Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (22)

6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum, albuminous. Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx unequally 4-5-parted. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [Subfamily =NELSONIOIDEAE=.] 7

Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (_Synnema_) thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [Subfamily =ACANTHOIDEAE=.] 9

7. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell numerous, in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Ebermaiera_ Nees, _Zenkerina_ Engl.) =Staurogyne= Wall.

Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked. 8

8. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with imbricate bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very short.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Tubiflora_ Gmel.) =Elytraria= Vahl

Flowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts or wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.--Species 1. Tropics. =Nelsonia= R. Br.

9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually hairy. 10

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually glabrous. 40

10. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped. 11

Corolla nearly regular. 17

11. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted into a stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Eranthemum= L.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2 in each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [Tribe HYGROPHILEAE.] 12

12. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell of the ovary. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. Central Africa. Some of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Eremomastax_ Lindau) =Paulowilhelmia= Hochst.

Corolla 2-lipped. 13

13. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or spikes.--Species 20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Brillantaisia= Beauv.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or wanting. 14

14. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth. Ovules numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa. (_Cardanthera_ Ham.) =Synnema= Benth.

Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold. 15

15. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite. Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each cell of the ovary.--Species 4. East Africa. =Mellera= S. Moore

Stem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred. 16

16. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx 4-partite. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.--Species 2. Central Africa. Used for making salt. (Under _Hygrophila_ R. Br.) =Asteracantha= Nees

Flowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Nomaphila Blume) =Hygrophila= R. Br.

17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted into a short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 4, united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.] 18 Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and STROBILANTHEAE.] 22

18. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx; bracteoles smaller.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Disperma= C. B. Clarke

Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large. 19

19. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union of the two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral inflorescences.--Species 18. Tropics. (Under _Petalidium_ Nees). =Pseudobarleria= T. Anders.

Calyx-segments 5, almost free. 20

20. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like. Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Aetheilema_ R. Br., _Micranthus_ Wendl., _Phaylopsis_ Willd.) =Phaulopsis= Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal. 21

21. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal false umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Zygoruellia= Baill.

Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed below. Flowers solitary or in cymes.--Species 5. West and South Africa. =Petalidium= Nees

22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk, 2-4-seeded. 23

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 30

23. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its length. 24

Fertile stamens 4. 25

24. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles. Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.--Species 5. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Lankesteria= Lindl.

Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk, usually 4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils. Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx.--Species 4. South and East Africa. (Under _Calophanes_ Don). =Chaetacanthus= Nees

25. Filaments free from the base. 26

Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two ridges. 27

26. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc very small. Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and narrow.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Satanocrater= Schweinf.

Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large, membranous.--Species 15. Central Africa. (Including _Stylarthropus_ Baill.) =Whitfieldia= Hook.

27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded. Flowers solitary or in spikes.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Strobilanthes= Blume

Staminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes. 28

28. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear, 4-seeded.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (_Calophanes_ Don, including _Phillipsia_ Rolfe). =Dyschoriste= Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical. 29

29. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Strobilanthopsis= S. Moore

Fruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.--Species 8. Tropics. (Under _Dischistocalyx_ T. Anders.) =Acanthopale= C. B. Clarke

30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2. 31

Fertile stamens 4. 32

31. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly 2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together in the leaf-axils. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under _Ruttya_ Harv.) =Forsythiopsis= Bak.

Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ruelliola= Baill.

32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a rudimentary half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes or heads.--Species 3. West Africa. (_Physacanthus_ Benth.) =Haselhoffia= Lindau

Filaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two ridges. Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. 33

33. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed. 34

Staminal ridges separate. 35

34. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.--Species 1. Island of St. Thomas. (Under _Paulowilhelmia_ Hochst.) =Heteradelphia= Lindau

Corolla tubular. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Hemigraphis= Nees

35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them, tailed at the base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.--Species 15. Tropics. (Including _Epiclastopelma_ Lindau) =Mimulopsis= Schweinf.

Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (_Ruelliopsis_) all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary. 36

36. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped, toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Camarotea= Elliot

Stigma entire or provided with a small tooth. 37

37. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments usually very unequal. Bracteoles very small.--Species 9. Central Africa. (_Dischistocalyx_ T. Anders.) =Distichocalyx= T. Anders.

Flowers solitary or in neither spike-nor head-like cymes or panicles. 38

38. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in size, entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube. Anthers included.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Endosiphon= T. Anders.

Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size. 39

39. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed. Calyx-segments unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.--Species 3. East and South Africa. =Ruelliopsis= C. B. Clarke

Pollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Dipteracanthus_ Nees). =Ruellia= L.

40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or nearly regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (_Crabbea_) 3-4. Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.] 41

Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation. 48

41. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed. Stamens 2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes 2, subequal, sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Somalia_ Oliv.) =Barleria= L.

Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. 42

42. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly regular, with short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens 1-celled. Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike-or head-like.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including _Leucobarleria_ Lindau). =Neuracanthus= Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc ring-shaped. 43

43. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow bracteoles. Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Periblema_ DC.) =Boutonia= DC.

Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without bracteoles, or in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Corolla two-lipped. 44

44. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the calyx. Flowers in head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed with bracts. Corolla white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy above. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Warpuria= Stapf

Bracteoles minute or absent. 45

45. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers all 2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.--Species 2. South Africa. =Glossochilus= Nees

Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers partly 1-celled. 46

46. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged, inserted nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and style glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong, 4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 10. South and Central Africa. =Crabbea= Harv.

Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 47

47. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed. Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered spikes.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Lindauea= Rendle

Anterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the anterior stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma entire.--Species 30. Central Africa. (Including _Volkensiophyton_ Lindau). =Lepidagathis= Willd.

48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a slit. Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.] 49

Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. 55

49. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short. Leaves usually prickly. 50

Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided. 53

50. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short. Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Crossandrella= C. B. Clarke

Corolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly; bracteoles small and narrow or wanting. 51

51. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two glandular pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube nearly globular. Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds hairy.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine; others are noxious weeds. =Blepharis= Juss.

Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely contracted at the base. 52

52. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4, glabrous. Spikes stalked.--Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Acanthus= L.

Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct. Seeds bristly, usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5 spines.--Species 7. South Africa. =Acanthopsis= Harv.

53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the anterior, 2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very long. Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as the calyx.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Crossandra= Salisb.

Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader than the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles shorter than the calyx. 54

54. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted at the base.--Species 8. Tropics. (Including _Butayea_ De Wild, and _Pleuroblepharis_ Baill., under _Sclerochiton_ Harv.) =Pseudoblepharis= Baill.

Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly contracted at the base.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. =Sclerochiton= Harv.

55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 56

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. 64

56. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted. [Tribe PSEUDERANTHEMEAE.] 57

Fertile stamens 4. 59

57. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube cylindrical, not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Ruspolia= Lindau

Anthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer. 58

58. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly smooth. Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.--Species 1. Natal. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under _Asystasia_ Blume). =Mackaya= Harv.

Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds wrinkled.--Species 12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under _Eranthemum_ L.) =Pseuderanthemum= Radlk.

59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stenandriopsis= S. Moore

Anthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk. [Tribe ASYSTASIEAE.] 60

60. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present. Stigma-lobes unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 4. West Africa. (_Scytanthus_ T. Anders.) =Thomandersia= Baill.

Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent. Stigma-lobes subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present. 61

61. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much lower than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and divergent. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Filetia= Miq.

Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same level. 62

62. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Asystasia_ Blume) =Parasystasia= Baill.

Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short. 63

63. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly spurred at the base. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. =Asystasiella= Lindau

Pollen-grain striped, not prickly.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Asystasia= Blume

64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes none. Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.] =Andrographis= Nees

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE, ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.] 65

65. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. 66

Fertile stamens 2. 70

66. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 67

Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 68

67. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the corolla. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Styasasia_ S. Moore, under _Asystasia_ Blume) =Isochoriste= Miq.

Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Bracteoles large.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Forcipella= Baill.

68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments unequal. Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves. Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Synchoriste= Baill.

Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad. 69

69. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts incised.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Podorungia= Baill.

Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in the leaf-axils. Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Chlamydacanthus= Lindau

70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and bracteoles small. 71

Staminodes none, rarely (_Duvernoya_) solitary. 73

71. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal heights, pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long, funnel-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Naturalized in West Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Graptophyllum= Nees

Anthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed. 72

72. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes or panicles.--Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar. =Ruttya= Harv.

Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Shrubs.--Species 4. Island of Socotra. =Ballochia= Balf. fil.

73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt. 74

Anthers 2-celled. 80

74. Stigma entire. 75

Stigma 2-lobed. 76

75. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads or fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Lasiocladus= Boj.

Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long and narrow.--Species 9. Tropics. =Brachystephanus= Nees

76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the lower part of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Oreacanthus= Benth.

Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in its upper part or at the throat. 77

77. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Monothecium= Hochst.

Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short stalk or not contracted. 78

78. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Amphiestes= S. Moore

Calyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or-parted. 79

79. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Periestes= Baill.

Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. =Hypoëstes= R. Br.

80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights. 81

Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base. 101

81. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a spur-or tail-like appendage. 82

Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but neither spurred nor tailed. 92

82. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short. Calyx-segments very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled, red. Bracts and bracteoles small.--Species 2. Island of Socotra. =Trichocalyx= Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped. 83

83. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves. Bracts narrow. 84

Corolla-tube short or rather short. 85

84. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under _Siphonoglossa_ Oerst.) =Aulojusticia= Lindau

Corolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Leaves elliptical to orbicular.--Species 3. South and East Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Siphonoglossa= Oerst.

85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Pollen-grains with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes replaced by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves at maturity.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including _Adhatoda_ Nees, _Dianthera_ L., _Gendarussa_ Nees, _Monechma_ Hochst., and _Rhytiglossa_ Nees). (Plate 142.) =Justicia= L.

Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles. 86

86. Calyx-segments 4. 87

Calyx-segments 5. 88

87. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the branches. Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Corymbostachys= Lindau

Flowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk. Herbs.--Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Anisostachya= Nees

88. Flowers in panicles. 89

Flowers in spikes. 90

89. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted into a short stalk.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Salviacanthus= Lindau Stem herbaceous. Inflorescences abundantly branched. Bracts broad. Lower anther-half spurred, the upper not. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Rhaphidospora= Nees

90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large, red.--Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar. (Under _Macrorungia_ C. B. Clarke) =Symplectochilus= Lindau

Stem herbaceous. 91

91. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers small. Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers. Bracteoles large.--Species 9. Tropics. =Rungia= Nees

Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.) =Nicoteba= Lindau

92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell-or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much widened above. 93

Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above. 95

93. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube somewhat shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in spikes or panicles.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Adhatoda_ Nees or _Justicia_ L.) =Duvernoya= E. Mey.

Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the limb. Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or undershrubs. 94

94. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its middle. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile and 2 sterile. Leaves sessile, lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Melittacanthus= S. Moore

Flowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. =Isoglossa= Oerst.

95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Shrubs. 96

Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed. Disc cup-shaped. 98

96. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc cup-shaped. Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Populina= Baill.

Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped. Flowers in spikes or fascicles. 97

97. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly free, 3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5. Central Africa. =Anisotes= Nees

Bracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity.--Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (_Macrorungia_ C. B. Clarke). =Himantochilus= T. Anders.

98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Fruit oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Rhinacanthus= Nees

Bracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs. 99

99. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Chlamydocardia= Lindau

Bracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2 flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands. 100

100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong; partition not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Peristrophe= Nees

Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating from the valves at maturity.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (_Diapedium_ Koenig). =Dicliptera= Juss.

101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip rolled in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs. Flowers in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and bracteoles very small.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (_Ancalanthus_ Balf. fil.) =Angkalanthus= Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Bracts not very small. 102

102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually 2. Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting. 103

Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. 104

103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear. Fruit subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under _Ecbolium_ Kurz) =Schwabea= Endl.

Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under _Dicliptera_ Juss.) =Megalochlamys= Lindau

104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Ecbolium= Kurz

Bracts narrow. Seeds 4. 105

105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. =Anisacanthus= Nees

Flowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Schaueria= Nees

SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE

FAMILY 217. MYOPORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo superior.--Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.

1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit with a 1-2-celled stone.--Species 2. South Africa. =Oftia= Adans.

Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by side. 2

2. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. West Africa. =Zombiana= Baill.

Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled stone.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Myoporum= Banks & Sol.

ORDER PLANTAGINALES

FAMILY 218. PLANTAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite. Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts, without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation, sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry, opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen; embryo straight or nearly so.--Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.)

Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base, solitary or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed corolla. Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.--Species 1. Azores. =Litorella= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2-or more-flowered spikes or heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent, 2-or more-seeded.--Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle and birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.” (Plate 143.) =Plantago= L.

ORDER RUBIALES

FAMILY 219. RUBIACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, provided with sometimes leaf-like stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so, but sometimes with a curved corolla-tube. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (_Argostema_) by 1-2 apical pores. Ovary inferior, rarely (_Gaertnera_) superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style 1, or several styles united at the base.--Genera 150, species 1900. (Plate 144.)

1. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =COFFEOIDEAE=.] 2

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CINCHONOIDEAE=.] 81

2. Ovules pendulous or descending; micropyle superior. Radicle of the embryo superior. 3

Ovules ascending; micropyle inferior. Radicle of the embryo inferior. 30

3. Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees. 4

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 18

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers in fascicles or panicles, rarely solitary. [Tribe ALBERTEAE.] 5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 16

5. Corolla curved, tubular, hairy within. Calyx 5-partite; 1-4 of the segments much enlarged after flowering. Anthers hairy. Style much exserted. Flowers in terminal panicles. 6

Corolla straight. Calyx-segments not enlarged, rarely all enlarged after flowering. 7

6. Calyx with 1 enlarged segment. Corolla hairy at the base and at the throat. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers bearded at the base. Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Nematostylis= Hook. fil.

Calyx with 2-4 enlarged segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Style-apex entire.--Species 5. Madagascar and Natal. (_Ernestimeyera_ O. Ktze.) =Alberta= E. Mey.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 143._

J. Fleischmann del.

Plantago palmata Hook. fil.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower with a bracteole (without the anthers). _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 144._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut off). _C_ Anther. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit.]

7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous, two-cleft at the apex.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Psilanthus= Hook. fil.

Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the fruit. 8

8. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs. 9

Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles. 10

9. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft. Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lamprothamnus= Hiern

Calyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft. Style-apex entire.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Exechostylus= K. Schum.

10. Style hairy. 11

Style glabrous. 12

11. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the seeds ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.--Species 10. Tropics. =Polysphaeria= Hook. fil.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire. Albumen of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.--Species 13. Tropics. =Cremaspora= Benth.

12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees. Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.--Species 1. Island of St. Thomas. =Belonophora= Hook. fil.

Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma. 13

13. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes hairy below. 14

Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers more or less exserted. 15

14. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of bracteoles.--Species 1. West Africa (Togoland). =Kerstingia= K. Schum.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers exserted.--Species 4. West Africa. =Aulacocalyx= Hook. fil.

15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very narrow. Species 2. East Africa. =Heinsenia= K. Schum.

Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules broad.--Species 3. East and South-east Africa. =Rhabdostigma= Hook. fil.

16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit separating into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and copious albumen.--Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal. =Cephalanthus= L.

Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [Tribe GUETTARDEAE.] 17

17. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-9-celled. Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.--Species 1. East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. =Guettarda= Blume

Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted. Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under Guettarda Blume). =Antirrhoea= Comm.

18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe KNOXIEAE.] 19

Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled. Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (_Pachystigma_) herbs, but then ovary 3-5-celled. 22

19. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without bracteoles. Stipules undivided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Calanda= K. Schum.

Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like. 20

20. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet, salver-shaped, with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Paragophyton= K. Schum.

Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla with long hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or indehiscent. 21

21. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely. Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Togo). =Baumannia= K. Schum.

Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Holocarpa_ Bak.) =Pentanisia= Harv.

22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, 4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers included or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. =Timonius= Rumph.

Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen. [Tribe VANGUERIEAE.] 23

23. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma lobed.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (_Fadogia_ Schweinf.) =Pachystigma= Hochst.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite. 24

24. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower, surrounded by an involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat. 25

Inflorescences without an involucre. 26

25. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or heads. Trees.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Scyphochlamys= Balf. fil.

Style simple, with a capitate stigma.--Species 10. Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. They yield timber. =Pyrostria= Comm.

26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.--Species 6. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Ancylanthus= Desf.

Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed. 27

27. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. 28

Ovary 3-6-celled. 29

28. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the throat. Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base. Flowers in clusters.--Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some species yield dye-stuffs. =Craterispermum= Benth.

Stigma capitate, entire.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (_Canthium_ Lam.) =Plectronia= L.

29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.--Species 10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Cuviera= DC.

Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine. =Vangueria= Juss.

30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes near their base. 31

Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves. 54

31. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or trees. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.] 32

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 38

32. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.--Species 20. Tropics. =Rutidea= DC.

Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition. 33

33. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct. Anthers included. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas. Flowers terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pleurocoffea= Baill.

Corolla with a straight tube. 34

34. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft. 35

Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple. Ovary 2-celled. 36

35. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx 2-partite. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.--Species 5. Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine. =Myonima= Comm.

Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary 2-celled.--Species 50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira. Several species (especially _C. arabica_ L. and _C. liberica_ L.) yield coffee, oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Solenixora_ Baill.) =Coffea= L.

36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5. Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united. Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Buseria_ Dur.) =Leiochilus= Hook. fil.

Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs. 37

37. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence connate into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.) =Pavetta= L.

Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate into a sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not united.--Species 60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. =Ixora= L.

38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a sheath. Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or with small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle near the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.] =Morinda= L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout, but then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled. 39

39. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted, with head-or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit indehiscent; seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.] 40

Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles, united at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions of the ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.] 46

40. Corolla funnel-shaped. 41

Corolla wheel-or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting. 43

41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. Stamens 4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields a dye-stuff. =Sherardia= Dill.

Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth. 42

42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. Stamens 4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the ovary.--Species 7. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Crucianella= L.

Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached near the middle of the partition.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They (especially _A. odorata_ L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Asperula= L.

43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile cell.--Species 2. North Africa. =Callipeltis= Stev.

Flowers without an involucral bract. 44

44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. Flowers axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the male flowers, 4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, one-seeded.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Vaillantia= L.

Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit. 45

45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.--Species 10. Some of them yield dyes and medicaments. “Madder.” =Rubia= L.

Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.--Species 60. Some of them yield dyes, condiments, or medicaments. (Including _Aspera_ Moench) =Galium= Tourn.

46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 nutlets. Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in medicine. (_Richardia_ Bartl.) =Richardsonia= L.

Ovary 2-celled. 47

47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves. 48

Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps. 49

48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.--Species 2. South Africa and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs. =Hydrophylax= L. f.

Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Gomphocalyx= Bak.

49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps. 50

Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like. 51

50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. =Gaillonia= A. Rich.

Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. =Diodia= Gronov.

51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.--Species 2. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Mitracarpus= Zucc.

Fruit opening lengthwise. 52

52. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the apex. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the limb of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Spermacoce_ Dill.) =Hypodematium= A. Rich.

Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base. 53

53. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to the partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. (_Spermacoceoides_ O. Ktze.) =Spermacoce= Dill.

Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.--Species 45. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Tardavel_ Adans., including _Octodon_ Thonn., under _Spermacoce_ Dill.) =Borreria= G. W. Mey.

54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the corolla-tube; filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually unisexual. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when rubbed. [Tribe ANTHOSPERMEAE.] 55

Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 61

55. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous, polygamous. Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.--Species 3. South Africa. =Carpacoce= Sond.

Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 56

56. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes 3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal and ornamental plant. =Serissa= Comm.

Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted. 57

57. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells; hence apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers axillary, dioecious.--Species 6. South Africa. (_Ambraria_ Cruse). =Nenax= Gaertn.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities. 58

58. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes erect. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as ornamental plants. =Nertera= Banks & Sol.

Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into mericarps. 59

59. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal panicles; in this case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious, 4-merous flowers.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Anthospermum= L.

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles. Undershrubs with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules and monoecious flowers. 60

60. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted. Undershrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Galopina= Thunb.

Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Phyllis= L.

61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves fetid when rubbed. 62

Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a schizocarp. 64

62. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with a fragile rind.--Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Lecontea_ A. Rich. and _Siphomeris_ Boj.) [Tribe PAEDERIEAE.] =Paederia= L.

Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers in terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers exserted. Fruit separating into two nutlets. 63

63. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes recurved. Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers in terminal, head-like fascicles.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Anthospermum_ L.) =Crocyllis= E. Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them leaf-like. Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Otiophora= Zucc.

64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps. 65

Fruit succulent, berry-or drupe-like. 66

65. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Neoschimpera= Hemsl.

Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers in cymes.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. =Cremocarpus= Boiv.

66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla funnel-shaped. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes. 67

Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely exhaling a bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary and style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.] 68

67. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long tube and spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly exserted. Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. =Putoria= Pers.

Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a rather short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers scarcely exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Plocama= Ait.

68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles or heads.--Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or are used in medicine. =Gaertnera= Lam.

Ovary inferior. 69

69. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or heads. Shrubs or small trees. 70

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered inflorescences, hermaphrodite. 74

70. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2. 71

Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12. 73

71. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the base, glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon) =Peripeplus= Pierre

Anthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or in glomerules. 72

72. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers solitary,--Species 2. Madagascar. =Hymenocnemis= Hook. fil.

Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Saldinia= A. Rich.

73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane, with many thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on the limb of the corolla.--Species 15. Tropics. =Lasianthus= Jack.

Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Psathura= Comm.

74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2-4. 75

Inflorescences without an involucre. 77

75. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly lobed. Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Megalopus= K. Schum.

Corolla with a straight tube. 76

76. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.--Species 18. Central Africa. (Under _Uragoga_ L.) =Cephaëlis= Swartz

Seeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked, heart-or kidney-shaped.--Species 13. Tropics. =Geophila= Don.

77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.--Species 20. Tropics. (Under _Psychotria_ L.) =Chasalia= Blume

Corolla-tube straight. 78

78. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. =Triainolepis= Hook. fil.

Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes 2, rarely 3-5. 79

79. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs. Inflorescences capitate.--Species 12. Central Africa. =Trichostachys= Benth. & Hook.

Seeds grooved on the ventral face. 80

80 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Psychotria_ L.). =Grumilea= Gaertn.

Seeds with a uniform albumen.--Species 200. Tropical and South Africa. (_Myrstiphyllum_ P. Br., including _Uragoga_ L. partly). =Psychotria= L.

81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees. 82

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 124

82. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.] 83

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 88

83. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate. 84

Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or breaking up into two mericarps. 85

84. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral bracts.--Species 10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. =Breonia= A. Rich.

Inflorescences without involucral bracts.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and medicaments. =Sarcocephalus= Afzel.

85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating into two nutlets. (See 16.) =Cephalanthus= L.

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. 86

86. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules collected in heads. Stem erect.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paracephaëlis= Baill.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads. 87

87. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.--Species 2. Madagascar. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Nauclea= L.

Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.--Species 2. Tropics. (_Ourouparia_ Aubl.) =Uncaria= Schreb.

88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped; tube glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine. =Crossopteryx= Fenzl

Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like. [Tribe GARDENIEAE.] 89

89. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-or more-celled. Anthers included or slightly exserted. 90

Ovary completely 2-5-celled. 93

90. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas sometimes much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple and entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous. 91

Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 4-5-merous, axillary. 92

91. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit globose.--Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Macrosphyra= Hook. fil.

Stipules not glume-like.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Genipa_ L. partly.) =Gardenia= Ellis

92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 4. Mascarene Islands. =Fernelia= Comm.

Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. =Pouchetia= A. Rich.

93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled. 94

Ovary 4-5-celled. 122

94. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. 95

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. 102

95. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk in them. 96

Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them. 99

96. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted. Flowers in terminal corymbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (_Chomelia_ L., _Webera_ Schreb., including _Coptosperma_ Hook, fil.) =Tarenna= Gaertn.

Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted. 97

97. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped. Placentas ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine. =Santalina= Baill.

Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped. 98

98. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeply lobed.--Species 3. East and South Africa. =Empogona= Hook. fil.

Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the base.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Bunburya_ Meissn., _Diplocrater_ Benth. & Hook., _Diplospora_ DC., and _Kraussia_ Harv.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich.

99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped. 100

Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences lateral. 101

100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Enterospermum= Hiern

Flowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.--Species 1. East Africa. =Zygoon= Hiern

101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before the leaves. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds without an aril; albumen uniform.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Feretia= Del.

Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Galiniera= Del.

102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex. 103

Style more or less deeply cleft. 113

103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers hermaphrodite. 104

Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation. 105

104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy within the base, glabrous at the throat.--Species 5. Central Africa. (_Sherbournia_ Don) =Amaralia= Welw.

Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.--Species 25. Central and South-east Africa. =Leptactinia= Hook. fil.

105. Flowers unisexual. 106

Flowers hermaphrodite. 108

106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Byrsophyllum= Hook. fil.

Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles. Calyx lobed or divided. Shrubs. 107

107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem climbing.--Species 2. West Africa. =Atractogyne= Pierre

Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect; branches thickened and hollow at the nodes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Epitaberna= K. Schum.

108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. 109

Inflorescences lateral. 111

109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose corymbs. (See 96.) =Tarenna= Gaertn.

Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 110

110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in clusters, yellowish-red.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Burchellia= R. Br.

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.--Species 85. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Genipa_ L. partly, _Mitriostigma_ Hochst., and _Stylocoryne_ Cav.) =Randia= Houst.

111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.) =Randia= Houst.

Seed-coat fibrous. 112

112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted in the tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including _Tamatavia_ Hook. fil.) =Chapeliera= A. Rich

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at the throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 35. Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants. =Oxyanthus= DC.

113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. 114

Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 119

114. Placentas thick. 115

Placentas thin. 117

115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Flagenium= Baill.