Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (19)

21. Filaments with a double scale at the base, inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers included, not twisted. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla-tube long. Stigma entire. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles. Herbs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. (_Hippion_ Spreng.) =Enicostemma= Blume

Filaments without a scale at the base. Anthers usually exserted and twisted after flowering. Flowers in usually lax cymes or solitary. 22

22. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pollen-grains medium-sized, smooth. Herbs. (See 10.) =Erythraea= L. C. Rich.

Stigma entire. Pollen-grains very large, dotted. Corolla-tube rather short. 23

23. Calyx with blunt, not keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla present. Corolla red. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Hairy shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal cymes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. =Orphium= E. Mey.

Calyx with pointed, usually keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla absent.--Species 40. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Malagasy Islands. Some species serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Plocandra_ E. Mey.) (Plate 128.) =Chironia= L.

FAMILY 200. APOCYNACEAE

Usually woody plants. Juice milky. Leaves entire, usually penninerved with closely arranged, parallel primary side-nerves, generally opposite. Flowers with bracteoles, usually panicled, regular or nearly so, 5-, very rarely 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud, usually deeply divided. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Filaments free, short. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits, sometimes adhering to the stigma. Pollen granular. Ovary superior, more rarely half-inferior, 1-2-celled, or 2, rarely (_Pleiocarpa_) 3-5 separate ovaries. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, rarely solitary, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or divided at the base, thickened at the apex, bearing the stigmas on the under-surface of the thickened part (stigmatic or stylar head), and sometimes two-lobed above it. Seeds usually albuminous and provided with a wing or a tuft of hairs.--Genera 61, species 450. (Plate 129.)

1. Stamens closely connected with the stigmatic head. Anthers prolonged at the base into empty tails. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the right. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily =ECHITIDOIDEAE=.] 2

Stamens free or loosely cohering with the stigmatic head. Anthers without tails, full of pollen to the base, more rarely prolonged into tails, but then fruit fleshy and most frequently indehiscent. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the left. Seeds usually without a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily =PLUMIEROIDEAE=.] 22

2. Anthers projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla-tube. [Tribe PARSONSIEAE.] 3

Anthers, entirely or for the greatest part, concealed within the corolla-tube. [Tribe ECHITIDEAE.] 7

3. Calyx without glands; segments blunt. Corolla with a very short tube without scales; segments overlapping to the right. Filaments twisted around the style. Disc cupular, irregularly crenate. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewevrella= De Wild.

Calyx with glands on the inside. Disc 5-lobed or wanting. 4

4. Disc 5-lobed. Calyx with 5-10 glands. Corolla white, with 5-10 confluent scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right. Seeds glabrous. Trees or erect shrubs, glabrous.--Species 1. Northern West Africa. =Malouetia= A. DC.

Disc absent. Seeds hairy. 5

5. Calyx with pointed segments and 10--20 glands. Corolla glabrous at the throat; segments unequal-sided, overlapping to the right. Seeds with a terminal and a smaller basal tuft of hairs. Twining shrubs.--Species 3. West Africa. =Isonema= R. Br.

Calyx with blunt segments and 5-10 glands. Corolla nearly always with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Erect shrubs or trees. 6

6. Flowers small. Seeds covered all over with long hairs densest at the base.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under _Wrightia_ R. Br.) =Pleioceras= Baill.

Flowers rather large. Seeds provided at the base with a deciduous tuft of hairs.--Species 3. South-east Africa and Madagascar. =Wrightia= R. Br.

7. Leaves alternate. Stem succulent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx without glands, with subulate or lanceolate segments. Corolla usually funnel-shaped; segments overlapping to the right. Ovary superior. 8

Leaves opposite or whorled. Stem woody. 9

8. Leaves with 2 or more spines at their base or in their axils. Disc 5-lobed or replaced by 2-5 glands. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the apex.--Species 15. Madagascar, South Africa, and Angola. =Pachypodium= Lindl.

Leaves and stem without spines. Corolla red. Disc none. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at either end. Flowers large, in few-flowered cymes.--Species 13. Central and South Africa. Some species yield an arrow-poison. (_Idaneum_ O. Ktze.) =Adenium= Roem. & Schult.

9. Corolla with separate or confluent scales at the throat. 10

Corolla naked at the throat, but sometimes with scales or swellings lower down in the tube. 13

10. Scales at the throat of the corolla united into a tubular, 15-crenate corona. Corolla salver-shaped, the segments overlapping to the left. Calyx without glands. Ovary superior. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs. Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa. =Stephanostema= K. Schum.

Scales at the throat of the corolla free or slightly united at the base. Corolla-segments nearly always overlapping to the right. Ovary almost superior or half-inferior. 11

11. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 entire scales at the throat. Calyx without glands, rarely with 5 small glands within. Filaments inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Disc cup-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, without axillary glands. Flowers small.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Oncinotis= Benth.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 divided scales at the throat. Calyx with usually numerous glands within. Disc none. 12

12. Corolla with laciniate scales at the throat, and with broad, not tailed segments, white or red. Anthers with a tailed connective. Mericarps at first cohering, subsequently divergent. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves whorled, narrow, densely veined. Flowers large.--Species 1 (_N. Oleander_ L.). North Africa. A poisonous plant yielding wood and medicaments and used as an ornamental plant. =Nerium= L.

Corolla with bipartite scales at the throat, and with usually tailed segments. Mericarps divaricate, ultimately spreading horizontally. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs and a long apical awn. Leaves usually opposite, with axillary glands.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield vegetable silk, poisons, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Roupellia_ Baill. and _Zygonerion_ Baill.) =Strophanthus= P. DC.

13. Corolla bell-, pitcher-, or funnel-shaped, usually small and with scales in the tube. Calyx-segments with 3-5 glands or without glands at the base. Twining shrubs. 14

Corolla salver-shaped and more or less constricted at the mouth, usually large and without scales in the tube. 18

14. Calyx and corolla very large; corolla white, with a glabrous tube, the segments short and overlapping to the right. Filaments thickened above. Anthers acuminate. Disc cupular, lobed. Stigmatic head conical. Leaves with distant nerves and axillary glands. Flowers in terminal cymes.--Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar. =Beaumontia= Wall.

Calyx and corolla small or medium-sized; in the latter case corolla-segments long. Leaves with distant nerves but without glands, or with closely set nerves and with axillary glands. 15

15. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left; tube very short, with 10 longitudinal ridges. Anthers very shortly tailed. Disc none. Ovules 4 in each carpel. Leaves closely nerved, with small, axillary glands.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pycnobotrya= Benth.

Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc cupular. Ovules numerous in each carpel. Leaves remotely nerved, without axillary glands. 16

16. Anthers with blunt, reflexed tails at the base and a small, feathery mucro at the apex. Corolla white or yellow; tube with 5 longitudinal ridges inside, without scales or swellings. Stigmatic head spindle-shaped, with 2 narrow lobes. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species 5. West Africa and equatorial Lake-region. One species yields rubber. =Motandra= A. DC.

Anthers with pointed, almost straight tails at the base and without an apical mucro. Corolla-tube usually with scales or swellings above the insertion of the stamens. 17

17. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, inconspicuous. Corolla-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube, broad. Stigmatic head conical, crowned by a 2-cleft point.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Zygodia= Benth.

Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles or corymbs, more rarely in few-flowered cymes. Corolla-lobes as long as or longer than the tube, usually narrow. Stigmatic head campanulate. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. One species yields rubber. (Including _Codonura_ K. Schum., _Guerkea_ K. Schum., and _Perinerion_ Baill.) =Baissea= A. DC.

18. Calyx with 5 glands inside the base. Disc none. Twining shrubs. Stipules usually present. 19

Calyx with numerous glands inside the base. Erect shrubs or trees. Stipules absent. 20

19. Ovary 1, entire, more or less completely 2-celled--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Alafia_ Thouars). =Holalafia= Stapf

Ovaries 2, free.--Species 15. Tropics. (Including _Ectinocladus_ Benth.) =Alafia= Thouars

20. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Calyx with unequal segments. Disc absent. Ovary 1, two-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ochronerium= Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Disc present. Ovaries 2, free. 21

21. Flowers in many-flowered, axillary cymes. Corolla fleshy, white or yellowish; segments not folded in the bud. Stigmatic head ovoid. Mericarps oblong or spindle-shaped. Seeds with a feathery, basal awn.--Species 3. Central Africa. One of them (_F. elastica_ Stapf, Ireh-tree) yields rubber (Lagos-rubber). (Under _Kickxia_ Blume) =Funtumia= Stapf

Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles. Corolla not fleshy, usually red; segments folded lengthwise in the bud. Stigmatic head oblong. Mericarps linear. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species 30. Madagascar and East Africa. Some of the species yield timber and rubber. =Mascarenhasia= A. DC.

22. (1.) Carpels united throughout their whole length. [Tribe ARDUINEAE.] 23

Carpels only partly united; ovaries wholly free or in their upper part only, styles usually free at the base. [Tribe PLUMIEREAE.] 33

23. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. [Subtribe LANDOLPHIINAE.] 24

Ovary completely 2-celled. [Subtribe MELODININAE.] 29

24. Corolla funnel-shaped, large, yellow; tube cylindric below, much widened above. Disc ring-shaped. Calyx without glands. Stamens inserted somewhat below the mouth of the corolla-tube. Fruit a woody, spinous, 2-valved capsule. Seeds winged, with fleshy albumen. Erect shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Allamanda= L.

Corolla salver-shaped; tube more or less cylindric. Disc none. Fruit a berry. 25

25. Anthers tailed at the base. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx small, with 5 small glands within. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Style short. Seeds with fleshy, ruminate albumen. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 5. West Africa. Used medicinally. (_Iboga_ Schum.) =Tabernanthe= Baill.

Anthers not tailed. Calyx small and without glands inside, or large and with numerous glands within. Seeds with horny albumen. Twining shrubs, more rarely erect shrubs or undershrubs. 26

26. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the corolla-tube. Style long, usually hairy. Calyx without glands.--Species 35. Central Africa. Some species yield rubber and edible fruits. (Including _Sclerodictyon_ Pierre) =Carpodinus= R. Br.

Stamens inserted near the base or the middle of the corolla-tube. Style short or rather short, usually glabrous. 27

27. Calyx large, with numerous filiform glands within, spreading or bent back in the fruit. Corolla fleshy. Placentas much projecting. Pericarp woody. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). (Under _Landolphia_ Beauv.) =Vahadenia= Stapf

Calyx small, without glands on the inside. 28

28. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal cymes. Ovules 12-16; placentas much projecting. Glabrous plants.--Species 25. Central Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Including _Aphanostylis_ Pierre and _Cylindropsis_ Pierre). (Plate 129.) =Clitandra= Benth.

Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs sometimes overtopped by barren shoots and then apparently lateral.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield rubber, dyes, and edible fruits, from which drinks are prepared. (Pacourea Aubl., including _Ancylobothrys_ Pierre and _Vahea_ Lam.) =Landolphia= Beauv.

29. (23.) Carpels cohering along the ventral suture only. Ovules numerous, in several rows. Stigmatic head glabrous. Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Fruit usually of 2 spreading berries. Trees. Leaves opposite, with numerous axillary glands. Flowers in terminal false umbels.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Picralima= Pierre

Carpels wholly connate. Fruit entire. 30

30. Ovules numerous in each cell, in several rows. Disc none. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Calyx without glands. Fruit a capsule. Seeds ciliate. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Craspidosperma= Boj.

Ovules 1-10 in each cell, in one or two rows. 31

31. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Anthers linear. Calyx-tube with many glands inside. Disc ring-shaped. Stigmatic head cylindrical. Unarmed, climbing shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Cyclocotyla= Stapf

Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head crowned by a hairy point. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, with a few axillary glands or without glands. 32

32. Stem unarmed, erect, woody. Bark bitter, poisonous. Inflorescences axillary. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. They yield arrow-poison and are used as ornamental plants. (_Toxicophloea_ Harv.) =Acocanthera= Don

Stem spinous. Bark not bitter nor poisonous. Inflorescences terminal or pseudo-axillary.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments, or serve as hedge plants. (_Arduina_ Mill., _Carandas_ Adans.) =Carissa= L.

33. (22.) Ovules 2-6 in each carpel. 34

Ovules 8 or more in each carpel. 42

34. Placentas much projecting. Fruit drupaceous. Trees or shrubs. [Subtribe CERBERINAE.] 35

Placentas little projecting. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Leaves opposite or whorled. [Subtribe RAUWOLFIINAE.] 38

35. Corolla without scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments blunt, imbricate in bud. Anthers pointed. Leaves opposite or whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields timber, dyes, and medicaments. =Ochrosia= Juss.

Corolla with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Calyx-segments pointed. Leaves alternate. 36

36. Calyx with many glands. Corolla yellow. Disc present. Ovules 2 in a carpel.--Species 1 (_Th. neriifolia_ Juss.). Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds yield oil. =Thevetia= L.

Calyx without glands. Corolla white or reddish. Disc absent. Ovules 4 in a carpel. 37

37. Calyx-segments broadened at the base, imbricate in bud, persistent. Corolla-tube slightly widened at the throat. Anthers blunt. Pericarp not fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber and poison. =Tanghinia= Thouars Calyx-segments narrowed at the base, open in bud, deciduous. Corolla-tube constricted at the throat. Anthers pointed. Pericarp fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields oil, poison, and medicaments. =Cerbera= L.

38. Ovules 4-6 in a carpel, in two rows. Disc and glands of the calyx obscure or wanting. Seeds with ruminate albumen. Leaves remotely-nerved, usually whorled.--Species 4. Madagascar. (_Gynopogon_ Forst.) =Alyxia= R. Br.

Ovules 2-4 in a carpel, in one row. Seeds with uniform albumen or without albumen. Leaves usually closely-nerved. 39

39. Disc distinctly developed, cup-shaped. Calyx without glands at the base. Stigmatic head short-cylindrical with a membranous margin at the base. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Leaves with numerous axillary glands, usually whorled.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. =Rauwolfia= L.

Disc obscure or wanting. Anthers pointed. Leaves with hardly perceptible axillary glands or without glands. 40

40. Calyx with glands at the base. Stigmatic head elliptical, ending in a 2-cleft point. Fruit berry-or nut-like. Seeds with a cartilaginous albumen. Trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Hunteria= Roxb.

Calyx without basal glands. 41

41. Stigmatic head depressed-capitate, ending in a 2-cleft point. Carpels 2. Mericarps leathery or woody, dehiscent. Seeds winged, exalbuminous; embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons and a short radicle. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 5. Central Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber or resin used as a varnish. =Diplorrhynchus= Welw.

Stigmatic head oblong-ellipsoid, without a distinct point. Carpels 2-5. Mericarps berry-like. Seeds not winged, with cartilaginous albumen; embryo with oblong cotyledons and a long radicle. Flowers in axillary, rarely pseudo-terminal fascicles or panicles.--Species 13. Central Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber, another a poison. =Pleiocarpa= Benth.

42. (33.) Calyx with glands at the base. Fruit succulent, usually indehiscent. [Subtribe TABERNAEMONTANINAE.] 43

Calyx without basal glands, rarely (_Holarrhena_) the inner sepals with glands, the outer without. Fruit dry, usually dehiscent. [Subtribe ALSTONIINAE.] 52

43. Stigmatic head with a usually ring-shaped appendage at the base. Anthers more or less sagittate. 44

Stigmatic head without a basal appendage. Anthers shortly 2-lobed at the base. Sepals free or nearly so. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. 48

44. Sepals united high up, obtuse, usually deciduous. Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers deeply sagittate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Orchipeda_ Blume, _Piptolaena_ Harv., under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Voacanga= Thouars

Sepals free or nearly so. 45

45. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Disc adnate to the ovary for the greatest part. Ovules about 9 in a cell, in two rows. Mericarps striped, dehiscent. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. =Schizozygia= Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc free or wanting. Leaves stipulate. 46

46. Corolla-tube slightly widened above the insertion of the stamens. Anthers obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disc ring-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers large, white.--Species 6. West Africa. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Callichilia= Stapf

Corolla-tube gradually narrowed above the insertion of the stamens. Anthers distinctly sagittate. Disc wanting. 47

47. Corolla-tube slender or widened at the base; stamens inserted near its base. Climbing shrubs. Leaves without axillary glands.--Species 8. West Africa to the Great Lakes. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Gabunia= K. Schum.

Corolla-tube widened and bearing the stamens at the middle. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves usually with numerous axillary glands.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, rubber, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants; some are poisonous. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Conopharyngia= Don

48. Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped; tips of the lobes not bent inwards in the bud. Disc ring-shaped, adnate to the ovary. 49

Corolla salver-shaped; tips of the lobes bent inwards in the bud. Disc none. 50

49. Narrow part of the corolla-tube short. Bracts small, not forming an involucre. Undershrubs with a creeping root-stock.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Calocrater= K. Schum.

Narrow part of the corolla-tube long. Bracts large, forming an involucre. Erect or twining shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Crioceras= Pierre

50. Stigmatic head globose, entire, without an apical point. Mericarps 3-winged, not or tardily dehiscent. Erect shrubs. Axillary glands and stipules present. Flowers small, in terminal few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Pterotaberna= Stapf

Stigmatic head oblong, crowned by a 2-cleft point. 51

51. Anthers linear, on short but distinct filaments. Axillary glands and stipules present.--Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plants. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Ervatamia= Stapf

Anthers oblong or ovate, sessile. Axillary glands and stipules absent.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under _Carpodinus_ R. Br. or _Picralima_ Pierre) =Polyadoa= Stapf

52. (42.) Disc reduced to two glands alternating with the carpels. Ovules in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. 53

Disc ring-shaped or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 54

53. Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; filament inflexed; connective broadened, hairy. Stigmatic head with 5 tufts of hairs. Corolla blue.--Species 2, one a native of North-west Africa, the other naturalized there and in the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. “Periwinkle.” =Vinca= L.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube; filament very short, oblong; connective glabrous, not broadened. Stigmatic head glabrous. Corolla white or pink.--Species 3; two natives of Madagascar, the other one naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants. (Under _Vinca_ L.) =Lochnera= Reichb.

54. Disc distinct, wavy, adnate to the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers with long, curved tails. Erect shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. East Africa. =Carvalhoa= K. Schum.

Disc obscure or absent. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers with short tails or without tails. 55

55. Ovary half-inferior. Style very short. Calyx-lobes broad. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds winged. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, without axillary glands. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, perfumes, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve also as ornamental plants. (_Plumeria_ Willd.) =Plumeria= L.

Ovary superior. Leaves opposite or whorled. 56

56. Corolla with a short ventricose tube and with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules in two rows. Mericarps keeled or winged, long cohering. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or yield rubber and medicaments. =Plectaneia= Thouars

Corolla with a long, cylindric tube slightly widened at the insertion of the stamens, without scales, but sometimes with hairs or with a continuous ring at the throat. Ovules usually in three or more rows. 57

57. Corolla with a tubercled ring at the throat. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head conical, with a membranous

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 129._

J. Fleischmann del.

Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 130._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (_a_ corona-lobe, _b_ pollen-carrier). _C_ Corolla-segment and corona-lobes. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

margin at the base. Small trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal, many-flowered panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stephanostegia= Baill.

Corolla without a ring, but sometimes with a crown of hairs at the throat. 58

58. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments narrow. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, herbaceous, exstipulate.--Species 6. Tropics. Some of them yield timber or medicaments. =Holarrhena= R.Br.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. 59

59. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Anthers with short, pointed tails at the base. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, stipulate, without axillary glands. (See 46.) =Gabunia= K. Schum,.

Stamens inserted at the middle or in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Anthers not tailed. 60

60. Stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers acuminate. Stigmatic head elliptical. Seeds winged. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral, few-flowered cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Ellertonia= Wight

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 61

61. Ovules in two rows. Corolla yellow, glabrous at the throat; lobes auricled at the base. Seeds winged. Leaves with few or obscure side-nerves. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic oil. =Gonioma= E. Mey.

Ovules in 3 or more rows. Seeds hairy. Leaves with numerous side-nerves. Flowers in many-flowered, whorled panicles.--Species 1. Central Africa. Poisonous and yielding cork-wood, a guttapercha-like resin, and medicaments. =Alstonia= R. Br.

FAMILY 201. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Stem usually twining and woody at the base. Juice mostly milky. Leaves simple, without stipules, usually opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals united below, with contorted or valvate aestivation. Stamens 5, usually adnate to the style. Filaments short or wanting. Pollen-grains united in waxy masses or in granules of 3-5 grains. Corona formed of appendages of the petals or stamens, rarely wanting. Disc none. Ovaries 2, free, superior, rarely half-inferior, with many pendulous inverted ovules on a ventral placenta, very rarely (_Emicocarpus_) with 1-2 ovules. Styles 2, united above into a thickened, sometimes 2-parted head bearing on its under surface 5 stigmatic dots and on its flanks between the anthers 5 small, usually horny bodies (“pollen-carriers”) to which the pollen is attached. Fruit of one or two follicles. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs and scanty albumen. Embryo with flat cotyledons and a short radicle.--Genera 118, species 1100. (Including _PERIPLOCACEAE_). (Plate 130.)

1. Pollen in loosely cohering granules formed of 3-5 grains each. Pollen-carriers spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of the concave blade holding the pollen, the stalk, and the adhesive gland at its base. Filaments usually free. [Subfamily =PERIPLOCOIDEAE=, tribe PERIPLOCEAE.] 2

Pollen of each anther-half closely united into 1-2 waxy masses. Pollen-carriers not spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of a central body and two lateral, rarely obsolete arms (“caudicles”) to which the pollen-masses are attached. Filaments nearly always united or wanting. [Subfamily =CYNANCHOIDEAE=.] 29

2. Corona inserted on the stamens or at their base. 3

Corona inserted on the corolla remote from the stamens, but sometimes decurrent nearly to the insertion of the stamens. 16

3. Corona consisting of free scales or threads. 4

Corona consisting of scales or threads united at their base. 9

4. Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. 5

Corona distinctly developed. 6

5. Corona adnate to the filaments. Corolla-lobes oval. Anthers ovate-oblong. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in dense, long-stalked cymes or panicles.--Species 2. East Africa. (Including _Macropelma_ Schum. and _Sacleuxia_ Baill.) =Gymnolaema= Benth.

Corona free from the filaments. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong. Anthers linear-oblong. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Baseonema= Schlecht. & Rendle

6. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Calyx without glands. Corona-lobes broad, contiguous, usually with a linear, 2-cleft dorsal appendage. Stem twining. Leaves cordate, connected by a toothed stipular sheath. Inflorescences axillary.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. =Chlorocodon= Hook. fil.

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. Sepals alternating with glands, very rarely without, but then stem erect. 7

7. Anthers hairy. Corona-lobes thread-like, sometimes broadened at the base or cleft at the top.--Species 5. Some of them yield fibre, rubber, poison, or medicaments. (Including _Parquetina_ Baill. and _Socotora_ Balf. fil.) =Periploca= L.

Anthers glabrous. 8

8. Stem woody, twining. Leaves linear. Inflorescences axillary or on axillary dwarf-shoots. Corolla white, rotate, divided nearly to the base. Corona-lobes thread-like, 3-cleft.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. (_Pleurostelma_ Schlecht., under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) =Schlechterella= K. Schum.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually erect; underground part tuberous. Corolla with a distinct tube, rarely divided nearly to the base, but then inflorescences terminal.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. Several species yield rubber. (_Raphionacme_ Harv., including _Gonocrypta_ Baill., _Kompitsia_ Cost. et Gall., and _Mafekingia_ Baill.) =Raphiacme= Harv.

9. (3.) Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. Corolla dark purple. Seeds hairy all round. Leaves oblong-cordate, connected by a large toothed stipular sheath. Flowers in axillary panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Including _Perithrix_ Pierre). =Batesanthus= N. E. Brown

Corona distinctly developed. 10

10. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. 11

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. 13

11. Corona-lobes united high up, usually 10. Anthers with a leaf-like appendage at the top. Pollen-carriers at first hooded, subsequently spreading reniform. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 7. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. (Including _Baroniella_ Cost. et Gall.) =Camptocarpus= Decne.

Corona-lobes united at the base only, lanceolate, 5. Anthers with a small appendage or without any. Pollen-carriers spatulate or spoon-shaped. Leaves lanceolate. 12

12. Corona-lobes rather blunt. Anthers ending in a membranous, trigonous appendage. Stigmatic head 5-angled. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Tanulepis= Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes tailed. Anthers without an appendage. Stigmatic head conical. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Symphytonema= Schlecht.

13. Anthers hairy. (See 7.) =Periploca= L.

Anthers glabrous. Corona-lobes 5, filiform or linear. 14

14. Stigmatic head flat, 5-lobed. Corona-lobes shortly and unequally two-cleft at the top. Corolla yellow. Flowers small, in axillary panicles. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Harpanema= Decne.

Stigmatic head short-conical. Corona-lobes entire or divided into 2-3 filiform branches. 15

15. Corona-lobes provided with 2 lateral teeth at the base; no lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with an oval, entire blade. Corolla greenish. Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Leaves oblong-obovate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under _Raphionacme_ Harv,.) =Chlorocyathus= Oliv.

Corona-lobes without basal teeth; 5 small lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with a notched blade. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or panicles.--Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some species are used medicinally, one of them produces a kind of rubber. (Including _Leptopaetia_ Harv.) (Plate 130.) =Tacazzea= Decne.

16. (2.) Corolla-tube as long as or longer than the segments. Corona-lobes awl-shaped. 17

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. 18

17. Sepals linear, without basal glands. Corolla salver-shaped, with scales at the throat. Anthers hairy, with a tailed connective. Ovary superior. Mericarps cylindrical, smooth. Leaves linear or lanceolate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Ectadium= E. Mey.

Sepals oval, with numerous basal glands. Corolla funnel-shaped, red or violet, with scales in the tube. Anthers with an acute appendage. Ovary half-inferior. Mericarps ribbed lengthwise or winged. Leaves oblong to ovate.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes; also cultivated in Central Africa. They yield rubber, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. =Cryptostegia= R. Br.

18. Corona double, the outer of 5 triangular, the inner of 5 obcordate scales. Filaments rather long. Anthers with a bristle-like point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Omphalogonus= Baill.

Corona simple. 19

19. Corona-lobes 2-cleft, short and thick. Corolla bell-shaped. Sepals acuminate, with toothed glands at the base. Anthers ending in a long, awl-shaped appendage. Leaves broad-ovate. Flowers in many-flowered panicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (_Socotranthus_ O. Ktze.) =Cochlanthus= Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes entire or 3-cleft. 20

20. Corona-lobes three-cleft or broadened at the base. 21

Corona-lobes entire, not broadened at the base. 23

21. Filaments united below. Stigmatic head flat. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves whorled or alternate, linear. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) =Aechmolepis= Decne.

Filaments free. Stigmatic head short-conical. 22

22. Sepals blunt, with basal glands. Corolla bell-shaped, with narrow segments. Corona-lobes thread-or spindle-shaped. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters, linear. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Mitolepis= Balf. fil.

Sepals pointed. Corona-lobes usually 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs; underground part of the stem tuberous. Flowers in cymes. (See 8.) =Raphiacme= Harv.

23. Corona-lobes short and broad, arising from the very short corolla-tube opposite the segments. Stem twining.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Pentopetia_ Decne.) =Pentopetiopsis= Cost. & Gall.

Corona-lobes long and narrow. 24

24. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Sepals pointed. Flowers in cymes. 25

Corona-lobes club-shaped. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped. 26

25. Corolla wheel-shaped. Anthers with a short mucro. Erect tuberous shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ischnolepis= Jum. & Perr.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a long ciliate process. Twining shrubs.--Species 10. Madagascar. Used medicinally; one species yields rubber. (Under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) =Pentopetia= Decne.

26. Corona-lobes arising from the sinuses between the corolla-segments. Corolla bell-shaped, with oblong segments. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal and axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa to Lake Ngami. (Under _Cryptolepis_ R. Br.) =Stomatostemma= N. E. Brown

Corona-lobes arising from the corolla-tube below the sinuses. 27

27. Sepals pointed, lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped with long and narrow segments. Filaments united at the base. Pollen-carriers with an orbicular blade. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under _Cryptolepis_ R. Br.) =Curroria= Planch.

Sepals blunt. Corolla wheel-shaped. Pollen-carriers with a linear or oblong blade. Leaves scattered. Flowers in sometimes few-flowered cymes or panicles. 28

28. Corolla with long and narrow segments, beaked in bud. Filaments united at the base. Anthers almost erect. Pollen-carriers linear. Stem twining. Inflorescences lax.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. One species yields a dye. (Including _Acustelma_ Baill.). =Cryptolepis= R. Br.

Corolla with oblong, rather short segments, hence not beaked in bud. Filaments free. Anthers inflexed. Pollen-carriers with an oblong blade. Stem usually erect. Inflorescences dense.--Species 10. Central and South Africa. (Under _Cryptolepis_ R. Br.) =Ectadiopsis= Benth.

29. (1.) Pollen-masses contained in the lower part of the anthers, pendulous from the arms of the pollen-carriers. [Tribe ASCLEPIADEAE.] 30

Pollen-masses contained in the upper part of the anthers and attached to the pollen-carriers in an erect, ascending, or horizontal, rarely (_Tylophora_) an almost pendulous position. 75

30. Corona obscure or wanting. [Subtribe ASTEPHANINAE.] 31

Corona distinctly developed. 34

31. Corolla shortly lobed, urceolate, hairy within. Calyx without glands. Corona arising from the corolla-tube or wanting. Filaments short. Stigmatic head conical, notched. Mericarps thin or rather thin. Twining shrubs. Leaves narrow. Flowers of medium size, in usually many-flowered cymes or umbels.--Species 10. South Africa. =Microloma= R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided. Corona arising from the staminal tube or wanting; in the latter case filaments none and flowers small. 32

32. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers or wanting. Corolla campanulate or urceolate, glabrous or tubercled within. Stigmatic head more or less conical. Mericarps thick or rather thick. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in usually few-flowered cymes.--Species 10. Southern and tropical Africa. (Including _Haemax_ E. Mey. and _Microstephanus_ N. E. Brown). =Astephanus= R. Br.

Anthers stalked. Corona-lobes opposite to the anthers. Leaves oval. 33

33. Stigmatic head beaked. Calyx glandular. Corolla campanulate. Small shrubs. Flowers in few-flowered, sessile cymes or fascicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. =Podostelma= K. Schum.

Stigmatic head truncate or slightly convex. Corolla campanulate or rotate. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in racemosely arranged, umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Tylophora_ R. Br.) =Tylophoropsis= N. E. Brown

34. (30.) Corona inserted on the corolla, free from the staminal tube, but sometimes approximate to it. [Subtribe GLOSSONEMATINAE.] 35

Corona, at least the inner, inserted on the staminal tube. 43

35. Corona double, the outer ring-shaped, the inner of 5 lanceolate scales. Anthers sessile. Calyx glandular within. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate, glabrous within, with valvate aestivation. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers conspicuous, in umbels or racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa and Egypt. Used as vegetables, as ornamental plants, and in medicine. =Oxystelma= R. Br.

Corona simple. Corolla with contorted aestivation. 36

36. Corona-lobes united about to the middle. 37

Corona-lobes free or united at the base only. Staminal tube short or wanting. 38

37. Sepals blunt. Corolla rotate, yellowish; segments velvety within, with distinctly contorted aestivation. Corona of 10 lobes, the alternating 2-cleft. Anthers without an apical appendage. Stigmatic head with 5 small points at the angles. Twining shrubs. Leaves wanting. Flowers small, in few-flowered umbels.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Vohemaria= Buchen.

Sepals pointed, with numerous glands within. Corolla almost campanulate; segments glabrous within, with subvalvate aestivation. Corona of 5 lobes. Staminal column long. Stigmatic head flat or slightly concave, 5-lobed. Mericarps short and thick. Erect shrubs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in many-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Nile-lands and Sahara. Used medicinally,. (Under _Cynanchum_ L.) =Solenostemma= Hayne

38. Corona inserted at the base of the corolla. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. 39

Corona inserted below the sinuses of the corolla. Calyx with 5 glands at the base. Flowers in umbel-like inflorescences. Erect herbs. 41

39. Corolla-tube longer than the segments. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes strap-shaped, gibbous outside. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the island of Madeira. =Araujia= Brot.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Herbs or undershrubs. 40

40. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes petal-like. Twining undershrubs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Prosopostelma= Baill.

Calyx with 5 glands inside. Corona-lobes not petal-like. Mericarps thick, prickly. Erect or procumbent, downy or cottony plants.--Species 7. Central Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. =Glossonema= Decne.

41. Corona-lobes bristle-like, curved. Corolla with linear divisions. Stigmatic head elongate-conical. Leaves linear. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under _Glossonema_ Decne.) =Conomitra= Fenzl

Corona-lobes broad. Corolla with lanceolate or ovate divisions. Leaves lanceolate or oblong. 42

42. Stigmatic head elongate-conical, 2-cleft, projecting beyond the anther-appendages.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Parapodium_ E. Mey.) =Rhombonema= Schlecht.

Stigmatic head obtuse-subconical, not projecting beyond the anther-appendages.--Species 2. South Africa. =Parapodium= E. Mey.

43. (34.) Corona-lobes united more or less, usually high up. Corolla with contorted, rarely with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe CYNANCHINAE.] 44

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining or shrubby. [Subtribe ASCLEPIADINAE]. 60

44. Corona double. 45

Corona simple, but sometimes with small accessory teeth between or within the lobes. 51

45. Leaves reduced to scales or absent. Flowers in umbels or fascicles. Twining or procumbent shrubs. 46

Leaves well developed. 49

46. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft to the middle, with valvate aestivation. Outer corona cupular, entire or lobed. 47

Corolla divided beyond the middle, with contorted aestivation, small, white or yellow. 48

47. Corolla shortly lobed, large, red. Outer corona entire or obscurely lobed. Stigmatic head 2-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Platykeleba= N. E. Brown

Corolla cleft to the middle. Outer corona distinctly lobed. Stigmatic head entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Decanemopsis= Cost. & Gall.

48. Outer corona of 5 long lobes united below, awl-shaped above. Corolla yellow. Mericarps very long.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mauritius. Used medicinally. =Decanema= Decne.

Outer corona short, ring-or cup-shaped, entire or shortly lobed.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. The stem and the milky juice of some species are edible or used medicinally; they also yield resin. (Including _Sarcocyphula_ Harv.) =Sarcostemma= R. Br.

49. Outer corona lobed; lobes of the inner spurred. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla white or greenish, woolly. Twining shrubs. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in many-flowered panicles.--Species 5. Used as medicinal and fibre-plants. (_Pergularia_ L.) =Daemia= R. Br.

Outer corona nearly entire. Leaves linear, oblong, or ovate. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or fascicles. 50

50. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top and surrounded by a short 5-lobed cup. Erect shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 1. East Africa. =Diplostigma= K. Schum.

Sepals elliptical, with minute glands at the base. Stigmatic head without a distinct boss. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn.

51. (44.) Corona much lower than the stamens. 52

Corona equalling or exceeding the stamens. 54

52. Corona fleshy, crenate. Stigmatic head capitate, papillose. Mericarps linear. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Nanostelma= Baill.

Corona membranous, lobed. Stigmatic head with a boss or beak. Twining or procumbent undershrubs or shrubs. 53

53. Corolla campanulate. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers. Stigmatic head with a long, 2-lobed beak. Twining undershrubs. Leaves small. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pleurostelma= Baill.

Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head with a boss or a short beak. Twining or procumbent shrubs. Leaves none. Flowers in umbels. (See 48.) =Sarcostemma= R. Br.

54. Corona very large, campanulate, corolla-like. Stigmatic head conical. Corolla campanulate; lobes rolled back at the edge. Twining shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under _Cynanchum_ L.) =Perianthostelma= Baill.

Corona not corolla-like. 55

55. Corona with concave or laterally compressed lobes. Herbs or undershrubs. 56

Corona with flat, but sometimes appendaged lobes, or entire. 58

56. Corona-lobes obviously united below, concave, 10. Stigmatic head pyramidal. Sepals blunt, without glands. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Cynanchum_ L.) =Flanagania= Schlecht.

Corona-lobes nearly free. Stigmatic head rounded or produced into a boss at the top. Sepals pointed, with small glands at the base. Flowers in umbels or racemes. Stem twining. 57

57. Corolla with broad divisions. Corona-lobes with an inflexed apical appendage. Leaves broad. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 5. South and Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. =Pentarrhinum= E. Mey.

Corolla with narrow divisions. Corona-lobes laterally compressed. Flowers in few-flowered umbels. (See 50.) =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn.

58. Staminal column long. Corona-lobes 10-15. Sepals lanceolate-oblong, with basal glands. Corolla rotate. Erect shrubs. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Cynanchum_ L. or _Vincetoxicum_ Moench). =Schizostephanus= Hochst.

Staminal column short or wanting. 59

59. Sepals subulate, with solitary glands at the base. Corolla campanulate or urceolate; lobes pointed, fleshy at the sinuses. Corona entire or 5-lobed. Stigmatic head lengthened, mushroom-shaped. Erect herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pycnoneurum= Decne.

Sepals lanceolate or ovate. Flowers in umbel-or raceme-like inflorescences.--Species 40. Some of them yield fibre, poison, or medicaments. (Including _Cynoctonum_ E. Mey., _Endotropis_ Endl., and _Vincetoxicum_ Moench) =Cynanchum= L.

60. (43.) Corona-lobes distinctly concave, more or less hood-shaped. Erect plants. 61

Corona-lobes flat or rather flat, sometimes keeled. 66

61. Pollen-carriers with very large, broad and concave arms. Stigmatic head more or less ruminate. Sepals pointed, with numerous basal glands. Corolla rotate. Corona-lobes not spurred. Herbs. Leaves narrow. Inflorescences umbel-like.--Species 10. Central and South Africa. (Under _Asclepias_ L.) =Stathmostelma= K. Schum.

Pollen-carriers with narrow and flat arms. Stigmatic head not ruminate. 62

62. Corona-lobes with a recurved spur at the base and two teeth at the apex. Anthers stalked. Stigmatic head depressed. Sepals pointed, with many glands at the base. Corolla green outside, red within. Mericarps inflated. Leaves broad. Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Central and North Africa. They yield a kind of rubber, bast-fibre, vegetable silk, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. =Calotropis= R. Br.

Corona-lobes not spurred. 63

63. Corona lobes with a more or less horn-like appendage arising from the cavity. Sepals pointed, with solitary or paired glands at the base. Corolla rotate. Mericarps thick. Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescences umbel-like.--Species 40. Central and South Africa; besides one species naturalized in the tropics. Some species yield rubber, fibre from the bark, vegetable silk from the hairy seeds, or medicaments; several serve as ornamental plants. =Asclepias= L.

Corona-lobes without an appendage in the cavity, but sometimes with scale-or tooth-like appendages at the base. 64

64. Corona-lobes without appendages or alternating with small teeth. Sepals pointed, with basal glands. Stigmatic head usually flat.--Species 110. Some of them yield vegetable silk or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Krebsia_ Harv. and _Pachycarpus_ E. Mey., under _Asclepias_ L.) =Gomphocarpus= L.

Corona-lobes with rather large scale-like appendages at the base. Sepals without basal glands. Herbs. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences. 65

65. Corona-lobes curved inwards, attached to the stamens only by their basal appendages. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Leaves ovate.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Woodia= Schlecht.

Corona-lobes erect-connivent, inserted on the stamens. Stigmatic head elevate-conical, 2-lobed. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate; segments with recurved tips. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under Schizoglossum E. Mey.) =Stenostelma= Schlecht.

66. (60.) Corona of 3 rows of 5 lobes each; those of the middle row 3-lobed or 3-parted. Corolla rotate; segments narrowly overlapping in the bud. Sepals with basal glands. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or corymbs. Erect or more frequently procumbent herbs or undershrubs. 67

Corona simple. 68

67. Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Mericarps triangular, ending in three spines. Seeds glabrous. Branches long. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Delagoa Bay). (_Lobostephanus_ N. E. Brown). =Emicocarpus= K. Schum. & Schlecht.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Branches short. Leaves linear-filiform or linear-hastate.--Species 5. South Africa. =Eustegia= R. Br.

68. Corona-lobes petal-like, coloured, larger than the corolla-lobes, spatulate. Divisions of the corolla usually rolled back. Sepals with many glands at the base. Stigmatic head flat or short-conical. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers in umbels.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Margaretta= Oliv.

Corona-lobes not petal-like. 69

69. Corona-lobes very thick and fleshy, more rarely moderately fleshy, and then without an appendage and without a keel or with a single keel on the inner face, but sometimes alternating with small teeth. Stigmatic head low. Erect plants. 70

Corona-lobes thin, rarely somewhat fleshy, but then with 2 keels or 1-2 appendages on the inner face. Herbs or undershrubs. 71

70. Stem woody. Leaves narrow, with minute bristles in their axils. Flowers in sometimes very short racemes. Sepals with basal glands. Corolla campanulate, cleft to the middle or beyond; segments woolly within.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Kanahia= R. Br.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, tuberous under ground. Flowers in umbels. Corolla divided nearly to the base.--Species 45. Central and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or are used in medicine. (Including _Glossostelma_ Schlecht.) =Xysmalobium= R. Br.

71. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft half-way down. Sepals with glands at the base. Corona-lobes gibbous within. Stigmatic head truncate or umbonate. Stem twining. Flowers large, in axillary umbels or racemes. (See 34.) =Oxystelma= R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided. 72

72. Stigmatic head produced much beyond the anthers into a long beak 2-lobed at the apex. Corona-lobes linear. Corolla-segments narrow. Sepals awl-shaped, without glands. Flowers in lateral cymes or racemes. Leaves linear. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. (_Oncinema_ Arn.) =Glossostephanus= E. Mey.

Stigmatic head not or slightly projecting beyond the anthers. Sepals with glands at the base. Flowers in umbels. Stem erect, rarely procumbent. 73

73. Stigmatic head club-shaped. Corona-lobes somewhat fleshy, with a transverse ridge or a short scale on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate, with solitary glands. Inflorescences many-flowered. Leaves linear.--Species 5. South Africa and Southern East Africa. (Including _Periglossum_ Decne.) =Cordylogyne= E. Mey.

Stigmatic head truncate or depressed and usually umbonate. 74

74. Inflorescences terminal. Sepals with many glands at the base. Corolla white, with long hairs on the edges of the segments. Connective fringed. Corona-lobes purple, with two linear appendages at the base, but without keels. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Fanninia= Harv.

Inflorescences lateral or terminal and lateral. Corona-lobes usually with 2 keels on the inner face.--Species 120. South and Central Africa (Including _Aspidoglossum_ E. Mey., _Lagarinthus_ E. Mey., and _Mackenia_ Harv.) =Schizoglossum= E. Mey.

75. (29.) Pollen-masses 2 in each anther-half (4 on each pollen-carrier), very small. Pollen-carriers very small, broad, pale, rather soft. Anthers with a more or less fringed appendage at the top. Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or terminal panicles. [Tribe SECAMONEAE.] 76

Pollen-masses solitary in each anther-half (2 on each pollen-carrier). Pollen-carriers hard, horny, usually of a dark colour. [Tribe TYLOPHOREAE.] 78

76. Pollen-carriers with well developed, narrow arms. Corolla yellow, urceolate, with short triangular lobes. Sepals oval.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields rubber. =Secamonopsis= Jum.

Pollen-carriers with short and broad or indistinct arms. Corolla rotate. 77

77. Stem erect, shrubby. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. Corolla adnate to the ovary at the base; segments very long, spatulate. Corona-lobes 5, filiform. Pollen-carriers without distinct arms.--Species 1. Madagascar. Poisonous. =Menabea= Baill.

Stem twining or procumbent, shrubby or half-shrubby.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Toxocarpus_ Wight et Arn.) =Secamone= R. Br.

78. Anthers with a distinct, membranous, flat or inflated appendage at the apex. Corolla usually with contorted aestivation. [Subtribe MARSDENIINAE.] 79

Anthers with a very short appendage or a small point, or without any appendage at the apex. Corolla nearly always with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe CEROPEGIINAE.] 93

79. Corona absent. Sepals blunt, with solitary glands. Shrubs. 80

Corona present. 81

80. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered. Corolla campanulate, woolly within; segments overlapping to the right. Stigmatic head obtuse-conical. Mericarps short, thick, covered with longitudinal ridges. Branches erect or procumbent, downy. Leaves fleshy, linear.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony.) =Rhyssolobium= E. Mey.

Inflorescence many-flowered. Sepals unequal. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left. Apical appendages of the anthers ciliate-laciniate. Stigmatic head hemispheric or conical. Mericarps long, smooth. Branches twining, glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Trichosandra= Decne.

81. Corona arising from the corolla below its sinuses and consisting of 5 scales. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate. Twining, hairy shrubs. Leaves ovate. Flowers small, in umbels.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. Yields fibre. =Gymnema= R. Br.

Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. 82

82. Corona double. Twining shrubs. Leaves herbaceous. 83

Corona simple; lobes in one row, but sometimes furnished with appendages on the inner face. 85

83. Outer and inner corona arising from the staminal column and consisting of 5 scales each. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Swynnertonia= S. Moore

Outer corona arising from the corolla, the inner from the stamens. 84

84. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Inner corona ring-shaped, slightly lobed. Pollen-masses horizontal. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Oncostemma= K. Schum.

Sepals ovate or subulate. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. Inner corona of oblong lobes. Pollen-masses erect. Flowers in globose, axillary, partly stalked, partly sessile umbels.--Species 2. West Africa. =Anisopus= N. E. Brown

85. Corona-lobes united high up, usually numerous. Anthers with a large inflated appendage. Pollen-masses flat and thin. Pollen-carriers very small, without distinct arms. Sepals lanceolate, with small solitary glands. Corolla rotate. Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers solitary or in fascicle-or corymb-like cymes.--Species 10. Southern and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. =Fockea= Endl.

Corona-lobes free or united at the base, 5, but sometimes appendaged. 86

86. Corona-lobes with a narrow appendage on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate, with solitary glands. Corolla salver-shaped. Mericarps thick. Twining shrubs. Flowers in dense umbels or racemes.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (_Prageluria_ N. E. Brown, under _Pergularia_ L.) =Telosma= Coville

Corona-lobes without an appendage on the inner face, but sometimes with a small, usually tubercle-like appendage at the base of the back. 87

87. Corona-lobes united at the base, linear, erect. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Corolla with linear segments recurved from the base. Stigmatic head truncate. Mericarps slender. Erect herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves linear. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1. Southeast Africa to Rhodesia. The tubers are edible. =Macropetalum= Burch.

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Twining plants, rarely erect shrubs or herbs without a tuberous rootstock. 88

88. Corona-lobes spreading, linear. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head flat or umbonate. Mericarps thick, villous. Twining, tomentose shrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers in cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pervillaea= Decne.

Corona-lobes spreading and tubercle-shaped, or erect, or converging. 89

89. Pollen-masses very small, disc-shaped. Corona-lobes short, usually tubercle-like. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head more or less flattened and usually provided with a central boss at the top. Mericarps slender.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Tylophora= R. Br.

Pollen-masses large or rather large, usually pear-shaped. Mericarps usually thick. 90

90. Filaments united at the base, free above. Stigmatic head produced into a long beak. Ovary glabrous. Sepals oblong or ovate, with solitary glands. Corolla campanulate. Twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under _Secamone_ R. Br. or _Toxocarpus_ Wight et Arn.) =Rhynchostigma= Benth.

Filaments united up to the anthers. 91

91. Anther-appendages cohering into a long tube. Stigmatic head beaked. Ovary hairy. Sepals elliptical, with solitary glands. Corolla campanulate, with linear segments. Twining shrubs. Leaves elliptical, herbaceous. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Marsdenia_ R. Br.) =Traunia= K. Schum.

Anther-appendages not cohering into a tube. 92

92. Sepals large, without glands. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped; tube widened below. Stigmatic head conical. Twining shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers large, in umbels.--Species 5. Madagascar. They are used as ornamental plants, and the hairs of the seeds as vegetable silk. =Stephanotis= Thouars Sepals small, usually with glands. Leaves herbaceous. Flowers small or of moderate size.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield rubber or serve as vegetables. (Including _Dregea_ E. Mey. and _Pterygocarpus_ Hochst.) =Marsdenia= R. Br.

93. (78.) Stem cactus-like, thick and fleshy, with 4 or more angles or rows of tubercles, usually low. Leaves more or less rudimentary or wanting. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, fleshy. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla-segments very rarely coherent at the tip. Stigmatic head flat or ending in a small boss. 94

Stem herbaceous or woody, rarely (_Ceropegia_) fleshy, but then leafy or obscurely 3-angled and corolla-segments cohering at the tip, at least when young. 106

94. Branches divided by longitudinal and transverse furrows into several-ranked areas, not spiny nor bristly. Corolla rotate or campanulate, cleft to the middle. Corona-lobes 5 or 10, united at the base.--Species 7. East Africa. =Echidnopsis= Hook. fil.

Branches angled or tubercled, but not divided into areas, usually spiny or bristly. 95

95. Branches with more than 6 angles or rows of tubercles, rarely with 6; in this case with 3-parted spines. 96

Branches with 4, more rarely with 5 or 6 angles or rows of tubercles. Spines or other appendages of the tubercles simple. 98

96. Spines 3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs, large. Corolla tube-or funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Corona double, the outer divided into 10 filiform segments terminating in knobs.--Species 2. South Africa and southern West Africa. (_Tavaresia_ Welw.) =Decabelone= Decne.

Spines simple or absent. Corolla saucer-or cup-shaped. Outer corona of 5 two-lobed or two-parted pointed lobes or indistinct. 97

97. Tubercles of the stem united into continuous angles, spiny. Flowers large. Corolla slightly lobed.--Species 10. South and Central Africa. =Hoodia= Sweet

Tubercles of the stem not confluent. Flowers rather small. Corolla lobed to about halfway.--Species 12. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Trichocaulon= N. E. Brown

98. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip. Corona double.--Species 5. South Africa. Used as vegetables. =Pectinaria= Haw.

Corolla-segments free at the tip. 99

99. Corona simple, of 5 lobes. 100

Corona double or triple. 101

100. Sepals large. Corolla campanulate, divided half-way down, hairy, inside red mottled with yellow. Corona-lobes thick, without a dorsal crest:--Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland. (_Huerniopsis_ N. E. Brown). =Huerniopsis= N. E. Brown

Sepals small. Corolla rotate or campanulate, divided to beyond the middle. Corona-lobes with a dorsal transverse crest at the base.--Species 10. South Africa. =Piaranthus= R. Br.

101. Third (outermost) corona corolla-like, arising from the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla campanulate, hairy.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Diplocyathus= N. E. Brown

Third (outermost) corona not corolla-like, arising from the throat of the corolla, or wanting. 102

102. Second (intermediate) corona disc-shaped, entire; third (outermost) ring-shaped. Corolla rotate.--Species 20. South Africa to Lake Ngami. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Duvalia= Haw.

Second (intermediate or outer) corona ring-or cup-shaped and more or less deeply divided. 103

103. Corolla with accessory teeth between the lobes, campanulate, more or less distinctly lobed or cleft.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Huernia_ R. Br.) =Huernia= R. Br.

Corolla without accessory teeth between the lobes. 104

104. Corolla campanulate with broad lobes or rotate; in the latter case (as usually) outer corona divided to the base. Stem with soft spines or teeth, or without any. Flowers usually large, solitary or in pairs, more rarely in clusters.--Species 100. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Podanthes_ Decne.) =Stapelia= L.

Corolla campanulate with narrow lobes or rotate; in the latter case outer corona nearly entire or more or less deeply divided, but not to the base. 105

105. Inner corona-lobes bent inwards and broadened at the tip, beset with short spines on the back; outer short, united at the base. Corolla purple-brown, rotate, cleft half-way down, bearing club-shaped hairs. Flowers very large, solitary or in pairs. Stem with hard, usually brown spines.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Edithcolea= N. E. Brown

Inner corona-lobes not broadened at the tip. Flowers of moderate size. Stem with soft, green spines or teeth.--Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental plants, or as vegetables, others are poisonous. (Including _Apteranthes_ Mik. and _Boucerosia_ Wight et Arn.) =Caralluma= R. Br.