally. =Ammania= L.

Fruit dehiscing longitudinally in 2-4 valves. 6

6. Fruit marked with dense, sometimes very faint, transverse veins. Sepals usually membranous. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer. Glabrous plants. Flowers solitary or umbellate and axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes, bracteolate.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Quartinia_ Endl., _Rhyacophila_ Hochst., and _Suffrenia_ Bellardi). =Rotala= L.

Fruit without transverse veins. Calyx-tube tubular, rarely campanulate, with appendages at the top. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, rarely in spikes or racemes of cymes (false whorls).--Species 8. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Lythrum= L.

7. Stamens 6. Calyx-tube top-shaped. Sepals membranous. Ovary nearly completely 2-celled. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Galpinia= N. E. Brown

Stamens 12-18. Flowers solitary or in racemes. 8

8. Calyx-tube tubular. Petals small. Stamens 12. Ovary nearly completely 2-celled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seeds not winged. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. They yield tanning and dyeing material and serve as ornamental plants. =Woodfordia= Salisb.

Calyx-tube campanulate or cupular. Ovary very incompletely 3-4-celled. Fruit opening transversely. Seeds with a thick wing. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 2. Madagascar and East Africa. They serve as vegetables. =Pemphis= Forst.

9. (1.) Stamens 5-6, opposite to the petals and adnate to their base. Calyx-tube expanded. Sepals lanceolate. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in a single row. Low trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Natal). =Rhynchocalyx= Oliv.

Stamens 4-23, inserted below the petals, or petals wanting. Ovules in two or more rows. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 10

10. Calyx-tube top-or saucer-shaped, without appendages. Sepals 4. Stamens inserted near the petals, singly or in clusters of 2-3 opposite the sepals. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seed-coat with a spongy thickening at the top. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1 (_L. inermis_ L.). Tropical and North Africa. Yields a dye (henna) and is used in perfumery and medicine. (Including _Rotantha_ Bak.) =Lawsonia= L.

Calyx-tube bell-, urn-, or cup-shaped. Sepals 4-8. Stamens remote from the petals, or petals wanting. Fruit opening by 4 valves or by a lid. Seed-coat not specially thickened. Flowers in cymes or umbels. 11

11. Calyx-tube winged. Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 4, alternating with the sepals. Anthers finally kidney-shaped. Fruit opening by 4 valves. Style persisting upon the placentas. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary, 2-4-flowered umbels.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Tetrataxis= Hook. fil.

Calyx-tube not winged. Fruit at first opening by a small lid, later on splitting towards the base. Style persisting upon a valve or falling off. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs. Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 110.) =Nesaea= Comm.

FAMILY 174. SONNERATIACEAE