Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (23)

Flowers with an epicalyx. 116

116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Canephora= Juss.

Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers exserted. (See 98.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich.

117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like bracts. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers far exserted.--Species 1. West Africa. =Probletostemon= K. Schum.

Flowers small, without an epicalyx. 118

118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Hypobathrum= Blume

Style-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules short.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paragenipa= Baill.

119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted. Stipules united at the base.--Species 25. Tropics. =Bertiera= Aubl.

Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments. 120

120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.--Species 2. West Africa. =Dictyandra= Welw.

Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered halves. Corolla salver-shaped. 121

121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.) =Leptactinia= Hook. fil.

Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Heinsia= DC.

122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (Under _Randia_ Houst.) =Morelia= A. Rich.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 123

123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit clothed with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Chalazocarpus= Hiern

Flowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly toothed. Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very large.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (_Tetrastigma_ K. Schum.) =Schumanniophyton= Harms

124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous, small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.] 125

Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (_Oldenlandia_) an achene or nut with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely (_Pentacarpaea_) 5-celled. Flowers small. 133

125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or trees. Inflorescences without an involucre. 126

Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft. 128

126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Justenia= Hiern

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed. 127

127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Pauridiantha= Hook. fil.

Corolla wheel-or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled. Flowers in panicles or heads.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield dyes. =Urophyllum= Wall.

128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one of the segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like, enlarged and brightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 30. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including _Spallanzania_ DC.) =Mussaenda= L.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 129

129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or less bell-shaped involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. 130

Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an involucre. 131

130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently some or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5. Fruit globose. Erect herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Temnopteryx= Hook. fil.

Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong. Shrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Stipularia= Beauv.

131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply divided; segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent herbs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Pentaloncha= Hook. fil.

Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it. Shrubs. 132

132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from the base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Ecpoma= K. Schum.

Corolla tube-or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.--Species 35. Tropics. =Sabicea= Aubl.

133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs. Stipules entire or toothed. 134

Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.] 143

134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous. 135

Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.] 137

135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud. Corolla tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas ascending. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Payera= Baill.

Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary. Style simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 136

136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.--Species 4. Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (_Mamboga_ Blanco, _Stephegyne_ Korth., under _Nauclea_ L.) =Mitragyne= Korth.

Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head-or club-shaped.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber. =Adina= Salisb.

137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or less distinctly stalked. 138 Placentas adnate to the partition of the ovary throughout their whole length or almost so. 141

138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes unappendaged. Fruit globose. Shrubs.--Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several are poisonous. =Danais= Comm.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread-or club-shaped appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees. 139

139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. West Africa. Used medicinally. =Pseudocinchona= A. Chev.

Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous. 140

140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.--Species 3. West Africa. =Corynanthe= Welw.

Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn-or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under _Corynanthe_ Welw.) =Pausinystalia= Pierre

141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous. Corolla-lobes erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous. Stipules glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.--Species 8. Tropics. =Hymenodictyon= Wall.

Fruit septicidal. 142

142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Schismatoclada= Bak.

Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent. Corolla pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its mouth. Placentas thick.--Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield medicaments (especially quinine). =Cinchona= L.

143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little above the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube. Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Pentacarpaea= Hiern

Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2. 144

144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells, few-ovuled. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous. 145

Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary. 147

145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them considerably enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules lacerated.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under _Carphalea_ Juss.) =Dirichletia= Klotzsch

Calyx-segments equal. 146

146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the segments. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Carphalea= Juss.

Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with small teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Placopoda= Balf.

147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much enlarged. 148

Calyx-segments equal or nearly so. 151

148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal, with a persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Virecta= Afzel.

Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft. 149

149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropics. =Otomeria= Benth.

Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. 150

150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or bristle-like segments.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Neurocarpaea_ R. Br.) =Pentas= Benth.

Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs or trees. (See 128.) =Mussaenda= L.

151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike-or umbel-like cymes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Argostema= Wall.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth. Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise. 152

152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla white, funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Dolichometra= K. Schum.

Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often collected in false racemes or panicles. 153

153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform. Style-branches spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules lanceolate.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Hekistocarpa= Hook. fil.

Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary. 154

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 145._

J. Fleischmann del.

Viburnum rugosum Pers.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Cross-section of fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 146._

J. Fleischmann del.

Valeriana capensis Vahl

_A_ Aboveground part of the plant. _B_ Flower. _C_ Anther. _D_ Flower cut lengthwise (without the anthers). _E_ Stigma. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

154. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Style 2-cleft. Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex. Herbs. Stipules entire or toothed. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under _Oldenlandia_ Plum.) =Pentodon= Hochst.

Flowers 4-merous, very rarely 5-merous, but then solitary or in pairs or style simple. 155

155. Fruit opening by a lid, few-seeded. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla rotate. Placentas globose, with 3-4 ovules. Undershrubs. Flowers in terminal fascicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Mitratheca= K. Schum.

Fruit opening lengthwise or remaining closed.--Species 120. Some of them yield vegetables, dyes, or medicaments. (Including _Hedyotis_ L. and _Pentanopsis_ Rendle). =Oldenlandia= Plum.

FAMILY 220. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary inferior. Ovules axile, pendulous. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen.--Genera 4, species 15. North and East Africa. (Plate 145.)

1. Ovary 1-celled when fully developed. Ovule 1. Style very short, 3-parted. Anthers turned inwards. Flowers in corymbs, regular, at least the inner ones. Fruit a drupe with a 1-seeded stone. Shrubs or trees. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber and medicaments or serve as ornamental plants, so especially the guelder-rose (_V. Opulus_ L.) and the laurustinus (_V. tinus_ L.); the latter has poisonous fruits. (Plate 145.) [Tribe VIBURNEAE.] =Viburnum= L.

Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit a drupe with 3-5 stones or a several-seeded berry. 2

2. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Style very short, 3-5-parted. Anthers turned outwards. Corolla rotate. Flowers regular, in panicles or corymbs. Fruit a drupe. Leaves pinnately dissected.--Species 4. North and East Africa; one species (_S. nigra_ L.) only naturalized. The latter yields wood, pith, oil, edible fruits, and medicaments; another species is poisonous. “Elder.” [Tribe SAMBUCEAE.] =Sambucus= L.

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style long. Anthers turned inwards. Flowers more or less irregular. Fruit a berry. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Shrubs. [Tribe LONICEREAE.] 3

3. Ovary 2-3-celled.--Species 6. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Honeysuckle.” =Lonicera= L.

Ovary 5-celled. Fruit many-seeded.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Azores. An ornamental plant. =Leycesteria= Wall.

FAMILY 221. VALERIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules. Inflorescence cymose. Calyx not distinctly developed at the time of flowering. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 1-3, attached to the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, with 3 cells, two of which are empty and sometimes rudimentary. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-parted. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 4, species 35. (Plate 146.)

1. Stamen 1. Corolla spurred. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus crowning the fruit. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 5. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Centranthus= DC.

Stamens 2-3. Corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous. 2

2. Stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united. Corolla 2-lipped; tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base. Calyx-limb toothed. Branches of the inflorescence thickened.--Species 4. North-west Africa. =Fedia= Moench

Stamens 3, free. Corolla not 2-lipped. 3

3. Calyx-limb rolled inwards at the time of flowering, developing afterwards into a pappus of feathery bristles. Fruit 1-celled. Corolla-tube usually gibbous. Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves divided.--Species 5. North-west, East, and South Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Plate 146.) =Valeriana= L.

Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Corolla-tube without a distinct gibbosity. Annual herbs.--Species 20. North and South Africa and northern East Africa. Some species, especially _V. olitoria_ Poll., are used as salad. “Cornsalad.” =Valerianella= Haller

FAMILY 222. DIPSACACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in heads; each flower with an epicalyx embracing the ovary. Petals 4-5, united below. Stamens 2-4. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-parted. Fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 7, species 50. (Plate 147.)

1. Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller than the scales of the receptacle. Calyx-teeth numerous. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma entire.--Species 15. (Plate 147.) =Cephalaria= Schrad.

Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows. 2

2. Involucral bracts united. Epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Pycnocomon= Hoffmsg. & Link

Involucral bracts free. 3

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 147._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad.

_A_ Flowering blanch. _B_ Flower with epicalyx and bract. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 148._

J. Fleischmann del.

Momordica Charantia L.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal. _D_ Anther. _E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Staminode. _G_ Cross-section of ovary. _H_ Fruit. _I_ Seed. (_H_ from Curtis’ Botanical Magazine, plate 2455.)]

3. Scales of the receptacle stiff and pointed. Calyx-teeth usually 4. Stem prickly or bristly.--Species 5. North and East Africa. Several species are used in the manufacture of cloth and in medicine. “Teasel.” =Dipsacus= L.

Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or replaced by hairs. Stem glabrous or hairy, rarely bristly. 4

4. Scales of the receptacle nearly as large as the flowers. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species 2. North-west Africa and Cameroons. They yield dyes and medicaments. (Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Succisa= Coult.

Scales of the receptacle much smaller than the flowers or replaced by hairs. 5

5. Calyx-teeth 4-6. Stigma 2-parted. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows or ribs and a saucer-shaped limb. Receptacle scaly.--Species 18. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Scabiosa= L.

Calyx-teeth 8-24. 6

6. Calyx-teeth 8. Epicalyx without distinct furrows or ribs, and with a narrow, toothed limb. Receptacle hairy.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Knautia= Coult.

Calyx-teeth 12-24. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows and a saucer-shaped limb.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Pterocephalus= Vaill.

ORDER CAMPANULATAE

SUBORDER CUCURBITINEAE

FAMILY 223. CUCURBITACEAE

Nearly always prostrate or climbing and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves broad, usually with pedate nervation. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or nearly so, 5-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Stamens 4-5, four of them united in pairs, rarely all united or all free. Anthers usually opening outwards. Ovary inferior. Ovules inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Fruit berry-like, but sometimes dehiscent, more rarely dry and indehiscent. Seeds with a leathery or woody testa and a straight embryo, without albumen.--Genera 42, species 270. (Plate 148.)

1. Filaments all united into a column. [Tribe SICYOIDEAE.] 2

Filaments free or united at the base or in pairs. 5

2. Anthers 2-3, horizontal, straight or slightly curved. Staminal column very short. Male flowers in panicles, yellowish. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Gerrardanthus_ Harv.) =Cyclantheropsis= Harms

Anthers 3-5, erect and much curved or twisted. 3

3. Flowers usually dioecious, the female with staminodes. Ovules numerous, horizontal. Herbs. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. Female flowers solitary.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (_Cephalandra_ Schrad.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn.

Flowers monoecious, the female without staminodes. Ovule 1, pendulous. Tendrils 3-5-cleft. Male flowers in racemes or panicles. 4

4. Female flowers solitary or in pairs. Anthers free. Fruit large, fleshy. Shrubs. Flowers whitish.--Species 1 (_S. edule_ Swartz). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa, the island of St. Thomas, and the Mascarenes. The stem yields fibres, the roots and fruits are edible and contain starch. =Sechium= P. Browne

Female flowers crowded in heads. Fruit small, with a leathery rind. Herbs. Flowers greenish.--Species 1. Central Africa; also cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. Yields starch and medicaments. =Sicyos= L.

5. Stamens 5, one of them sterile; filaments free; anthers more or less cohering, 2-celled. Petals unequal, undivided. Ovary incompletely 3-celled; ovules few in each cell, pendulous. Styles 3; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit 3-valved at the apex. Seeds winged. Shrubs. Tendrils 2-cleft. Flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, the female solitary.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally. (Including _Atheranthera_ Mast.) [Tribe FEVILLEAE.] =Gerrardanthus= Harv.

Stamens 4-5, united in pairs, hence apparently only 2-3, rarely stamens 5, free and all fertile. 6

6. Anther-cells straight or slightly curved, rarely shortly inflexed at the base or apex. [Tribe MELOTHRIEAE.] 7

Anther-cells much curved or twisted, U-or S-shaped. [Tribe CUCURBITEAE.] 19

7. Anther-cells (pollen-sacs) 4. Flowers large, rose-coloured, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Calyx-segments toothed. Petals ciliate. Ovary oblong, 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit very large. Leaves compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 2. Tropics. They yield edible oily seeds and medicaments. (Including _Ampelosicyos_ Thouars). [Subtribe TELFAIRIINAE.] =Telfairia= Hook.

Anther-cells 2, rarely (_Melothria_) 4, but then flowers small, white or yellow, the male with a rudimentary pistil, fruit small, and leaves simple. 8

8. Disc at the base of the style distinctly developed. [Subtribe MELOTHRIINAE.] 9

Disc at the base of the style indistinct or wanting. [Subtribe ANGURIINAE.] 10

9. Calyx with a cylindrical tube and long, awl-shaped segments. Anthers sessile, attached by the back. Male flowers solitary or 2-3 together, female solitary.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Oreosyce= Hook. fil.

Calyx with a campanulate tube and short segments. Anthers attached by the base.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Mukia_ Arn., _Pilogyne_ Schrad., and _Zehneria_ Endl.) =Melothria= L.

10. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 11

Stamens inserted in the calyx-tube. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 12

11. Stem erect, woody, tree-like. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Flowers monoecious, the male in panicles, without a pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Dendrosicyos= Balf. fil.

Stem prostrate or climbing, herbaceous. Stigmas 3.--Species 30. Central and South Africa, one species also cultivated in North Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 148.) =Momordica= L.

12. Anther-cells inflexed at the apex. Connective broad. Flowers small, yellow, monoecious, the male with a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas 3.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Including _Cladosicyos_ Hook., under _Zehneria_ Endl.) =Cucumeropsis= Naud.

Anther-cells straight, slightly curved, or inflexed at the base. 13

13. Calyx-tube long, cylindrical. Flowers dioecious, the male in panicles, the female in racemes. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2, 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Trochomeriopsis= Cogn.

Calyx-tube short, campanulate. Flowers nearly always monoecious. 14

14. Male flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. Stamens with a lengthened or broadened connective. 15

Male flowers in racemes. 16

15. Stigma 1, lobed. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Staminodes of the female flowers minute or wanting. Flowers small, yellowish-green. Fruit opening by a lid.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. =Corallocarpus= Welw.

Stigmas 3-5. Ovules numerous. Staminodes hair-like or strap-shaped.--Species 30. Some of them (especially the cucumber, _C. sativus_ L., and the melon, _C. Melo_ L.) yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Cucumis= L.

16. Leaf-stalk with a small, fringed, stipule-like leaf at the base. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil, female without staminodes. Connective not prolonged. Ovules 2-3 in each cell.--Species 2. Central and South-west Africa. (_Ctenolepis_ Hook.) =Blastania= Kotschy & Peyr.

Leaf-stalk without a stipule-like leaf at its base. 17

17. Stem short. Flowers appearing before the leaves, the male with a rudimentary pistil, the female with linear staminodes. Calyx-segments narrow. Connective narrow, not prolonged. Stigmas 3. Ovules numerous. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pisosperma= Sond. & Harv.

Stem long. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 18

18. Staminodes in the female flowers thread-like, curved. Connective not prolonged at the apex. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas 1-2. Ovules numerous. Calyx-segments broad. Fruit bottle-shaped. Seeds globose. Leaves toothed or lobed.--Species 3. South Africa to Ngamiland. =Toxanthera= Hook.

Staminodes in the female flowers small or wanting. Connective prolonged at the apex, very rarely not prolonged, but then fruit oblong, without a beak, and leaves deeply divided. Ovules usually few.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Coniandra_ Schrad. and _Rhynchocarpa_ Schrad.) =Kedrostis= Medik.

19. (6.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell, erect. Style surrounded at the base by a disc. Staminodes present in the female flowers. Anthers cohering. Petals undivided.--Species 1. West Africa and Canary Islands. (Including _Trianosperma_ Mart.) [Subtribe ABOBRINAE.] =Cayaponia= Manso.

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell or upon each placenta, horizontal, rarely ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules, one erect, the other pendulous. 20

20. Petals slit at the edge, free or nearly so. Calyx-tube long. Stem climbing. Leaves cleft or compound. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Male flowers in racemes. [Subtribe TRICHOSANTHINAE.] 21

Petals not slit. 22

21. Stamens combined into 3, projecting beyond the calyx-tube. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Fruit snake-shaped. Leaves 3-7-lobed. Tendrils 3-cleft. Flowers white.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Used as a vegetable or as an ornamental or medicinal plant. “Snake-gourd.” =Trichosanthes= L.

Stamens 5, free, seated in the calyx-tube. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit pear-shaped. Leaves ternately compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Delognaea= Cogn.

22. Corolla distinctly campanulate, lobed or cleft. Ovules numerous. Flowers large or medium-sized, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Subtribe CUCURBITINAE.] 23

Corolla more or less rotate. [Subtribe CUCUMERINAE.] 26

23. Calyx-segments pinnately dissected. Female flowers without staminodes. Style long, inserted on the disc. Stigmas 3, 3-5-lobed. Fruit dry. Tendrils simple.--Species 4. Tropics. (_Raphidiocystis_ Hook.) =Rhaphidiocystis= Hook.

Calyx-segments undivided. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 24

24. Flowers monoecious. Style short and thick. Stigmas 3-5, 2-lobed. Tendrils 2-or more-cleft.--Species 4. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Pumpkin.” =Cucurbita= L.

Flowers dioecious. Style long. Stigma 1, 3-lobed or 3-partite. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. 25

25. Anthers cohering. Staminodes of the female flowers from subulate to oblong. Fruit small. (See 3.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn.

Anthers free. Staminodes of the female flowers conical or globose. Fruit rather large.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Including _Staphylosyce_ Hook.) =Physedra= Hook.

26. (22.) Calyx-tube of the male flowers long, cylinder-or funnel-shaped. 27

Calyx-tube of the male flowers short, top-or bell-shaped. 32

27. Anthers connate. Female flowers without Staminodes. Flowers large, white or yellow. 28

Anthers free or loosely cohering. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 29

28. Flowers monoecious. Anthers folded lengthwise. Ovary oblong. Leaf-stalk without glands at the apex.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (_Peponia_ Naud.) =Peponium= Naud.

Flowers dioecious. Anthers twisted transversely. Ovary globose.--Species 9. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Adenopus= Benth.

29. Flowers small or medium-sized, yellow or red. Anthers cohering. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers conical. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Seeds flattened. Root tuberous.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible roots also used in medicine. (Including _Heterosicyos_ Welw.) =Trochomeria= Hook.

Flowers large. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers gland-like or wanting. Stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. 30

30. Flowers monoecious, white, solitary. Style very short. Stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit with a woody rind. Seeds flattened. Leaves undivided; stalk with 2 glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1 (_L. vulgaris_ Ser., bottle-gourd). Tropics; also cultivated and naturalized in extratropical countries. It yields edible fruits, also used for making bottles and other utensils, and serves as an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Lagenaria= Ser.

Flowers dioecious. Tendrils simple. 31

31. Male flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. West Africa. =Cogniauxia= Baill.

Male flowers solitary or in clusters. Corolla yellow. Stamens with a broad connective. Staminodes bearded at the base. Stigmas heart-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seeds nearly globose. Leaves lobed; stalk without glands.--Species 4. Central Africa. (_Euryandra_ Hook.) =Eureiandra= Hook.

32. (26.) Anthers connate. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters and without a rudimentary pistil, the female without staminodes. Leaves undivided. 33

Anthers free or loosely cohering; in the latter case flowers monoecious. 34

33. Stem herbaceous, without tendrils. Leaves linear. Anthers with a scale at the base.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Eulenburgia= Pax

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves broad.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield oily seeds. =Dimorphochlamys= Hook.

34. Anthers cohering; cells horse-shoe-shaped. Flowers monoecious, the male in umbels and with a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary and without staminodes. Stigma subcapitate. Herbs. Leaves lobed, with a stipule-like leaf at the base. Tendrils simple. Flowers white. Fruit small.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Bryonia_ L.) =Dactyliandra= Hook. fil.

Anthers free, at least when fully developed. 35

35. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 36

Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx. 39

36. Calyx without scales at the base. Flowers dioecious, yellow or green, the male solitary or in clusters, the female solitary, with 5 staminodes. Ovary globose. Placentas and stigmas 5. Fruits large. Leafless, nearly erect, spiny shrubs.--Species 1. German South-west Africa and Angola. Yields edible fruits and seeds and medicaments. =Acanthosicyos= Welw.

Calyx with 2-3 scales at the base. Ovary bottle-shaped. Placentas and stigmas 1-3. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 37

37. Ovules 2. Stigma 1, capitate. Flowers large, yellow, monoecious, the male 2-3 together at the base of the leaf-blade, without a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary or in pairs, without staminodes. Fruits small. Leaves slightly lobed. Tendrils simple.--Species 3. Central Africa. (_Raphanocarpus_ Hook.) =Rhaphanocarpus= Hook.

Ovules 3 or more. Stigmas 3. 38

38. Ovules few. Fruit constricted between the seeds.--Species 1. East Africa. (_Raphanistrocarpus_ Baill.) =Rhaphanistrocarpus= Baill.

Ovules numerous. (See 11.) =Momordica= L.

39. Male flowers in racemes. 40

Male flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow. 43

40. Female flowers in racemes or clusters, small. Ovules few. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit more or less globular. Tendrils simple.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. =Bryonia= L.

Female flowers solitary. Ovules numerous. 41

41. Flowers dioecious large, white, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Fruit large, globose. Leafstalk with two glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft, rarely simple.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Sphaerosicyos= Hook.

Flowers monoecious. Stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Leaf-stalk without glands. 42

42. Tendrils cleft. Leaves lobed. Fruit dry, opening by a lid.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa; one species also cultivated in North Africa. They are used as vegetables and medicinal plants; some have edible, others poisonous fruits; the fibres of the fruit are employed for making sponges, hats, and various utensils; the seeds are oily. =Luffa= L.

Tendrils absent. Leaves undivided. Flowers yellow, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit fleshy, ejecting the seeds when ripe.--Species 1. North Africa. A poisonous and medicinal plant. “Squirting cucumber.” =Ecballium= A. Rich.

43. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Ovules few. Stem climbing. Tendrils two-cleft. Flowers in clusters, small, yellowish-green, monoecious. Fruit small, globular.--Species 1. Tropics. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Bryonopsis= Arn.

Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Ovules numerous. 44

44. Connective of the stamens with a 2-cleft appendage at the apex. Tendrils simple, rarely wanting. (See 15.) =Cucumis= L.

Connective of the stamens not prolonged at the apex. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Stem prostrate. Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers large, monoecious. 45

45. Calyx-segments leaf-like, serrate, recurved. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (_B. hispida_ Cogn.). Cultivated in various regions. The fruits are eaten and used in medicine. =Benincasa= Savi.

Calyx-segments awl-shaped, entire.--Species 4. They yield edible fruits (chiefly from _C. vulgaris_ Neck., water-melon), edible oily seeds, and medicaments; some are poisonous. (_Colocynthis_ L.) =Citrullus= Neck.

SUBORDER CAMPANULINEAE

FAMILY 224. CAMPANULACEAE

Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Petals usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (_Lightfootia_) superior, 2-10-celled, rarely (_Merciera_) 1-celled. Ovules inverted, numerous and axile, rarely few and apical or basal. Style simple. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (_Canarina_) a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 26, species 400. (Including _LOBELIACEAE_ and _SPHENOCLEACEAE_.) (Plate 149.)

1. Anthers connate. Flowers more or less irregular, solitary or in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =LOBELIOIDEAE=.] 2

Anthers free, rarely (_Jasione_) cohering at the base, but then flowers regular and in heads. 7

2. Petals free. Flowers nearly regular, small, greenish-yellow, in many-flowered terminal and lateral racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Dialypetalum= Benth.

Petals united below. 3

3. Corolla-tube slit down to the base or nearly so, at least on one side. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 4

Corolla-tube not or but shortly slit. 6

4. Fruit linear. All anthers hairy at the apex.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Lobelia_ L.) =Grammatotheca= Presl

Fruit roundish. 5

5. Anthers and stigmas ripe at the same time. All anthers hairy at the apex. Odd sepal in front.--Species 12. South and East Africa and Comoro Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Dobrowskya_ Presl and _Parastranthus_ Don, under _Lobelia_ L.) =Monopsis= Salisb.

Anthers ripe before the stigmas. Odd sepal usually behind.--Species 120. Southern and tropical Africa, Madeira, and Azores. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Isolobus_ A. DC. and _Metzleria_ Presl) =Lobelia= L.

6. Filaments adnate to the corolla on one side to beyond the middle. Corolla white.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. A poisonous and medicinal plant. =Isotoma= Lindl.

Filaments free from the corolla or shortly adnate to it. Corolla blue or white.--Species 10. South and North-west Africa. (Including _Enchysia_ Presl) =Laurentia= Neck.

7. (1.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally and septicidally.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. Several species have edible tubers. [Subfamily =CYPHIOIDEAE=.] =Cyphia= Berg

Flowers regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =CAMPANULOIDEAE=.] 8

8. Corolla imbricate in the bud. Style very short, without collecting hairs. Ovary 2-celled; placentas thick, suspended from the top of the partition. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers in spikes, small, greenish or yellowish.--Species 1. Tropics and Egypt. [Tribe SPHENOCLEEAE.] =Sphenoclea= Gaertn.

Corolla valvate in the bud. Style with hairs or viscid glands for collecting the pollen. [Tribe CAMPANULEAE.] 9

9. Carpels 5, as many as the sepals or stamens, and alternating with them. 10

Carpels as many as the sepals or stamens, but opposite to them, or fewer. 11

10. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, deeply cleft, yellow or red. Filaments broadened at the base. Fruit opening laterally by many transverse slits. Large herbs or undershrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Madeira. Used as ornamental plants. =Musschia= Dumort.

Corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate. Filaments not broadened. Fruit opening loculicidally by 5 apical valves. Seeds few. Small herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, solitary or in clusters.--Species 4. South Africa. =Microcodon= A. DC.

11. Filaments adnate to the corolla halfway or higher up. Fruit opening by an apical lid. 12

Filaments free from the corolla or nearly so. 13

12. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from the top of the cell. Flowers blue, in raceme-or panicle-like cymose inflorescences. Leaves linear. Herbs or undershrubs. =Siphocodon= Turcz.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Flowers red, in heads. Leaves ovate. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Rhigiophyllum= Hochst.

13. Anthers cohering at the base. Petals free or nearly so. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally at the top. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.--Species 4. North Africa. =Jasione= L.

Anthers free. 14

14. Ovules 4, basal. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-, rarely 2-4-seeded. Undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Merciera= A. DC.

Ovules axile, usually numerous. Ovary 2-10-celled. 15

15. Fruit a roundish berry. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, nearly always 6-merous. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow or red. Filaments broadened at the base. Leaves opposite, the lower whorled.--Species 3. East Africa and Canary Islands. They yield edible roots and fruits and serve as ornamental plants. =Canarina= L.

Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut. Flowers usually 5-merous. 16

16. Fruit narrow, opening by an apical lid and sometimes also by lateral slits, more rarely remaining closed. Ovary 2-celled. 17

Fruit opening by apical valves or by lateral valves, slits, or pores. 18

17. Flowers in terminal heads. Corolla tubular. Ovary ovoid.--Species 1. South Africa. (_Leptocodon_ Sond.) =Treichelia= Vatke

Flowers terminal and solitary, or in lateral glomerules. Ovary oblong.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Roëlla= L.

18. Fruit opening by lateral, but sometimes nearly apical valves, slits, or pores. 19

Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex, usually broad. 22

19. Fruit narrow, opening by pores or slits. 20

Fruit broad, opening by valves. 21

20. Fruit opening by long slits. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped or narrowly bell-shaped.--Species 20. South Africa. =Prismatocarpus= L’Hér.

Fruit opening by short slits or pores. Ovary 3-celled. Corolla wheel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped.--Species 4. North Africa. They serve as ornamental plants; the root is edible. “Venus’s looking-glass.” =Specularia= Heist.

21. Corolla tubular. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style projecting far beyond the corolla. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant; the root is edible. =Trachelium= L.

Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla.--Species 25. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants. =Campanula= L.

22. Stigma-lobes 2-10, narrow. 23

Stigma-lobes 2-3, broad, sometimes very small. 24

23. Petals free or nearly so, narrow.--Species 50. Southern and tropical Africa. (Plate 149.) =Lightfootia= L’Hér.

Petals obviously united below, or broad.--Species 80. Some of them serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Cervicina_ Del.) =Wahlenbergia= Schrad.

24. Petals free or nearly so, narrow, blue. Herbs.--Species 6. Central and South-west Africa. =Cephalostigma= A. DC.

Petals obviously united below. 25

25. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply cleft, yellow. Style equalling the corolla. Fruit opening at the top and laterally. Seeds numerous. Stem woody. Species 1. Mascarene Islands. (Under _Wahlenbergia_ Schrad.) =Heterochaenia= A. DC.

Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Style much exceeding the corolla. Fruit opening at the top only. Seeds about ten. Stem herbaceous.--Species 1. Morocco. (Under _Trachelium_ L.) =Feeria= Buser

FAMILY 225. GOODENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, slit open behind, with folded aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes, free from the corolla. Anthers free, turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 2-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style simple. Stigma capitate, surrounded by a fringed cup. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. They yield wood for carpenters’ work, pith used in the manufacture of paper, vegetables, and medicaments. =Scaevola= L.

FAMILY 226. COMPOSITAE

Leaves simple and exstipulate, but sometimes dissected or provided with stipule-like auricles. Flowers seated upon a dilated or elevated receptacle and arranged in sometimes spike-like or one-flowered heads which are surrounded by an involucre. Heads either containing only hermaphrodite flowers, several of which are sometimes sterile (male), or consisting of hermaphrodite or male central (disc-) flowers and female or neuter marginal (ray-) flowers, more rarely heads unisexual or reduced to a single flower. Calyx-limb (pappus) formed of sometimes connate scales or hairs, fully developed only in fruit, or wanting. Corolla of united petals, in the hermaphrodite and male flowers 3-5-lobed with valvate aestivation, regular (tube-, funnel-, or bell-shaped) or 2-lipped or 1-lipped (strap-shaped), in the female flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the corolla-tube. Anthers connate, rarely free, opening inwards by

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 149._

J. Fleischmann del.

Lightfootia subulata L’Hér.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 150._

J. Fleischmann del.

Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise and pappus-bristle. _D_ Anther from front and back.] two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style of the fertile hermaphrodite flowers cleft into two branches, which bear stigmatic papillae on the inner face or the margins, and hairs on the outer face, on both sides, or at the top; style of the sterile flowers usually entire. Fruit indehiscent, mostly dry. Seed solitary, with a thin coat usually adnate to the pericarp, exalbuminous. Embryo straight; radicle short, inferior.--Genera 327, species 4200. (Including _AMBROSIACEAE_.) (Plate 150.)

1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [Tribe CICHORIEAE.] 2

Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice not milky. 31

2. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like herbs.--Species 3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. [Subtribe SCOLYMINAE.] =Scolymus= L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not thistle-like plants. 3

3. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple bristles or by a small crown. [Subtribe LEONTODONTINAE.] 4

Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether. 10

4. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven pinnae. Receptacle without scales. 5

Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers yellow. 7

5. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads terminal, solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.--Species 3. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used as vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (Including _Geropogon_ L.) =Tragopogon= L.

Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows. 6

6. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves radical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria) =Tourneuxia= Coss.

Fruits straight at the top.--Species 7. North and Central Africa; one species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including _Podospermum_ DC.) =Scorzonera= L.

7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts in several rows.--Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in medicine. (Including _Seriola_ L.) =Hypochoeris= L.

Receptacle without scales. 8

8. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa. =Urospermum= Scop.

Involucral bracts in several rows. 9

9. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus persistent.--Species 20. North Africa. (Including _Asterothrix_ Coss., _Fidelia_ Schultz, _Kalbfussia_ Schultz, _Microderis_ DC., _Millina_ Cass., and _Thrincia_ Roth). =Leontodon= L.

Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.--Species 20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables. (Including _Deckera_ Schultz, _Helminthia_ Juss., _Spitzelia_ Schultz, _Viraea_ Vahl, and _Vigineixia_ Pomel). =Picris= L.

10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles. [Subtribe CREPIDINAE.] 11

Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes prolonged into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [Subtribe CICHORINAE.] 24

11. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked. 12

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. 13

12. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (_Lagoseris_ M. Bieb.) =Pterotheca= Cass.

Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles. Fruits oblong.--Species 10. North Africa. =Andryala= L.

13. Fruits ending in a beak. 14

Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex. 18

14. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak. 15

Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak. 17

15. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a pappus. Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Heteroderis= Boiss.

Outer fruits similar to the inner. 16

16. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and cauline.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine. =Chondrilla= L.

Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.--Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.” =Taraxacum= Hall.

17. Fruits compressed.--Species 40, one of them (_L. sativa_ L.) only cultivated. They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are poisonous. “Lettuce.” (Including _Cicerbita_ Wallr.) =Lactuca= L.

Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.--Species 35. (Including _Anisorhamphus_ DC. and _Barkhousia_ Moench). =Crepis= L.

18. Fruits much narrowed at the top. 19

Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at the top. 20

19. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape. Flowers yellow.--Species 2. East Africa. =Dianthoseris= Schultz

Stem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.) =Crepis= L.

20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral bracts in many rows, with scarious margins. 21

Fruits all alike. 22

21. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and glabrous.--Species 20. Some of them are used medicinally. (Including _Heterachaena_ Fres., _Microrhynchus_ Less., _Rhabdotheca_ Cass., and _Zollikoferia_ DC.) =Launaea= Cass.

Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.--Species 5. North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (_Picridium_ Desf.) =Reichardia= Roth

22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular. Flowers red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species 2. Canary Islands and Socotra. =Prenanthes= L.

Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow. 23

23. Fruits compressed.--Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. “Sowthistle.” =Sonchus= L.

Fruits terete or angular.--Species 7. North and South Africa and Madagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.” =Hieracium= L.

24. (10.) Pappus present. 25

Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow. 29

25. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting of toothed or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious appendage.--Species 5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Catananche= L.

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long bristles in the centre. 26

26. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. 27

Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity. 28

27. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.--Species 3. North Africa. =Hyoseris= L.

Fruits terete, not winged.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under _Leontodon_ L.) =Hedypnois= Schreb.

28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits 6-8-ribbed. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles.--Species 12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Tolpis= Bivona

Flowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length. Fruits 5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.--Species 6. North and Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two of them only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder for cattle, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.” =Cichorium= L.

29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits. Fruits linear, the outer spreading.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as salad. =Rhagadiolus= Juss.

Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits. 30

30. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with short prickles.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Koelpinia= Pall.

Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked, glabrous.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (_Lampsana_ Juss.) =Lapsana= L.

31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below the point of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather long hairs. Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and ARCTOTIDEAE.] 32

Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with a ring of long hairs at or below the point of division. 67

32. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed. 33

Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly tailed. 41

33. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex. Flower-heads solitary. 34

Involucral bracts united below. [Subtribe GORTERINAE.] 35

34. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like and usually prickly. Leaves prickly.--Species 12. North Africa. One of the species yields gum and is used in medicine. =Atractylis= L.

Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or wanting.--Species 85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Arctotheca_ Wendl., _Cryptostemma_ R. Br., _Damatris_ Cass., _Haplocarpha_ Less., _Landtia_ Less., _Microstephium_ Less., and _Venidium_ Less.) =Arctotis= L.

35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep pits enclosing the fruits. 36

Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more or less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits. 38

36. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than the inner. Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.--Species 5. South Africa. =Didelta= L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. 37

37. Pappus formed of scales.--Species 80. South and Central Africa. Some are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (_Crocodiloides_ Adans., including _Stephanocoma_ Less. and _Stobaea_ Thunb.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.--Species 15. South Africa. =Cullumia= R. Br.

38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits clothed with long hairs. 39

Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs. 40

39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of scales. Herbs.--Species 7. South and Central Africa. =Berkheyopsis= O. Hoffm.

Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Hirpicium= Cass.

40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. Pappus formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly glabrous.--Species 4. South Africa. =Gorteria= L.

Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.--Species 35. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Meridiana_ Hill). =Gazania= Gaertn.

41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads collected in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. Leaves pinnately divided. [Subtribe GUNDELINAE.] 42

Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then flower-heads not in clusters. 43

42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves cauline, prickly.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gundelia= L.

Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves radical.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Platycarpha= Less.

43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial involucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.--Species 20. Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.” (_Sphaerocephalus_ L.) =Echinops= L.

Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads. 44

44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of attachment. [Subtribe CENTAUREINAE.] 45

Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment. 51

45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre of leaves. Leaves prickly. 46

Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (_Centaurea_) surrounded by some unarmed leaves. 48

46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits ribbed. Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers yellow.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Used medicinally. (_Carbenia_ Adans.) =Cnicus= Gaertn.

Pappus simple or wanting. 47

47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all hermaphrodite.--Species 13. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Carduncellus= Juss.

Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.--Species 15. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower, _C. tinctorius_ L.) yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including _Kentrophyllum_ Neck.) =Carthamus= L.

48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Zoegea= L.

Fruits with a simple border at the top. 49

49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided into narrow segments.--Species 1. North Africa. =Crupina= Cass.

Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus. 50

50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely without an appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long scales or double.--Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the species naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Aegialophila_ Boiss. & Heldr., _Amberboa_ DC., _Leuzea_ DC., _Melanoloma_ Cass., _Microlonchus_ Cass., _Phaeopappus_ Boiss., _Rhaponticum_ Lam., and _Volutarella_ Cass.) =Centaurea= L.

Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, but sometimes with a small point. Pappus of unequally long bristles.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. “Sawwort.” =Serratula= L.

51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, not margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARLININAE.] 52

Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARDUINAE.] 56

52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the involucre leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. Leaves prickly. 53

Pappus formed of not feathery scales. 54

53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. Flower-heads large.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Carlina= L.

Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.) =Atractylis= L.

54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with a regular corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped corolla. Inner involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves entire, not prickly.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Xeranthemum= L.

Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly. 55

55. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in cymes.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (_Broteroa_ Willd.) =Cardopatium= Juss.

56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly. 57

Filaments free. 58

57. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer neuter. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Lupsia_ Neck.) =Galactites= Neck.

Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not feathery.--Species 2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. =Silybum= Gaertn.

58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly. 59

Filaments glabrous. 62

59. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.--Species 9. North Africa. =Onopordon= L.

Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly. 60

60. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves divided.--Species 6. North Africa; one species (_C. Scolymus_ L., artichoke) only cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Including _Cynaropsis_ O. Ktze.) =Cynara= L.

Receptacle not fleshy. 61

61. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 17. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables and in medicine. (_Cnicus_ L., including _Chamaepeuce_ DC., _Notobasis_ Cass., and _Picnomon_ DC.) =Cirsium= Scop.

Pappus-bristles not feathery.--Species 20. North and East Africa. =Carduus= L.

62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow. Anthers not tailed. 63

Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles. 64

63. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.) =Didelta= L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields oil and medicaments. “Burdock.” (_Lappa_ Juss.) _Arctium_ L.

Involucral bracts without hooked awns. 65

65. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below. Flowers red. Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. =Staehelina= L.

Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery. 66

66. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.--Species 1. North Africa. =Jurinea= Cass.

Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.) =Cirsium= Scop.

67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two acuminate, awned, or ciliate appendages. 68

Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly mucronate at the base. 200

68. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less 2-lipped. 69

Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones, regular. 71

69. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. =Pegolettia= Cass.

Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length. Pappus of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe MUTISINAE.] 70

70. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cloiselia= S. Moore

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female. Herbs.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Perdicium_ L.) =Gerbera= Gronov.

71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe GOCHNATINAE.] 72

Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.] 78

72. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed with long silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads solitary, large; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately cleft.--Species 1. North Africa. =Warionia= Benth. & Coss.

Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs. 73

73. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.--Species 2. East Africa. =Achyrothalamus= O. Hoffm.

Pappus consisting of bristles or scales. 74

74. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all hermaphrodite, but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits glabrous. Pappus of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Erythrocephalum= Benth.

Receptacle without scales. 75

75. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa. (_Phyllactinia_ Benth.) =Pasaccardoa= O. Ktze.

Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges. 76