Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (13)

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals, 10, rarely the same number, 5, but then without glands at their base and style simple. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe HUGONIEAE.] 4

2. Sepals 3-toothed at the tip. Petals very small, white. Flowers 4-merous. Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. “Alseed.” =Radiola= Gmel.

Sepals entire. Flowers nearly always 5-merous. 3

3. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla yellow. Stamens partly (2-4 of them) with, partly without glands. Styles 3. Stigmas kidney-shaped. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. (Under _Linum_ L.) =Reinwardtia= Dumort.

Stipules gland-like or wanting. Stamens all furnished with glands.--Species 25. North, East, and South Africa and Madagascar. _L. usitatissimum_ L. is cultivated for fibre and oil and yields also fodder and medicaments; other species are used as ornamental plants. “Flax.” =Linum= L.

4. Styles 5, free or united at the base. Stamens 10. Petals deciduous. Fruit a drupe.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 70.) =Hugonia= L.

Style 1, undivided or 2-3-cleft at the top. 5

5. Style shortly 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens 10. Anthers linear or oblong. Petals elongated, with a glandular pit at the claw.--Species 2. East Africa. =Nectaropetalum= Engl.

Style 3-cleft or undivided. Ovary 3-5-celled. 6

6. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 10. Anthers ovoid or globose. Petals short. Inflorescence racemose, cone-shaped when young, with roundish vaulted bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Lepidobotrys= Engl.

Style undivided. Stamens usually 5. Corolla persistent. Fruit capsular. Inflorescence racemose with small bracts, or paniculate.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under _Ochthocosmus_ Benth.) =Phyllocosmus= Klotzsch

FAMILY 111. HUMIRIACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, yellow or greenish, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Stamens 10, at first united below, with a prolonged connective and 1-celled anther-halves. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc, superior, 5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared. (_Aubrya_ Baill., under _Humiria_ Aubl.) =Saccoglottis= Mart.

FAMILY 112. ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in clusters, regular, hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, with a callosity or an appendage on the inner face, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 10. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled, usually a single cell fertile. Ovules 1-2, pendulous, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3, rarely 4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen, rarely without albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 2, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _LINACEAE_.) (Plate 71.)

Petals scarcely clawed, provided with a longitudinal callosity. Filaments united into a ring. Ovary with 3-4 two-ovuled cells. Fruit 3-4-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules 2.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Aneulophus= Benth.

Petals distinctly clawed, with a usually 2-cleft scale. Filaments united into a cup. Ovary with 1 fertile one-ovuled cell and 2 empty ones.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 71._

J. Fleischmann del.

Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Petal from within. _D_ Stamen from front and back. _E_ Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 72._

J. Fleischmann del.

Balanites aegyptiaca Del.

_A_ Branch with flowers and young fruits. _B_ Part of branch with spines. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary and disc cut lengthwise. _E_ Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate 71.) =Erythroxylon= P. Browne

FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely (_Neoluederitzia_) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens 1-3 times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at the base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled, lobed, angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (_Seetzenia_) styles 5.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 72.)

1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary 3-5-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without an appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple and undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies =BALANITOIDEAE= and =NITRARIOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several-or many-seeded. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all alternate, but then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets. 3

2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather long; stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves with two leaflets. Spiny plants.--Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt. They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily seeds, and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and for preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (_Agialid_ Adans.) (Plate 72.) =Balanites= Del.

Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top. Ovary 3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style very short; stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave, induplicate-valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves simple, undivided, fleshy.--Species 2. North Africa and northern Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be inebriating. “Nitre bush.” =Nitraria= L.

3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies =TETRADICLIDOIDEAE= and =PEGANOIDEAE=.] 4

Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite. Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily =ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 5

4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals 3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely 3-celled, 6-ovuled.--Species 1. North-east Africa. =Tetradiclis= Stev.

Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5, linear. Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed, with undivided, many-ovuled cells.--Species 1. North Africa. The seeds are used medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing. =Peganum= L.

5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the latter case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 6

Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous. 8

6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious. Ovary surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). =Neoluederitzia= Schinz

Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or undershrubs. 7

7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas. Prostrate undershrubs. Leaflets 3.--Species 2. South and North-east Africa. =Seetzenia= R. Br.

Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc obscure. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from ascending funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.--Species 15. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Fagonia= Tourn.

8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets. Flowers large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed, with 5 glands projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens 10, unappendaged. Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Kelleronia= Schinz

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. 9

9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous. Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa. =Augea= Thunb.

Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud. 10

10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped. Disc 5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10, appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Sisyndite= E. Mey.

Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each. 11

11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very short, with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into nutlets, bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Flowers cymose, 5-merous.--Species 12. Some of them have edible seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Tribulus= Tourn.

Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.--Species 55. Some of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison. =Zygophyllum= L.

FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4, alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two 2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under _SIMARUBACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under _Cneorum_ L.) =Chamaelea= Tourn.

FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE

Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (_Empleuridium_) without dots. Petals free, rarely (_Empleurum_) wanting. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned upwards.--Genera 33, species 320. (Including _AURANTIACEAE_ and _XANTHOXYLEAE_.) (Plate 73.)

1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when ripe, more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily =RUTOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet. 19

2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than 2 in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.] 3

Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (_Pelea_) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each carpel. 4

3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire. Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.--Species 2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra. =Thamnosma= Torr.

Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.--Species 8. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. “Rue.” (Including _Desmophyllum_ Webb and _Haplophyllum_ Juss.) =Ruta= L.

4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually compound. [Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.] 5

Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.] 7

5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers polygamous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Melicope_ Forst.) =Pelea= A. Gray

Stamens 3-5. 6

6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united. Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some are used medicinally. =Evodia= Forst.

Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Pterota_ P. Br., under _Zanthoxylum_ L.) =Fagara= L.

7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.] 8

Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9

8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc 4-lobed. Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like, three-edged, without glandular dots.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Empleuridium= Sond.

Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle. Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the top. Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, glandular-serrate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. =Empleurum= Soland.

9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons. Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk. Staminodes linear, glandulose. Trees.--Species 2. East and South Africa. [Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.] =Calodendron= Thunb.

Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons. Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.] 10

10. Staminodes 5. 11

Staminodes none. 15

11. Style long. Stigma small. 12

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences terminal. 13

12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped anthers. Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed. Carpels 2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and axillary.--Species 100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 73.) =Agathosma= Willd.

Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the axils of the leaves.--Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used medicinally. =Barosma= Willd.

13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a stalked gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed. Ovary covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.--Species 25. South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea. =Adenandra= Willd.

Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw. Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland. 14

14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile gland. Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their channelled claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Coleonema= Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short. Staminodes very small.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl.

15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw. 16

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous. 17

16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in clusters, white.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Phyllosma= Bolus

Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.--Species 10. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Macrostylis= Bartl. & Wendl.

17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used medicinally. =Diosma= L.

Petals clawed, hairy within. 18

18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers with a terminal gland. Flowers very small.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Euchaetis= Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals obovate. (See 14.) =Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl.

19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or nearly so. [Subfamily =TODDALIOIDEAE=, tribe TODDALIEAE.] 20

Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily =AURANTIOIDEAE=, tribe AURANTIEAE.] 27

20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.] 21

Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base only, 1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled. 22

21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Eriander= H. Winkl.

Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style short, with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Toddalia_ Juss.) =Teclea= Del.

22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds exalbuminous. Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.] 23

Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not or obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.] 24

23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with equal cotyledons. Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Diphasia= Pierre

Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles, unisexual.--Species 4. West Africa. =Oricia= Pierre

24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous. Trees. Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Araliopsis= Engl.

Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with 3 leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets. 25

25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (_Cranzia_ Schreb.) =Toddalia= Juss.

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous. Embryo straight or almost so. 26

26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Toddaliopsis= Engl.

Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under _Toddalia_ Juss.) =Vepris= Comm.

27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.] 28

Ovary 5-or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with 1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.] 32

28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 29

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants. 30

29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves, 3-, rarely 4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and lobed cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits. =Triphasia= Lour.

Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply divided. Leafstalk winged.--Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Limonia= L.

30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves unifoliolate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Glycosmis= Correa

Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally pinnate. 31

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 73._

J. Fleischmann del.

Agathosma ciliata Link

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Staminode. _F_ Flower cut lengthwise. _G_ Cross-section of ovary. _H_ Fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 74._

J. Fleischmann del.

Irvingia Barteri Hook. fil.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary.]

31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments. =Murraya= L.

Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers rather small.--Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Myaris_ Presl). =Clausena= Burm.

32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp leathery. Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.--Species 4. Cultivated; also naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental plants and afford wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially oranges and citrons) from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are prepared. =Citrus= L.

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp hard. Leaves with 3 leaflets. 33

33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.--Species 1. Region of the great lakes. =Balsamocitrus= Stapf

Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in medicine. =Aegle= Correa

FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers in spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary. Ovules 1-2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin albumen or without albumen.--Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _RUTACEAE_.) (Plate 74.)

1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without an appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Tropics. [Subfamily =SURIANOIDEAE=.] =Suriana= L.

Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled. Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily =SIMARUBOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe SIMARUBEAE.] 3 Filaments without a scale at the base. 9

3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or oval. 4

Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear. Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe MANNIINAE.] 8

4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.--Species 2. Central Africa. [Subtribe HARRISONIINAE.] =Harrisonia= (R.Br.) Juss.

Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes. [Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.] 5

5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute scale at the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody. Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Samadera= Gaertn.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 6

6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly 5-lobed. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields arrow-poison and is used in medicine. =Quassia= L.

Calyx 2-4-lobed or-cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles. 7

7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets oblong or obovate.--Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds yield a fat. (Under _Quassia_ L.) =Odyendea= (Pierre) Engl.

Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely 6-9. Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.--Species 4. Central Africa. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Hannoa= Planch.

8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries united below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the tip.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierreodendron= Engl.

Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free. Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.--Species 1. West Africa. =Mannia= Hook. fil.

9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to the styles. Flowers usually polygamous. 10

Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees. 12

10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the base. Stigma subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.] =Soulamea= Lam.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves pinnate. 11

11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short. Fruit consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.--Species 5. Central Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.] =Brucea= J. S. Muell.

Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4 leathery mericarps suspended from a central column.--Species 5. Central Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.] =Kirkia= Oliv.

12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. Madagascar. Poisonous. =Perriera= Courchet

Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. 13

13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed. Anthers oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Nectaropetalum_ Engl.) =Peglera= Bolus

Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles. [Tribe IRVINGIEAE.] 14

14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with a thin fleshy layer.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Klainedoxa= Pierre

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled. 15

15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled, 2-seeded, with a thin fleshy layer.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Irvingia_ Hook. fil.) =Desbordesia= Pierre

Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick fleshy layer.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds (dika). (Including _Irvingella_ van Tiegh.) (Plate 74.) =Irvingia= Hook. fil.

FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or attached laterally. Style simple or wanting; stigma lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with a superior radicle and usually folded or twisted cotyledons.--Genera 7, species 160. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _TEREBINTHACEAE_). (Plate 75.)

1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals, and stamens inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a 2-3-celled stone; one cell only fertile.--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber and odorous resins (especially myrrh) which are used for preparing varnish, incense, and medicines. Some are also used as hedge plants. (_Balsamea_ Gled., _Balsamodendron_ Kunth. including _Hemprichia_ Ehrenb. and _Hitzeria_ Klotzsch). =Commiphora= Jacq.

Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of which the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees. 2

2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled stone, indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile. 3

Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones. 5

3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with a lateral style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather thick. Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided cotyledons. Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled; one cell sterile.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Pachylobus_ Don or _Santiria_ Blume) =Santiriopsis= Engl.

Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose. 4

4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal style or style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy. Embryo with a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals united at the base.--Species 13. West Africa. They yield timber, resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under _Canarium_ L.) (Plate 75.) =Pachylobus= Don

Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually thick, woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short radicle and slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united high up.--Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi) used in medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds. =Canarium= L.

5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin. =Aucoumea= Pierre

Disc situated inside the stamens. 6

6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or ovoid. Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and resin. (_Marignia_ Comm.) =Protium= Burm.

Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones, dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Central Africa. The resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in medicine. =Boswellia= Roxb.

FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.--Genera 23, species 150. (Including _AITONIEAE_, _CEDRELEAE_, and _PTAEROXYLEAE_.) (Plate 76.)

1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves pinnate. [Subfamily =CEDRELOIDEAE=] 2

Filaments more or less united into a tube. 3

2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.--Species 2. South and East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood). =Ptaeroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary and fruit 5-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cedrelopsis= Baill.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 75._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pachylobus edulis G. Don

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Staminode. _F_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 76._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trichilia retusa Oliv.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Anther.]

3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10. [Subfamily =SWIETENIOIDEAE=.] 4

Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. [Subfamily =MELIOIDEAE=.] 9

4. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube. Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. West Africa. =Pynaertia= De Wild.

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate. 5

5. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal tube campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals imbricate in bud.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Lovoa= Harms

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. 6

6. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.--Species 2. Southern West Africa. =Wulfhorstia= C. DC.

Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted aestivation. 7

7. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.--Species 15. Central Africa. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (Including _Leioptyx_ Pierre, under _Swietenia_ L.) =Entandophragma= C. DC.

Disc cup-or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges. 8

8. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the fruit, winged below.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and gum. (Under _Cedrela_ L.) =Pseudocedrela= Harms

Disc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous in each cell, winged all round.--Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber (African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments. =Khaya= Juss.

9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled. Anthers 8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds large, pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky. 10

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small or medium-sized; testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or membranous. 11

10. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate, with 1-3 pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax, few-flowered.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark, and oily seeds. (Under _Carapa_ Aubl.) =Xylocarpus= Koen.

Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate, with many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.--Species 4. Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. CARAPA Aubl.

11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-12. 12

Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas. 19

12. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely or almost included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaflets 6-25. 13

Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top of its lobes, or in the notches between them. 14

13. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the base of the lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate. Stigma 2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo exserted.--Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Under _Melia_ L.) =Azadirachta= Juss.

Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2-or more-seeded capsule or berry. Radicle included.--Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber. (Including _Bingeria_ A. Chev. and _Heckeldora_ Pierre). =Guarea= L.

14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers inserted between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Cipadessa= Blume

Filaments united high up, rarely (_Trichilia_) at the base only, but then fruit a capsule and seeds exalbuminous. 15

15. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile. Anthers inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube. Disc stalk-like. Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Symphytosiphon= Harms

Ovary 2-3-celled. 16

16. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted at the tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style long. Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with fleshy albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged stalk and 3 woolly leaflets.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. (_Nelanaregam_ Adans.) =Naregamia= Wight & Arn.

Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets, rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous. 17

17. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk winged. Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube, which are divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style short.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used medicinally. =Pterorhachis= Harms

Leaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at the entire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous. 18

18. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube entire or shortly toothed.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (Including _Charia_ C. DC.) =Ekebergia= Sparm.

Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal tube usually more or less deeply divided.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Plate 76.) =Trichilia= L.

19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. 20

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens united high up. 21

20. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma small. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. (_Aitonia_ Thunb., _Carruthia_ O. Ktze.) =Nymania= Lindb.

Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma usually thick.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Calodryum_ Desv., _Grevellina_ Baill., and _Quivisia_ Comm.) =Tourraea= L.

21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers 10-12, inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen.--Species 4, two natives of Central Africa, the others (especially _M. Azederach_ L., beadtree or Persian lilac) cultivated as ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They yield timber, gum, oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the preparation of liquors. The fruits are poisonous. =Melia= L.

Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous. 22

22. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8. 23

Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10. 24

23. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal tube. (See 10.) =Xylocarpus= Koen.

Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation. Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Quivisianthe= Baill.

24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the top of its teeth. Disc ring-or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed stigma. Leaflets opposite. (See 18.) =Ekebergia= Sparm.

Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included. Leaflets usually alternate. 25

25. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate in bud. Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later 1-celled.--Species 4. West Africa. =Turraeanthus= Baill.

Petals free, or united at the base only. 2

26. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.) =Guarea= L.

Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.) =Carapa= Aubl.

SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE

FAMILY 119. MALPIGHIACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished with glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually clawed and toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 77.)

1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without glands. Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes. 2

Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged. 3

2. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers glabrous. Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin, with small stigmas. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe GALPHIMIEAE.] =Galphimia= Cav.

Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves alternate or subopposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe TRICOMARIEAE.] =Echinopteris= Juss.

3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals more or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.] 4

Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small dorsal wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe HIRAEEAE.] 10

4. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile. Sepals with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves mucronate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cottsia= Dubard & Dop

Styles 2-3. Stamens 10-15. 5

5. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens 10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate. 6

Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually opposite. 7

6. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost semi-circular, cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing. Bracteoles awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhinopteryx= Nied.

_FLOW PL. AFR._

_Pl. 77._

J. Fleischmann del.

Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.

_A_ Part of branch with fruits. _B_ Leaf. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Mericarp. _E_ Mericarp cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 78._

J. Fleischmann del.

Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.

_A_ Branch with flower-buds. _B_ Flower (from which one of the lateral sepals has been removed). _C_ Flower without the perianth, cut lengthwise. _D_ Group of fruits. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal wing.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.) =Acridocarpus= Guill. & Perr.

7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed glands.--Species 4. Central and South-east Africa. =Sphedamnocarpus= Planch.

Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas obliquely truncate, hooked, or broadened. 8

8. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs. Stamens 11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tricomariopsis= Dubard & Dop

Stigmas not broadened. Stamens 10. 9

9. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals with a distinct claw. Sepals with glands.--Species 1. West Africa. =Heteropteris= Juss.

Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate tip. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Sphedamnocarpus_ Planch.) =Banisterioides= Dubard & Dop

10. (3.) Styles shorter than the ovary. Stigma terminal. Petals with a short claw. Calyx without glands. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing. 11

Styles longer than the ovary. 12

11. Ovary 2-celled. Petals slightly toothed. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Diaspis= Nied.

Ovary 3-celled. Mericarps with an air-cavity extending all round. Leaves usually opposite and crowded upon dwarf-shoots.--Species 4. East Africa. =Caucanthus= Forsk.

12. Petals sessile, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, very long, with the stigma on the inside of the thickened apex. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing.--Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. =Flabellaria= Cav.

Petals clawed. 13

13. Petals with a very short claw, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, rather short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, in umbels. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 5. Madagascar. =Microsteira= Bak.

Petals with a long or rather long claw. Style long. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 14

14. Stigma at the inside of the thickened style-apex. Styles 3, all perfectly developed. Calyx without glands. Petals more or less toothed or fringed. Mericarps with a shield-shaped, usually notched side-wing.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Triaspis= Burch.

Stigma small, at the slightly or not thickened style-apex. Usually a single style perfectly developed. 15

15. Flowers distinctly irregular. Calyx with a large gland. Petals fringed. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 2, one a native of West Africa, the other one naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. (_Gaertnera_ Roxb.) =Hiptage= Gaertn.

Flowers more or less regular. Calyx with several small glands or without glands. Petals entire. Mericarp with a stellate, many-parted side-wing.--Species 17. Madagascar, East and South-east Africa. =Tristellateia= Thouars

SUBORDER POLYGALINEAE

FAMILY 120. POLYGALACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence racemose, bracteolate. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, the two inner usually petal-like. Petals 3-5, more or less adnate to the staminal tube, the lowest more or less concave and boat-shaped. Stamens 5-8. Filaments more or less united. Anthers attached by the base, at length one-celled, opening towards the apex. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft, usually curved and flattened.--Genera 6, species 240. (Plate 78.)

1. Petals 5, all well-developed, unappendaged. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled. 2

Petals 3, 4, or 5, two of which are rudimentary. Stamens 6-8. Ovary 1-2-celled. 3

2. Petals unequal, clawed, the lowest boat-shaped. Stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seeds ellipsoid.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Carpolobia= Don

Petals subequal, sessile, the lowest not boat-shaped. Stigma punctiform. Fruit a nut. Seeds globose.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under _Carpolobia_ Don) =Atroxima= Stapf

3. Ovary 1-celled; a second rudimentary cell sometimes present. Stigma entire or lobed. Sepals unequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 8. Fruit a winged nut. Seeds without an aril, exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. They yield bast-fibres, soap-bark, oily seeds, and medicinal drugs; the roots are said to be poisonous. (_Lophostylis_ Hochst.) (Plate 78.) =Securidaca= L.

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. 4

4. Sepals subequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 7, rarely 8. Style almost straight. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril, albuminous.--Species 60. South Africa to Nyasaland. =Muraltia= Neck.

Sepals unequal, the two inner usually wing-like. 5

5. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Style almost straight. Stamens 7, rarely 8. Filaments united quite or nearly to the top. Concave

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 79._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 80._

J. Fleischmann del.

Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Stamens and disc. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Cross section of ovary.]

petal with an appendage. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). The fruits are edible. (_Mundtia_ Kunth). =Mundia= Kunth

Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or 7.--Species 170. Some of them yield fibres or fat from the seeds, others serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Milkwort.” =Polygala= L.

SUBORDER DICHAPETALINEAE

FAMILY 121. DICHAPETALACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Inflorescence cymose. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Disc present, but sometimes reduced to separate glands. Stamens 5, sometimes only 2-3 fertile. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 2-3-celled, usually superior. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral. Style 2-3-cleft or undivided with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds 1-2, exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 75. Tropical and South Africa. (_CHAILLETIACEAE_.) (Plate 79.)

Petals unequal, united below into a long tube, 2-cleft, imbricate in bud. Sepals united below, unequal. Fertile stamens 2-3. Disc semi-annular.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Tapura= Aubl.

Petals equal, free or united at the base, rarely higher. Fertile stamens 5.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous. (_Chailletia_ DC.) (Plate 79.). =Dichapetalum= Thouars

SUBORDER TRICOCCAE

FAMILY 122. EUPHORBIACEAE

Flowers unisexual. Stamens hypogynous, rarely (_Bridelia_) perigynous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or naked, usually 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, or 2 side by side, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral; micropyle usually covered by an outgrowth of the placenta. Fruit generally separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seeds usually albuminous; embryo axile, radicle superior.--Genera 122, species 1200. (Including _DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE_.) (Plate 80.)

1. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CROTONOIDEAE=.]. 2

Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Juice not milky. [Subfamily =PHYLLANTHOIDEAE=.]. 76

2. Inflorescence consisting of partial inflorescences having the appearance of a single flower and containing one female flower and several or many male ones surrounded by a lobed involucre with glandular appendages. Petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-4-celled. Juice milky. [Tribe EUPHORBIEAE.]. 3

Inflorescence not consisting of partial inflorescences looking like a single flower. 11

3. Male flowers with a cupular, entire or 3-6-lobed perianth. Female flowers with a 3-4-toothed or-cleft perianth. Trees or shrubs. 4

Male flowers without a perianth. 5

4. Involucre of the partial inflorescences split at one side and consisting of 4 or more bracts. Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Trees.--Species 3. Tropics. Poisonous and used medicinally. =Anthostema= Juss.

Involucre closed all round and consisting of 4 bracts. Ovary 4-celled. Style 4-parted.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Dichostemma= Pierre

5. Involucre of the partial inflorescences with unequal lobes and with an appendage, in the axil of which the glands are inserted. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pedilanthus= Neck.

Involucre with equal lobes, but sometimes surrounded by a one-sided gland. 6

6. Involucre irregular, with a single gland sometimes embracing the partial inflorescence and split at one side only. 7

Involucre regular, with several glands sometimes united into a ring or cup. 9

7. Involucre with a narrow gland not enveloping the partial inflorescence. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Stenadenium= Pax

Involucre with a broad gland enveloping the partial inflorescence. Herbs. 8

8. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united at the base.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Monadenium_ Pax). =Lortia= Rendle

Female flowers without a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Monadenium= Pax

9. Glands of the involucre united into a ring or cup.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are poisonous. =Synadenium= Boiss.

Glands of the involucre separate. 10

10. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Euphorbia_ L.) =Elaeophorbia= Stapf

Fruit a capsule.--Species 320. Many of them are poisonous, some yield timber, gum, rubber, oil, and medicaments, or serve as garden-or hedge-plants. “Spurge.” =Euphorbia= L.

11. (2.) Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Calyx 4-6-partite, imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Corolla present, at least in the male flowers. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. Leaves and young shoots clothed with scales or stellate hairs.--Species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Several species are poisonous, some yield gum-lac, incense-wood, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe CROTONEAE.] =Croton= L.

Filaments straight in the bud. 12

12. Calyx of the male flowers with valvate or closed aestivation. [Especially tribe ACALYPHEAE.] 13

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 59

13. Corolla present in the male flowers. 14

Corolla absent in the male flowers. 24

14. Petals of the male flowers more or less united. Rudimentary pistil cup-shaped or wanting. Style-branches 2. Flowers dioecious. Hairy undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 15

Petals of the male flowers free from each other, but sometimes (_Caperonia_) adnate to the staminal tube; in this case rudimentary pistil club-shaped and style with many branches. 17

15. Petals united high up. Calyx bursting irregularly. Disc of 5 glands alternating with the petals. Stamens 12-20. Rudimentary pistil absent. Climbing shrubs with reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 3-7-nerved. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. Fibre-yielding plants. =Manniophyton= Muell. Arg.

Petals united at the base only. Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Undershrubs or trees. 16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers turned inwards. Disc within the stamens. Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Young shoots with rusty-brown hairs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Schubea= Pax

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers turned outwards. Glands alternating with the stamens; a cupular disc also present within them. Undershrubs. Young shoots with white hairs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Gilgia= Pax

17. Style many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers club-shaped. Stamens 5-10, united below. Petals adnate to the staminal tube. Disc indistinct. Flowers in racemes. Herbs or undershrubs, usually hispid.--Species 9. Tropics. Several species yield fibre. =Caperonia= St. Hil.

Style 2-4-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers 2-3-cleft or wanting. 18

18. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, hairy or cottony. Flowers in racemes, monoecious. Male flowers without a disc.--Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments. “Turnsole.” (_Tournesolia_ Scop.) =Chrozophora= Neck.

Stem woody. Male flowers usually with a disc reduced to separate glands. 19

19. Young branches and leaves clothed with scales. Inflorescence spicate or racemose. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 15-20.--Species 12. West Africa. =Crotonogyne= Muell. Arg.

Young branches and leaves glabrous, downy, or clothed with star-like hairs. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; in the two former cases stamens 6-14. 20

20. Young branches and leaves clothed with 2-cleft or star-like hairs. Trees. Leaves palmately nerved. Flowers in panicles, monoecious. Stamens 8-20. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and edible oily seeds (“candle-nuts”). =Aleurites= Forst.

Young branches and leaves clothed with simple hairs, or glabrous. Shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose, more rarely paniculate, but then leaves pinnately nerved. Fruit a capsule. 21

21. Flowers in panicles, dioecious. Calyx 2-3-partite in the male flowers, 4-partite in the female. Corolla in the female flowers falling off very early, or wanting. Stamens numerous, free. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches downy, at least when young.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). =Grossera= Pax

Flowers in spicate or racemose inflorescences. Stamens 6-13. 22

22. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 10, united at the base. Anthers attached by the back. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Tannodia= Baill.

Flowers dioecious. 23

23. Branches glabrous. Anther-halves suspended from the connective.--Species 2. West Africa and Comoro Islands. =Agrostistachys= Dalz.

Branches hairy. Styles 2-cleft. Leaves stalked.--Species 2. East Africa. =Holstia= Pax

24. (13.) Styles united to about the middle or beyond. 25

Styles free or united at the base only. 32

25. Styles united nearly to the top into a usually hollow column. 26

Styles united about to the middle, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. 31

26. Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Anthers 3-4-celled. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Trees or shrubs.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Mappa_ Juss.) =Macaranga= Thouars

Calyx of the female flowers 4-12-partite. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 3-4-, rarely 5-celled. 27

27. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the female flowers 4-partite. Ovary 4-celled, winged. Style rather long, columnar, with a 4-lobed stigma. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Tetracarpidium= Pax

Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers 5-12-, rarely 4-partite. Seeds usually without an outgrowth. 28

28. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite, of the female 5-6-partite. Stamens 3, with united filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Style united into a globose body. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Sphaerostylis= Baill.

Calyx of the male flowers 4-6-partite. Stamens 4-30. 29

29. Stamens 4-6. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar. Ovary 3-celled. Trees or shrubs, with stellate hairs. Leaves undivided, palmately nerved. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. (Including _Niedenzua_ Pax). =Adenochlaena= Baill.

Stamens 8-30, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Rudimentary pistil none. Shrubs or undershrubs, usually climbing. 30

30. Flowers in cymes surrounded by two large, brightly coloured bracts. Anther-halves parallel. Style columnar.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used for dyeing, in medicine, or as ornamental plants. =Dalechampia= L.

Flowers in racemes, without conspicuous bracts. Anther-halves spreading. Climbing plants. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. =Plukenetia= L.

31. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually climbing, often with stinging hairs. Stamens 3, rarely more.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Ctenomeria_ Harv.) =Tragia= L.

Stem woody throughout. Stamens numerous, free.--Species 20. Tropics. The fruits of some species are used for tanning. =Pycnocoma= Benth.

32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous, separate, globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers monoecious.--Species 1 (_R. communis_ L., castor-oil-plant). Spontaneous in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An ornamental plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used in medicine. =Ricinus= L.

Filaments not branched. 33

33. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted. Filaments 6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs. 34

Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular. 35

34. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female flowers 3-5, small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate, female spicate, paniculate, or solitary.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Acalypha= L.

Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6, broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female. Flowers spicate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Mareya= Baill.

35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 36

Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs. 57

36. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle. 37

Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely in the middle. 50

37. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs. 38

Stamens numerous. 43

38. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout. Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very short, 2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles, monoecious.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber (para-rubber): (_Siphonia_ Schreb.) =Hevea= Aubl.

Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the base only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided. 39

39. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments free, bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers monoecious. Shrubs with stellate hairs. 40

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the base. Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious. 41

40. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles free.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Under _Cephalocroton_ Hochst.) =Cephalocrotonopsis= Pax

Sepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the base.--Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and German South-west Africa. =Cephalocroton= Hochst.

41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male inflorescences catkin-like, springing from the old wood.--Species 5. Tropics. Some yield dye-stuffs. =Lepidoturus= Baill.

Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male inflorescences spike-or panicle-like, axillary. 42

42. Styles united at the base, two-cleft. Trees. Leaves penninerved.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including _Orfilea_ Baill., under _Alchornea_ Swartz) =Lautembergia= Baill.

Styles free, undivided.--Species 10. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some of them yield dye-stuffs. =Alchornea= Swartz

43. (37.) Styles laciniate. Ovary nearly glabrous. Disc in the male flowers consisting of glands situated outside the stamens, in the female indistinct. Sepals 5. Trees. Leaves penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters arising from the old wood, the female in axillary racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Crotonogynopsis= Pax

Styles two-cleft or undivided, but usually ciliate within. Ovary usually hairy. Disc indistinct in the male flowers. Sepals 2-4, very rarely 5. Flowers in spikes or panicles. 44

44. Styles two-cleft. 45

Styles undivided. 47

45. Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Disc indistinct. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves palminerved.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Neoboutonia= Muell. Arg.

Flowers monoecious, all or the female in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers 4-5-partite. Disc distinctly developed in the female flowers. Trees. Leaves penninerved. 46

46. Disc of the female flowers expanded. Styles thick. Leafstalk rather short. Stipules lanceolate, persistent.--Species 1. West Africa. =Necepsia= Prain Disc of the female flowers cupular. Styles awl-shaped. Leafstalk very short. Stipules awl-shaped, deciduous. Spikes unisexual.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Alchornea_ Swartz) =Palissya= Baill.

47. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Stamens numerous. Styles thickish, united at the base. Shrubs. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers in axillary spikes, monoecious.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Neopycnocoma= Pax

Calyx of the male flowers 3-5-partite. 48

48. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes, monoecious. Calyx 4-partite. Styles 4. Stem herbaceous. Leaves broad.--Species 2. Southern West Africa (Amboland). =Pseudotragia= Pax

Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles. Stem woody. 49