Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (15)

29. Stamens 6-7. Petals hairy, with 1-2 scales adnate by their edges. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a cartilagineous endocarp. Seeds with an adnate aril. Leaves with 4-11 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Aporrhiza= Radlk.

Stamens 8-10. 30

30. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 8. 31

Ovary 3-celled. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Stamens 8-10. Petals furnished at the base with a scale adnate at each side. 32

31. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed, pellucidly dotted, beset with scaly glands when young. Fruit 2-lobed, with a fleshy pericarp. Seeds without an aril.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Sapindus_ L.) =Smelophyllum= Radlk.

Leaflets in 5 pairs, entire, beset with stellate hairs. Fruit with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1 (_E. Longana_ Lam.). Cultivated in the tropics and in Egypt and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber and edible fruits. (Under _Nephelium_ L.) =Euphoria= Commers.

32. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 8, rarely 10. Fruit large, bluntly 3-angled. Seeds enveloped at the base by an adnate aril.--Species 3. West Africa. The aril is poisonous when unripe or over-ripe, but edible when ripe, and used for preparing oil and medicaments; from the fragrant flowers an aromatic liquid is prepared. “Akee-tree.” (Under _Cupania_ L.) =Blighia= Koen.

Petals funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Seeds enclosed in the fleshy testa. Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, toothed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Lychnodiseus= Radlk.

33. (27.) Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a spongey pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tinopsis= Radlk.

Stamens 8-24. 34

34. Stamens 8. 35

Stamens 10-24. Seeds without an aril. 42

35. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals small. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a membranous aril and a crustaceous testa.--Species 10. Madagascar and East Africa. =Macphersonia= Blume

Leaves once pinnate. 36

36. Petals with 1 scale. Seeds without an aril; testa membranous, leathery, or crustaceous. 37

Petals with 2 scales, usually formed by the inflexion of their edges, rarely (_Molinaea_) without scales. Seeds with an aril, rarely (_Sapindus_) without, but then with a bony testa. 38

37. Leaflets prickly toothed, in several pairs. Stem shrubby. Inflorescences springing from the older parts of the stem. Petals with a hooded scale. Disc cup-shaped, crenate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cotylodiscus= Radlk.

Leaflets entire. Stem tree-like. Fruit lobed. 38

38. Leaflets in 2 pairs. Fruit drupaceous, not separating into mericarps. Seeds with a thin testa; embryo nearly straight.--Species 1 (_A. senegalensis_ Radlk.). Central Africa. It yields timber and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap; the seeds are poisonous. (Under _Sapindus_ L.) =Aphania= Blume

Leaflets in 3 or more pairs. Fruit separating into 2-3 berry-like mericarps. Seeds with a leathery testa.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Plate 85.) =Deinbollia= Schum. & Thonn.

39. Petals with large scales. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit capsular.--Species 10. Madagascar. (Under _Cupania_ L., _Jagera_ Blume, or _Ratonia_ DC.). =Tina= Roem. & Schult.

Petals with small scales or without scales. Ovary 3-celled. 40

40. Petals very small, with 2 linear scales at the base. Filaments bent twice in the bud. Shrubs. Leaflets in 6-10 pairs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Eriandrostachys= Baill.

Petals small or rather large, with the margins bent inwards at the base or without any appendage. Usually trees. 41

41. Seeds with an aril and a crustaceous testa. Fruit winged, capsular.--Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under _Cupania_ L.). =Molinaea= Comm.

Seeds without an aril; testa bony. Fruit not winged, drupaceous or separating into mericarps. (See 9.) =Sapindus= L.

42. (34.) Petals without a scale. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular, bristly. Climbing shrubs clothed with rust-coloured hairs. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Cupania_ L.) =Laccodiscus= Radlk.

Petals with a scale. Trees or erect shrubs. 43

43. Ovary entire. Stamens 10-12. Leaves without glands.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Deinbollia_ Schum. & Thonn.) =Camptolepis= Radlk.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 85._

J. Fleischmann del.

Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg

_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise (two anthers have fallen off). _D_ Older female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Leaf.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 86._

J. Fleischmann del.

Bersama abyssinica Fresen.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Flower without the perianth. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Seed with aril. _H_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

Ovary lobed or divided. Stamens 12-24. Leaves with sunken glands. Fruit separating into mericarps. 44

44. Fruit winged; pericarp leathery. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 20-24. Sepals densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaflets 4, with conspicuous veins.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. The seeds contain oil. =Hornea= Bak.

Fruit not winged; pericarp fleshy. (See 38.) =Deinbollia= Schum. & Thonn.

45. (2.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular. 46

Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals 5 or 0. Disc complete or indistinct. 48

46. Petals with a long claw and a crisped scale, red. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens 8. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, bursting irregularly. Seeds with a red, bony testa and a spiral embryo. Shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate with a winged rachis and 11-13 leaflets.--Species 2. South Africa and Madagascar. =Erythrophysa= E. Mey.

Petals with a short claw and without a scale. Disc flat. Ovary sessile. Fruit opening regularly. Seeds with a leathery or crusty testa. Leaves with 3-10 leaflets clothed with stellate hairs. 47

47. Stamens 5-6. Fruit with septifragal dehiscence. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves unequally pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. =Cossignia= Comm.

Stamens 8. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved. Leaves equally pinnate, with 6-10 leaflets.--Species 3. Tropics. (_Majidea_ Kirk) =Harpullia= Roxb.

48. Petals present. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves equally pinnate. 49

Petals absent. 51

49. Disc somewhat one-sided. Petals green or yellowish. Fruit capsular. Leaves with 8-10 leaflets. (See 47.) =Harpullia= Roxb.

Disc equal-sided. Petals red or reddish. 50

50. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets. Petals with the margins bent back at the base. Fruit capsular, 3-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Conchopetalum= Radlk.

Leaves with 8-14 usually serrate leaflets along a winged rachis. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit indehiscent, leathery, usually 1-celled.--Species 1. South Africa. =Hippobromus= Eckl. & Zeyh.

51. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-15, usually 8. Ovary 2-6-, usually 3-celled. Stigma lobed. Fruit capsular, 2-6-celled. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves usually simple.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits; the beaten branches are used as torches. =Dodonaea= L.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, usually drupaceous and 1-celled. Embryo not spiral. Leaves pinnate. 52

52. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Tall trees.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Zanha= Hiern

Flowers 5-merous. Leaves equally pinnate. 53

53. Calyx slightly lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa. =Talisiopsis= Radlk.

Calyx deeply divided. 54

54. Stamens alternating with the sepals. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets oval, crenate. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. The seeds are edible. =Dialiopsis= Radlk.

Stamens opposite to the sepals. Stigma entire. Seeds with a leathery testa and long radicle. Leaflets lanceolate oblong or elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Hippobromus_ Eckl. & Zeyh. or _Melicocca_ L.) =Doratoxylon= Thouars

SUBORDER MELIANTHINEAE

FAMILY 135. MELIANTHACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate or simple and undivided. Flowers in racemes, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud, sometimes cohering in the middle. Stamens 4-10, inserted within the disc. Anthers opening lengthwise by lateral slits. Ovary superior, 4-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 3, species 30. (Under _SAPINDACEAE_) (Plate 86.).

1. Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers almost regular. Disc equal-sided, with 10 processes. Petals sessile. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsule septicidal.--Species 3. South Africa. [Tribe GREYIEAE.] =Greyia= Hook. & Harv.

Leaves pinnate, stipulate. Flowers more or less irregular. Disc one-sided. Petals clawed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary usually 4-celled. Ovules 1-12 in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. [Tribe MELIANTHEAE.] 2

2. Sepals very unequal. Petals 4, rarely 5, cohering in the middle, shorter than the sepals. Disc pouch-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovules 4-12 in each ovary-cell. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. South Africa; one species also naturalized in the Canary Islands. The latter serves as an ornamental plant and is said to render honey poisonous. =Melianthus= L.

Sepals nearly equal. Petals 5, free, longer than the sepals. Disc semi-orbicular. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (Including _Natalia_ Hochst.) (Plate 86.) =Bersama= Fres.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 87._

J. Fleischmann del.

Impatiens capensis Thunb.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 88._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ventilago leiocarpa Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal. _D_ Petal expanded. _E_ Younger and older stamen. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Lower part of the fruit cut open.]

SUBORDER BALSAMININEAE

FAMILY 136. BALSAMINACEAE

Succulent herbs. Leaves herbaceous, undivided, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters or racemes, without bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate in bud, the hindmost more or less distinctly spurred. Petals 3 or 5. Stamens 5; filaments short and broad; anthers united, turned inwards, opening towards the apex. Disc none. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules 3 or more, in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit succulent, dehiscing elastically. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _GERANIACEAE_.) (Plate 87.)

Genus 1, species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants (balsams), others yield dyes, medicaments, or edible oily seeds. (Including _Trimorphopetalum_ Bak.) =Impatiens= L.

ORDER RHAMNALES

FAMILY 137. RHAMNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely (_Helinus_) undershrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, more rarely (_Phylica_) exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Receptacle more or less cup-shaped. Sepals 4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals. Anthers opening by 1-2 slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-4-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate, rarely (_Maesopsis_) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Seeds with a large, straight embryo.--Genera 18, species 140. (Plate 88.)

1. Ovary superior or almost so. 2

Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 9

2. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Leaves opposite or nearly so, penninerved.--Species 2. Equatorial regions. The fruits are edible. (Including _Karlea_ Pierre) =Maesopsis= Engl.

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-4-celled. Stigma 2-4-lobed, or 2-4 stigmas. 3

3. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals with a far projecting ledge on the inside. Disc ring-shaped. Style undivided, with a 2-lobed stigma. Leaves opposite or nearly so, crenate, with 2-4 lateral nerves on each side. Flowers in axillary spikes or in terminal panicles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Lamellisepalum= Engl.

Anthers dehiscing inwards or laterally. Flowers solitary or in cymes, rarely in racemes or panicles, but then style 2-4-cleft or with 3 stigmas. 4

4. Leaves 3-, more rarely 5-nerved from the base. Style 2-4-cleft. Fruit wingless, fleshy, indehiscent, with a 1-4-celled stone.--Species 10. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, gum-lac, food for silk-worms, medicaments, and edible fruits (jujubes) from which a sort of bread and a beverage are prepared; others have poisonous fruits; some are used as hedge plants. =Zizyphus= Juss.

Leaves penninerved. 5

5. Flowers in terminal panicles, 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Fruit with 3 stones. Shrubs with spiny branches. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. The fruits are edible. =Sageretia= Brongn.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 6

6. Receptacle united with the fruit for the greatest part. Fruit with 2-4 indehiscent stones. Seeds not grooved. Disc thick. Spines in the axils of the leaves.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (_Adolia_ Lam.) =Scutia= Brongn.

Receptacle free from the fruit for the greatest part. Disc thin, rarely thick, but then spines, as usually, wanting. 7

7 Fruit with 1 two-celled stone. Disc thick. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. The fruits are edible. =Berchemia= Neck.

Fruit with 2-4 stones. Disc thin. 8

8. Fruit with a red skin and a woody stone separating into 3 elastically dehiscing portions. Seed-coat crustaceous, shining. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrorhamnus= Baill.

Fruit with 2-4 leathery or thin-woody, scarcely or not dehiscing stones. Seed-coat thin.--Species 17. North, East, and South Africa. They yield timber, dyes, a substitute for hop, fish-poison, and medicaments. “Buckthorn.” =Rhamnus= L.

9. (1.) Ovary half-inferior. 10

Ovary inferior. 15

10. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Leaves penninerved, serrate or crenate. 11

Style 2-4-cleft. 12

11. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so. Flowers in axillary, raceme-like cymes. (See 2.) =Maesopsis= Engl.

Ovary completely 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps, 3-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes or panicles.--Species 1. South Africa and St. Helena. =Noltia= Reichb.

12. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, alternate. Fruit a drupe. Stem erect or decumbent. 13

Leaves penninerved. Fruit a nut, a schizocarp, or a capsule. 14

13. Fruit with a horizontal wing; epicarp leathery, endocarp woody. Leaves 3-nerved, serrate; stipules transformed into spines. Flowers in axillary and terminal, raceme-like cymes.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in Algeria. Used medicinally and as a hedge-plant. =Paliurus= Juss.

Fruit not winged; epicarp fleshy, endocarp horny, woody or leathery. (See 4.) =Zizyphus= Juss.

14. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit with a long wing-like appendage, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. They yield fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Plate 88.) =Ventilago= Gaertn.

Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit not winged, 3-seeded. Erect or almost erect, hairy shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral inflorescences.--Species 6. Tropics. =Lasiodiscus= Hook. fil.

15. (9.) Style simple, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seed-coat hard. Hairy plants. Leaves alternate, entire, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 80. South Africa, southern Central Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Phylica= L.

Style 2-4-cleft. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in cymes sometimes arranged in false spikes or racemes, very rarely flowers solitary. 16

16. Receptacle top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Fruit separating into 3 elastically dehiscent mericarps. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, serrate. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa, including the islands. =Colubrina= Brongn.

Receptacle prolonged beyond the ovary. 17

17. Stem tree-like. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, hairy beneath. Flowers in axillary cymes. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits which are confluent at the apex. Fruit separating into dehiscent mericarps; epicarp somewhat fleshy.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. =Nesiota= Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby, half-shrubby, or climbing. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal inflorescences. 18

18. Stem not climbing, without tendrils. Leaves few, lanceolate, entire. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa (Betchuanaland). =Marlothia= Engl.

Stem climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves oval. Flowers in usually many-flowered cymes, false spikes, or panicles. Mericarps 3, separating from a central column. 19

19. Flowers in cymes. Disc entire. Fruit wingless; mericarps dehiscing elastically. Leaves entire, penninerved.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. =Helinus= E. Mey.

Flowers in false spikes or racemes. Disc usually lobed. Fruit 3-winged; mericarps dehiscing by a narrow slit or indehiscent--Species 12. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Gouania= L.

FAMILY 138. VITACEAE.

Shrubs or trees, usually climbing, rarely (_Cissus_) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers regular, in cymose inflorescences. Calyx small, entire or lobed. Petals 3-7, sometimes cohering at the base or at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, inserted outside the hypogynous, sometimes indistinct disc. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-8-celled, seated upon the disc or more or less sunk in it. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple, sometimes indistinct. Stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a berry, usually septate. Seeds with a bony or crustaceous testa and a fleshy or cartilaginous, more or less ruminate albumen enclosing a small straight embryo.--Genera 5, species 200. (_AMPELIDEAE_.) (Plate 89.)

1. Filaments united with one another and with the petals. Ovary 3-8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without tendrils. Leaves 1-3 times pinnate.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield vegetables, edible fruits, dyes, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subfamily =LEEOIDEAE=.] =Leea= L.

Filaments free from each other and from the petals. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. [Subfamily =VITOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Petals 5, cohering at the top and falling off together. Disc 5-lobed. Style very short, conical. Seeds pear-shaped, with two pits on the ventral face. Climbing shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, often with tendrils.--Species 1 (_V. vinifera_ L., grape-vine). North Africa, also cultivated in other regions. It yields edible fruits, also used for preparing wine vinegar and brandy, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Vitis= Tourn.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-monoecious. Petals usually spreading at the time of flowering, very rarely cohering at the top, but then only 4. Seeds more or less egg-shaped. 3

3. Style short-conical or wanting. Petals usually 5. Disc ring-shaped. Seeds egg-or boat-shaped. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences with tendrils.--Species 30. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. (Under _Cissus_ L. or _Vitis_ Tourn.) =Ampelocissus= Planch.

Style filiform or columnar, usually rather long. Inflorescences mostly without tendrils. 4

4. Petals 5 or 6, very rarely 4 or 7, thickened, fleshy, persistent. Disc adnate to the ovary. Style usually short. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences compact.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Under _Cissus_ L. or _Vitis_ Tourn.) =Rhoicissus= Planch.

5. Petals 4, not thickened. Disc usually saucer-shaped, 4-lobed and adnate to the ovary at the base only. Style usually long.--Species 150. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some of them yield edible fruits or tubers, mucilage, or medicaments. (Under _Vitis_ Tourn.) (Plate 89.) =Cissus= L.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 89._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Fruiting branch. _C_ Male Flower, the corolla cut lengthwise. _D_ Stamens. _E_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _F_ Ovary cut across. _G_ Fruit. _H_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 90._

J. Fleischmann del.

Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary.]

ORDER MALVALES

SUBORDER ELAEOCARPINEAE

FAMILY 139. ELAEOCARPACEAE

Trees. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in axillary racemes, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 4-6, valvate in bud. Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, flat at the base, toothed or fringed at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, inserted upon a cushion-shaped receptacle. Filaments free. Anthers linear, 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more in the inner angle of each cell, inverted, pendulous, with ventral raphe, or one of them ascending. Style simple. Fruit a drupe with a septate stone. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under _TILIACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 15. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra. =Elaeocarpus= L.

SUBORDER CHLAENINEAE

FAMILY 140. CHLAENACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite, each flower or pair of flowers usually surrounded by an involucre. Sepals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-6, free, hypogynous, with contorted aestivation. Disc ring-or cup-shaped, rarely 5-parted or indistinct. Stamens 10 or more, inserted within the disc or at its edge. Filaments free or united below with the disc, very rarely in 5 bundles. Anthers roundish, opening by 2 sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style simple; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a leathery testa and copious albumen.--Genera 7, species 25. Madagascar. (Under _TERNSTROEMIACEAE_.) (Plate 90.)

1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3. Disc cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. 2

Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or indistinct or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more. 4

2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts, fleshy. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.--Species 5. Madagascar. Used medicinally. (_Sarcolaena_ Thouars). =Sarcochlaena= Thouars

Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry. 3

3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit a one-seeded nut.--Species 7. Madagascar. (_Leptolaena_ Thouars). (Plate 90.) =Leptochlaena= Thouars

Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Xerochlamys= Bak.

4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer somewhat smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Fruit a nut.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Sclerolaena_ Bak., _Xylolaena_ Baill.) =Xylochlaena= Baill.

Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring-or cup-shaped. Filaments not united in bundles. 5

5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing two flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in fruit. Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the base.--Species 5. Madagascar. (_Schizolaena_ Thouars). =Schizochlaena= Thouars

Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting. 6

6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside of the disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.--Species 4. Madagascar. (_Rhodolaena_ Thouars). =Rhodochlaena= Thouars

Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Eremolaena_ Baill.) =Eremochlaena= Baill.

SUBORDER MALVINEAE

FAMILY 141. TILIACEAE

Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or notched at the apex, rarely (_Grewia_) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled, the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (_Christiania_) deeply divided.--Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.)

1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish, opening by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or wanting. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate. Flowers panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.] 2

Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by pores. Style simple. 4

2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, petal-like, lobed. Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit 4-winged.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. =Carpodiptera= Gris.

Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base. 3

3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate. Fruit with one-seeded cells.--Species 2. Tropics. =Christiania= DC.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Stigmas twisted, almost entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Speirostyla= Bak.

4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (_Grewia_) petals wanting. Receptacle nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like androphore. Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.] 5

Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely (_Corchorus_) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely (_Sparmannia_) oval. 11

5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence raceme-like.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Pentadiplandra= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (_Triumfetta_) 5-10, but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each. 6

6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fibres, vegetables, or medicaments. =Triumfetta= L.

Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees. 7

7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2 ovules in each cell. Filaments free.--Species 140. Tropical and South Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits from which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.) =Grewia= L.

Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees. 8

8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts. Filaments free. Ovary 6-8-celled. 9

Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base. Stipules cleft. 10

9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with 8 furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. The seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. =Duboscia= Bocq.

Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled. Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Diplanthemum= K. Schum.

10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.--Species 1. West Africa. =Desplatzia= Bocq.

Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. Used medicinally. (_Grewiopsis_ De Wild. & Dur.) =Grewiella= O. Ktze.

11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like appendage. Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.] 12

Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.] 13

12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4 bundles. Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit globular, spiny.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including _Acrosepalum_ Pierre). =Ancistrocarpus= Oliv.

Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped, many-celled.--Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing and in medicine. =Glyphaea= Hook. fil.

13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees. 14

Staminodes none. 17

14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point. Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Cistanthera= K. Schum.

Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. 15

15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit oblong, prickly, not winged.--Species 3. West Africa to the Great Lakes. They yield fibre. =Honckenya= Willd.

Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow. 16

16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.--Species 6. South and East Africa and Madagascar. _S. africana_ L. is used as an ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant. =Sparmannia= L. f.

Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate wings.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre. =Cephalonema= K. Schum.

17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the base, bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top or minutely toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous. Ovary 5-6-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.--Species 1. East Africa. =Ceratosepalum= Oliv.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other parts of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and medicaments. =Corchorus= L.

FAMILY 142. MALVACEAE

Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous; filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large, prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 21, species 300. (Plate 92.)

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 91._

J. Fleischmann del.

Grewia occidentalis L.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Cross section of fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 92._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pavonia praemorsa Willd.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Mericarp cut lengthwise.]

1. Carpels in several rows placed one above the other, one-seeded, indehiscent, falling singly. Staminal tube beset with anthers to the top. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Herbs.--Species 3. North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. [Tribe MALOPEAE.] =Malope= L.

Carpels placed side by side in one plane. 2

2. Style-branches 10, twice as many as the ovary-cells. Ovules solitary in each cell. Staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed at the top. Fruit splitting into mericarps. [Tribe URENEAE.] 3

Style-branches as many as the ovary-cells, or a simple style. 5

3. Flowers without an epicalyx, but inflorescence with an involucre. Carpels opposite to the petals. Hispid herbs.--Species 2. Tropics. Yielding fibre. =Malachra= L.

Flowers with an epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles. 4

4. Mericarps covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent. Carpels alternating with the petals. Epicalyx of 5 bracteoles. Leaves glandular beneath.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa; one species only cultivated. Used as medicinal and textile plants. =Urena= L.

Mericarps winged, tubercled, or with 1-3 awns, rarely smooth. Leaves without glands on the under surface.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (_Malache_ Vogel). (Plate 92.) =Pavonia= L.

5. Fruit splitting into mericarps. Carpels 5 or more. Style cleft. Staminal tube loaded with anthers to the top. [Tribe MALVEAE.] 6

Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Staminal tube beset with anthers on the outer face, truncate or minutely toothed at the top. [Tribe HIBISCEAE.] 14

6. Carpels with 1 ovule. 7

Carpels with 2 or more ovules, sometimes transversely septate. [Subtribe ABUTILINAE.] 11

7. Ovule pendulous. Stigmas terminal. Epicalyx absent.--Species 20. Some of them yield fibre, fodder, tea, and medicaments. [Subtribe SIDINAE.] =Sida= L.

Ovule ascending. Epicalyx usually present. [Subtribe MALVINAE.] 8

8. Style-branches bearing the stigma at the thickened, capitate apex. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Malvastrum= A. Gray

Style-branches pointed, bearing the stigma on the inner face. 9

9. Epicalyx consisting of 3 free bracteoles or wanting. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps.--Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Mallow.” =Malva= L.

Epicalyx consisting of 3-9 bracteoles united below. 10

10. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx 3-6-cleft.--Species 12. North Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Navaea_ Webb & Berth. and _Saviniona_ Webb & Berth.) =Lavatera= L.

Central column of the fruit not overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx 6-9-cleft. Herbs.--Species 7. North and South Africa, Mascarene Islands, and St. Helena. Several species yield fibres, dyes, mucilage, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Alcea_ L.) =Althaea= L.

11. Carpels completely or nearly completely divided into two compartments by a transverse partition. Style-branches capitate at the top. Ovules 2-3 in each carpel. 12

Carpels without a partition. Style-branches filiform throughout or club-shaped. 13

12. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Petals red. Carpels numerous. Mericarps with 2 prickles at the back. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa; naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Modiola= Moench

Flowers without an epicalyx. Petals yellow. Carpels 5. Mericarps beaked. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield fibres. =Wissadula= Med.

13. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Carpels numerous; ovules 2-3 in each.--Species 5. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Including _Sphaeroma_ Harv.) =Sphaeralcea= St. Hil.

Flowers without an epicalyx. Ovules 3-9 in each carpel.--Species 30. Some of them yield fibres, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee, or serve as ornamental plants. =Abutilon= Gaertn.

14. (5.) Style split into long or rather long branches. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds kidney-shaped. 15

Style split into very short, erect branches, or simple. 17

15. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Stigma capitate. Epicalyx of 7-10 bracteoles.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Kosteletzkya= Presl

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 16

16. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Senra= Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 or more narrower bracteoles or wanting.--Species 130. Some of them yield timber, fibres, dyes, perfumes, oil, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Abelmoschus_ Medik., _Lagunaea_ Cav., and _Paritium_ St. Hil.) =Hibiscus= L.

17. Epicalyx of partly united bracteoles. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves small, undivided. 18

Epicalyx of free bracteoles. Calyx not deeply divided. 19

18. Epicalyx 5-parted, large. Calyx 5-parted. Trees. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrocalyx= Cost. & Poisson Epicalyx 11-toothed. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla yellow. Shrubs. Leaves reniform or orbicular.--Species 1. East Africa. =Symphyochlamys= Guerke

19. Epicalyx of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds woolly. Species 5, three of them growing wild in Central and South Africa, the others (cotton-plants) cultivated in various regions. They yield cotton, oil, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments. =Gossypium= L.

Epicalyx of small or narrow bracteoles. 20

20. Calyx sprinkled with black dots. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit readily dehiscing. Cotyledons not dotted. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 7. Central and South Africa. (_Fugosia_ Juss.) =Cienfuegosia= Cav.

Calyx not dotted. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit not or hardly dehiscing. Seeds woolly. Cotyledons usually marked with black dots. Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, fibres, dyes, and medicaments. =Thespesia= Corr.

FAMILY 143. BOMBACACEAE

Trees. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, hermaphrodite, without an epicalyx. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. Petals 5, adhering at the base to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5 or more, united below. Anthers 1-celled. Pollen-grains smooth or almost so. Ovary superior or nearly so, 5-10-celled, the cells opposite to the petals. Ovules numerous in each cell, ascending or horizontal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a scanty albumen and a curved embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 13. Tropics. (Under _MALVACEAE_ or _STERCULIACEAE_.) (Plate 93.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted. Calyx lobed. Stigma capitate. Fruit leathery, woolly within, dehiscent.--Species 1 (_C. pentandra_ Gaertn., silk-cotton-tree). Central Africa; naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing, oil, condiments, vegetables, and medicaments. (_Eriodendron_ DC.) =Ceiba= Gaertn.

Stamens numerous. 2

2. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-cleft, with open or closed aestivation. Stigma 5-partite or capitate. Fruit hairy within, dehiscent.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber, wool for stuffing, and medicaments (Including _Pachira_ Aubl.) (Plate 93.) =Bombax= L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Stigma 5-10-partite. Fruit woody, filled with pulp, indehiscent. Flowers solitary, pendulous.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield wood, fibres, tanning materials, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. The pulp of the fruits and the seeds are edible; from the former a drink is prepared. “Baobab.” =Adansonia= L.

FAMILY 144. STERCULIACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate, rarely (_Hua_) exstipulate. Sepals more or less united, valvate in bud, rarely (_Cotylonychia_) at first imbricate. Petals 5, with contorted, rarely (_Hua_) valvate aestivation, sometimes adnate to the staminal tube, or rudimentary, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Filaments usually more or less united. Anthers 2-celled, rarely (_Triplochiton_) 1-celled. Ovary superior, 3-or more-celled, or several free ovaries, rarely ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules inverted, usually 2 or more to each carpel.--Genera 28, species 470. (Including _BUETTNERIACEAE_ and _TRIPLOCHITONACEAE_.) (Plate 94.)

1. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, without a corolla. Filaments united. Male flowers without staminodes. Styles free at the base or throughout. Trees. [Tribe STERCULIEAE.] 2

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then, as nearly always, provided with a corolla. 7

2. Carpels numerous, in several rows. Calyx-lobes 6-8, yellow or brown. Anthers numerous, arranged in a ring.--Species 2. West Africa. =Octolobus= Welw.

Carpels 3-12, in a single row. Calyx-lobes 4-5. 3

3. Anthers arranged irregularly, crowded in a head, numerous. Seeds albuminous. 4

Anthers arranged in a ring. 5

4. Calyx tubular, red. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a membranous rind, one-seeded, dehiscing before the time of maturity. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields fibre. (Under _Sterculia_ L.) =Firmiana= Marsigli

Calyx campanulate. Ovules more than 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a woody or leathery rind, dehiscing at maturity.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, gum (African tragacanth), vegetables, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Including _Eribroma_ Pierre). =Sterculia= L.

5. Anthers 4-5, inserted below the apex of the staminal column. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Calyx shortly lobed. Ripe carpels woody, winged, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, bark for tanning, and medicaments. =Heritiera= Ait.

Anthers 8 or more, rarely 5, but then inserted at the apex of the staminal column. Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Ripe carpels dehiscent. 6

6. Seeds winged, albuminous. Leaves undivided.--Species 4. Central Africa. (Under _Sterculia_ L.) =Pterygota= Endl.

Seeds wingless, exalbuminous.--Species 45. Central and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, and edible seeds (cola-nuts) which are also used medicinally. (_Edwardia_ Rafin.) =Cola= Schott

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 93._

J. Fleischmann del.

Bombax lukayensis De Wild. and Dur.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower-bud cut lengthwise (the anthers cut off excepting one). _C_ Anther.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 94._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary.]

7. (1.) Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5, free or almost free. Ovary 3-5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe LASIOPETALEAE.] =Keraudrenia= Gay

Petals distinctly developed. 8

8. Carpels distinct, surrounded by 5-10 petal-like staminodes twisted in the bud. Stamens 10-30, inserted upon a raised receptacle, free. Fruit winged. Trees. Flowers panicled. [Tribe MANSONIEAE.] 9

Carpels not surrounded by petal-like staminodes. Anthers 2-celled. 10

9. Calyx spathe-like. Petals oblong, with a gland at the base. Stamens 10, inserted upon a long androphore. Staminodes 10, oblong-linear, glabrous. Leaves toothed. Panicles terminal, many-flowered.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. =Achantia= A. Chev.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, without glands. Stamens 30, upon a short androphore. Staminodes 5, ovate, downy. Leaves lobed. Panicles lateral, few-flowered.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. =Triplochiton= K. Schum.

10. Petals or their lower part hooded. 11

Petals or their lower part flat or slightly boat-shaped, sometimes one of them hooded, the others flat. 18

11. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule. Stamens united in pairs. Staminodes none. Petals clawed, with a spur-like appendage. Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The bark and the seeds are used as condiments. =Hua= Pierre

Ovary 2-or more-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. [Tribe BUETTNERIEAE.] 12

12. Staminodes absent. Fertile stamens 10, united at the base. Sepals at first imbricate. Petals with a saucer-shaped claw and a lanceolate blade. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Cotylonychia= Stapf

Staminodes present. 13

13. Stamens united in pairs or bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Subtribe THEOBROMINAE.] 14

Stamens united below in a ring or tube; anthers solitary between the barren lobes. Petals with a blade. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. [Subtribe BUETTNERINAE.] 17

14. Petals with a blade above the hood. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 15

Petals without a blade. 16

15. Petals with a 2-parted blade. Staminodes short. Fruit with a woody, prickly rind, dehiscent. Cotyledons coiled. Trees. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics, naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber, fibre, a mucilage used for clarifying sugar, fodder, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Guazuma= Plum.

Petals with an entire blade. Staminodes long. Fruit with a leathery rind, indehiscent. Cotyledons wrinkled. Leaves entire or sinuate. Flowers in cymes.--Species 3 (chiefly _Th. Cacao_ L.). Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds are used for the preparation of cocoa, chocolate, and cocoa-butter, the pericarp for making a beverage. They yield also fibres and are used in medicine. =Theobroma= L.

16. Staminal tube bell-shaped. Anthers in short-stalked clusters of 3. Staminodes solitary, leaf-like, bent outwards. Shrubs.--Species 10. West Africa. =Scaphopetalum= Mast.

Staminal tube ring-shaped. Anthers singly upon long filaments. Staminodes in bundles, thread-like.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Leptonychia= Turcz.

17. Petals clawed, adhering to the cupular staminal tube. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 13. Tropics. =Buettnera= L.

Petals sessile, free from the annular staminal tube. Anthers stalked. Seeds albuminous.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Ruelingia= R. Br.

18. (10.) Stamens and carpels inserted on a long gynophore. Petals unequal, one of them hooded, red, deciduous. Stamens in bundles of 3 alternating with staminodes. Ovary 5-celled with 3-5 ovules in each cell. Trees.--Species 1. Comoro Island. Yields timber. [Tribe HELICTEREAE.] =Kleinhofia= L.

Stamens and carpels inserted on a very short gynophore or without a gynophore. Petals equal or subequal, flat or slightly convex, not hooded. 19

19. Fertile stamens 5; staminodes minute or wanting. Petals deciduous, usually slightly oblique. [Tribe HERMANNIEAE.] 20

Fertile stamens 10 or more, rarely (_Melhania_) 5, but then alternating with long staminodes. Filaments united at the base. Petals usually very oblique and persistent. [Tribe DOMBEYEAE.] 22

20. Filaments free, broadened at the base or above the middle. Ovary 5-celled, the cells alternating with the petals. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Herbs, undershrubs, or small shrubs.--Species 190. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Mahernia_ L.) [Subtribe HERMANNINAE.] =Hermannia= L.

Filaments united below, not broadened above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells opposite to the petals, or 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds elliptical; embryo straight. [Subtribe MELOCHINAE.] 21

21. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, simple; stigma penicillate.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Used medicinally. =Waltheria= L.

Ovary 5-celled. Styles or style-branches 5.--Species 5. Tropics; one species only naturalized. They yield fibres, vegetables, and medicaments. (Including _Altheria_ Thouars) =Melochia= L.

22. Staminodes wanting. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. 23

Staminodes 2-8, usually 5. 24

23. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Anthers 20. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Astiria= Lindl.

Ovary-cells and styles 10. Anthers 20-30, associated in 5 bundles. Fruit with loculicidal and septicidal dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Ruizia= Cav.

24. Fertile stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Bracteoles 3, persistent. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. =Melhania= Forsk.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Bracteoles deciduous or wanting. 25

25. Ovary almost completely 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals slightly oblique, deciduous. Bracteoles remote from the flower. Undershrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Harmsia= K. Schum.

Ovary 3-10-, usually 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs. 26

26. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Assonia_ Cav. and _Xeropetalum_ Del.) (Plate 94.) =Dombeya= Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Style simple. 27

27. Bracteoles palmately cut. Petals falling off together with the staminal tube. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Cheirolaena= Benth.

Bracteoles entire or wanting. Petals persistent.--Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Trochetia= DC.

SUBORDER SCYTOPETALINEAE

FAMILY 145. SCYTOPETALACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in fascicles, racemes, or panicles. Calyx entire or lobed. Petals 3-16, free or almost free, valvate in bud, more rarely wholly united. Stamens numerous, slightly perigynous. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary superior, rarely half-inferior, completely or almost completely 3-8-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style simple. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 5, species 40. West Africa. (_RHAPTOPETALACEAE_, under _OLACINEAE_.) (Plate 95.)

1. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by longitudinal slits. Corolla furrowed in the bud, subsequently separating into 5 or more petals. Fruit one-seeded. Seeds usually without a crown of hairs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. [Tribe OUBANGUIEAE.] 2

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by apical pores. Corolla not furrowed in the bud, sometimes subsequently separating into 2-5 petals. Seeds usually with a crown of hairs. Flowers in fascicles or cymes, usually on the old wood. [Tribe RHAPTOPETALEAE.] 3

2. Flowers in racemes. Stigma usually lobed. Fruit a drupe. Albumen ruminate.--Species 9. West Africa. =Scytopetalum= Pierre

Flowers in panicles. Stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Albumen uniform.--Species 10. West Africa. (Including _Egassea_ Pierre) =Oubanguia= Baill.

3. Ovary almost superior to half-superior. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Albumen ruminate.--Species 5. West Africa. (Plate 95.) =Rhaptopetalum= Oliv.

Ovary superior. Fruit a several-seeded capsule. Albumen uniform. 4

4. Fruit long, with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierrina= Engl.

Fruit short, with 4-6 fertile cells.--Species 15. West Africa. (Including _Erythropyxis_ Pierre) =Brazzeia= Baill.

ORDER PARIETALES

SUBORDER THEINEAE

FAMILY 146. DILLENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Sepals imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Anthers adnate. Carpels 2 or more, free or united at the base of the ovarial portion. Ovules erect, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Fruit dry. Seeds with an aril; albumen abundant; embryo minute, straight.--Genera 3, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 96.)

1. Filaments much broadened at the top. Anther-halves short, diverging below, opening lengthwise. Aril laciniate. Leaves hispid, penninerved with parallel side-nerves, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 20. Tropics. The stem of several species (especially _T. alnifolia_ L., water-tree) secretes much watery juice when cut across. (Plate 96.) [Tribe TETRACERAE.] =Tetracera= L.

Filaments not conspicuously broadened. Anther-halves long, parallel. 2

2. Stamens crowded at one side of the flower. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 2, free. Ovules 1-3. Leaves opposite, oblong, one-nerved or faintly net-veined. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Hibbertia= Andrz.

Stamens equally distributed all round. Anthers opening by apical pores sometimes prolonged downwards into slits. Carpels 5 or more, united at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves penninerved, with parallel side-nerves, usually stipulate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber. (_Wormia_ Blume) =Dillenia= L.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 95._

J. Fleischmann del.

Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl.

_A_ Part of flowering branch. _B_ End of branch. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 96._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tetracera alnifolia Willd.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). _C_ Anther.]

FAMILY 147. OCHNACEAE

Leaves alternate, undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Anthers adnate, 2-celled, usually opening by apical pores. Receptacle usually prolonged into a gynophore. Carpels almost free, but with a common style, or united. Style undivided or cleft. Ovules with a ventral raphe. Embryo of the seeds rather large.--Genera 7, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 97.)

1. Fertile stamens 5. Petals usually white or red. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 2

Fertile stamens 10 or more; no staminodes. Petals usually yellow. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. 4

2. Anthers opening by apical pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary 3-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Leaves glandular. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Roridula= L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes present. Ovary 1-celled or 3-celled at the base, with numerous parietal ovules. [Tribe LUXEMBOURGIEAE.] 3

3. Staminodes in one row, 5, petal-like, adnate below to the fertile stamens. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. West Africa. =Vausagesia= Baill.

Staminodes in two rows, the 5 inner petal-like, free, but twisted into a tube, the outer numerous, thread-shaped. Flowers usually solitary.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Sauvagesia= L.

4. Ovary 1, one-celled or two-celled at the base, with numerous basal ovules. Style 2-cleft. Stamens numerous, in 3-5 indistinct rows. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Fruit a woody capsule.--Species 1 (_L. alata_ Banks). Central Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Tribe LOPHIREAE.) =Lophira= Banks

Ovaries 3-15, free, with one ovule in each and with a common style. Stamens in 2-3 rows. Sepals not wing-like. Fruit a drupe or consisting of several drupes. [Tribe OURATEEAE.] 5

5. Stamens numerous, in 3 rows. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or dye-stuffs. (Plate 97.) =Ochna= L.

Stamens 10, in 2 rows. Filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting. 6

6. Anthers borne upon distinct filaments, oblong, smooth, opening by longitudinal slits or by apical pores which later on are prolonged into slits. Ovules, seeds, and embryo curved. Flowers in few-flowered clusters.--Species 3. East Africa. =Brackenridgea= A. Gray

Anthers subsessile, linear, wrinkled or warty, opening by apical pores. Flowers in many-flowered panicles or racemes.--Species 60. Tropics. (_Gomphia_ Schreb.) =Ouratea= Aubl.

FAMILY 148. THEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free or united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more, rarely (_Thomassetia_) 5. Ovary superior or almost so, 2-5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 6, species 12. Tropics and Canary Islands. (_TERNSTROEMIACEAE._) (Plate 98.)

1. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe ASTEROPEIEAE.] 2

Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. 4

2. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with staminodes which are united in 5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary clusters.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Thomassetia= L.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Flowers in panicles. 3

3. Stamens 10-15, united at the base. Anthers versatile, turned inwards. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Low trees or climbing shrubs.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Including _Rhodoclada_ Bak.) =Asteropeia= Thouars

Stamens numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit with 5 wing-like ribs. Tall trees. Inflorescence terminal, scantily branched.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber. =Nesogordonia= Baill.

4. Anthers versatile, turned outwards. Stamens numerous, the outer ones united at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule. Seeds wingless, exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Species 2. Cultivated and occasionally naturalized in the tropics. One of them (_Th. sinensis_ L.) is the tea-plant, the other (_Th. japonica_ L., camellia) is an ornamental plant and yields wood and oily seeds. (Including _Camellia_ L.) [Tribe THEEAE.] =Thea= L.

Anthers adnate. Fruit a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe TERNSTROEMIEAE.] 5

5. Ovules 2-3 in each cell, axile, descending. Styles 3. Fruit, half-inferior.--Species 1. Canary Islands. It has edible fruits and is used in medicine and as an ornamental plant. (Plate 98.) =Visnea= L. f.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to a pendulous placenta. Style 1, simple.--Species 1. West Africa. =Adinandra= Jacks.

FAMILY 149. GUTTIFERAE

Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Flowers regular. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary superior. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 180. (Including _CLUSIACEAE_ and _HYPERICINEAE_.) (Plate 99.)

1. Ovary-cells and styles numerous (17-24). Ovules 2 in each cell, one ascending, the other pendulous. Filaments free. Shrubs.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Medusagyne= Bak.

Ovary-cells 1-12. Styles 1-5. 2

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 97._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. & Gilg

_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). _C_ Fruiting branch. _D_ Mericarp.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 98._

J. Fleischmann del.

Visnea Mocanera L. f.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ End of a fruiting branch. _E_ Young fruit. _F_ Young fruit cut lengthwise.]

2. Styles 3-5, free or united below. Sepals 5. Embryo with distinct, not very thick cotyledons. [Subfamily =HYPERICOIDEAE=.] 3

Style 1, undivided or cleft at the top, or 1 sessile stigma. Shrubs or trees. 7

3. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Carpels 5. Seeds not winged; cotyledons longer than the radicle. Petals usually woolly within. Stamens in 5 bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe VISMIEAE.] 4

Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry, but then carpels 3. Petals glabrous within. 6

4. Fruit a drupe. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Stamens in bundles of 3-5.--Species 1 (_H. paniculata_ Lodd.). Tropics. Yields timber, dyes, edible fruit from which a drink is prepared, and medicaments. (_Harungana_ Lam.) =Haronga= Thouars

Fruit a berry. Stamens in bundles of 4-20. 5

5. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Embryo with usually twisted cotyledons. Flowers in terminal, umbel-like cymes.--Species 35. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Psorospermum= Spach

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Embryo with semiterete cotyledons. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Central Africa. (_Caopia_ Adans.) =Vismia= Vell.

6. Fruit dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds with a long wing. Embryo with a very short radicle and longer cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens in 3 bundles. Petals with a basal appendage. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. [Tribe CRATOXYLEAE.] =Eliaea= Camb.

Fruit dehiscing septicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds without a distinct wing, but sometimes keeled. Embryo with the cotyledons usually shorter than the radicle.--Species 35. Some of them yield wood and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Androsaemum_ All. and _Triadenia_ Spach). [Tribe HYPERICEAE.] =Hypericum= L.

7. (2.) Style very short or wanting. Fruit a berry. Seeds usually with an aril. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =CLUSIOIDEAE=, tribe GARCINIEAE.] 8

Style distinctly developed. Seeds usually without an aril. 11

8. Ovary incompletely 5-celled with numerous parietal ovules in each cell. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens in 5 bundles. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with an aril.--Species 4. Central Africa. The seeds yield a fat. (Including _Stearodendron_ Engl.) (Plate 99.) =Allanblackia= Oliv.

Ovary completely 2-12-celled with 1-2 axile ovules in each cell. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9

9. Ovary with 2-3 two-ovuled cells, sometimes each cell subsequently divided into two incomplete, one-ovuled compartments. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Filaments united at the base. Seeds without an aril. Flowers in clusters, rarely solitary.--Species 12. Madagascar and West Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and edible fruits. (_Calysaccion_ Wight) =Ochrocarpus= Thouars

Ovary with one-ovuled cells. Seeds with an aril. 10

10. Sepals 2. Petals 4-7. Filaments free.--Species 4. Madagascar. (Including _Tsimatimia_ Jum. et Perrier) =Rheedia= L.

Sepals 4-5, rarely 2, but then filaments united in several bundles. Petals 4-5.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, gum-resin (gambodge), dyes, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, and various medicaments, among which are the false cola-nuts. (Including _Xanthochymus_ Roxb.) =Garcinia= L.

11. Ovary 5-celled, with several or many ovules in each cell. Style 5-cleft. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens united in 5 bundles or in a tube. Fruit a berry. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =MORONOBOIDEAE=.] 12

Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, surmounted by a simple style with an entire or 2-4-parted stigma, rarely (_Hypericum_) ovary 5-celled and style or stigma 5-cleft, but then fruit a capsule and embryo with distinct cotyledons. 13

12. Stamens in 5 bundles consisting of numerous stamens each. Sepals nearly equalling the petals.--Species 3. West Africa. The fruits of the tallow-tree (P. _butyracea_ Sabine) yield a fat. =Pentadesma= Sabine